R E S E A R C H - Naval Postgraduate...

N P S

R E S E A R C HVolume 8, Number 3 October 1998

Office of the Dean of Research • Naval Postgraduate School • Monterey, California

NAVAL POSTGRADUATESCHOOLSuperintendent RADM Robert C. ChaplinProvost Dr. Richard ElsterAssociate Provost andDean of Research Dr. David W. Netzer

NPS RESEARCHis published by the Assistant Dean ofResearch in accordance withNAVSO P-35. Views and opinionsexpressed are not necessarily those ofthe Department of the Navy. Com-ments/inquiries can be addressed viaemail to [email protected].

IN THIS ISSUE

Featured Projects ........................ 1,4Info. Systems Research ................... 6Leadership Education Research ... 10Research News .............................. 12Research Chairs ........................... 13Research Lab ................................ 14Research Center ........................... 16Student Research .......................... 18Project Notes ................................ 20Conferences/Workshops ................ 22Technology Transfer ..................... 23Faculty News ................................ 24Conference Calendar .................... 43Directories .................................... 44

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AN ARCHITECTURE FOR DYNAMIC PLANNING ANDEXECUTION USING LOOSELY COUPLED COMPONENTS

Professor Gordon H. BradleyVisiting Assistant Professor Arnold H. BussMilitary Instructor LTC Charles H. Shaw, III, USADepartment of Operations Research

BackgroundThe Loosely Coupled Components Project is a faculty/student research effortthat is designing, developing, and validating a software architecture for ad-vanced military planning and execution. The architecture supports the rapidconstruction of systems for planning and execution that operate seamlesslyover a global network of heterogeneous computing devices and softwaresystems. The architecture coordinates a collection of components that operateon a computer network (for example, the Internet, NIPRNet, or the SIPRNet) toaccess unit or location data, maps, overlays, algorithms and other information.The components perform tasks such as: displaying maps, satellite images, andoverlays; accessing, entering, and modifying data; constructing and displayingmodels of military operations; and accessing and executing algorithms toanalyze operations. The components are designed and constructed indepen-dently of each other and they can be combined rapidly and inexpensively tobuild a wide variety of tools for military planning and execution. The designallows systems to be easily extended by adding additional components. The fundamental research question is how to effectively use emergingcommercial off-the-shelf (COTS) information technology to build advancedmilitary systems for planning and execution with the capabilities envisioned inJoint Vision 2010, the Air Force’s New Worlds Vista, the Navy’s QuantumLeap, Army XXI Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTDs),and other studies of warfare in the next century. The potential for the military isclear. However, like the technology advances of the past (steam powered ships,telegraph, radio, tanks, planes), it is not clear precisely how the technology canbe incorporated into military planning and operations. It is even less clear howstrategy and tactics need to change to best utilize the new capabilities. TheUnited States has a definite advantage because of our economic resources andaccess to new technology. However, COTS technology, by its very nature, isalso available to our potential adversaries. And military history is replete withexamples of sudden shifts in relative military power because one military wasable to more quickly understand the most effective way to use new technolo-gies (for example, the tank and blitzkrieg, the plane and carrier based aviation,or radar and air defense).

NPS Research October 1998

About theINVESTIGATORS

FEATURED PROJECT

ARCHITECTURE , continued from page 1

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Gordon H. Bradley is a Professor ofOperations Research. His researchinterests are in mathematical program-ming and software development. Hehas worked on integer programmingand network optimization. Currentlyhe is working on the design anddevelopment of a software architecturefor dynamic map-based militarysystems for planning and executionusing new platform-independent

technologies. He teaches theOperations Research Department’sJava course and advanced semi-nars in applying informationtechnology to operations researchproblems. Dr. Bradley received his Ph.D.from Northwestern University in1967 followed by postdoctoralstudy at Stanford University. Hisfirst academic appointment was atYale University where he wasAssistant and then AssociateProfessor of Operations Research with ajoint appointment in Computer Science.

He joined the Operations Re-search Department at the NavalPostgraduate School in 1973.From 1977 to 1987 he wasProfessor of Computer Scienceincluding five years as Chair.Since 1987 his appointment hasbeen in the Department ofOperations Research.

Arnold H. Buss has taught andperformed research in simulationanalysis for eleven years. For the

past four years he has been a VisitingProfessor in Operations Research atthe Naval Postgraduate School, wherehe has taught simulation and computerprogramming and supervised a numberof student theses emphasizing simula-tion modeling. Professor Buss has conductedresearch in component-based simula-tion modeling and simulation outputanalysis, as well as in manufacturing,project management and capacityplanning. Current work includessimulation modeling in Java,


Arnold Buss

Gordon Bradley

The post Cold War era is characterized by a wider spec-trum of possible military missions, from Major Theater War(MTW) to Small Scale Contingencies (SSC) to Peacekeep-ing Operations (PKO), and by greater uncertainty aboutwhen and where military response will be required. Thishas generated requirements for flexible planning tools thatsupport rapid response to situations whose details cannot beanticipated. These requirements are extensive. The plan-ning resources (people, data, computers) will be distributedover a disparate, global network that has a range of com-puters (from supercomputers to cellular phones) anddifferent software (operating systems, databases). Thedecision cycles will be much shorter, meaning the systemsplanning and execution need to work much faster with lesstime to make and review plans. Furthermore, there is a

requirement to provide automatic monitoring of the plan-ning and execution processes. The problems faced byplanners will be less predictable than in the past, so thesystems must be more flexible to address situations thedesigners cannot anticipate. The systems must have anopen architecture that allows additional capabilities to beadded without disruption. Legacy systems for planning andexecution are too static, monolithic, and inflexible to meetthese requirements. Current efforts to integrate legacyplanning tools are an improvement, but, even when theseefforts are brought to fruition, the results will not besufficiently interoperable, platform independent, or exten-sible to meet the challenges of military decision making.As demanding as the individual requirements are, advancedsystems for planning and execution must incorporate allthese capabilities in an integrated system.


FEATURED PROJECT


distributed simulation on the Internet,and component standards and frame-works for simulation modeling. He isa member of INFORMS, POMS, andIIE. He is an Associate Editor for IIETransactions and is on the EditorialReview Board for Production andOperations Management. He haspublished papers in journals such asOperations Research, IIETransactions, Decision Sciences,Mathematical Problems in Engineer-ing, and the Journal of Wind Engineer-ing and Industrial Aerodynamics. Professor Buss received his B.A.from Rutgers University, M.S. degreesfrom the University of Arizona andCornell University, and a Ph.D. fromCornell University. He is a member ofPhi Beta Kappa, and was the recipientof the McMullen Graduate Fellowshipand the Sage Graduate Fellowshipwhile at Cornell University.

Charles H. Shaw, III is a LieutenantColonel, Quartermaster, in the United

States Army currently serving as aMilitary Instructor in the Department ofOperations Research and Fellow withthe Institute for Joint Warfare Analysis(IJWA). His research and teachinginterests include Joint and CombinedOperations, Combat Modeling andSimulation, Joint and Combined Opera-tional Logistics, Special Operations,Logistics Distribution Systems, andMilitary Operations Other Than War(MOOTW). He has served in thiscapacity since 1995. LTC Shaw received a B.S. in Engi-neering from the U.S. Military Academyat West Point, NY in 1979 atwhich time he was commissionedas a Lieutenant in the Armor/Cavalry Branch. He received aM.S. in Operations Research fromthe Naval Postgraduate School atMonterey, CA in 1989. Prior tohis current assignment, LTC Shawserved as the Battalion ExecutiveOfficer/Deputy Commander, 193rd

Combat Support Battalion (Air-borne); Commander, 193rd BrigadeMaterial Management Center;Chief, Logistics Plans and Opera-

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tions Division, J4; and Chief,Readiness and Force IntegrationBranch, J4 in the U.S. Army Southand Joint Task Force - Panamalocated at Fort Clayton, Republic ofPanama. Other previous assign-ments include Senior OperationsResearch Analyst, Defense LogisticsAgency at Cameron Station, VAbefore, during, and after OperationsDesert Shield/Storm and multipleassignments as an Armor/CavalryOfficer and Logistician at the tacticallevel in the United States, Germany,and Middle East.

LTC Charles Shaw, III


Design of the Loosely Coupled ComponentsArchitectureThe basic architecture group is composed of the authorsplus MAJ Arent Arntzen , Norway AF (MS in OR, Sep-tember 1998) and MAJ Leroy Jackson, USA, US ArmyTRADOC Analysis Center-Monterey (Ph.D. candidate inOR). Each member of the group is working on differentcomponents; the group meets weekly to develop and refinethe architecture and to review the design of the compo-nents. The group studies the emerging research on softwarecomponents. The design proceeds by adopting wherepossible and developing where necessary the principles thatunderlie the design. The architecture specifies how indi-vidual components will interact (through mediators) andhow components will be composed to produce largercomponents. At every level of composition, the compo-

nents have the same interface to other components. Theprogramming language choice, Java, offers many advan-tages. Java is a good object-oriented language that supportscomposition through its “interface” construct and it con-tains powerful reflection and remote method executioncapabilities that are used heavily in our work. The groupstudied Java’s component technology, called Java Beans,very carefully, but ultimately decided it was not adequatefor the dynamic composition that is necessary for oursystems. We thus were lead to develop our own componentdesign, which we have refined and validated by construct-ing several demonstration systems. This component design currently consists of three majorparts: the König package for creating graphs and interfacesfor running algorithms on the graphs; an ApplicationProgramming Interface (API) for visually representing


FEATURED PROJECT


About the INVESTIGATOR

SIMULATION OF BIODYNAMICRESPONSE TO UNDERWATEREXPLOSION EVENTSProfessor Young S. ShinLT Douglas B. Oglesby, USNDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

Background and GoalsNPS has been involved in research on “Underwater Explo-sions and Its Effects on Naval Ships” since 1983. Researchon the effects of underwater explosions to surface ships andsubmarines has been active in the U.S. since World War II.The response of the ship’s structural system, containedequipment, and weapons system subjected to an underwaterexplosion has been extensively investigated from thestandpoint of susceptibility, vulnerability and survivability.However, in evaluating a ship’s ability to remain a viablewarfighting asset, crew survivability must also be ad-dressed. For a ship to remain capable of fighting following

damage resulting from enemy munitions such as mines ortorpedoes, the ship’s crew must remain sufficiently unin-jured to be able to employ the weapons systems and fightthe ship. This article is based on recent research at NPSconcentrating on investigating the effects of underwaterexplosions on shipboard crew vulnerability.

The research has three basic goals: (i) to develop amethod for estimating crew survivability to underwaterexplosion, (ii) to use accelerometer data and video footagetaken during live fire testing as a basis for the simulation,and (iii) to perform injury estimates for both male andfemale crew members.

The Articulated Total Body (ATB) Program [1] was usedand it was primarily designed to simulate the three dimen-sional response of a system of rigid bodies subjected todynamic applied and interactive contact forces. The ATBprogram was also developed to model the response of crashtest dummies, but is used in many varied applications

Young S. Shin is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Hereceived his undergraduate degree from Seoul National Univer-sity followed by his Ph.D. from Case Western Reserve Univer-sity. Before joining NPS in 1981, Dr. Shin was with GeneralElectric and Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Shin’s primary teaching interests are dynamics, machinedesign, classical and random vibrations, and naval ship shockanalysis and design. His research interests are shock and vibra-tion analysis and design including underwater explosion testingand simulation, noise and vibration control and machinerymonitoring and diagnostics. His current work extends to ShipShock and Biodynamic Response Simulations to UnderwaterExplosions. Dr. Shin is a Fellow of the American Society of MechanicalEngineers.

Douglas B. Oglesby is a Lieutenant in the United States Navyand a former graduate student of NPS. He received his under-graduate degree from the University of Missouri-Rolla followedby his Mechanical Engineer’s degree from NPS. His thesis research was under the guidance of Professor Shin. LTOglesby was recognized with three awards upon graduation: the Monterey Council Navy League Award for HighestAcademic Achievement, the Naval Sea Systems Command Award in Naval/Mechanical Engineering, and the SurfaceNavy Association’s Award for Excellence in Surface Warfare Research.

Young S. Shin


FEATURED PROJECT

UNDERWATER EXPLOSION , continued from page 4


including human body motion, transient response of a MXmissile in a wind tunnel, and pilot ejection from aircraft [1].Use of the ATB program to model the response of a humanin a shipboard environment is not quite different from usingit to model the responses of a human or test dummy in anautomobile or aircraft crash. Once a model is developed ofthe environment, the result of changes to the input excita-tion, such as improved shock isolation or varied chargesize/location can be estimated and potential injuries pre-dicted.

Experimental Set-up and ATB ModelThis study relied on data for vehicle excitation and dummyresponse provided by the Naval Surface Warfare Center -Carderock Division. The data is from the Site Phase 3(SSTV) Shock Test series, Shot 9991, conducted in June1996. The anthropomorphic test device (ATD) modeled inthis study was a Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy [2]instrumented with triaxial linear accelerometers located atthe centers of gravity of the head, thorax, and pelvis. TheATD was seated, lap belt securely fastened, facing star-board in a standard operator’s chair on the upper platformof a two platform test vessel that was subjected to anunderwater explosion event. The test vessel was equippedwith linear accelerometers. Accelerometers oriented in thevertical and athwartship directions were located at the baseof the chair and the measured output was used as the basisof the excitation used in the ATB model.

A model of the operator’s chair, based on measuredphysical dimensions, was constructed in the ATB programusing plane contact surfaces for the seat pan, sides andback, and using contact segments for each arm rest. Force-deflection, energy absorption and damping properties forthe seat surfaces were estimated. The physical dimensions,inertial properties and joint characteristics for the HybridIII dummy were used directly as generated by the Genera-tor of Body Data (GEBOD) program [3]. The model of thedummy was positioned in the simulation to match asclosely as possible the position of the dummy as seen in thevideo of the test.

Hybrid ATD Dummy: Measured and PredictedResponseEvaluation of the accuracy of the ATB model was made bycomparing the accelerations of the head, thorax, and pelvisas predicted by the simulation to the measured values. In

addition, the gross body motion as predicted by the simula-tion was compared to still frame images captured fromstandard video taken of the dummy during the underwaterexplosion event. Modifications were made to the initialposition of the dummy and the characteristics of the chairin the simulation until reasonable agreement was obtainedbetween accelerations and gross body motion. Figure 1shows the sign convention used in reporting the accelera-tions of the head, thorax, and pelvis. As motion waspredominantly in the sagittal plane and no lateral inputacceleration (fore-and-aft) was used in the model excitationsignal, accelerations in the Y direction were not compared.

Quite good overall agreement was seen in both the headX and Z directions (Fig. 2 and 3), with the phasing consis-tent and the many of the amplitudes closely matched.Agreement in the chest X direction (Fig. 4) is not as good,but the chest Z results (Fig. 5) show good phasing responseeven though the magnitudes in the peaks are for the mostpart under-estimated. Similarly, the pelvis X results (Fig.6) are not as closely in agreement as the pelvis Z results(Fig. 7) which show good agreement both in phasing andamplitude.

Figure 1. Dummy Coordinate System [3]


RESEARCH AND EDUCATION


INFORMATION SCIENCES, SYSTEMS ANDOPERATIONS CURRICULUM

A recent initiative undertaken by the Naval PostgraduateSchool started as a response to conversations with VADMCebrowski, the previous Director of Space InformationWarfare, Command, and Control (N6). N6 is the sponsor,directly or indirectly, for several curricula— Joint Com-mand, Control, Communications and Intelligence Sys-tems (JC4IS), Space Systems Operations (SSO), Informa-tion Technology Management (ITM), Modeling, VirtualEnvironments, and Simulations (MOVES), ComputerScience (CS) and Information Warfare (IW). Coupledwith the overall impact of C4ISR systems in the militaryenvironment and the creation of Network Centric War-fare, VADM Cebrowski’s concern for better utilizationand flexibility in assigning officers in graduate educationcoded billets prompted N6 and NPS to create a uniquelytailored Information Sciences, Systems and Operationscurriculum. This new curriculum, with specializations inCS, JC4IS, SSO , ITM, MOVES and IW and a Profes-sional Practice Core, is designed to serve warfighters andtechnical support officers with knowledge and under-standing as follows:• Understand and innovatively create, maintain, and

operate doctrine, systems, and procedures to assureour Information Superiority.

• Understand and innovatively develop and implementcommand and control decision processes in organiza-

tions to assure Information Superiority.• Understand and innovatively employ Science and

Technology in creating systems for InformationSuperiority.

As an additional part of the N6/NPS graduate educationinitiative, VADM Cebrowski also directed the creation ofan information operations oriented curriculum for theURLs. This five-quarter curriculum is currently underdevelopment. While the specifics will evolve (includingthe official name), VADM Cebrowski has approved theeducational skill requirements. The graduate of the“Information Sciences and Operations Curriculum” shall:• Understand and innovatively create strategies and

policies using military and commercial conceptualmodels and assets for information operations.

• Understand and innovatively create agile organizationstructures and decision processes responsive to realtime mission and situation requirements.

• Understand information technology and systems as aprovider of opportunities to gain informationsuperiority and perform information operations.

• Be able to integrate technology, organization, policyand strategy into an information operations frame-work and to use it in deliberate and crisis planningand execution across the range of military operations.

• Each graduate will demonstrate the ability to identifyand solve a significant information operations prob-lem and communicate the result in writing and in acommand-oriented briefing.

Information Systems (IS) is the name of a newly formedAcademic Group at NPS within the Division of Computerand Information Sciences and Operations. The IS Aca-demic Group is comprised of faculty with diverse back-grounds in Information Sciences, Systems and InformationTechnology Management, a key component of the Informa-tion Sciences, Systems and Operations Curricula beingbrought on-line. The impact of information systems in themilitary environment covers many areas. A wide variety ofresearch is being pursued by the IS faculty ranging from

Network Centric Warfare to medical evaluations of PersianGulf War veterans. Associate Professor Hemant Bhargava is working on aproject with the U.S. Marine Corps (Manpower and Re-serve Affairs) to reengineer and reimplement their variousmanpower planning models using more modern computer-based modeling technology. Professor Bhargava’s effortwill allow better interoperability and model reuse, betterdata management and model management, with an im-proved user and control interface. Models being studiedinclude the Target Force Planning Model, Manpower LevelProcess, Officer Planning Utility System, Enlisted PlanningSystem, Enlisted Staffing Goal Model, Recruit DistributionModel, Enlisted Assignment Model, Marine Equity Model,and the Officer Staffing Goal Model. Current work has

INFORMATION SYSTEMS ACADEMICGROUP FOCUSSES ON INFORMATIONSYSTEMS, ENGINEERING ANDMANAGEMENT




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focussed on the Enlisted Assignment Model that assignsenlisted Marines to jobs and the Recruit DistributionModel. However, Dr. Bhargava recently presented abroader picture on the use of scientific methods (embed-ded in decision models and computer-based informationtechnologies) in decision making to the USMC Man-power and Reserve Affairs’ flag officers. Dr. Bhargava and students LT Clay Tettelbach, USN,LTChris Corgnati , USN, LTJG Devrim Rehber,Turkish Navy, LCDR Craig Herrick , USN, and MajorMichael Broihier , USMC, have worked on the integra-tion of decision technologies and internet computing,resulting in the development of decision technologiesthat can be accessed and used over the internet. TheRecycling Decision Support System is a special case of aweb-based decision technology and is available at http://dnet.sm.nps.navy.mil/webdss/. DecisionNet, a virtualrepository and electronic brokerage of such technologies,is available at http://dnet.sm.nps.navy.mil/. Attempting to discover relationships and patterns thatmay provide answers to health problems reported byPersian Gulf War veterans, Dr. Bhargava, working withthe Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense forHealth Affairs, analyzed a database containing demo-graphics, attributes and results of comprehensive medi-cal evaluations of the veterans. Applying conventionaland emerging data analysis techniques, he developed anovel approach which provides a general purposesystem for exploratory data analysis. The Navy establishment is currently engaged in theNaval Virtual Intranet Program that will see the NavalCommunications System rebuilt on an internet modeland the Naval Computer and TelecommunicationsStations (NCTS) as internet service providers. This isthe first true rebuild of the NCTS since WWII. LecturerRex Buddenberg has been involved with the projectsince its programmatic beginning, serving directly ontwo Integrated Product Teams. One of his students,LCDR Peter Vena, USN, has completed his thesis onenlisted IT rates needed to sustain the infrastructure. Professor Daniel Dolk is working with the Navy Person-nel and Research Development Center and the Office ofNaval Research on a project to build a Personnel BattlefieldSimulation (PBS) System. PBS will allow people in themanpower community to play the simulation, try out

REENGINEERING THE UNITED STATESMARINE CORPS’ RECRUIT DISTRIBUTIONMODEL (RDM)Lieutenant Kevin J. Snoap, United States NavyMasters of Science in Information TechnologyManagement-September 1998Advisors: Associate Professor Hemant K.Bhargava and Assistant Professor Suresh Sridhar,Information Systems Academic Group

The United States Marine Corps accomplishes itsmission “to put the right Marine in the right place atthe right time with the right skills and quality of life”in a variety of ways. One of the information systemsassisting the Marine Enlisted Assignments Branch isthe Recruit Distribution Model (RDM). This thesisproposes changes to the RDM user interface, datamanagement, assignment model, and analysis capabil-ity. With the use of business process reengineering,process modeling, mathematical modeling, anddatabase design, a fully functional prototype has beendeveloped to address each identified change proposal.This reengineered system includes numerous innova-tions such as an intuitive navigational scheme usingswitchboards, and the elimination of manual dataentry for data already available in the system. It alsoprovides a number of significant contributions benefi-cial to the USMC. For instance, the reengineeredsystem allows the user to objectively analyze differentresults by comparing four different objective mea-sures, and its mathematical model uses commercial-off-the-shelf products eliminating a proprietary solver.All these changes will empower managers to effec-tively and efficiently manage the assignment ofrecruits in order to meet the challenges of the 21stcentury.

different policies, e.g., close 20% of current recruitingstations, and see the effects of their decisions in terms ofbudget terms and force readiness terms. The system will beWeb-based, map-driven, and will require the integration ofmultiple existing Navy manpower models in the areas of



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recruiting, assignment and distribution, force strength,manpower requirements, and training management. Professor Carl Jones and Associate Professor KishoreSengupta are conducting research on the organizational

and command and control aspects of Network CentricWarfare. Recent thinking on warfighting has laid increas-ing stress on the concept of Network Centric Warfare.Network Centric Warfare envisages creating organizationsthat are agile with speed of command and self-synchroniza-tion. Research is now ongoing to understand the principles

needed to guide the commander increating and leading such acommand. Using the principlesof self-organizing systems fromorganization theory and complex-ity theory and shaping them intodesign guidelines for mappingcommand and control processes tothe needs of specific missions, Dr.Jones and Sengupta are workingtowards a “primer” of concepts,principles, and design guidelinesfor planning and organizing. Seventeen students have workedwith Associate Professor MagdiKamel and Visiting ResearchProfessor Martin J. McCaffrey todevelop an expert system to assistand advise the MK92 technician indiagnosing and resolving problemsoccurring in the Fire ControlSystem (FCS) MK92 Mod 2onboard the FFG-7 Class ships.Sponsors and collaborators on thisapplied project have included theNaval Sea Systems Command, theNaval Scientific AssistanceProgram, and the Naval SurfaceWarfare Center. A recent trend in the field ofinformation systems is the devel-opment and deployment ofIntranets, i.e., using World WideWeb (WWW) technology tosupport planning, administration,and control internal to an organi-zation. Assistant Professor SureshSridhar has investigated new andinnovative ways by whichInternets can facilitate information

THE MK92 MOD 2 FIRE CONTROL SYSTEMEXPERT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM PROJECTAssociate Professor Magdi Kamel, Information SystemsAcademic GroupVisiting Research Professor Martin J. McCaffrey, Institute for DefenseEducation Analysis

In 1992, the Naval Postgraduate School in cooperation with the Port HuenemeDivision, Naval Surface Warfare Center initiated a long-term effort to developan expert system to assist and advise the MK92 technician in diagnosing andresolving problems occurring in the Fire Control System (FCS) MK92 Mod 2onboard the FFG-7 Class ships. The objective of the expert system is toperform as an onboard expert that emulates a subject matter expert’s knowl-edge and methods in troubleshooting and resolving casualties in the MK92system. As of September 1998, three modules have been developed, tested, anddeployed. The first two modules are to analyze and diagnose the FCS MK92Daily System Operability Test (DSOT) results printout. The third module isfor the evaluation and problem resolution of the RF Transmitter PowerChecks. To date the expert system has been deployed to eighteen U.S., six Australian,six Spanish, and three Egyptian Navy ships. Plans are under way to deploy theexpert system to all US FFG-7 frigates as well as those in the Bahrainian andTurkish Navies. The initial development of the Mod 2 MAES is currentlybeing ported to the FCS MK92 Mod 1 and Mod 5 systems for the deploymentonboard Coast Guard and U.S. Navy Ships. The FCS MK92 Mod 2 has been a challenging and costly system to main-tain. In past years, the No Fault Evident (NFE) replacement of parts has beena serious problem. A review of 700 Casualty Reports (CASREPS) by NPSrevealed that 22% of parts replaced were NFE. This translates to $900,000 peryear in OPTAR. With the development of an expert system to aid and advise introubleshooting FCS MK92 problems, a substantial savings in repair time andfunds can be realized. Other key benefits of the expert system include im-proved operational readiness and reduced Mean Time to Repair. The expertsystem has provided technician-troubleshooting expertise where scarce,upgrades the diagnostic performance of less experienced technicians, andcaptured and preserved domain-troubleshooting expertise that would otherwisebe lost.



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dissemination and sharing. Working with several thesisstudents to develop Intranet prototypes for various agenciesof the Army, Marine Corps and Coast Guard, Dr. Sridhar’sresearch has had direct application to current real-wordissues. Major Malcolm B. LeMay, USMC, was recentlycommended by the Commanding Officer of the MarineCorps Tactical Systems Support Activity, (MCTSSA) forhis thesis research on a MCTSSA sponsored project. InJune 1996, the Air Defense Systems Division developedseveral possible thesis topics for Marine Corps students atNPS. Major LeMay tackled the project of designing andimplementing Intranet services for the Air Combat Element(ACE) of the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF). Ina letter to NPS, Col L.E. Troffer, Commanding Officer,MCTSSA, stated, “Major LeMay’s research of ACEprocesses and the methodology he developed for theprototype will serve as an excellent model in developingother MAGTF related Intranet-based decision supporttools. Major LeMay’s thesis project is an excellent exampleof the return on investment the Marine Corps seeks insending Marine Officers to NPS.” Other thesis projects under the direction of Dr. Sridharhave included a prototype on-line navigation planning toolfor the Navy that has been dubbed “GatorNet,” and anoperational prototype intranet site for the California ArmyNational Guard to allow members of the 40th InfantryDivision throughout the state to pass information onreadiness data. Professor Norman Schneidewind continues his researchon software reliability. The relationship between productquality and process capability and maturity has beenrecognized as a major issue in software engineering basedon the premise that improvements in process will lead tohigher quality products. To this end, Dr. Schneidewind hasbeen investigating an important facet of process capabil-ity—stability—as defined and evaluated by trend, change,and shape metrics, across releases and within a release. Hisintegration of product and process measurement andevaluation serves the dual purpose of using metrics toassess and predict reliability and risk and concurrently usesthese metrics for process stability evaluation. The NASASpace Shuttle flight software has been used to illustrate theapproach. Positive results have been obtained to integrateproduct and process evaluations in one model. CDRDennis Brophy, USN, and LCDR James O’Leary, USN,

INTRANET-BASED DECISION SUPPORTFOR THE MARINE AIR GROUND TASKFORCE AVIATION COMBAT ELEMENTMajor Malcolm LeMay, United States MarineCorpsMaster of Science in Information TechnologyManagement-September 1998Advisors: Assistant Professor Suresh Sridharand Associate Professor Barry Frew, InformationSystems Academic Group

Information technology can be an effective forcemultiplier for the Air Combat Element (ACE) of theMarine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF).Through the use of Intranet-based decision support,internet technology can be leveraged to improve thedecision support and information processes of theACE. This thesis reviews the objectives ofIntranet-based decision support and provides amethodology to follow for implementing Intranet-based decision support for the ACE. The methodol-ogy combines systems development life cycle(SDLC) practices, command and control theory, anorganizational analysis of the ACE and prototypingto achieve Intranet-based decision support. Theresults from a process analysis are evaluated toselect suitable processes for migration to Intranet-based decision support. Prototype developmentinvolves coding approximately 100 software files inCold Fusion. As part of the prototyping process,comments from fleet-based Marines are collectedand incorporated in the prototype when possible.The methodology developed for this project couldbe used for other MAGTF related Intranet-baseddecision support systems.

are pursuing the development of an enhanced network andtools for software reliability and metrics research. Twoother ITM students, LT Cameron Carney, USN, and LTTony Ellis, USN, are investigating the feasibility of em-ploying Asynchronous Transfer Mode networking technol-ogy in the Software Metrics Research Center at NPS.




Background

ADM Charles R. Larson, former Superintendent at theUSNA, asked for proposals for graduate education forhis Company Officers from several universities in theAnnapolis area, including Johns Hopkins. The impetusfor his idea was to professionalize the Company Officerbillet, to attract high quality officers to fill it, and also toprovide graduate education that would be useful toofficers after they leave the Naval Academy. The Company Officer is the person most closelyinvolved in the development of midshipmen, withresponsibilities ranging from disciplinarian to rolemodel. The Company Officer, a Lieutenant or Lieuten-ant Commander, serves a two-year tour in charge of 130midshipmen. Admiral Larson’s concept required oneyear in full-time graduate education before taking chargeof a company. In response to the request for a proposal, NPS facultyinitiated a needs analysis of the Company Officer jobbased on interviews and documentation. The result ofthe analysis was a set of educational skill requirements(ESRs), which were subsequently reviewed and en-dorsed by top leadership at USNA as an accurate reflec-tion of the Company Officer position as well as thedevelopment of subordinates conducted by effectivemilitary leaders. Because of the relevance of the ESRsincluded in the proposal, the decision was made to haveNPS develop and implement the program. At this point, NPS faculty conducted a search forsimilar programs from which insight might be gained fordeveloping courses to support the ESRs. While manyprograms have “leadership” in the title, most focus onteaching leadership rather than leadership development.

The Leadership Education and Development (LEAD)Program was developed by NPS’ Department of SystemsManagement in response to a need generated by the UnitedStates Naval Academy (USNA). The first class graduated

NPS’ LEADERSHIP EDUCATION ANDDEVELOPMENT (LEAD) PROGRAM ATTHE U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY GRADUATESFIRST CLASS

from the U.S. Naval Academy in August with a Masters ofScience Degree in Leadership and Human ResourcesDevelopment. The graduates conducted thesis research ontopics such as an examination of Navy OPTEMPO, predic-tion of performance and retention in the fleet, and theeffects of leadership and ethics instruction on leaderdevelopment. VADM John Ryan, Superintendent of theNaval Academy, was very pleased that the graduate stu-dents addressed issues that are important to the Navy andthe Naval Academy.

There is little in the way of graduate education, and—ofcourse—none are customized for military relevance. NPS proceeded with course development for theESRs, and a final program was completed for approvalby the NPS Academic Council and Western Associationof Schools and Colleges. Both approvals were receivedand the first class began in August 1997. A second classstarted in June of this year. The program consists of modules taught in one- ortwo-week periods, which—when completed—compriseNPS management courses for a total of 57 credits, and athesis. Systems Management faculty travel to Annapo-lis for course offerings with some supplemental workdone by VTC. This unique approach offers the follow-ing advantages: • On-site education permits a working relationship todevelop between graduate students and current Com-pany Officers, which creates an opportunity to integratecourse work with hands-on practice. Faculty havefound many opportunities to create projects that draw onUSNA examples of the academic concepts taught in theclassroom. Linking academic work with hands-onpractice and real-world examples should producesuperior retention of the concepts learned and, therefore,superior transfer of learning to performance on the job. • Providing graduate education where the paybacktour occurs saves Navy resources. • Frequent contact between NPS faculty and USNAsponsors provides instant feedback on program directionand effectiveness. • Students have the opportunity to utilize USNAresources, e.g., institutional data, for thesis research toaddress issues important to the Navy and the NavalAcademy.



LEAD PROGRAM , continued from page 10

DETERMINANTS OF FLIGHT TRAININGPERFORMANCE: NAVAL ACADEMY CLASSESOF 1995 AND 1996Lieutenant Paul M. Reinhart, United States NavyMaster of Science in Leadership and Human ResourcesDevelopment-August 1998Advisors: Visiting Associate Professor Gregory G.Hildebrandt, Department of Systems Management, andRoger D. Little, U.S. Naval Academy

This thesis investigates the relationship between observablecharacteristics and performance during the primary stage offlight training. The data for this study consists of 272observations from Naval Academy graduates in the classesof 1995 and 1996. Analysis of the variables was conductedusing the Heckman two-stage regression technique tocorrect for possible selectivity bias. In this technique afirst-stage probit model, which predicts the likelihood ofprimary phase completion, is used to generate a correctionfactor for possible selectivity bias. The correction factor isthen used in the second-stage adjusted least-squares regres-sion model. The conclusions of this study are: 1) thebiographical inventory from the Aviation Selection TestBattery (ASTB) is a valid predictor of primary phasecompletion, and 2) the Pilot Flight Aptitude Rating (PFAR)from the ASTB, academic achievement (AQPR) at theNaval Academy, and previous flight experience are all validpredictors of flight training performance. Additionally, itappears that sample selection bias does not seem to be aproblem in this analysis.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMICMAJOR AT THE UNITED STATES NAVALACADEMY AND SERVICE COMMUNITYSELECTIONLieutenant Brian K. Arcement, United States NavyMaster of Science in Leadership and HumanResources Development-August 1998Advisors: Visiting Associate Professor Gregory G.Hildebrandt, Department of Systems Management, andRakesh Lall, U.S. Naval Academy

This study provides information for those individualsresponsible for guiding midshipmen’s choice of navalservice community. This research focused on individualswho received their first community choice. The analysisdemonstrates that choice of academic major frequentlyaffects the likelihood that an individual will select a par-ticular community. For example, a shift from a group onemajor to a group two major significantly decreases thelikelihood of selecting the Marine Corps. Another findingis that a shift from group one major to either group two orgroup three majors decreases the likelihood of selectingsubmarines. The fact that it is possible to predict commu-nity choice from academic major may not be obvious tomidshipmen when they choose their major during thesecond semester of their plebe year. This project wasdesigned to provide company officers with the informationneeded to counsel midshipmen about the service commu-nity available following graduation from the Naval Acad-emy. The choice of career field is the culmination of fouryears of hard work by midshipmen, and this decision canaffect their naval service career for many years.


POST-COLD WAR PERSTEMPO POLICIES AND CHALLENGES: AN EXAMINATION OF THEBASELINE ENGAGEMENT FORCE ASSESSMENT AND MODELLieutenant Wayne G. Grasdock, United States NavyMaster of Science in Leadership and Human Resources Development-August 1998Advisors: Associate Professor Richard B. Doyle and Lecturer Walter E. Owen, Department of SystemsManagement

This thesis addresses the policy and analytical challenges associated with the post-Cold War personnel tempo(PERSTEMPO). It examines a study conducted by the Joint Staff called the Baseline Engagement Force (BEF)Assessment. The majority of the data were obtained from the Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment Directorate(J-8) of the Joint Staff. The BEF Assessment determined the level of military effort required to support peacetimeengagement demands and revealed that PERSTEMPO reporting among the Services is diverse in that reporting and


RESEARCH NEWS

AGREEMENT INITIATES COOPERATIVERESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN NPSAND THE NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER-CARDEROCK DIVISON

A Memorandum of Agreement to provide ties between NPSand the Naval Surface Warfare Center-Carderock Division,in the areas of naval vehicles (hull, mechanical and electri-cal) and logistics has been initiated with the aim of sharingresearch facilities and technical expertise. This sharing ofassets, both human and physical, should provide the Navywith strong, technically well-integrated science and technol-ogy programs in these areas, as well as introduce future Navyofficers to current state-of-the art practices in naval vehiclephilosophy and design.

RELATIONSHIP ESTABLISHED WITH DIRECTOROF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE

A Memorandum of Agreement between the Director of NavalIntelligence (DNI) and the Superintendent, Naval Postgradu-ate School, was recently signed to provide support to NPS forthe DNI-sponsored intelligence curriculum and for studentprofessional development. The DNI supports the enhance-ment and strengthening of naval officers in the academicintelligence subspecialty curriculum at NPS. To ensure thatthese naval officers become more familiar with, and exposedto, naval sites, facilities, and major C4I systems/nodes,specific supplements to the student curricula will be sup-ported by the DNI.

NPS AND NRL FORM A CENTER FORUNMANNED AIR VEHICLE TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and NPS haveentered into a cooperative agreement to foster the devel-opment of a joint program which will provide the Navywith the ability to effectively develop and utilize un-manned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for Fleet operations. Themerging of the activities and capabilities of NPS andNRL will enable the formation of a Center for UnmannedAir Vehicle Technology Development. This Center willexplicitly focus its efforts on the development andapplication of UAV technologies for the Navy. Theconsiderable UAV flight assets of NPS’ Center forInterdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies(CIRPAS) will be utilized to promote UAV development,experimentation, database supplementation, and conceptsof operations development. NPS plans to develop andoffer tailored graduate courses and curricula whichaddress all aspects of the UAV for military applications(design, testing, payloads, CONOPS, avionics, C4I,modeling and simulation, deconfliction, etc.). NRL willprovide access to the base of scientific knowledge ofUAV design and operations accumulated during its morethan 20-year involvement with UAVs. This includes therange of micro to large scale, long endurance UAVs. Thiscollaborative effort will allow each of the participants toleverage technology, experience, facilities, hardware,skill sets, development, analysis and application.

tracking methods and concepts differ. Misunderstanding of reporting and tracking methods and concepts ledto under-reporting of PERSTEMPO. Errors, by a factor of ten, consistently occurred when reportingPERSTEMPO to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Another findingwas that the current PERSTEMPO is placing heavy demands on the deployable pool, rather than the endstrength. PERSTEMPO increases by twelve percent when the deployable pool is placed in the denominatorwhen calculating deployment percentages. The assessment also revealed that there is no tool for the Ser-vices to conduct real time assessments of PERSTEMPO. To make these assessments, a BEF model wasdeveloped by the RAND Corporation and the Systems Research and Applications (SRA) Corporation andthe Joint Staff. This model was designed to produce alternatives for reducing the impact of deployments onmilitary members and to help determine policy regarding the capabilities of the unit deployment and person-nel management process.

LEAD PROGRAM , continued from page 11


RESEARCH CHAIRS

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONALLABORATORY CHAIR PROFESSORSHIPESTABLISHED

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) intends tofund a Chair Professorship at NPS to improve closer tiesbetween NPS and LLNL. The Chair will serve as a liaisonbetween the two organizations as well as a focal point fordirecting research of mutual interest. The LLNL ChairProfessor will be able to expose NPS students to expertise thatis not readily available on the NPS campus. Dr. William L. Kruer has been identified as the first chairincumbent. Dr. Kruer is currently Chief Scientist in theInertial Fusion Theory Division at LLNL. Dr. Kruer haspublished over 160 articles on basic plasma theory, plasmasimulation, laser plasma interactions and inertial fusion. He isthe author of a textbook, The Physics of Laser Plasma Inter-action. Dr. Kruer will be active in teaching, research andthesis advising.

CHAIR PROFESSORSHIP FOR MANPOWERMODELING RENEWED

The U.S. Army Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff forPersonnel has recommended the reappointment ofAssociate Professor Siriphong Lawphongpanich ofthe Department of Operations Research as the Chairincumbent for Manpower Modeling for FY99. TheChair Professorship was established by Memorandumof Understanding in January 1997. Dr.Lawphongpanich has served as the Chair Professorsince its inception. His current renewal was based on areview and evaluation of his accomplishment duringFY97-98. The Chair’s duties include monitoring thereview process for work done at NPS for ODCSPER,recruiting Army students to conduct thesis work withinODCSPER, and advising and providing assistancewhere required to the Strength Management SystemsRedesign (SMSR) effort.

NEXT INCUMBENT FOR ONR-SPONSORED CHAIR OF ARCTIC MARINE SCIENCE IDENTIFIED

Dr. Martin O. Jeffries from the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska will be the next incumbent in the ONR-sponsored Chair in Arctic Marine Science. Dr. Jeffries is a renowned expert in the properties, distribution and characteris-tics of Arctic and Antarctic glacial and sea ice. Dr. Jeffries will continue with his research on these topics and interactwith NPS Department of Oceanography professors Robert Bourke, Albert Semtner, Tim Stanton, James Wilson,Wieslaw Maslowski, and Yuxia Zhang, who are involved in various polar marine science projects. The Arctic Marine Science Chair Professorship was established by Memorandum of Understanding between NPS andONR in 1976. The Chair professor is involved in research, including participation in field programs, teaching and thesisadvising, and interaction with the naval establishment.

Dr. Ann Miller, the Navy’s Chief Information Officer, visited NPS in August to address the student body at theSuperintendent’s Guest Lecture on “DoN CIO in the Information Age.” The visit provided the opportunity for Dr. Miller tovisit with students enrolled in the Space Engineering and Space Operations curricula. LT Jeff Myers , USN, CAPT Darren

Powers, USA, and LT Charles Seitz, USN, briefed Dr. Miller on two SpaceSystems Course Design Projects. A visit to the Microelectronics ResearchLaboratory (left) revealed some of the important research on radiation effectson VLSI electronics being conducted by Associate Professor Douglas Foutsand Assistant Professor Todd Weatherford, Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, and LT Gary McKerrow , USN. Dr. Miller visited theSpace Systems Engineering Lab where she viewed the facilities and met theengineers responsible for the development of PANSAT, the Petite AmateurNavy Satellite scheduled for launch aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on 29October. Dr. Miller also toured the FLTSATCOM Laboratory, SpacecraftDynamics and Control Lab, the Center for Information Systems SecurityStudies and Research (CISR), and the Software Engineering Lab.

NAVY CIO VISITS NPS


RESEARCH LAB

THE TURBOPROPULSION LABORATORY

Professor Raymond P. Shreeve, DirectorAssociate Professor Garth V. HobsonAerospace Engineer Douglas L. SeivwrightAerospace Technician Rick StillDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsSenior Programmer Zafer M. AktanSenior Technician Michael D. AeckRolands & Associates, Inc.

The Turbopropulsion Laboratory (TPL) has been active atNPS since 1964 and is committed to the advancement ofturbomachinery and air-breathing propulsion. Emphasis hasbeen on the technology of gas turbine engines, and aspecific research focus has been concentrated in past yearson the aerodynamics of the compressors and turbinesrequired for such engines. TPL is in a complex of propulsion laboratories that wasbuilt on the edge of the Monterey Penninsula Airport forthe (then) Department of Aeronautics, in the wake ofSputnik. The complex included low-speed and high-speedlaboratories for turbomachinery (Bldgs. 213 & 215 respec-tively), full-scale jet and turboprop engine test cells(Bldg.216), a rocket laboratory (Bldg.217) and an engineworkshop (Bldg.214). The location near the airport waschosen because of the high noise levels inherent in propul-sion tests.

TPL was the brainchild of the late Distinguished Profes-sor M. H. (Mike) Vavra. Building 213 itself is a ‘cascade’wind tunnel, and is certainly the largest facility of its typein the world. You must open the many motor-drivenwindows on all sides of the building before operating thefacility. The 500 HP power-supply in the basement of thebuilding can be used to blow or suck air through differentpanels in the floor. In the Low Speed Cascade WindTunnel, the two-dimensional characteristics and the de-tailed flow field through axial compressor and turbine

blading can be determined up to Mach numbers of 0.3 andReynolds numbers up to two million. Also powered by thebasement power supply is a unique Radial Diffuser TestDevice. A Low Speed Multistage Axial Research Com-pressor, with an outer diameter of three feet and driven byits own electric motor, is a third major test facility installedin Bldg. 213. The High-Speed Laboratory, Bldg. 215, contains a 1200HP Allis-Chalmers (AC) power supply, three test cells, aspin pit facility, and a control room. It also contains offices

and student study spaces were added in 1981. Itis the continuous air-supply system in thisbuilding, which gives TPL a capability fortesting that is unmatched by any other universityin this country. Up to 11 pounds per second ofair, at up to three atmospheres pressure, can beused to drive a turbine under test in the TurbineTest Rig, or to drive a turbine powering acompressor under test in the Transonic Com-pressor Rig. The third test cell, also suppliedwith air from the AC, accommodates a smallturbocharger test rig and, at different times, afree-jet for calibrating probes or a ten-inchdiameter annular cascade apparatus. A third compressed-air power supply becameavailable in 1990, when the Aero-Astro Depart-ment moved its Gas Dynamics Laboratory

-- continued on page 15Transonic Compressor - Code Validation Stage

The combination of facilities ... arenot to be found anywhere else inthe country, or indeed, in the world.


RESEARCH LAB

(GDL) into what had been the turboprop test cell, inBldg.216. Four large air-tanks provide 8,000 cubicfeet of storage at a pressure of 20 atmospheres. Insidethe sound-proof, windowless envelope of the GDL,and powered by the building air-supply, are housed aMach 1.4 to 4.0 supersonic wind tunnel, a Mach 1.4supersonic fan-blade cascade model, and a supersonicfree-jet. In addition, the laboratory contains a micro-jet engine test cell (5-100 pounds of thrust), a threeinch diameter double-diaphragm shock tube, and aturbine-driven, rotor test bed for pressure sensitivepaint development. The combination of facilities described in the aboveparagraphs, are not to be found anywhere else in thecountry, or indeed, in the world. TPL has had a colorful history. The 60s were a period ofgreat activity as Vavra put each of his new facilities towork. He personally designed all the hardware for the high-speed turbine and compressor rigs, and for the Spin Pit,which was used to test a large turbine rotor for the M1rocket motor used in the Saturn V launch vehicle. Heworked with thesis students and a few visiting investigatorswho were, most often, from Europe. He was assisted byseveral technicians, headed an ex-Air Force test pilot, JimHammer, who assembled, instrumented and operated thefacilities. Professor Raymond Shreeve joined the TPL in l970. TheDepartment brought in a blue ribbon committee, headed byHans Mark (Director of the Ames Research Center, andlater the Secretary of the Air Force, and now DDR&E) toreview TPL. He found “one of the best small academicoperations that I have seen.” The following year, 1978,Professor Shreeve was appointed Director of theTurbopropulsion Laboratory with a charter “to extend andmaintain the role of the Laboratory as a center of excel-lence in experimental research.” Jim Hammer was desig-nated Laboratory Manager. Thus, while it was a completeexception at the time, TPL became the School’s first“center,” as centers are now defined. During 1978-86, TPL fully realized the goals of itscharter. The research budget was increased from $43K(from NAVAIR) to $430K in just six years, and sponsorshipeventually included projects for ONR, NASA, the Army,DARPA, and Industry. Investigators and staff eventuallytotaled thirteen, which was about half the size of the rest of

the parent Department. During these years the NAVAIRVisiting Research Chair Professor position was filled atTPL by an internationally recognized expert in the field ofturbomachinery. A number of research “firsts” were achieved by variousstudents, research staff and post-doctoral fellows:• A “Dual-Probe, Digital Sampling” measurementtechnique, using semi-conductor pressure sensors, wasdeveloped and used to define the full 3D flow from atransonic rotor operating at 26,000 RPM, and the distribu-tion of shock losses between blades was measured for thefirst time.• The “Centrifugal Diffuser Test Device,” a radial flowwind tunnel in which the flow from a centrifugal compres-sor rotor could be generated on a large scale withoutmoving parts, was built and demonstrated for NASA andthe Army.• The first air-breathing detonation engine was built anddemonstrated in Bldg. 216 by Dr. David Helman. (Detona-tion engines are currently being investigated and developedin earnest in several places around the country, includingthe NPS.)• A 2D unsteady Godunov CFD code was developed andapplied to the port-opening process in a “wave rotor,” arotor with straight passages in which gas-to-gas energyexchange occurs by wave transmission.• A “wave rotor project” was initiated at TPL forDARPA.

PROPULSION LAB, continued from page 14


Micro-Gas Turbine Engine Performance Test


RESEARCH CENTER

New communications technology was recently demon-strated at the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely PilotedAircraft Studies (CIRPAS). The objective of the demon-stration was to maintain continuous two-way (full duplex)video and command and control data links between a basestation and three remote terminals using a single transmitand receive active array antenna at the base station. Theseobjectives were fully accomplished. The Multifunction Self Aligned Gate Process ActiveArray Antenna (MSAGAAA) uses tile quads of less than 1square inch that incorporate 4 radiating elements. The tileincludes both active MSAG chips and passive RF anddigital components. Each individual element has powerand phase controls for beam steering, forming and polariza-tion. The tile quads are assembled into antennas of differ-ent sizes and shapes to achieve the desired performance.The demonstrated antenna was designed to receive andtransmit 3 full duplex data links simultaneously. The MSAG process uses a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)substrate in place of Silicon and a patented process tocreate multiple types of digital and RF circuitry on a singlechip. All required electronics, including phase shifters,digital controls, and power field effect transistors arecontained on the chip. The direct current, radio frequency,and phase shifting controls are fed into the chip. Theprocess produces chips with high power efficiencies of upto 50%, a high degree of uniformity, and the ability to runat elevated temperatures. The chips are very durable, witha mean time between failure approaching 1,000,000 hours.

The demonstration used a ground station, a fixed locationsatellite surrogate (tower), a high mobility multi-purposewheeled vehicle (HMMWV), and an aircraft. The groundstation was located at the CIRPAS facility at the MarinaMunicipal Airport, 134 feet above sea level. The tower waslocated about 14 miles away from the ground station on a1,400-foot peak, while the HMMWV operated about 11miles away, on a 400-foot ridge. The aircraft flew at12,500 feet, at ranges of 8 to 10 miles from the groundstation. Ku band video and audio links were used betweenthe ground station, tower and aircraft, while X band wasused between the ground station and HMMWV. During the demonstration, commands from the groundstation were used to shift video sources on the test plat-forms between handheld cameras, VCRs, and installedfixed cameras. These source shifts occurred while voicecommunications and video data transmissions were uninter-rupted, showing the simultaneous full duplex send andreceive capability of the system. The antenna beam wassteered from the control station to track the aircraft andHMMWV. This technology will have wide ranging applications inthe Fleet, as the tile antennas can be used on ships, aircraft,spacecraft, and other vehicles. There is minimal impact tothe platform radar cross section as the tiles take up a verysmall area. Future development of this technology is aimedat supporting over ten simultaneous data links. ITT Gilfillan Industries and Battlespace, Inc., both ofArlington, Virginia, developed the technology for the JointProject Office for Cruise Missiles and Unmanned AerialVehicles, the Naval Sea Systems Command, and the NavalSurface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division.

CIRPAS EXPANDS TO CAMP ROBERTS

A new airfield and flight facility to support CIRPASopened at Camp Roberts, California, in July. The CampRoberts facility will provide CIRPAS with a base ofoperations for UAV flight activities. Camp Robertsprovides an isolated geographical location with abun-dant clear airspace, freedom from signal interference,and a clear air corridor to the Pacific Ocean. The Altus 002 was deployed to Camp Roberts in Julyin support of an IR surveillance payload demonstration.The 2100 pound approximate 55-foot wingspan UAV,performed flawlessly throughout the deployment.

SUCCESSFUL ANTENNADEMONSTRATION AT CIRPAS


RESEARCH CENTER

The Center for Autonomous Underwa-ter Vehicle (AUV) Research hasperformed over 30 dives with thePhoenix autonomous underwatervehicle and made an equal number ofrecoveries. The Phoenix has estab-lished a speed of over three knots forcruising and has performed shortsurvey routes outside the harbor inMonterey Bay. High frequencyimaging sonar records have beenobtained in preparation for simulated“mine field reconnaissance” testsscheduled in the near future. TheCenter has been invited to participatein an ocean test in the Gulf of Mexicoin November with participants from

CENTER FOR AUV RESEARCH UPDATEMIT, Florida Atlantic University, andWoods Hole Oceanographic Institute. The Center for AUV research beganin 1987 with the joining of interestedfaculty from the Departments ofMechanical Engineering, ComputerScience, and Electrical and ComputerEngineering. The Center has focusedon the development of advancedcontrol methodologies and operationalconcepts for using AUVs in veryshallow water where persistent waveand current action from the seawaymake operations difficult. The Centerhas designed and built two underwatervehicles, NPS AUV I and the Phoenix,and a third vehicle is currently under

construction. Major programs sup-ported by the Center include:• Sea State Learning and Distur-bance Compensation for ShallowWater Mine Warfare• Fault Detection and Compensationfor AUVs• Small, Low Cost AUV NavigationUsing COTS Products and Asynchro-nous Data Fusion Filters• Multi-Vehicle Cooperative Ap-proaches to Field Object Detection andMapping Using Sonar and Video• Modeling and Simulation ofMultiple Low Cost Robotic Vehiclesin Minefield Mapping and TargetReconnaissance

Mr. Hugh Montgomery is pictured with students during his guest lecture in NPS Course MN 4305, Seminar in DefenseTechnology Policy, an upper division elective taught by Associate Professor Richard Doyle of the Department of SystemsManagement. Mr. Montgomery is the Director, Science and Technology Division, Office of the Director of Navy Test andEvaluation and Technology Requirements, Chief of Naval Operation (N911). He is a regular and highly regardedparticipant in this seminar. The seminar is open to students from all departments and curricula. It takes an interdiscipli-

nary approach to the understanding of theresource and policy issues associated withidentifying and procuring the technologynecessary for U.S. national security in thepost-Cold War era. These issues areparticularly acute given the resourceconstraints under which defense leadersmust operate, changes in the defensetechnology industrial base, and the prioritygiven to advanced technology in achievingmilitary objectives. Mr. Montgomeryshared insights with the students on themanagement of Navy science andtechnology problems. His commentsincluded descriptions of program trendsand problems and the manner in which hisoffice works with the line community, OSDand the congressional defense committeesto resolve program issues.

SEMINAR SPEAKER SHARES INSIGHTS WITH STUDENTS


STUDENT RESEARCH

SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR AIR DEFENSEPLANNINGMajor Arent Arntzen, Royal Norwegian Air ForceMaster of Science in Operations Research-September1998Advisors: Visiting Assistant Professor Arnold H. Bussand Professor Gordon H Bradley

Modern offensive weapon technologies such as stealth andprecision guided munitions have rendered Integrated AirDefense Systems increasingly vulnerable and ineffective.Since air defense is a purely reactive form of warfare, theapplication of scientific principles to the design and deploy-ment of air defense systems is a major factor in achievingeffectiveness. Today’s air defense planners face rapidlychanging technological develop-ments, both for offensive weap-ons and for sensors. Understand-ing the impact of technology onair defense operations must bedone continually and at anincreasing pace. The combina-tion of dwindling defense re-sources and rapid technologicaldevelopments makes the need foranalysis more critical. Yet withcurrent software architectures,even the analysis activity may byprohibitively costly for smallnations. Stealth effectively reduces theperformance of radar, but does not have the same impact onpassive systems. Sensors have been the most important andvulnerable part of air defense systems through the historyof air warfare. Research into passive sensors has beenencouraging, but before passive sensor systems are pro-duced, procured and deployed, analysis and planning mustbe conducted to quantify potential benefit and determinefeasible system configurations. As this type of analysisencompasses extremely complex systems behavior, devel-oping reusable and flexible models becomes important. Of all modeling tools available, system simulation isperhaps the only one capable of capturing the behavior ofIntegrated Air Defense Systems. Unfortunately, buildingand using a simulation model is an expensive, slow, andcumbersome activity. Since model abstractions mustultimately be turned into computer code, the productivity of

a simulation modeling depends heavily on effective soft-ware engineering and programming. Reuse is the key to increasing effectiveness in simulationmodeling. Component Software is a technology that allowsreuse of both model abstractions and implementations.Furthermore, this technology makes the simulation modelscalable, allowing the analyst to start with a simple modeland build towards higher complexity and fidelity. Buildingmodels using software components thus allows the analystto develop a model in a series of stepwise refinements.Progressing in small steps using components, the analystcan derive the simplest possible model for the task at hand,minimizing the effort that goes into parts of the model thatultimately would not be used, thus increasing productivity. This thesis uses Java, a new and powerful object-oriented

programming language, todevelop a prototype softwarecomponent architecture andcomponent library for buildingsimulation models for airdefense. Sensor and airborneweapon simulation componentsare demonstrated and used in anexploratory analysis of theimpact of a network of InfraredSearch and Track (IRST)sensors. A practical scenariocomprising a modern mediumrange Surface-to-Air System(MSAM) is laid out as the basisfor the simulation models. The

data gathered from the models indicate that IRST systemscould be valuable in the near future. High tempo seems to be a dominating feature of theoriesof modern warfare. If simulation models are to be used forplanning purposes under such circumstances the cycle timefrom one model to the next must be very short. Currentmethods fall far short of this requirement. In addition toproviding model configuration flexibility and scalability,the component architecture supports reuse and makes datacollection very simple. This thesis shows how thesecombined features can reduce modeling cycle-time dra-matically in the context of air defense planning. Also, andof great interest to small nations, the high level of abstrac-tion and reusability achieved by the component architecturemay allow the functions of domain expert and simulationanalyst to be combined in one individual.

Major Arntzen was the 1998recipient of the MORS/TisdaleAward. The Military OperationsResearch Society (MORS) sponsorsthe MORS/Tisdale GraduateResearch Award for outstandingthesis work in the NPS Departmentof Operations Research. The awardrecognizes high quality research ofimmediate or near-term value to theDepartment of Defense.


STUDENT RESEARCH

A TASK ANALYSIS OF UNDERWAYREPLENISHMENT FOR VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTSHIP-HANDLING SIMULATION SCENARIODEVELOPMENTLT Steven D. Norris, United States NavyMaster of Science in Computer Science-September 1998Advisors: Assistant Professor Rudolph Darken and SeniorLecturer John S. Falby, Department of Computer Science,and Assistant Professor Dylan Schmorrow, Department ofOperations Research

While developing a Virtual Reality (VR) Ship-Handlingsimulator for the Surface Warfare Officer School (SWOS) inNewport, RI, researchers at the Naval Air Warfare CenterTraining Systems Division (NAWCTSD) in Orlando, Florida,discovered a need for a task analysis of a Conning Officerduring and Underway Replenishment (UNREP). The purposeof this task analysis was to document the tasks the ConningOfficer performs and cues used to accomplish these tasks.The task analysis would ensure that the correct tasks and cueswould be modeled in the VR UNREP scenario. The approach taken was to survey cognitive task analysismodels to find a notation that would document the tasksperformed by a bridge team during an UNREP. The Goals,Operators, Methods, Selection Rules (GOMS) model wasselected. A GOMS-like model was used to represent thesequential aspects of the UNREP task, while a tale wasdeveloped to capture the parallelism of the tasks. TheUNREP task analysis was then reviewed by qualified SurfaceWarfare Officers to validate its accuracy. The result of this effort was a validated task analysis modelof a Conning Officer during an UNREP. This model wasprovided to NAWCTSD in support of their future efforts inthe development of a VR UNREP Ship-handling simulatorscenario.

DESIGN OF A MICROELECTRONICCONTROLLER WITH A MIL-STD-1553BUS INTERFACE FOR THE TACTILESITUATION AWARENESS SYSTEMLT Brian L. Luke, United States NavyElectrical Engineer-September 1998Advisors: Associate Professor Douglas Fouts andAssistant Professor Randy Wight, Department ofElectrical and Computer Engineering

Spatial Disorientation (SD) is a tri-service aviationproblem that costs DoD more than $300 million annuallyin destroyed aircraft and is the primary cause of pilot-related mishaps in the Navy and the Air Force. As onesolution to the SD problem, the Naval Aerospace MedicalResearch Laboratory has developed the Tactile SituationAwareness System (TSAS). The primary objective ofTSAS is to enhance pilot performance and reduce SD-related aircrew/aircraft losses by providing continuousnon-visual information using the normally underutilizedsensory channel of touch. Using vibrotactile simulators,TSAS applies information taken from the aircraft’sinstruments to the pilot’s torso. The current implementa-tion of the TSAS is a research system that is not compat-ible with the crowded cockpit of modern aircraft. Thisthesis presents a design of a microelectronic controller forTSAS compatible with tactical environments. This newsystem, called the Tactor Interface MicrocontrollerSystem (TIMS), incorporates the functionality of theresearch TSAS into a palm-sized microcontroller systemand enables TSAS to communicate directly to the com-puterized sensory and weapons systems in combat aircraftsuch as the Navy F/A-18. TIMS brings the TSAS proto-type out of the research stage and puts this excitingtechnology into the hands of the warfighter.

A PROCESS SIMULATION DESIGN TO ASSESSPROMISING TECHNOLOGIES RELEVANT TO F/A-18AIRCREW TARGET RECOGNITIONMajor Eric V. Bryant, U.S. Marine CorpsMasters of Science in Information TechnologyManagement - September 1998Advisors: Assistant Professor William K. Krebs,Department of Operations Research, and LecturerTerrance C. Brady, Information Systems Academic Group

F/A-18 aircrew visual target recognition during air-to-ground -- continued on page 40

weapons employment is accomplished by the integrationof sensors, systems, and information processing by theaircrew. The aircrew’s ability to rapidly obtain targetrecognition from the cockpit display of the target scene iscritical to accurate weapons delivery. Using systemengineering principles, a process simulation design wasdevised consistent with DOD acquisition reform regula-tions that simulates how aircrew perform visual searchand target recognition in attack aircraft, and it provides


PROJECT NOTES

This project supported an effort by the joint headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific Command, todevelop an information superiority concept of operations for the lower end of the operational spectrum using thecapabilities of Joint Vision 2010, beginning with Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief (HA/DR) operations.It included a workshop and experimentation with the principal investigator on-scene at USCINCPAC, Honolulu,Hawaii, for one year. At a conference of over 100 experts in C3 and HA/DR operations on the topic of improved procedures andtechnologies for HA/DR operations, the Virtual Information Center (VIC) concept for obtaining informationfrom non-traditional sources (Internet, modeling and simulation, international business community, non-govern-mental organizations and commercial remote sensors) was developed, and initial arrangements were made for anexperiment to test the concept. The concept was further defined in the conference proceedings issued by theOSD’s Command and Control Research Program (CCRP). The VIC experiment was conducted in April 1998with the assistance of the Joint C4ISR Battle Center in Suffolk, Virginia. The experiment included the CINC roleplayer at USCINCPAC headquarters, the CJTF role player in Suffolk, an ambassador at the U.S. Army WarCollege, and several other players in Washington D.C. locations. Connectivity was by Internet, desk-top VTCand SIPRNET plus phones. The scenario was a simulated hurricane in the Philippine Islands with requests foraid from U.S. authorities. Several days before the hurricane and several days after were simulated during theweek of the experiment. The Consequence Assessment Tool Set (CATS) model from the Defense SpecialWeapons Agency was used to project the hurricane and the damage sustained. Other models were used forplanning medical support and for estimating the cost of the operation. The CINC and CJTF issued Requests forInformation (RFI) to the VIC through a controlled web-site available to all the participants. The VIC thenassigned the RFI to the various sources including the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Hu-manitarian Assistance (COE) at Trippler Army Hospital in Honolulu. A synthesis of the information obtainedwas then prepared by the VIC and posted to the web-site so that everyone could see the state of information. TheCINC and CJTF role players found this process very satisfactory in bringing additional information to theirattention in a timely manner. Admiral Joe Prueher, the USPACOM CINC, visited the experiment and specifiedthat the system be instituted to provide information to him and his staff.

While the Allies remain committed tocollective defense, they have increas-ingly endowed NATO with new rolesas an instrument of collective securityin the Euro-Atlantic region. Elementsof Partnership for Peace (PFP), theMay 1997 NATO-Russia FoundingAct, the stabilization commitment inpost war Bosnia and other activities,

CONCEPTS FOR C4ISR AND INFORMATION SUPERIORITY IN HUMANITARIANASSISTANCE/DISASTER RELIEF (HA/DR) OPERATIONS IN THE 21 st CENTURYProfessor Michael G. SovereignCommand, Control and Communications (C3) Academic Group

THE NEW NATO AND COLLECTIVE SECURITYProfessor David YostDepartment of National Security Affairs

have raised new challenges forNATO’s cohesion and effectiveness:how to give practical content to itsvision of a peaceful political order inEurope, how to handle the hypotheti-cal issue of eventual Russian member-ship in the Alliance, what meaning toattribute to vague “security is indivis-ible” declarations and the Article 4-

like security consultation commit-ments offered to PFP members, andhow to maintain collective defense ingood order while assuring collectivesecurity duties. These issues areaddressed in Dr. Yost’s forthcomingbook, NATO Transformed: TheAlliance’s New Roles in InternationalSecurity.


PROJECT NOTES

The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)has awarded a $4M, three-year grant to the Naval Post-graduate School’s Center for Civil-Military Relations(CCMR) and its project partner, the National DemocraticInstitute in Washington, D.C. CCMR already conductsprograms around the world to help new democraciesstrengthen civilian control over their militaries, and buildeffective defense policymaking and budgeting systems. InSeptember 1998 alone, CCMR taught seminars for flagofficers, legislators and senior civilian officials in fivecountries: Argentina, Senegal, Indonesia, Georgia, andMongolia. The Center also conducts seminars and confer-ences in-residence at NPS. The faculty for CCMR iscomprised of NPS faculty members and adjunct facultyfrom around the world. The USAID grant will enable CCMR to launch a numberof research initiatives. Center faculty members will writeover a dozen comparative case studies of civil-military

relations in new democracies. These studies will not onlybroaden knowledge in the field but also be of direct,practical value to foreign educational institutions andpolicymakers. The USAID grant will also fund theestablishment of an information clearinghouse to dissemi-nate CCMR’s research to foreign legislators, non-govern-ment organizations, universities and U.S. embassy person-nel around the globe. In addition, CCMR will use thegrant to help civic organizations in Latin America, Asiaand Africa tackle issues in civil-military relations. A number of major research universities competedagainst the CCMR/National Democratic Institute partner-ship to win the USAID grant. The fact that CCMRreceived the award not only reflects the past accomplish-ments of the Center, and the reputation for excellence itsstaff and faculty have established, but also the contributionthat CCMR can make to U.S. policy objectives in thefuture.

CENTER FOR CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS PARTNERSHIP WINS GRANT

Wayne Hughes, Senior Lecturer in theDepartment of Operations Research, wasawarded the Hugh G. Nott Prize from theNaval War College for the 1997 publishingyear. This award is made in memory ofCAPT Hugh G. Nott, USN, who made majoracademic and research contributions over aperiod of ten years at the Naval War College. The article, “Naval Maneuver Warfare,”appeared in the Summer 1997 issue of theNaval War College Review. Describing thelongstanding advantages of mobility at seafor operational maneuvers, Professor Hughesemphasized the Navy-Marine Corps teamcontribution while suggesting the Navysupport of future ground operations in littoralwaters will be more demanding tactically. In a congratulatory letter from RADM J.R.Stark, Professor Hughes’ article was de-scribed as, “an incisive, thorough, and provocative assessment of a topic of vital and growing interest to the navalservice.” The letter further stated that, “The members of our selection committee were impressed by the analyticalpower and enduring value of your work.” Professor Hughes points out with pleasure that his thesis student LT Mark Beddoes, USN, won second prize. LTBeddoes’ article appeared in the Autumn 1997 issue and was titled, “Logistical Implications of Operational Maneu-vers from the Sea.” An abridgement of LT Beddoes thesis, the article was an analysis of the logistical implications ofMarine “ship-to-objective maneuvers.”


CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS

The Naval Postgraduate School hosted the Fourth Annual1998 Information Warfare (IW) Workshop in August 1998.The classified three-day workshop, sponsored by theDepartment of Energy (DoE) focused on U.S. infrastructureassurance. Approximately 80 representatives of variousintelligence activities of the federal government, militaryservices, and contractor elements were in attendance. NPSstudents and staff, with the requisite security clearances,were invited to participate. The concept of InformationWarfare or Information Operations (IW/IO) is a nationalsecurity issue that has grown in increasing importancewithin the United States defense establishment in recentyears. DoD forums such as this workshop seek to masterthe concept and to define future collection strategies thatassure the United States’ information dominance in the 21stCentury. NPS provided an unbiased, unrestrained environ-ment for all participants to freely discuss issues concerningtheir organizations and to stay current with the require-ments and complexities affecting IW/IO collection andanalysis. The DoE plans to continue sponsoring future IWworkshops at NPS in the future. Representatives from the Department of Energy, Depart-ment of Transportation, National Security Agency, CentralIntelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, theNational Reconnaissance Office, the Pentagon and numer-ous national laboratories were in attendance. Most of theseattendees have responsibilities in IW, involving the passiveand/or active exploitation (e.g., collection, processing,analysis and reporting) of foreign information and thedenial of American and allied information to potentialadversaries. Others are involved in U.S. critical infrastruc-ture protection that includes identifying national policyimplementation strategies to protect these systems fromphysical and/or cyber threats. The workshop was divided into two distinct phases. InPhase I, selected participants provided briefings designed toupdate attendees on their organizations’ respective rolesand recent accomplishments in various areas of offensiveand defensive IW/IO. Phase II provided an intellectualexercise in which participants examined cyberwar/netwarscenarios. The group was divided into three teams, eachassigned a specific netwar war-game scenario, whichincluded three game moves. Following each game move,the team leaders provided a brief presentation to the entire

POLAR ICE PREDICTION SYSTEMWORKSHOP

Under the leadership of Professors Albert Semtnerand Robert Bourke, Department of Oceanography,NPS hosted an ONR-sponsored workshop to devise ascience plan for developing the next generation PolarIce Prediction System (PIPS 3.0) Forecast Model.About 30 scientists convened at Fleet NumericalMeteorology and Oceanography Center in July to laythe groundwork for this five-year effort to improve theNavy’s ability to accurately forecast the presence,thickness, and motion of sea ice in northern hemi-sphere waters.

INFORMATION WARFARE WORKSHOP

--coninued on page 23

MILITARY OPERATIONS RESEARCHSOCIETY SYMPOSIUM (MORSS)

The 66th MORS Symposium was held at the Naval Post-graduate School on 23-25 June 1998. The theme was“Preparing for Military Operations Research in the 21stCentury.” Nearly 1,100 military operations research ana-lysts, users of military operations research, allied disciplinesand decision-makers attended. The keynote address wasdelivered by Dr. William J. Perry, former Secretary ofDefense. About 800 papers were presented in three SpecialSessions, seven Composite Groups, 32 Working Groups anda Poster Session. Seven tutorials on such diverse subjects as“Genetic Algorithms: Application and Theory,” and“Blackhawk Down: An Account of the 1993 MogadishuFirefight,” were also presented. Two of the tutorials werehalf-day sessions presented the day before the start of theSymposium. During the opening plenary session, several analysts wererecognized for their outstanding work and contributions tothe community. The David Rist Prize for the best papersubmitted in response to a call for papers in 1997 wasawarded to Dr. Paul H. Deitz and Michael W. Starks, ArmyResearch Laboratory, Survivability/Lethality AnalysisDirectorate, for their paper, “The Generation, Use, andMisuse of ‘PKs’ in Vulnerability/Lethality Analysis.” TheRichard Barchi Prize for the best paper presented at the 66thMORSS was presented to Arthur Brooks of The RANDGraduate School, and Bart Bennett and Steve Bankes of theRAND Corporation for their paper, “An Application ofExploratory Analysis: The Weapon Mix Problem.”


TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

group, which highlighted their team’s strategy and resultsfor their assigned scenario. The value of the IW Workshop lies in the collegialexchange of ideas and concepts to assure greater under-standing of the scope and nature of national criticalinfrastructure vulnerabilities and threats. It also serves asa forum to investigate U.S. policy and legal issues raisedby efforts to protect these vital infrastructures and assurecomputer security. The DoD consensus is that IW/IOwill dominate 21st Century conflict and that, properlyconceived, information operations can be inexpensive,highly effective, and executed by all levels and in allplaces. In the final analysis, information superiority overan adversary will decide conflicts long before conven-tional warfare is necessary, so the U.S. intelligencecommunity must be prepared and ready to take appropri-ate counter-measures! The NPS plays a significant role inproviding IW education for future collectors and deci-sion-makers. By hosting workshops such as this, NPSprovides an unrestrained venue for all, including studentsand staff, to stay current with the issues and complexitiesinvolving IW collection and analysis.

PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED

Former NPS Associate Professor Ranjan Mukherjee andElectronics Technician Tom Christian of the Departmentof Mechanical Engineering were issued a U.S. Patent fortheir invention titled, “Actuation System for the Control ofMultiple Shape Memory Alloy Elements,” (U.S. Patent Nr.5,763,979). An actuation system for the control ofmultiple shape memory alloy elements is achieved byarranging the shape memory actuators into a matrixcomprised of rows and columns which results in approxi-mately a fifty percent reduction in the number of electricalconnecting wires. This method of actuation provides thescope for resistance measurements of the shape memoryalloy actuators and, therefore, feedback control of theactuators can be accomplished without additional wires. Dr. Mukherjee along with Research Assistant ProfessorGangbing Song, Department of Aeronautics and Astronau-tics, filed a patent for their invention titled, “ArticulatedManipulator for Minimally Invasive Surgery (AMMIS),”(Navy Case No. 77535). The U.S. Patent Office hasnotified NPS that this invention will issue as a patent in thenear future.

NPS AWARDED TWO DoD SBIR TOPICS

NPS recently learned that two of the three candidatetopics submitted for consideration for the SmallBusiness Innovative Research (SBIR) Program will beincluded in the 99.1 DoD SBIR solicitation scheduledfor release on 1 December 1998. The SBIR Programfocuses on science and technology that enhancesDoD’s capabilities. The program is directed atfunding dual-use technologies, anticipating that theproducts of each SBIR R&D effort will be useful toboth the military and the private sector. Included in the 99.1 solicitation will be Departmentof Electrical and Computer Engineering AssistantProfessor Todd Weatherford’s topic on “RadiationHardened Wide Bandgap High Power DC-DCConverters for Space Applications.” The objective isto combine recent research efforts in wide bandgapmaterials and devices in order to develop DC-DCconverters for space-based application requiringgreater that 1kW loads. Radiation tests on theprototype will provide benchmark data on widebandgap technologies required for space propulsion,space radar and other power applications. Research Assistant Professor Wolfgang Baer,Department of Computer Science, suggested a topictitled, “Intrinsic Earth Surface Material Classifier.”The objective is to provide a system to process sensordata into permanent earth surface physical descriptorcodes from which reliable and accurate sensorsignatures can be generated. The availability ofintrinsic earth surface material classification systemswill support remote sensing data reduction, GISsystems, and Earth Resource Repositories. Both theestablishment of service bureaus and the direct sales ofsoftware tools could be realized from this technology. Professors Weatherford and Baer will reviewresulting proposals from the solicitation, recommendaward of at least one Phase I and possibly a Phase IIcontract per topic, monitor their technical perfor-mance, and plan follow-on R&D as required. SBIRPhase I awards are limited to $70k over six monthswith a $30k option over three months. SBIR Phase IIawards are limited to $600k over two years typicallywith a $150k 6-month “bridge” option. SBIRs usuallyresult in an end product about three years after releaseof the initial solicitation.

IW WORKSHOP , continued from page 22


FACULTY NEWS

AERONAUTICS ANDASTRONAUTICS

C.M. Dohrin, L. Fottner, and M.F.Platzer, “Experimental and NumericalInvestigation of Flapping WingPropulsion and its Application forBoundary Layer Control,” Interna-tional Gas Turbine & AeroengineCongress, ASME Paper 98-IGTI-46,Stockholm, Sweden, 2-5 June 1998.

J.A Ekaterinaris and M.F. Platzer,“Computational Prediction of AirfoilDynamic Stall,” Progress in Aero-space Sciences, Vol. 33, pp. 759-846,1998.

K.D. Jones, C.M. Dohring, andM.F. Platzer, “Experimental andComputational Investigation of theKnoller-Betz Effect,” AIAA Journal,Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 1240-1246, 1998.

K.D. Jones and M.F. Platzer, “Onthe Prediction of Dynamic Stall Onseton Airfoils in Low-Speed Flow,”Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on Unsteady Aerodynam-ics and Aeroelasticity ofTurbomachines, pp. 797-812, 1998.

J.C.S. Lai and M.F. Platzer, “TheCharacteristics of a Plunging Airfoil atZero Free-Stream Velocity,” ASMEFluids Engineering Summer Meeting,ASME Paper FEDSM 98-4946,Washington, D.C., 22-25 June 1998.

M.F. Platzer was elected to a two-year term as Chair of the Structuresand Dynamics Committee of theInternational Gas Turbine Institute ofthe American Society of MechanicalEngineers.

M.F. Platzer, J.C.S. Lai, and C.M.Dohring, “Flow Separation Control byMeans of Flapping Foils,” Proceed-ings of the International Symposiumon Seawater Drag Reduction, pp.471-478, Newport, RI, 22-23 July1998.

W. Sanz and M.F. Platzer, “Nu-

merical Investigation of the StallOnset Behavior of the GA(W)-1Airfoil,” Computers & Fluids, Vol. 27,Nos. 5-6, pp. 681-687, 1998.

I.H. Tuncer and M.F. Platzer,“Potential Flow Solutions with WakesOver an Ogive Cylinder,” Journal ofSpacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 35, No.3, May-June 1998.

I.H. Tuncer and M.F. Platzer,“Computational Study of SubsonicFlow Over a Delta Canard-Wing-BodyFiguration,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol.35, No. 4, pp. 554-560, July-August1998.

I.H. Tuncer, R. Waltz, and M.F.Platzer, “A Computational Study onthe Dynamic Stall of a FlappingAirfoil,” AIAA Paper 98-2519, 16th

AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Confer-ence, Albuquerque, NM, 15-18 June1988.

E.R. Wood, “Simulation of Heli-copter Dynamic Mechanical Instabilityby MAPLE Based NonlinearLagrangian Derivation,” Paper AIAA-98-2005, 39th Structures, StructuralDynamics, and Materials Conference,Long Beach, CA.

E.R. Wood, LCDR R. King, andLT C. Robinson, “Full NonlinearSimulation of Coupled Rotor/FuselageResponse Using Symbolically DerivedEquations of Motion,” 54th AnnualForum of the American HelicopterSociety, Washington, D.C., 20-22 May1998.

Prof. E. R. Wood and a group ofother selected speakers from the AIAAVISTOL Aircraft Committee jointlypresented a 4-day short course onproblems and solutions associatedwith giving an aircraft vertical andshort takeoff and landing performance.More than fifty students attended thecourse offered at Patuxent River,Maryland, for the benefit of Naval Air

Systems Command and Naval AirWarfare Center engineers. The coursefocused on the forthcoming jointservices procurement for a Joint StrikeFighter.

COMPUTER SCIENCEC. Irivine, “Meeting Security

Requirements for Global Commerce:Can Education Help?” NationalColloquium for INFOSEC Education,Harrisonburg, VA, 18-20 June 1998.

J.B. Michael, “Automating BusDocking to Improve Transit Service,”Intellimotion, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 1-3,15, 1998. The electronic version ofthe article is available at: http://www.path.berkeley.edu/PATH/Intellimotion/

J.B. Michael, “Computer SecurityIssues Related to Using COTS Soft-ware,” IEEE International Workshopson Critical-Functions Considerationsfor ISO/IEC 15288—System LifeCycle Processes: Safety, Off-the-ShelfItems, Quality Management andEngineering Principles, Monterey, CA,10-11 August 1998.

G. Xie, “SAAM: A NetworkManagement System for the NextGeneration Internet,” Proceedings of2nd NASA NREN QoS Workshop,August 1998.

G. Xie, “SAAM: A NetworkManagement System for the NextGeneration Internet,” 2nd NASANREN QoS Workshop, NASA AmesResearch Center, CA, August 1998.

Prof. M. Zyda has been appointedto the National Research CouncilCommittee on Advanced EngineeringEnvironments. The National ResearchCouncil (NRC) is starting work on astudy of technologies associated withwhat NASA terms “advanced engi-



FACULTY NEWS

-- continued from page 24

neering environments”: integrated,distributed, virtual environments fordesigning, testing, and prototypingaerospace systems. Such environ-ments would link designers, manufac-turers, customers, suppliers, andconsultants involved in creating andoperating products such as spacecraftand aircraft.

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTERENGINEERING

O. Duzenli and M. Fargues,“Wavelet-Based Feature ExtractionMethods for Classification Applica-tions,” 1998 IEEE Signal ProcessingWorkshop on Statistical Signal andArray Processing, Portland, OR, 13-16September 1998.

E. Threet and M. Fargues, “Eco-nomic Evaluation of Voice Recogni-tion for the Clinician’s Desktop at theNaval Hospital Roosevelt Road(NHRR),” Journal of Military Medi-cine.

R. Janaswamy, “A CurvilinearCoordinate Based Split-Step ParabolicEquation Method for PropagationPredictions Over Terrain,” IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propa-gation, Vol. 46, No. 7, pp. 1089-197,July 1998.

R. Janaswamy and J.B. Andersen,“Path Loss Predictions in Urban AreasSprawling Over Irregular Terrain,”Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Personal, Indoorand Mobile Radio Conference, No. D4(a4), pp. 534-538, Boston, MA, 8-11September 1998.

D.C. Jenn, P.E. Pace, N.T.Hatziathanasiou, and R. Vitale,“Symmetrical Number System Phase-Sampled Antenna Architectures,”IEEE Antennas and Propagation

Society International Symposium,Atlanta, GA, June 1998.

D.C. Jenn, P.E. Pace, T.N.Hatziathanasiou, and R. Vitale, “HighResolution Wideband DirectionFinding Arrays Based on OptimumSymmetrical Number System Encod-ing,” IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol.34, pp. 1062-1064, June 1998.

P.E. Pace, D. Styer, and I.A. Akin,“A Folding ADC Employing a RobustSymmetrical Number System withGray-Code Properties,” Proceedingsof the IEEE International Symposiumon Circuits and Systems, Monterey,CA, June 1998.

P.E. Pace, D. Styer, and W.P.Ringer, “Optimum SNS-to-BinaryConversion Algorithm and FPGARealization,” Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Circuitsand Systems, Monterey, CA, June1998.

P.E. Pace and G.D. Burton, “Auto-matic Extraction of EWIRDB Param-eters from Threat Missile Simulators,”66th Military Operations ResearchSociety Symposium, Monterey, CA,June 1998.

P.E. Pace and M.D. Nash, “ANovel Independent Sensor FusionAlgorithm for Time-Space-PositionInformation in Captive-Carry MissileSimulator Experiments,” 66th MilitaryOperations Research Society Sympo-sium, Monterey, CA, June 1998.

P.E. Pace and LT G.D. Burtoninstalled the latest version of theAutomatic Extraction of ThreatSimulator Critical Parameters(AETSCP Version 3.0) software at theTactical Electronic Warfare Division,Naval Research Laboratory, Washing-ton, D.C. on 28 August 1998. Thissoftware is used by the Navy’s ASCMSimulator Validation Working Groupto extract missile EWIRDB param-

eters from anechoic chamber charac-terization data.

P.E. Pace and LT M.D. Nashdelivered the first version of theCentralized TSPI Software Architec-ture to the Tactical Electronic WarfareDivision, Naval Research Laboratory,Washington, D.C. on 28 August 1998.This software is used onboard theNRL P-3 research aircraft to performabsolute targeting during the captive-carry HIL missile simulator experi-ments.

P.E. Pace and Mr. S-Y Yeo deliv-ered a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) image synthesizer prototypeto the Tactical Electronic WarfareDivision, Naval Research Laboratory,Washington, D.C. on 3 September1998. The hardware prototype is usedfor counter-targeting high rangeresolution radar (e.g., SAR, ISAR).

R.J. Pieper and A.D. Kraus,“Performance Analysis of DoubleStack Cold Plates Covering AllConditions of Asymmetric Loading,”Journal of Electronic Packaging, Vol.130, pp. 296-301, September 1998.

X. Yun and N. Sarkar, “UnifiedFormulation of Robotic Systems withHolonomic and NonholonomicConstraints,” IEEE Transactions onRobotics and Automation, Vol. 14, No.4, pp. 640-650, August 1998.

X. Yun, G.C. Hernandez, E.R.Bachmann, R.B. McGhee, and A.J.Healey, “An Integrated GPS/INSNavigation System for Small AUVsUsing an Asynchronous KalmanFilter,” IEEE Conference on Autono-mous Underwater Vehicle (AUV’98),Cambridge, MA, 20-21 August 1998.

INFORMATION SYSTEMSACADEMIC GROUP

H.K. Bhargava, R. Krishnan, and-- continued on page 26


FACULTY NEWS


P. Peila, “On Formalizing the Seman-tics of Typed Modeling Languages:An Analysis of Ascend,” INFORMSJournal on Computing, 10:2, pp. 189-208, Spring 1998.

H.K. Bhargava, R. Krishnan, andS.O. Kimbrough, “On Planning toPlan: Metaplanning Concepts in theContext of Management ScienceModeling,” INFORMS Conference onInformation Systems and Technology,Montreal, Canada, April 1998.

M. Ceruti and M. Kamel, “Heuris-tics-Based Algorithm for Identifyingand Resolving Semantic Heterogeneityin Command and Control FederatedDatabase Systems,” Proceedings ofthe 1998 IEEE Knowledge and DataEngineering Exchange Workshop,KDEX’98, Taipeh, Taiwan, Republicof China, November 1998.

D. Dolk, “Modeling in the DataWarehouse Era,” AMAP: IFIPWG7.6-IIASA Workshop on Advancesin Modeling, Paradigms, Methods andApplications, Vienna, Austria, 21-23September 1998.

D. Dolk, “Metrics-Based DecisionSupport,” 12th JISR-IIASA Workshopon Methodologies and Tools forComplex System Modeling andIntegrated Policy Assessment, Vienna,Austria, 24-26 September 1998.

M. Kamel, “Knowledge Acquisi-tion,” Encyclopedia of Electrical andElectronics Engineering, John G.Webster, ed., February 1999.

M. Kamel, “Migrating LegacySystems and Databases,” Proceedingsof the Federal Database ColloquiumDBASE’98, San Diego, CA, Septem-ber 1998.

M. Kamel conducted a seminar forthe United Nations World IntellectualProperty Organization (WIPO) on

Information Technology and Intellec-tual Property, Cairo, Egypt, June 1998.

M. Kamel, “The Internet fromHypertext to Distributed Objects,”Internet Conference CAINET’98,March 1998.

N.F. Schneidewind, “State of theArt Presentation 2: Software Reliabil-ity Modeling for Client Server Sys-tems,” Fourth IEEE InternationalConference on Engineering of Com-plex Computer Systems, Monterey,CA, 13 August 1998.

N.F. Schneidewind, “Have WeForgotten a Few Things in the Eupho-ria Over COTS?” International Work-shops on Critical-Functions Consider-ations for ISO/IEC 15288 – SystemLife Cycle Processes: Panel on Off-the Shelf Items, Session 6B, Monterey,CA, 11 August 1998.

N.F. Schneidewind, “How toEvaluate Legacy System Mainte-nance,” IEEE Software, Vol. 15, No 4,pp. 34-42, July/August 1998.

N.F. Schneidewind and ChrstofEbert, “Preserve or Redesign LegacySystems?” IEEE Software, Vol. 15,No. 4, pp. 14-17, July-August 1998.

N.F. Schneidewind, “How IWatched in Pain as IBM OutsmartedUNIVAC,” Robert L. glass, ed., TheSoftware Practitioner, pp.5-7, Vol. 8,No. 3-4, May-August 1998,

N.F. Schneidewind, “IEEEStandard for a Software QualityMetrics Methodology: Revision,”Celia Modell, ed., IEEE /StandardsOffice, July 1998.

The Steering Committee of theInternational Conference on SoftwareMaintenance appointed Prof. N.Schneidewind as General Chair of theInternational Conference on SoftwareMaintenance 2000 to be held inSilicon Valley.

Prof. N. Schneidewind has been

named the Publicity Chair of the 1998International Conference on SoftwareMaintenance.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A.G. Fox, R. L. Johnson, and J.F.Dill, “The Effect of Water Tempera-ture on the Underwater WetWeldability of ASTM A516 Grade 70Steel,” Proceedings of OMAF 98, p.2262, July 1998. A. Gopinath and E.H. Trinh,“Steady Streaming from a Non-Compact Sphere,” 16th InternationalCongress on Acoustics and 135th

Meeting Acoustical Society ofAmerica, Seattle, WA, June 1998. A. Gopinath, “ThermoacousticEffects at a Solid-Fluid Boundary,” 4th

Microgravity Fluid Physics andTransport Phenomena Conference,Cleveland, OH, August 1998. A.J. Healey, E.P. An, D.B. Marco,and S.M. Smith, “Multi SensorAsynchronous Extended KalmanFiltering for AUV Navigation,” IEEEJournal of Oceanic Engineering.

A.J. Healey, “Analytical Redun-dancy and Fuzzy Inference in AUVFault Detection and Compensation,”Proceedings of Oceanology 1998,Brighton, 11-14 March 1998. http://web.nps.navy.mil/~me/healey/papers/oceanology98.pdf

A.J. Healey, “Model BasedResidual Generation for AUV FaultDetection,” Proceedings of the IEEEConference on Underwater Technol-ogy, UT-98, April 1998.

A.J. Healey, “Progress in FaultDetection and Wave Motion Compen-sation,” VPI/MURI Program ProgressReview, Blacksburg, VA, 13-14 April1998.

A.J. Healey, “Autonomous



FACULTY NEWS

Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures,”Mine Countermeasure Conference,Monterey, CA, 6-9 April 1998.

D.B. Marco, A.J. Healey, “Sys-tem ID,” Proceedings of the Interna-tional Advanced Robotics Program,February 1998.

J.S. Riedel, A.J. Healey, “ModelBased Predictive Control of AUVs forStation Keeping in a Shallow WaterWave Environment,” Proceedings ofthe International Advanced RoboticsProgram IARP 98, February 1998.

J. Riedel, A.J. Healey, “Wave,”Proceedings of the InternationalAdvanced Robotics Program, February1998.

E.S.K. Menon, M. Saunders, andI. Dutta, “Interface Characterizationof Metallized CVD Diamond,”Proceedings of Microscopy andMicroanalysis 1998, Springer-Verlag,p. 778, July 1998.

E.S.K. Menon and M. Saunders,“Elemental Distributions in Au-Metallized CVDD,” Proceedings ofthe 14the International Congress inElectron Microscopy, Vol. 3, p. 461.

E.S.K. Menon, A.G. Fox, and G.Spanos, “Carbon in Retained Austen-ite,” Proceedings of the 14th Interna-tional Congress in Electron Micros-copy, Vol. 2, p. 211.

M. Saunders, E.S.K. Menon,D.J. Chisholm, and A.G. Fox, “Ex-tracting Chemical Information fromEnergy Dispersive X-Ray Spectra byMultivariate Statistical Analysis(MSA),” Proceedings of Microscopyand Microanalysis 1998, p. 204, July1998.

M. Saunders, E.S.K. Menon, andA.G. Fox, “Determination of InterfaceComposition Variations by the Appli-cation of Multivariate Statistical

Analysis to Energy Dispersive X-RaySpectra and Electron Energy LossSpectra,” Scandem 98 Conference,Helsinki Finland, July 1998.

M. Saunders, E.S.K. Menon, andA.G. Fox, “Using Statistical Informa-tion to Identify and Map InterfaceReaction Phases from EDS Spectra,”Proceedings of the 14th InternationalCongress in Electron Microscopy, Vol.3, p. 597.

M. Saunders, E.S.K. Menon, andA.G. Fox, “Quantitative ConvergentBeam Electron Diffraction (CBED)Studies of Metals and Alloys,” Pro-ceedings of the 14th InternationalCongress in Electron Microscopy, Vol.3, p. 779.

M. Saunders, E.S.K. Menon,R.Y. Hashimoto, and A.G. Fox,“Interface EELS Analysis: Compari-son of Spatial Difference and Multi-variate Statistical Analysis (MSA)Techniques,” Proceedings of the 14th

International Congress in ElectronMicroscopy, Vol. 2, p. 571.

T. Sarpkaya and LCDR C.Merrill, “Spray Generation fromWall-Bounded High-Speed Jets,”International Conference onMultiphase Flows, Lyon, France, 7-12June 1998.

T. Sarpkaya, “Resistance inUnsteady Flow-Search for a PhysicsBased Model,” Naval HydrodynamicsSymposium, Washington, D.C., 9-14August 1998.

T. Sarpkaya and LCDR C.Merrill, “Drop Formation on High-Speed Jets Over Curved Walls,” NavalHydrodynamics Symposium, Wash-ington, D.C., 9-14 August 1998.

T. Sarpkaya and F. Novak,“Turbulent Vortex Breakdown:Experiments in Tubes at HighReynolds Numbers,” Dynamics ofSlender Vortices, (E. Kreuse and A.

Gerstens, eds.), pp. 287-297, July1998.

T. Sarpkaya, “Decay of WakeVortices of Large Aircraft,” Journal ofthe American Institute of Aeronauticsand Astronautics, Vol. 37, No. 9, pp.1671-1679, September 1998.

Dist. Prof. T. Sarpkaya has beenappointed a member of the Atmo-spheric Flight Mechanics Committeeof the American Institute of Aeronau-tics and Astronautics.

T. Sarpkaya, “Drag and InertialComponents of Unsteady Flow OverPerforated Bodies,” Fluids Engineer-ing Conference of ASME, Washing-ton, D.C., 22-26 June 1998.

METEOROLOGYR.L. Elsberry, “Track Forecast

Guidance Improvements for EarlyWarnings of Tropical Storms,” EarlyWarning Conference 98, Potsdam,Germany.

Prof. P. Durkee was selected asPrincipal Investigator and Co-investi-gator on two out of 21 proposalsrecently funded as part of the NASARadiative Impact of Aerosols on theEarth’s Climate Program. Prof.Durkee will serve on the science teamthat will produce the first globalaerosol climatology of the earth.

C. Collins, T. Murphree, et al,The State of the California Current,1997-1998: Transition to El NinoConditions, California CooperativeOceanic Fisheries InvestigationsReports, 39.

T. Murphree served as an instruc-tor for the Maury Project, a nationalprogram in physical oceanographyeducation for pre-college teachers,conducted by the American Meteoro-logical Society and the U.S. Naval




FACULTY NEWS



Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, 19-31July 1998.

T. Murphree and M. Miller,Watching Weather, Henry Holt, 154pp, July 1998.

T. Murphree, “The Evolution andImpacts of the 1997-El Nino,” PacificFisheries Environmental Laboratory/NOAA, Pacific Grove, CA, 15 July1998.

NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRSG. Robinson, “Defensive Democ-

ratization in Jordan,” InternationalJournal of Middle East Studies, Vol.30, No. 3, August 1998.

D. Yost, “The New NATO andCollective Security,” Survival, Sum-mer 1998.

OCEANOGRAPHYW.J. Cai and P.C. Chu, “A

Thermal Oscillation Under a Restor-ative Forcing,” Quarterly Journal ofthe Royal Meteorological Society, 124,pp. 793-809, 1998.

P.C. Chu and C.W. Fan, “Im-provement of Estuarine and CoastalModeling Using High-Order Differ-ence Schemes, Estuarine and CoastalModeling,” American Society of CivilEngineering, 2, pp. 28-34, 1998.

P.C. Chu, S.H. Lu, and Y.C.Chen, “Wind-Driven South China SeaDeep Basin Warm-Core/Cool-CoreEddies,” Journal of Oceanography,1998.

P.C. Chu, C.W. Fan, C.J. Lozano,and J. Kerling, “An AXBT Survey ofthe South China Sea,” Journal ofGeophysical Research, 1998.

P.C. Chu, Q.Q. Wang, and R.H.Bourke, “A Geometric Model forBeaufort/Chukchi Sea ThermohalineStructure,” Journal of Atmospheric

and Oceanic Technology, 1998.P.C. Chu and E. Gottshall,

“METOC Support for Mine Counter-measure,” 66th Military OperationsResearch Society Symposium,Monterey, CA, 10-12 June 1998.

P.C. Chu, “Joint SimulationSystem (JSIMS) Maritime METOCComponent,” Maritime IntegratedTraining Architecture Symposium,Stennis Space Center, MS, 3-4 Sep-tember 1998.

P.C. Chu, S.H. Lu, and Y.C.Chen, “Second Kind Predictability inClimate Models,” Rossby-100 Interna-tional Symposium, Stockholm,Sweden, 8-12 June 1998.

E.L. Gallagher, E. Elgar, andE.B. Thornton, “Megaripple Migra-tion in a Natural Surf Zone,” Nature,Vol. 384, 9 July 1998.

E.L. Gallagher, E. Elgar, andE.B. Thornton, “Megaripple Migra-tion in a Natural Surf Zone,” 26th

International Conference on CoastalEngineering, Copenhagen, Denmark,22-26 June 1998,

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “A NewAdvance in Coastal Ocean Modeling:Application of the Grid GenerationTechnique,” High PerformanceComputing Contributions to DoDMission Success 1998, p.113, 1998,

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “ANumerial Simulation of SummerCirculation for Monterey Bay, CoastalHydrodynamics Modeling,” HydraulicEngineering Software VII, W.R. Blain,ed., pp. 225-235, 1998.

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “A OceanModeling System Development and anApplication to the South China SeaSimulation,” Hydrometeorology Topicsof the South China Sea, H.V. Phan,ed., pp. 81-100, 1998.

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “On aNumerical Simulation of Summer

Circulation for Monterey Bay,”Seventh International Conference,HYDROSOFT-98, Como, Italy,September 1998.

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “WinterCirculation of the South China SeaUsing a Coastal Ocean System withBreaking Wave Effects and NumericalGrids,” AGU Western Pacific Geo-physics Meeting, Taipeh, Taiwan, July1998.

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “NAMOcean Modeling System Developmentand An Application to the South ChinaSea,” South China Sea InternationalWorkshop, HoChiMinh-City, Vietnam,June 1998.

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “A ThreeDimensional Modeling for theMonterey Bay Circulation,” Poster atthe National Ocean Conference,Monterey, CA, June 1998.

E.B. Thornton, F. Wiersma, andT.P. Stanton, “Vertical Profiles ofLongshore Currents DuringSandyDuck,” 26th InternationalConference on Coastal Engineering,Copenhagen, Denmark, 22-26 June1998.

The Oceanography Departmenthas become a full member in theConsortium of Ocean Research andEducation (CORE), the nationalorganization representing all the majorinstitutions involved in ocean educa-tion and research efforts. Drawingupon the interest generated by therecent National Ocean Conference,NPS has joined with University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, Moss LandingMarine Laboratory, California StateUniversity, Monterey Bay, and Univer-sity of California, Santa Barbara toform a regional consortium and NPS’membership in CORE will be as part


FACULTY NEWSFACULTY NEWS



of the Monterey Bay Crescent OceanResearch Consortium.

OPERATIONS RESEARCHS. Buttrey, “Nearest-Neighbor

Classification with Categorical Vari-ables,” Journal of ComputationalStatistics and Data Analysis, August1998.

S. Buttrey, “Three-Based Meth-ods for Forecasting Retention,” 66thMilitary Operations Research SocietySymposium, Monterey, CA, 23 June1998.

R. McDaniel, D. Scribner, W.K.Krebs, P. Warren, N. Ockman, and J.McCarley, “Image Fusion for TacticalApplications,” Proceedings of theSPIE 43rd Annual Symposium onOptical Science, Engineering, andInstrumentation, 3436, 1-11.

PHYSICSJ.H. Luscombe, “Simplified

Recursive Algorithm for Wigner 3j-and 6j-Symbols,” Physical Review E,Vol. 57, pp. 7274-77, 1998.

SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTW. Bowman and S. Mehay,

“Career Advancement of MinorityOfficers in the U.S. Navy,” WesternEconomic Association Annual Meet-ings, Lake Tahoe, NV, June 1998.

M. Cook, P. Hogan, and S.Mehay, “Enlistment Supply at theLocal Level,” Western EconomicAssociation Annual Meetings, LakeTahoe, NV, June 1998.

G. Hildebrandt and SergeiPechersky, “The Use of Award FeeContracts in Defense Procurement,”Western Economics AssociationMeetings, Lake Tahoe, NV, June 1998.

G. Hildebrandt and R.E. Franck,

Jr., “China’s Make Versus Buy Deci-sion,” Western Economics AssociationMeetings, Lake Tahoe, NV, June 1998.

G. Hildebrandt and Raymond E.Franck, Jr., “From Lanchester Modelsto Cost Analysis,” 66th MilitaryOperations Research Society Sympo-sium, Monterey, CA, 23-25 June 1998.

G. Hildebrandt and ManbingSze, “Aircraft O&S Cost EstimatingRelations Using Cross Section andTime Series Data,” 66th MilitaryOperations Research Society Sympo-sium, Monterey, CA, 23-25 June 1998.

G. Hildebrandt, “What is theDifference Between Economics andOperations Research?” 66th MilitaryOperations Research Society Sympo-sium, Monterey, CA, 23-25 June 1998.

S.P. Hocevar, “Deciding to AdaptOrganizational Architecture: Facilita-tors and Inhibitors to Change,”Proceedings of the 1998 Commandand Control Research and TechnologySymposium, pp. 78-95, June 1998.

S.P. Hocevar, W.G. Kemple, andR. Benson, “Translating Model-BasedFindings to an Operational Arena:Interpretations from Research Partici-pant-Experts,” Proceedings of the1998 Command and Control Researchand Technology Symposium, pp. 54-65, June 1998.

L. Jones, “Reinvention Labs asChange Agents in the U.S. Departmentof Defense,” Academy of Manage-ment Conference, San Diego, CA, 11August 1998.

K. Kang, D. Eaton, K. Mooney,and G. Sanchez, “Cycle Time Reduc-tion to Improve Naval AviationReadiness,” 66th Military OperationsResearch Society Symposium,Monterey, CA, June 1998.

M.J. Lebas and K.J. Euske, “AConceptual and Operational Delinea-tion of Performance,” PerformanceMeasurement-Theory and Practice,Volume I, Proceedings of the Interna-

We are living in the Information Age, but information turns out to beso expensive that it can displace other systems in a limited Defensebudget. What is the right balance? NPS student, LtCol Yost, has founda way to answer the question for prolonged air-to-ground battles, as inDesert Storm. In such battles, targets occasionally appear to be func-tional when they have actually been destroyed, and appearances canalso be deceiving in the other direction. Battle Data Assessment canreveal the true status of such targets, but the required sensors areexpensive and therefore in short supply. How should such battles befought, and how do results depend on available information and fire-power assets? The question is answered using a unique combination ofLinear Programming and Partially Observable Markov DecisionProcesses, two previously uncombined Operations Research techniques.Using the decomposition methodology that LtCol Yost has developed,realistically scaled problems are solvable in about one minute. The U.S.Air Force has already expressed interest in using the resulting softwareto investigate tradeoffs between information and firepower. LtCol Yost received his Doctor of Philosophy in Operations Researchfrom NPS in September 1998. Professor Alan R. Washburn of theDepartment of Operations Research was his Dissertation Supervisor.


FACULTY NEWS

tional Conference on PerformanceMeasurement-Theory and Practice atthe Judge Institute of ManagementStudies, University of Cambridge,Andy D. Neely and Daniel B.Waggoner, (eds.), pp. 333-339, July1998.

S. Mehay and P.F. Hogan, “TheEffect of Separation Bonuses onVoluntary Quits: Evidence from theMilitary’s Downsizing,” SouthernEconomic Journal, 65(1), pp. 127-139,1998.

M. Nissen and A. Mehra, “Rede-signing Software ProcurementThrough Intelligent Agents,” Proceed-ings of the 1998 AAAI Conference,Workshop on Using AI for KnowledgeManagement and Business ProcessReengineering, pp. 1-10, 1998.

M. Nissen and A. Mehra, “CaseStudy: Intelligent Software SupplyChain Agents Using ADE,” Proceed-ings 1998 AAAI Conference, Workshopon Software Tools for DevelopingAgents, pp. 53-62, 1998.

Prof. N. Roberts organized aShowcase Symposium, “Peace MattersMost,” for the Academy of Manage-ment Meetings, San Diego, CA, 9August 1998.

N. Roberts, “Stakeholder Col-laboration in Crisis Countries,”Academy of Management Meetings,San Diego, CA, 9 August 1998.

N. Roberts, “Strategic Planning inthe Federal Government: Lacking aGood Fit with the Political Context,”Academy of Management Meetings,San Diego, CA, 9 August 1998.

Prof. N. Roberts will be taking aleave of absence to work with theUnited Nations Staff College inTurino, Italy during the 1998 fall term.She will be serving as an outsiderreviewer to assist the Staff College in

-- continued from page 29 its structural and functional review ofprograms, planning and organization.The goal of the effort is system-widestrategic and operational performanceimprovement in the areas of planningand coordinated action, inside andoutside the UN, especially thoseactivities concerning peace operations.

D. Shade, J.F. Raffensperger, K.Kang, and G. Pearman, “Optimizingthe Privatization of Military FamilyHousing,” 66th Military OperationsResearch Society Symposium,Monterey, CA, June 1998.

J. Suchan, “The Effect of High-Impact Writing on Decision MakingWithin a Public Sector Bureaucracy,”Journal of Business Communication,Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 299-327, Summer1998.

G. Thomas facilitated two work-shops for the Trident Training Facilityat the Bangor Submarine Base:“Understanding Racism” and “Under-standing Sexism.” These two-dayworkshops are part of a four workshopseries on Managing Diversity in theMilitary.

K.W. Thomas, G.F. Thomas, andS.P. Hocevar, “Values Implicit in theWord ‘Empowerment’: HistoricalAnalysis and an Interview Study in aU.S. Organization,” Proceedings of the6th International Conference on WorkValues and Behavior, July 1998.

K. W. Thomas, G.F. Thomas,and S.P. Hocevar, “Values Implicit inthe Word ‘Empowerment’: HistoricalAnalysis and an Interview Study in aU.S. Organization,” 6th InternationalConference on Work Values andBehavior, Istanbul, Turkey, July 1998.

K.W. Thomas, “A Three-Dimen-sional Model of Leadership Valuesfrom the U.S. Army Reserve: Qualita-tive Evidence and TheoreticalRemifications,” 6th InternationalConference on Work Values and

Behavior, Istanbul, Turkey, July 1988.

UNDERSEA WARFAREACADEMIC GROUP

J. Breemer, “Sea Power in theNext Century,” Sea Power in the NextCentury: Maritime Operations inAsia-Pacific Beyond 2000, AustralianDefence Studies Centre, JackMcCaffrie and Alan Hinge, eds.,

INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSEEDUCATION AND ANALYSIS

The American PsychologicalAssociation has recently electedResearch Professor Pat-AnthonyFederico to Fellow status. Thisrequired his work having nationalimpact on the field of psychologybeyond a local, state, or regional level.He was nominated by the Division ofApplied Experimental and Engineer-ing Psychology.

P-A. Federico, “ComparingTraining Regimes for a High-IntensityComplex Task,” American Psychologi-cal Association, San Francisco, CA,August 1998.

DEFENSE RESOURCESMANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

Prof. J. Blandin has been asked toserve on the National Security StudiesSenior Advisor Board at the MaxwellSchool of Citizenship and PublicAffairs, Syracuse University.

G. Grosheck and D. Rose,“Uncertainty and the Design of DoDContracts,” Western Economic Asso-ciation Meetings, Lake Tahoe, NV,June 1998.

R. Looney and P.C. Frederiksen,“Rail Track Expansion in DevelopingCountries in the 1980s,” Transporta-tion Research-E (Logistics andTransportation Review), Vol. 34, No.2, 1998.


FEATURED PROJECT

graphs and overlaying them on maps; and facilities fordynamically loading and running algorithms on the Königgraph objects. MAJ Jackson developed the König compo-nent as part of his PhD research. König contains a toolkitof methods to quickly construct graph and network algo-rithms. It also contains methods to load, display, andmanipulate graphs and networks. A fourth part is currentlynot represented in the system, but perhaps best embodiesthe distillation of the lessons we have learned so far. Thispart consists of a standard for components and is imple-mented in the Modkit package. MAJ Arntzen is the pri-mary author of this standard; it was developed with muchintense discussion and experimentation by the group. MAJArntzen’s thesis used Modkit to create rapid prototypes ofDiscrete-Event Simulation models of Integrated Air De-fense Systems (IADS) that utilized both active and passivesensors with the goal of evaluating the contribution of thepassive sensors. He was recently awarded the MORS/Tisdale prize for the best military Operations Researchmaster’s thesis (see Student Research, page 18). The Modkit component standard represents a substantialadvance over current component technologies such as Java

Beans. It supports dynamic, recursive composition andeffectively enables the users of conforming components torapidly assemble extremely complex models from simplebuilding blocks. Modkit’s component standard will formthe conceptual basis for the next-generation system, whichhas an anticipated release six months hence.

Applications of the ResearchThe research approach has been to augment our conceptualwork by developing several Advanced Concept TechnologyDemonstrations (ACTDs) at NPS based on our architecturein order to demonstrate and validate our approach. Thisempirical approach has allowed us to rapidly test or fastprototype our ideas. It has also allowed us to use theseworking prototype systems to demonstrate the design andto show the capabilities that emerging information technol-ogy can bring to military planning. Our first demonstrationproject is the thesis work of LT Sean Moriarty , USN, (MSin OR September 1997) who was in the OperationalLogistics curriculum. The system is a prototype advancedplanning system for interdiction and restoration of logisticslines of communication. The system can load a map locallyor download one from anywhere on the Internet. The userconstructs a distribution network, i.e., transportation,

power, communications, etc., byusing the mouse to specify anetwork of nodes and arcs over themap. Properties can be specifiedfor the nodes and arcs (for ex-ample, cost, capacity). The systemcan invoke an algorithm to deter-mine an optimal allocation offorces to arcs in order to discon-nect the nodes that are the sourcesof goods from designation nodes.In his thesis, LT Moriarty de-scribed three possible scenariosfor his system: interdiction ofsupply routes (as was done in VietNam and more recently in theinterdiction of drugs), the protec-tion of a distribution network fromattack, and an Operations Otherthe War (OOTW) mission tooptimally apply resources torestore water after a naturalSpecial Operations Forces Planning and Execution Prototype—computing the

time for enemy units to engage Navy Seals who are attacking a radar site. -- continued on page 32



FEATURED PROJECT

disaster. Because the system is written in Java, it executeswithout modification on a wide variety of computingdevices and environments. The project demonstrated thatusing easily available technology, a military planningsystem that downloaded resources from a network could bequickly constructed. Immediately after the completion of the first system, thebasic architecture group assessed the strengths and weak-nesses of the system and after three months of research anddesign began work on the second generation, which re-sulted in a system to do dynamic planning and executionfor Special Operations. This system includes an improvedmapping component, the graph component developed byMAJ Jackson, and several algorithms developed by MAJArnsten using his Modkit component standard. The systemwas constructed to address a Special Operations scenariodeveloped by CPT Allan Bilyeu, USA (MS in OR, June1998) that is described in his thesis. The Special OperationsForces (SOF) scenario involves the attack on a radar site inBosnia by a Navy Seal team operating in the Adriatic Sea.Air Force Special Forces operating out of Italy transport theSeals to the site. Army Special Forces working withcoalition forces and NATO troops support the Seals on theground. This map-based system supports downloadingfrom a network various resources such as maps, satelliteimages, overlays of forces, roads, etc., and algorithms foruse in developing plans in real time to support the mission.The loosely coupled components architecture allows theseresources to be loaded as needed and to be incorporateddynamically into the executing system. The platformindependence that Java provides is very critical to SOFbecause their planning involves units from different ser-vices, other government agencies, coalition forces, andinternational agencies spread around the world. It is un-likely they will be using identical computers or operatingsystems. Our system for planning and execution provides acommon operating picture and similar functionality to unitsthat are geographically dispersed and are using differenthardware and software. Planning does not cease with the onset of a mission’sexecution, but must continue as the mission unfolds. Aplanning system must therefore be capable of immediatelyreacting to any unanticipated events. As the missionproceeds, operators rather than planners become increas-ingly involved in the planning/replanning process. Thus,

systems for planning and execution must provide seamlesssupport of a common operating picture for both operatorsand planners. In the operations environment, the availablecomputing devices are smaller (cellular phones, palmtops,etc.) and have fewer resources than the computing plat-forms available to the planners. A common operatingpicture must be maintained even as the active participantsin the system change. Our architecture and system softwarewas designed from the beginning to support capabilitiesacross the widest possible range of computing devices fromsuper-computers to the emerging small, lightweightbattlespace devices. To that end, the kernel system wasdesigned with the smallest possible computational footprint(currently less than 1 MB). By taking advantage of therelative large bandwidth from satellite to ground unit andthe capability of our planning system to load resources asneeded and when needed, small computing devices havesufficient capabilities to present an operational picture andto support local computation to do continuous replanning. The dynamic capabilities of the system are best shown byconsidering how algorithms are located, loaded, andexecuted. The user selects a graph embedded in an overlayand then selects an algorithm (for example, shortest path ormax flow) to execute on it. Any algorithm may be selectedto run on any graph at the user’s discretion. Since Java hasdynamic loading, algorithms need not be loaded until theyare needed. A class containing an algorithm can be loadedfrom the local machine or over a network. Once a class isselected, the system loads it using its name (a string).Utilizing a Java capability called reflection, the names ofthe algorithms in the class are discovered and presented tothe planner. After the planner selects an algorithm, thesystem uses reflection on the algorithm to determine theparameters needed to execute it. For example, in a shortestpath algorithm, the parameters are a source node and an arcproperty for the length. The system presents the plannerwith a short description of the algorithm and drop-downmenus to select which of the nodes is the source and whicharc property should be used for the length (there could beseveral choices, for example, length via road or length viaair). The system then executes the algorithm and places thesolution in the graph in the form of new or modifiedproperties. For example, in a shortest path algorithm, theuser may decide that each node should have a propertycalled “Time-To-Target” that would represent the length ofthe shortest path from the node to the target. When the




FEATURED PROJECT

algorithm is executed, that property is added to each node.Since the algorithm is loaded dynamically, it need not beknown at compile time or even at the onset of the planningsession. In an extreme example, an analyst at a remotelocation could be writing an algorithm while the planning isgoing on and, as soon as the algorithm is completed, it canbe located, loaded into the planning system, and executedon a graph model. Although the general capabilities fordynamic behavior are built into Java, it should be noted thatsome specific capabilities are achieved only by using theloosely coupled components architecture that we havedeveloped over the past year. We have taken the prototype SOF system for planningand execution from design to the development of a workingsystem in less than seven months; thus we have been ableto give live demonstrations of the capabilities of a systembased on our loosely coupled components architecture. Thishas allowed us to effectively present the work to high levelpersonnel who may not have the technical background tounderstand the details of our design. Furthermore, theserapid cycles have allowed us to apply lessons learned fromeach application of the system to the design of the nextgeneration. Another recent application constructed with our architec-ture and components is the Coordinated Inland Area Searchand Rescue (SAR) System (COINSS), developed as part ofthe thesis of LT Timothy Castle, USCG (MS in OR,September 1998). COINSS is a system to support theexecution of searches for missing people in the continentalUnited States. It advances the state-of-the-art by construct-ing a component that accounts for the movement of thetarget after the search begins, by integrating the calcula-tions with a map and graphical user interface, and byimplementing the software so that it can be executedwithout modification on a wide variety of computers.COINSS is a set of computational algorithms that computea probability distribution of the location of the target overthe search region. As the search proceeds, the distribution isupdated to account for the movement of the target. Themovement is calculated by applying a Markov process to amovement vector of velocities that depends on the type oftarget (for example, a child, as opposed to an adult hiker).The system can include elevation data; the system currentlyuses Digital Terrain Elevation Data Level 1 (DTED1) fromthe National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA).

Computer Science Research Assistant Professor WolfgangBaer assisted us in accessing this information. The eleva-tion data is used to compute the slope of the ground, whichis then used to modify the movement of the target. Thesearch coordinator assigns areas to various search teams.After each unsuccessful search of an area, the probabilitydistribution is updated using Bayes theorem. COINSS wasdeveloped as a separate component, which was thenintegrated with the map, overlay, graph and algorithmcomponents described above in the SOF application. Themap component displays a map and provides latitude andlongitude information; the overlay and graph componentsallow the search region and the search assignments to beinput by mouse clicks, and the algorithms componentmakes the connection between the visual display andCOINSS. The probability distribution is displayed over themap in shades of red to indicate the probabilities. Thesearch coordinator (and any one monitoring the search) cansee at a glance the changing search probabilities as thetarget moves and as search teams report back negativeresults. The integration of COINSS with the other compo-nents was done quickly because components in the looselycoupled design know very little about each other. The maplayer displays images without knowing if they are maps,satellite pictures, graphs or probability distributions. To thesystem kernel, COINSS is just an application that hasalgorithms to invoke and an overlay to display. A signifi-cant benefit of the design is the interchangeability ofcomponents. Although the COINSS application wasdesigned to find lost people in the United States, it can beinvoked from the SOF application to find a downed pilot inBosnia or track a fleeing war criminal. Another application that uses the components is the thesisresearch of LT Scott Schwartz, USN (MS in OR, Septem-ber 1998) that constructs a system to solve graph partitionproblems. The focus of his thesis is a problem from theDefense Information Systems Agency (DISA) to determinethe optimal sequence to upgrade a communications net-work that has more than 200 nodes. The problem is mod-eled as the partition of a graph into a given number ofsubgraphs. Because there are no effective algorithms toconstruct an optimal solution, the system allows an analystto construct a good (but not necessarily optimal) solutionby dynamically specifying a sequence of heuristic algo-rithms to be applied to the problem. Because there are toomany nodes and arcs to be displayed effectively, this




FEATURED PROJECT

application is not map-based. However, the system employsthe graph component to construct the heuristics and thealgorithm component to dynamically load and execute thealgorithms.

Presentations and Research SponsorsIn the past year the authors have given eleven presentationsof the results in classified settings at the National SecurityAgency (NSA) and Headquarters, United States SpecialOperations Command (USSOCOM), and in unclassifiedpresentations at professional meetings in the United Statesand abroad. We have also given a number of demonstra-tions to NPS visitors and in Washington. The demonstration systems have been of particularinterest to our research sponsors because they have pro-vided early proof that advanced systems for planning andexecution can be built using Java and that these systemscan access resources over a network of heterogeneouscomputer assets. We have shown that we can dynamicallylocate, access and execute algorithms, and thus build “thinclients” that load programs if and when needed. This isparticularly important for the emerging small, lightweightbattlespace computing devices. The loosely coupled designshows how new components can be added quickly toexisting systems. The research has been of interest to thegeneral operations research community because it demon-strates that traditional analysis tools that have been usedoff-line can be integrated into real time systems. The basic research on the architecture is supported by a6.1 grant from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research(AFOSR) to Bradley and Buss. The AFOSR program isfunded under an initiative based on the Air Force’s NewWorlds Vista study which “identified those technologiesthat will guarantee the air and space superiority of theUnited States in the 21st century.” The research on graphand network algorithms is supported by a 6.1 grant fromthe Office of Naval Research (ONR) to Bradley, and toProfessors Jerry Brown and Kevin Wood. The participa-tion of MAJ Jackson is supported by the U.S. ArmyTRADOC Analysis Center (TRAC) - Monterey. NPS’Institute for Joint Warfare Analysis (IJWA) has providedsupport to LTC Shaw to develop the Special Operationsplanning tools and scenarios. The IJWA funds have beenmatched by the USSOCOM. USSOCOM has supportedthe development of realistic contemporary and future jointmilitary planning scenarios by allowing students to spend

six weeks at their headquarters at MacDill AFB before theybegin their thesis research. The authors are advising USSOCOM on the developmentof their Mission Planning, Analysis, Rehearsal and Execu-tion (MPARE) System. MPARE is the management andoversight process that will guide the integration and use ofconstructive simulations and computer based operationaltools to enhance combat capability of special operationsforces. GEN Schoomaker, CinC USSOCOM, has desig-nated MPARE the command’s “flagship” system. We aremembers of the Requirements Integration Program Team(RIPT) with responsibilities to contribute to the develop-ment of the Concept of Operations (CONOP) and Opera-tional Requirements Documents (ORD) which are currentlybeing written. We are also responsible to provide informa-tion on technological trends in C4I and possible “leapahead” technologies.

Ongoing ResearchWe have begun the development of the third generation ofdemonstration systems based on our loosely coupledarchitecture. Our rapid design/development cycles matchthose of the commercial technologies that we use. In hightechnology, COTS development times are measured in so-called “internet time,” with systems being developed anddeployed in months rather than the years that is typical ofmany DoD software projects. While our architecture anduser interface remain stable, it is easy to extend our systems


Graduation September 1998: Professor Gordon Bradley, LT Timo-thy Castle, LT Scott Schwartz, Major Leroy Jackson, Major ArentArntzen, LTC Charles Shaw, Visiting Assistant Professor Arnold Buss



FEATURED PROJECT


The predicted gross bodily motion of the ATD dummy isalso in reasonably good agreement with the images cap-tured from the video of the test event. Basic phasing of themotion agrees well with the video although the arm motionis significantly different. One source of differing motion isthe seat back. The angle that the seat back makes with theseat pan is increased after the first recoiling of the dummyinto the seat back. However, the seat back was not mod-eled as being able to rotate in the simulations.

Overall, the agreement between the predicted and re-corded motions and accelerations was considered to bequite good and sufficient to demonstrate the validity of themodel. Figure 2. Comparison of head x accelerations

Figure 3. Comparison of head z accelerations Figure 4. Comparison of chest X accelerations

Figure 5. Comparison of Z chest accelerations Figure 6. Comparison of pelvis X accelerations



FEATURED PROJECT


Simulation Model for Human Male and FemaleResponsesThe validated model of the chair and input excitation wasused for predicting the response of a 50th percentile humanmale (5’10” tall, 173.5 lbs.) and of a 5th percentile humanfemale (5’ tall, 100 lbs.) in three separate situations. Thefirst simulation was very similar to that of the Hybrid IIIdummy in the original test. The lap belt was still fastened,but the arms were positioned more naturally. The secondsimulation was with the lap belt removed and a desksurface placed in front of the chair. The position of thesubjects was identical to that in the first simulation. Thefinal simulation was the same as the second, but surfacesrepresenting a computer keyboard and monitor wereincluded. For each of these cases, the simulation wasperformed for both the male and the female human sub-jects.

Description of Injuries and Injury CriteriaThe only injuries for which estimates were performed for

the seated subjects were those of the head and head-neckcomplex, specifically cerebral concussion, whiplash,fractures of bones of the face or skull, and injuries to thecervical spine due to axial loading. These specific injurieswere considered to be not only the most likely to be sus-tained but also those that would be most debilitating in thenear or long term. Various parameters of the predictedresponse, as described below, were compared against theirassociated injury threshold values and estimates made of

the likely injuries for each of the subjects.Cerebral concussions that, according to Taber’s Cyclope-

dic Medical Dictionary [5], have associated symptoms oftransient dizziness, paralyses or unconsciousness, unequalpupils, shock, vomiting, rapid pulse, headache, and cerebralirritation, were evaluated by comparing the angular veloci-ties and accelerations of the center of gravity of the headagainst the corresponding injury tolerances. According toOmmaya [6], the crucial injury mechanism leading to theonset of cerebral concussion is severe shear strain imposedby brain rotation and the proposed thresholds to predict a50 percent probability of the onset of cerebral concussionin terms of angular velocity is 50 rad/sec, and in terms ofangular acceleration is 1800 rad/sec2. Thus, the resultantangular velocities and accelerations of the center of thehead as predicted using the ATB program were plotted andcompared to these threshold values to estimate the likeli-hood of the subject receiving a cerebral concussion.

Whiplash, which is a somewhat vague term referring tothe broad collection of acceleration induced traumas to thecervical spine, is typically associated with rear end automo-bile collisions. In these instances, the body experiences asudden forward acceleration, while the inertia of the headkeeps it stationary. The force applied by the torso to thelower portion of the head causes a rotation of the head,resulting in an extension of the cervical spine. If theacceleration is sufficient, the inertial loading of the cervicalspine can result in hyperextension and a whiplash injury.Kallieris [7] notes that restraining the torso during adeceleration event (such as a frontal collision) can lead to ahyperflexion of the cervical spine and an associated whip-lash injury. Thus, the key components are excessive angleof the neck with respect to the torso, either in flexion orextension, combined with tensile loading. As reported inPanjabi and White [8], possible angular position thresholdsare 80 degrees in extension and 58 degrees in flexion.Mertz and Patrick [9] claim that the torque developed at theoccipital condyles (the point at which the skull articulateswith the cervical spine) is a better predictor of whiplashinjuries and that appropriate tolerance values are, forextension, 35 ft-lb (injury) and 42 ft-lb (ligamentousdamage), and, for flexion, 44 ft-lb (pain), 65 ft-lb (injury),and 140 ft-lb (ligamentous or bone damage). Thus, for thisresearch, the head angular position with respect to the torsopredicted using the ATB program was considered to be aweak indicator for whiplash injury and the torque at theoccipital condyles, also predicted using the ATB program,

Figure 7. Comparison of pelvis Z acceleration



FEATURED PROJECT

was considered to be a strong indicator for whiplash injury.In all cases, the axial force within the neck was checked toverify that the loading was tensile.

Potential fractures of the bones of the face and skull wereestimated by comparing the contact forces between thehead segment and the desk or computer surfaces as com-puted using the ATB program against the respective frac-ture thresholds. The particular bone in question wasestimated by close examination of the visualization of themotion generated using the IMAGE program. For eachcontact, the portion of the ellipsoid representing the head,which was in contact with the desk or computer, wasassociated as nearly as possible to the corresponding bonein the face or skull. The contact locations considered inthis study and their associated threshold fracture forces, assummarized in Allsop [10] are: frontal, 900 lbf; temporo-parietal, 450 lbf; zygomatic, 225 lbf; maxilla, 150 lbf;anterior-posterior mandible, 400 lbf; and lateral mandible,

UNDERWATER EXPLOSION , continued from page 36 200 lbf.Significant injuries to the cervical spine due to axial

loading, such as vertebral body fractures, facet dislocations,disk ruptures, and longitudinal ligament tears, were esti-mated by comparing the predicted axial load in the neck,along with the associated relative position (flexion, neutral,or extension), against the associated tolerance values. Theneck axial load was computed from the forces in the jointsbetween the upper torso and neck and between the neck andhead. These joint forces were directly computed using theATB program. Compression loading injury thresholdforces as summarized in Sances, et. al. [11] are 6000 N forpure compression, 2000 N for compression-flexion, and2200 N for compression-extension. These position specifictolerances were used in conjunction with duration ofloading curves for pure compression provided in AGARD[2]. Tensile loading injury threshold forces as summarizedin McElhaney and Meyers [12] as 1450 N for pure tensionand 1160 N for tension-extension. As was the case forcompression loading of the cervical spine, the previously

listed threshold forces fortension loading were used inconjunction with the durationof loading curves for puretension provided in AGARD[2].

Table 1 provides a sum-mary of the injury criteria usedin this research, along with theassociated source for eachpredicted response and esti-mated injury potentials. The predicted motions of themale and female subjectswearing the lap belt show thateach subject went throughmultiple rebounds of the torsooff the upper legs during thetwo seconds of the shockexcitation. During the firstrebound, occurring at approxi-mately 380 msec, each of thesubjects are likely to receive awhiplash injury and possibly acerebral concussion. The malesubject’s head reached a peak

Table 1. Summary of Injury Criteria


Injury Criteria Source

Cerebral concussionω ≥ 50 rad/secα ≥ 1800 rad/sec2

Ommaya, et.al., [6]

Whiplash (extension) θ ≥ 80 deg Panjabi and White [8]

35 ft-lb (injury)42 ft-lb (ligamentous damage)

Mertz and Patrick [9]

Whiplash (flexion) θ ≥ 58 deg Panjabi and White [8]

44 ft-lb (pain)65 ft-lb (injury)140 ft-lb (ligamentous or bonedamage)

Mertz and Patrick [9]

Skull fracture900 lbf (frontal)450 lbf (temporoparietal)

Allsop [10]

Facial fracture

225 lbf (zygomatic)150 lbf (maxilla)400 lbf (anterior-posteriormandible)200 lbf (lateral mandible)

Allsop [10]

Cervical spine injury due to axialloading (compression)

6000 N (pure)2000 N (flexion)2200 N (extension)

Sances, et. Al., [11]

Duration of loading curve AGARD [2]

Cervical spine injury due to axialloading (tension)

1450 N (pure)1160 N (extension)

McElhaney and Meyers [13]

Duration of loading curve AGARD [2]


FEATURED PROJECT

angle in flexion of 91.8 deg at 398msec, with an associated torque at theoccipital condyles of 44.1 ft-lbreached at 389 msec, and experienceda peak angular acceleration of 2242rad/sec2 at 388 msec. The correspond-ing injury threshold values are 58 deg[8], 44.1 ft-lb for pain [9], and 1800rad/sec2 [6]. The female subject’s headreached a peak angle in flexion of 87.8deg at 386 msec, with an associatedtorque at the occipital condyles of 30.2ft-lb reached at 389 msec, and experi-enced a peak angular acceleration of1903 rad/sec2. During subsequentrebounds of the torso off the upperlegs, additional whiplash injuries arepossible based solely upon the angleof the head. The male subject’s headreached peak flexion angles of 63.0deg at 1020 msec and 79.1 deg at 1851msec, during the second and fourthrebounds, respectively, while thefemale subject’s head reached a peakflexion angle of 74.8 deg at 999 msecduring the second rebound.

The motion of the male and femalesubjects when not wearing the lap belt,but seated at a bare desk, were alsopredicted. Since the desk is present,each subject experienced multipleimpacts of the head against the deskrather than rebounds of the torso offthe upper legs. During the first headto desk contact, each subject wouldpossibly receive a cerebral concussionbased on head angular accelerations inexcess of the 1800 rad/sec2 tolerancevalue [6]. The male subject experi-enced a peak acceleration of 2109 rad/sec2 at 431 msec and the femalesubject experienced a peak of 074 rad/sec2 at 346 msec. The female subjectwould possibly receive additional

UNDERWATER EXPLOSION ,continued from page 37

injuries during the first head to deskcontact. The female subject experi-enced a peak axial load in the neck of1614 N at 344 msec, which slightlyexceeds the threshold for significantneck injury [13], and a contact forcebetween the lateral mandible and thedesk of 390 lbf, which exceeds the 200lbf fracture threshold for that bone[10]. During the second head to deskcontact, the male subject experienceda peak contact force between themaxilla and the desk of 465 lbf, whichexceeds the 150 lbf fracture thresholdfor that bone [10] and would likelyresult in fracture. The female subjectexperienced a peak head angularacceleration of 1984 rad/sec2, whichslightly exceeds the 1800 rad/sec2

threshold [6] and would possibly resultin a cerebral concussion. The malesubject experienced a third head strikewith a peak contact force between thezygomatic bone and the desk of 309lbf, which exceeds the 225 lbf fracturethreshold for that bone [10] and wouldpossibly result in fracture.

The predicted motions of the maleand female subjects not wearing thelap belt, but seated at a desk with acomputer, are similar to the unbeltedcase. Each subject experiencedmultiple head strikes, but this timeagainst the computer. Examining thepredicted response parameters of themale subject revealed none in excessof the corresponding thresholds. Thus,the male subject is not likely to receiveany of the injuries considered in thisresearch. No consideration was madeof possible lacerations resulting frombreaking of the computer screenduring impacts, so no prediction canbe made of the likelihood of the malesubject receiving this type of injury.The female subject experienced peakangular accelerations of 1880 rad/sec2

during the first head strike against thecomputer, and 2427 rad/sec2 during thesecond. The angular accelerationexperienced during the first contactslightly exceeds the 1800 rad/sec2

threshold value (Ommaya, et. al.,1993) and would possibly result in acerebral concussion. The angularacceleration during the second peak iswell in excess of 1800 rad/sec2 andwould thus be likely to result in acerebral concussion. During thesecond head to computer contact, thefemale subject also experienced a peakcontact force between the zygomaticbone and the computer of 360 lbf,which exceeds the 225 lbf fracturethreshold for that bone (Allsop, 1993)and would possibly result in fracture.Additionally, during the second headto computer contact, the femalesubject experienced a peak axialloading of the neck of 2605 N (com-pression-extension) which exceeds the2200 N threshold for significant neckinjury “Sances” (Sances, et. al., 1986).

A summary of the estimated injuriesfor the six subjects is provided inTable 2.

ConclusionsOn the basis of the presented results, itis concluded that: i) the ArticulatedTotal Body model is a viable tool forsimulating both male and femalepersonnel in various positions in ashipboard environment during under-water explosion events; ii) significantinjuries can be expected for both maleand female subjects in a shipboardenvironment subjected to a shockinduced excitation; and iii) the selec-tion of application of injury criteria topredicted motion is extremely compli-cated.



AcknowledgementsInitial support and partial funding for this research was

provided by Naval Sea Systems Command, Ship Surviv-ability Division, Code 03P3. All accelerometer data andtest video footage, as well as all information concerning theexperimental setup, were provided by Tom Sides and FredCostanzo of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, CarderockDivision, Underwater Explosions Research Department.Initial training on and continuing support for the use of the

FEATURED PROJECT

UNDERWATER EXPLOSION , continued from page 38 Articulated Total Body program was provided by Dr.Louise Obergefell of the Armstrong Laboratory.

References1. Obergefell, L.A., et. al., 1988, “Articulated Total Body

Model Enhancements Volume 2: User’s Guide,”AAMRL-TR-88-043.


Table 2. Summary of Injury Estimates

Bel

ted

Sub

ject

s

Mal

eF

emal

e

Unb

elte

d S

ubje

cts

Mal

eF

emal

e

Sub

ject

s at

Com

pute

r Mal

eF

emal

e

Time(msec)

Parameter Value Limit Outcome

388 Head α 2242 r/s2 1800 r/s2 Possible cerebral concussion

398 Head θ 91.8 deg 58 deg Probable whiplash injury

389 Torque 44.1 ft-lb 44 ft-lb Probable whiplash injury

1020 Head θ 63.0 deg 58 deg Possible (not likely) whiplash injury



386 Head θ 87.8 deg 58 deg Probable whiplash injury

389 Torque 30.2 ft-lb 44 ft-lb Probable whiplash injury



1257 Head cont. force 465 lbf 150 lbf Possible fracture of the maxilla

1917 Head cont. force 309 lbf 225 lbf Possible fracture of the zygomatic



346 Head cont. force 390 lbf 200 lbfPossible fracture of the lateral

mandible

344 Neck axial force 1614 N 1450 N Possible significant neck injury



1189 Head cont. force 360 lbf 225 lbf Possible fracture of the zygomatic

1189 Neck axial force 2605 N 2200 N Possible significant neck injury

No injury tolerances exceeded. Potential exists for lacerations resulting from possiblebreakage of computer screen during direct head impact.

Additional information can be found at http://www.nps.navy.mil/~code09/faculty.html


FEATURED PROJECT

2. AGARD, Anthropomorphic Dummies for Crash andEscape System Testing, AGARD Advisory Report330, 1996.

3. Cheng, H., et. al., 1994, “Generator of Body Data(GEBOD) Manual,” AL/CF-TR-1994-0051.

4. Oglesby, D.B. and Shin, Y.S., ATB Program and ItsApplications to Biodynamic Response Simulation ofUnderwater Explosion Events, Technical ReportNPS-ME-98-002, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA, March 1998.

5. Thomas, C.L., ed., Taber’s Cyclopedic MedicalDictionary, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA,1993.

6. Ommaya, A.K., et. al., “Comparative Tolerances forCerebral Concussion by Head Impact and WhiplashInjury in Primates” S.H. Backaitis, ed., Biomechanicsof Impact Injury and Injury Tolerances of the Head-Neck Complex, Society of Automotive Engineers,Warrendale, PA, 1993, pp. 265-274.

7. Kallieris, D., et. al., “Considerations for a Neck InjuryCriterion,” The 35th Stapp Car Crash ConferenceProceedings, Society of Automotive Engineers,


measures of performance (MOP) for decision-makers to assess the effectiveness of promising technologies. Two assess-ments were performed. The first experiment measures for effect in aircrew target recognition reaction time and accuracyusing two different sensors – visible and infrared. An ANOVA of the measured reaction times data showed that aircrewusing a visible sensor were significantly faster than aircrew using an infrared sensor. The second assessment involvesaircrew cognitive model building during pre-mission planning using Mission Rehearsal Simulation (MRS) software. AnANOVA of the measured data revealed that aircrew who used the MRS software were significantly faster than aircrewwho did not. An optimum aircrew training methodology using MRS software was devised and it is currently being inte-grated into F/A-18 fleet replacement squadron training.

STUDENT RESEARCH, continued from page 19

21ST CENTURY SUBMARINE INFORMATION OPERATIONSLT Scott R. Coughlin, United States NavyMaster of Science in Systems Engineering-September 1998Advisors: Vicente C. Garcia, Jr., National Security Agency Cryptologic Chair, and CAPT James R. Powell, USN,Information Warfare Academic Group

The Unites States Submarine Force has a long and distinguished history of providing national decisionmakers withintelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance services allowed by the unique access granted by the submarine’s attributeof stealth. To maximize the effectiveness of our submarine fleet to continue to perform tomorrow’s Information Opera-tions (IO) mission requires evolution. This thesis explored how to best prepare our submarine fleet to perform Informa-tion Operations.

Warrendale, PA, 1991, pp. 401-417.8. Panjabi, M.M. and White III, A.A., “Biomechanics

of Spinal Injuries,” A. Sances, Jr., et. al., eds.,Mechanisms of Head and Spine Trauma, Aloray,Goshen, NY, 1986, pp. 237-264.

9. Mertz, H.J. and Patrick, L.M., “Strength and Re-sponse of the Human Neck” in S.H. Backaitis,Biomechanics of Impact Injury and Injury Toler-ances of the Head-Neck Complex, Society of Auto-motive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1993, pp. 821-846.

10. Allsop, D., “Skull and Facial Bone Trauma: Experi-mental Aspects,” A.M. Nahum and J.W. Melvin,eds., Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Preven-tion, Springer, New York, NY, 1993, pp. 247-267.

11. Sances, A., Jr., et. al., “Spinal Injuries with VerticalImpact,” A. Sances, Jr., et. al., eds., Mechanisms ofHead and Spine Trauma, Aloray, Goshen, NY, 1986,pp. 305-348.

12. McElhaney, J.H. and Meyers, B.S., “BiomechanicalAspects of Cervical Trauma,” A.M. Nahum and J.W.Melvin, eds., Accidental Injury: Biomechanics andPrevention, Springer, New York, NY, 1993, pp. 311-361.


PROPULSION LAB , continued from page 15

From l984 through l986 the role of the TPL in support ofNAVAIR changed from performing in and advising the 6.1program, to performing in and contracting out 6.1 and 6.2programs in air-breathing propulsion. This was in responseto the Navy’s goal of ensuring “transition” from research tonear-term applications. In l987 TPL helped to draft andwas included in the Navy’s 20-year R&D plan for aircraftpropulsion. In l987-l989 an investigation of “controlled diffusion”compressor blading in the Low Speed Cascade WindTunnel was funded by NASA Lewis Research Center. Thegoal was to verify a design process that generated “opti-mized” compressor blade shapes that were free of flowseparation at high loading. Through a succession of sevenstudents, the facility was set up and verified for compressorblade investigations and the reference double-circular arcblading was scaled, built and tested, and then the equivalentcontrolled diffusion (CD) blading was tested. The designmethod for the CD blading was verified. A subsequentPh.D. dissertation by Y. Elazar resulted in the first completeand detailed study of 2D viscous flow through a CDcompressor cascade at increasing inlet flow angles. Associate Professor Garth Hobson joined the Depart-ment of Aeronautics and Astronautics in l990, bringing, in

addition to a current knowledge of CFD and strong inter-ests in gas dynamics and propulsion, nine years of practicalexperience at South Africa’s equivalent of NASA. RickStill , who had become the GDL technician in 1989, broughtto the group the initiative and skills that were required toprovide the technical support that was needed. Since 1990, the Navy has been in a process of reductionand reorganization. TPL has built an active program byresponding directly to the program needs of the Propulsionand Power Engineering organization at NAWCAD, theJoint Program Office for Cruise Missiles and UAVs andDARO. From l990 through l998 forty-six students havegraduated, thirty papers with thesis students were pre-sented, and sixteen papers were published. Recently completed efforts include:• Compressor Tip-Clearance Effects – A Ph.D. disserta-tion study carried was out by Ian Moyle over several yearsusing the Low Speed Multi-Stage Axial Compressor inBldg. 213. Moyle received his doctorate at the Universityof Tasmania under Greg Walker, a former NAVAIR Re-search Chair Professor at TPL.• Controlled-Diffusion Blading – Separation and stallwere examined at higher incidence angles, and 3D andunsteady data were obtained using the ‘first generation’ CDblading. A second-generation (much more highly loaded)CD cascade is currently installed, and CFD predictions of

the viscous behavior are being evaluated.• Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction in aFan Passage – The flow through a tran-sonic fan passage at M=1.4 was simulatedin a 2D blow-down supersonic cascadewind tunnel which was built in the GasDynamics Laboratory. The attempt wasthen made to reduce losses using ‘low-profile’ vortex generators. The workhelped provide the propulsion manager atNAVAIR with an informed technicalassessment of an exploratory developmentprogram for low-profile vortex generatorsbeing funded at Pratt & Whitney. The Integrated High-PerformanceTurbine Engine Technology or IHPTETProgram, involving industry with thesponsoring government agencies, wasinitiated in the mid 80s. The fan and


RESEARCH LAB

CFD Results for Space Shuttle Main Engine / AlternateFuel Pump Turbine


compressor and turbine programs at TPL supportelements of the Navy’s participation in IHPTET(and component improvement programs), contribut-ing research expertise and conducting specific fanand turbine investigations for which the Laboratoryis uniquely equipped. Also, two years ago, a na-tional initiative was organized on the problem ofhigh-cycle fatigue (HCF) in engine components.Patterned after the successful IHPTET program, thegoal is to reduce the incidence of engine failurescaused by HCF. Since the Navy’s rotor spin testactivity (recently moved from Trenton to NAWCADat Patuxent River) is unique in the military, it willplay a significant role in the Navy’s participation inthe HCF initiative. In support, a research activityhas been initiated at TPL which is fully integratedinto the NAWCAD’s HCF effort. Finally, uninhab-ited aerial vehicles are recognized as a direction forthe future, and efficient small engines are among thepropulsion systems that are needed. A study of small gasturbine engines was therefore initiated at TPL. Current programs at TPL include:• Advanced Fan & Compressor Design - A “code valida-tion” transonic axial stage was designed by NASA LewisResearch Center for TPL’s test rig. The numerically-machined bladed-disk rotor and controlled-diffusion statorwere successfully tested in l997 to 80% of design speed bya student, LT Bart Grossman. The flow through the rotor,which has been computed independently at TPL usingNASA’s RVC3D code, as well as the flow at the rotor exit,will now be measured. Major Hazem Abdelhamid, in aPh.D. dissertation, showed that you can represent fan bladeshapes analytically by specifying only 32 control points andtwo additional parameters (to control leading edge andtrailing edge sharpness).Using CFD analysis, heobtained results for the effectof forward and aft sweep onthe performance of the NASALewis rotor.• Turbine Tip Clearance Flows - Professor Hobson andhis students have taken a number of steps towards the goalof validating turbine flow field predictions. First, theturbine test rig was rebuilt to house the Space Shuttle MainEngine alternate fuel-pump turbine as a research test bed.They then obtained unsteady LDV data in the rotating

RESEARCH LAB

PROPULSION LAB , continued from page 40

machine environment. They have also been successful inworking out the problems of obtaining accurate measure-ments in highly swirling flows near to walls.• HCF/Spin Test Research - The program at TPL is anintegral part of the Navy’s participation in the High-CycleFatigue initiative. There is currently no fully adequateprocedure for exciting and measuring blade vibrations inconventional spin tests. The purpose of the TPL program isto develop and/or evaluate blade vibration excitation andmeasurement techniques and help transition the expertise toproduction testing at NAWCAD. At the center of this effortis a large spin pit facility in Bldg. 215 in which rotors up to56-inches in diameter can be tested. In recent years, experimental programs in engineeringhave become extremely costly, and computer-simulationactivities have proliferated in their stead. Few professors at

universities have contin-ued to do experimentalresearch, and therefore theproduction of engineerswith the backgroundnecessary to work effec-

tively in test and evaluation has dropped precipitously. Inthis situation, the well-equipped and research-activepropulsion laboratories at NPS, firmly tied to the School’seducational mission, have become unusually valuable in-house resources for the Navy and DoD.

For more information on the TurbopropulsionLaboratory visit the AA Department’s homepage at www.aa.nps.navy.mil.

Low-Speed Cascade Wind Tunnel and Traversing LDV System


CONFERENCE SCHEDULE

Conferences/Meetings at the Naval Postgraduate School

Date Title Sponsor19-23 Oct 98 1998 Advanced Studies Institute Symposium (UNCLAS) NPS, International Advanced Studies

Institute, Naval Surface WarfareCenter-Coastal Systems Station

12 Nov 98 National Security Affairs Conference (UNCLAS) National War College, NPS

17-19 Nov 98 1998 AIAA Missile Sciences Conference (SECRET) AIAA with Office of the Undersecretary ofDefense (Acquisition and Technology)

26-28 Jan 99 IRIS Specialty Group Meeting on Targets, Defense Logistics AgencyBackgrounds and Discrimination (SECRET)

8-11 Feb 99 4th National Turbine Engine HCF Conference (UNCLAS) Naval Air Systems Command

8-12 Mar 99 Hardened Electronics and Radiation Technology Defense Special Weapons Agency, Sandia(HEART) Conference for 1999 (SECRET) National Laboratories, Air Force

Research Laboratory, US Army Space &Missile Defense Command, Navy StrategicSystems Program Office

15-19 Mar 99 15th Annual Review of Progress in Applied NPS, Applied ComputationalComputational Electromagnetics (UNCLAS) Electromagnetics Society

30 Mar-1 Apr 99 10th Annual U. S. Army Tank Automotive & Armaments American Defense PreparednessCommand Ground VehicleSurvivability Symposium Association and Tank-Automotive andSECRET) Armaments Command

4-6 May 99 National Defense Industrial Association 49th Annual National Defense Industrial AssociationBomb and Warhead Technical Meeting (SECRET)

4-7 May 99 Principles of Electro-Optical, Infrared and Laser Association of Old CrowsCountermeasures (UNCLAS: 4-6 May) (SECRET: 7 May)

22-24 Jun 99 45th Tri-Service Radar Symposium (SECRET/NOFORN) Naval Research Laboratory

18-21 Jan 00 AIAA Strategic & Tactical Missile Systems American Instititute of Aeronautics andConference (SECRET/NOFORN) Astronautics

20-24 Mar 00 16th Annual Review of Progress in Applied NPS, Applied ComputationalComputational Electromagnetics (UNCLAS) Electromagnetics Society

For additional information, contact the NPS Conference Coordinator, Elaine Christian, at 831-656-2426 or by e-mail [email protected]

as new military threats emerge and new technologies areintroduced. The continuing research will develop anddemonstrate systems for planning and execution thatpresent all the participants a common operating picture in aseamless system that operates from planning throughexecution and that executes on computers in the planning

activity and in the battlespace. The live demonstrations of our systems for planning andexecution offer dramatic visual proof that the dynamic,distributed advanced planning systems of the type envi-sioned in the Joint Vision 2010 and the Air Force’s NewWorld Vistas can be constructed today using commercialtechnology and our software architecture.



Associate Provost and Dean of Research David W. Netzer, Code 09 Phone: 831-656-3241 Mail: [email protected] of Research Administration Danielle Kuska , Code 91

Phone: 831-656-2099Mail: [email protected]@nps.navy.mil

Administrative Support Assistant Dolores Jackson, Code 91DJ

Phone: 831-656-2098Mail: [email protected]

Conference CoordinatorElaine Christian, Code 92Phone: 831-656-2426Mail: [email protected]

Research PublicationsAlice Roberson, Code 91ARPhone: 831-656-2272Mail: [email protected]

Research Support Services Teri Jay, Code 91TJ

Phone: 831-656-1044 Mail: [email protected] Research Financial Analyst (Sponsored Programs)

Laura Ann Small, Code 91LSPhone: 831-656-2271Mail: [email protected]

Research Administration Assistant(Direct Funded Research, PageCharges, Technical Reports)

Nenita Maniego, Code 91NMPhone: 831-656-2273Mail: [email protected]

Thesis ProcessorSandra Day, Code 91SDPhone: 831-656-2762Mail: [email protected]

Assistant Thesis ProcessorMarietta "Dee" Henry, Code 91MHPhone: 831-656-3050Mail: [email protected]

RESEARCH CENTERS

Center for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) ResearchProfessor Anthony Healey, Director

Center for Civil Military RelationsAssociate Professor Paul Stockton, Director

Center for Diversity AnalysisProfessor George Thomas, Director

Center for INFOSEC (Information Systems Security) Studies and ResearchAssistant Professor Cynthia Irvine

Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS)Distinguished Professor David Netzer, Executive Director

Center for Joint Services Electronic Warfare Simulation and ModelingAssociate Professor Phillip Pace, Director

Center for Material Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Alan Fox, Director

Center for Northeast Asian Security Studies (Japan/Korea)Professor Edward Olsen, Director

Center for Reconnaissance ResearchProfessor John P. Powers, Director

Center for Signal ProcessingProfessor Charles Therrien, Director

Center for Visual Science and Advanced DisplayAssistant Professor William Krebs, Director

Coastal Ocean-Acoustic Center (COACt)Professor Ching-Sang Chiu, Director

Cryptologic Research CenterVicente Garcia, National Security Agency Cryptologic Chairand Director

Decision and Information Systems CenterAssociate Professor Hemant Bhargava, Director

Institute for Joint Warfare Analysis (IJWA)Professor Gordon Schacher, Director

Joint Center for International and Security Studies (JCISS)Associate Professor Jan Breemer, Director

Navy-NASA Joint Institute of AeronauticsDistinguished Professor Max Platzer, Director

Research Center for Military Applications of SpaceAlan Ross, Navy TENCAP Chair and Director

Software Metrics CenterProfessor Norman Schneidewind, Director

Spacecraft Research and Design CenterProfessor Brij Agrawal, Director

Survivability and Lethality Assessment Center (SLAC)Distinguished Professor Robert Ball, Director

Vertical Flight Technology CenterProfessor E. Roberts Wood, Director

RESEARCH DIRECTORIES

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