R Class 10 Lifeprocess&Cordination

8/11/2019 R Class 10 Lifeprocess&Cordination

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Life Process

Life Process:- Various functions carried out by livingbeings; which are necessary to maintain and continue lifeare called life process.

Following are the life processes in living beings:- Nutrition Respiration

ransport of substances !"cretion #ovement Reproduction

NutritionNutrition:he process by which an organism ta$es foodand utili%es it is called nutrition.

Need of nutrition:&rganisms need energy to perform

various activities. he energy is supplied by the nutrients.

&rganisms need various raw materials for growth andrepair. hese raw materials are provided by nutrients.

Nutrients: #aterials which provide nutrition toorganisms are called nutrients. 'arbohydrates( proteins

and fats are the main nutrients and are calledmacronutrients. #inerals and vitamins are re)uired insmall amounts and hence are called micronutrients.

Types of Nutrition:

(a) Autotrophic Nutrition:he mode of nutrition in

which an organism prepares its own food iscalled autotrophic nutrition. *reen plants and

blue-green algae follow the autotrophic mode ofnutrition.

(b) Heterotrophic Nutrition:he mode of nutritionin which an organism ta$es food from another

organism is called heterotrophic nutrition.&rganisms; other than green plants and blue-green algae follow heterotrophic mode ofnutrition. +eterotrophic nutrition can be furtherdivided into two types( vi%. saprophytic nutritionand holo%oic nutrition.

a. Saprophytic Nutrition: ,n saprophyticnutrition; the organism secretes thedigestive uices on the food. he food is

digested while it is still to be ingested.he digested food is then ingested bythe organism. ll the decomposersfollow saprophytic nutrition. /ome

insects; li$e houseflies; also follow thismode of nutrition.

b. Holozoic Nutrition: ,n holo%oicnutrition; the digestion happens insidethe body of the organism( i.e. after thefood is ingested. #ost of the animals

follow this mode of nutrition.

Nutrition in Plants*reen plants prepare their own food. hey ma$e food inthe presence of sunlight. /unlight provides energy( carbon

dio"ide and water are the raw materials and chloroplast isthe site where food is made.

Photosynthesis:- he process by which green plantsprepare food is called photosynthesis. 0uring this process;the solar energy is converted into chemical energy and

carbohydrates are formed. *reen leaves are the main sitesof photosynthesis. he green portion of the plant containsa pigment chloroplast; which contains chlorophyll. hewhole process of photosynthesis can be shown byfollowing e)uation:-

Steps of Photosynthesis:-

/unlight activates chlorophyll; which leads to splittingof water molecule.

he hydrogen; released by splitting of water molecule is

utili%ed for reduction of carbon dio"ide to producecarbohydrates.

&"ygen is the byproduct of photosynthesis.

'arbohydrate is subse)uently converted into starch and

is stored in leaves and other storage parts.

he splitting of water molecules is part of the light

reaction.

&ther steps are part of the dar$ reaction during

photosynthesis.

How do raw aterials for photosynthesis becoe

a!ailable to the plant"

1ater comes from soil; through the "ylem tissue in rootsand stems.

'arbon dio"ide comes in the leaves through stomata./ignificance of 2hotosynthesis: 2hotosynthesis is the main way through which the solarenergy is made available for different living beings.

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*reen plants are the main producers of food in the

ecosystem. ll other organisms directly or indirectlydepend on green plants for food. he process of photosynthesis also helps in maintainingthe balance of carbon dio"ide and o"ygen in the air.

Nutrition in Anials

Heterotrophic Nutrition: -1hen an organism ta$es foodfrom another organism( it is called heterotrophic nutrition.0ifferent heterotrophic organisms follow differentmethods to ta$e and utili%e food. 3ased on this(

heterotrophic nutrition can be divided into two types:

(a) Saprophytic Nutrition:- ,n saprophyticnutrition( the digestion of food ta$es place beforeingestion of food. his type of nutrition isusually seen in fungi and some other

microorganisms. he organism secretes digestiveen%ymes on the food and then ingests the simple

substances. /aprophytes feed on dead materialsand thus help in decomposition dead remains ofplants and animals.

(b)Holozoic Nutrition:- ,n holo%oic nutrition(

the digestion of food follows after the ingestionof food. hus( digestion ta$es place inside thebody of the organism. +olo%oic nutritionhappens in five steps( vi%. ingestion( digestion(absorption( assimilation and egestion.

(#) $n%estion:-he process of ta$ing in the food is called

ingestion.

(&) 'i%estion:- he process of brea$ing comple" food

substances into simple molecules is called digestion./imple molecules; thus obtained; can be absorbed by thebody.

() Absorption:-he process of absorption of digestedfood is called absorption.

() Assiilation:-he process of utili%ation of digested

food; for energy and for growth and repair is calledassimilation.

(*)+%estion:-he process of removing undigested foodfrom the body is called egestion.

Nutrition in Aoeba:

moeba is a unicellular animal which follows holo%oicmode of nutrition. he cell membrane of amoeba $eeps onprotruding into pseudopodia. moeba surrounds a food

particle with pseudopodia and ma$es a food vacuole. hefood vacuole contains the food particle and water.0igestive en%ymes are secreted in the food vacuole and

digestion ta$es place. fter that( digested food is absorbed

from the food vacuole. Finally( the food vacuole movesnear the cell membrane and undigested food is e"pelledout.

Nutrition in Huans

+uman beings are comple" animals; which have acomple" digestive system.he human digestivesystem is composed of analimentary canal and someaccessory glands. he

alimentary canal isdivided into several parts(vi%. oesophagus( stomach(small intestine( largeintestine( rectum and anus./alivary gland( liver and

pancreas are the accessoryglands which lie outsidethe alimentary canal.

Structure of the Huan 'i%esti!e Syste:

,outh or uccal .a!ity: he mouth has teeth andtongue. /alivary glands are also present in the mouth. hetongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the senseof taste. ongue helps in turning over the food( so thatsaliva can be properly mi"ed in it.eeth help in brea$ing down the food into smaller

particles so that swallowing of food becomes easier. here

are four types of teeth in human beings. he incisor teethare used for cutting the food. he canine teeth are used fortearing the food and for crac$ing hard substances. hepremolars are used for coarse grinding of food. hemolars are used for fine grinding of food.

/alivary glands secrete saliva. /aliva ma$es the foodslippery which ma$es it easy to swallow the food. /alivaalso contains the en%yme salivary amylase or ptyalin./alivary amylase digests starch and converts it intosucrose.

/esopha%us:&esophagus is also $nown as food pipe. ,tbegins from the nec$ and ends in the stomach. No

digestion ta$es place in oesophagus.

Stoach:/tomach is a bag-li$e organ. +ighly muscularwalls of the stomach help in churning the food. he walls

of stomach secrete hydrochloric acid. +ydrochloric acid$ills the germs which may be present in food. #oreover(it ma$es the medium inside stomach as acidic. he acidicmedium is necessary for gastric en%ymes to wor$. heen%yme pepsin; secreted in stomach; does partialdigestion of protein. he mucus; secreted by the walls of

the stomach saves the inner lining of stomach fromgetting damaged from hydrochloric acid.

Sall $ntestine: ,t is a highly coiled tube-li$e structure.he small intestine is longer than the large intestine but its

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lumen is smaller than that of the large intestine. he small

intestine is divided into three parts( vi%. duodenum(eunum and ileum.Li!er:4iver is the largest organ in the human body. 4ivermanufactures bile; which gets stored in gall bladder. Fromthe gall bladder( bile is released as and when re)uired.

Pancreas: 2ancreas is situated below the stomach. ,tsecretes pancreatic uice which contains many digestiveen%ymes.3ile and pancreatic uice go to the duodenum through ahepato-pancreatic duct. 3ile brea$s down fat into smallerparticles. his process is called emulsification of fat. fter

that( the en%yme lipase digests fat into fatty acids andglycerol. rypsin and chymotrypsin are en%ymes whichdigest protein into amino acids. 'omple" carbohydratesare digested into glucose. he maor part of digestionta$es place in the duodenum.No digestion ta$es place in eunum. he inner wall in the

ileum is proected into numerous finger-li$e structures;called villi. Villi increase the surface area inside the ileumso that optimum absorption can ta$e place. #oreover( villialso reduce the lumen of the ileum so that food can stayfor longer duration in it; for optimum absorption.0igested food is absorbed by villi.

Lar%e $ntestine: 4arge intestine is smaller than smallintestine. 5ndigested food goes into the large intestine./ome water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the largeintestine. fter that( the undigested food goes to therectum; from where it is e"pelled out through the anus.

0espiration

0espiration:- he process by which a living being

utili%es the food to get energy is called respiration.Respiration is an o"idation reaction in which carbohydrateis o"idi%ed to produce energy. #itochondrion is the site ofrespiration and the energy released is stored in the form of2 6denosine triphosphate7. 2 is stored in

mitochondria and is released as per need.Steps of 0espiration:

(a) rea1in% down %lucose into pyru!ate:- his stephappens in the cytoplasm. *lucose molecule is bro$endown into pyruvic acid. *lucose molecule is composed of

8 carbon atoms( while pyruvic acid is composed of 9carbon atoms.

(b) 2ate of Pyru!ic Acid:- Further brea$ing down ofpyruvic acid ta$es place in mitochondria and themolecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a

particular organism. Respiration is of two types( vi%.aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

(#)Aerobic 0espiration:- his type of respirationhappens in the presence of o"ygen. 2yruvic acid isconverted into carbon dio"ide. !nergy is released and

water molecule is also formed at the end of this process.

(&)Anaerobic 0espiration:- his type of respiration

happens in the absence of o"ygen. 2yruvic acid is eitherconverted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. !thyl alcohol isusually formed in case of anaerobic respiration inmicrobes; li$e yeast or bacteria. 4actic acid is formed insome microbes as well as in the muscle cells.

he e)uations for above reactions can be written asfollows:-

Pain in Le% ,uscles on 0unnin%:1hen someone runstoo fast( he may e"perience a throbbing pain the legmuscles. his happens because of anaerobic respirationta$ing place in the muscles. 0uring running( the energydemand from the muscle cells increases. his is

compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid isformed in the process. he deposition of lactic acid causesthe pain the leg muscles. he pain subsides after ta$ing

rest for some time.

+3chan%e of 4ases: For aerobic respiration; organisms

need a continuous supply of o"ygen( and carbon dio"ideproduced during the process needs to be removed fromthe body. 0ifferent organisms use different methods forinta$e of o"ygen and e"pulsion of carbon dio"ide.0iffusion is the method which is utili%ed by unicellularand some simple organisms for this purpose. ,n plants

also( diffusion is utili%ed for e"change of gases. ,ncomple" animals( respiratory system does the ob ofe"change of gases. *ills are the respiratory organs forfishes. Fishes ta$e in o"ygen; which is dissolved in water;

through gills. /ince availability of o"ygen is less in thea)uatic environment so the breathing rate of a)uatic

organisms is faster. ,nsects have a system of spiracles andtracheae which is used for ta$ing in o"ygen.errestrial organisms have developed lungs for e"changeof gases. vailability of o"ygen is not a problem in theterrestrial environment so breathing rate is slowercompared to what it is in fishes.

Huan 0espiratory Syste:

he human respiratory system is composed of a pair oflungs. hese are attached to a system of tubes which openon the outside through the nostrils. Following are the mainstructures in the human respiratory system:

Nostrils: here two nostrils which converge to form anasal passage. he inner lining of the nostrils is lined by

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hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. he mucus

and the hairs help in filtering the dust particles out frominhaled air. Further( air is warmed up when it enters thenasal passage.Pharyn3:,t is a tube li$e structure which continues afterthe nasal passage.

Laryn3:his part comes after the pharyn". his is alsocalled the voice bo".Trachea: his is composed of rings of cartilage.'artilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in theabsence of air.ronchi: pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea;with one bronchus going to each lung.

ronchioles: bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches; inside the lung.Al!eoli: hese are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles.lveolus is composed of a very thin membrane and is theplace where blood capillaries open. his is alveolus;where o"ygen mi"es with the blood and carbon dio"ide

e"its from the blood. he e"change of gases; in alveoli;ta$es place due to pressure differential.

3reathing #echanism: he breathing mechanism of lungsis controlled by the diaphragm and the intercostalismuscles. 0iaphragm is a membrane which separates thethoracic chamber from the abdominal cavity. 1hen

diaphragm moves down( the lungs e"pand and air isinhaled. 1hen diaphragm moves up( the lungs contractand air is e"haled.ransportation in 2lants

+3cretion in Plants:

2lants do not have an e"cretory system. hey remove

waste substances through various parts of their body.&"ygen and carbon dio"ide are removed through

diffusion. #any waste products get collected in old leaves

and are removed with shedding of leaves. Resin and gum

also contain waste substances.ransportation in 2lants2lants have speciali%ed vascular tissues for transportationof substances. here are two types of vascular tissues inplants( vi%. "ylem and phloem.

ylem: ylem is responsible for transportation of waterand minerals. ,t is composed of trachieds( "ylem vessels("ylem parenchyma and "ylem fibre. rachieds and "ylemvessels are the conducting elements. he "ylem ma$es acontinuous tube in plants which runs from roots to stemand right up to the veins of leaves.2hloem: 2hloem is responsible for transportation of food.

2hloem is composed of sieve tubes( companion cells(phloem parenchyma and bast fibres. /ieve tubes are theconducting elements in phloem.

Ascent of Sap:-

he upward movement of water and minerals from rootsto different plant parts is called ascent of sap. #anyfactors are at play in ascent of sap and it ta$es place inmany steps. hey are e"plained as follows:Root 2ressure:- he walls of cells of root hairs are very

thin. 1ater; from soil; enters the root hairs because ofosmosis. Root pressure is responsible for movement of

water up to the base of the stem.'apillary ction:- very fine tube is called capillary.1ater; or any li)uid; rises in the capillary because ofphysical forces and this phenomenon is called capillary

action. 1ater; in stem; rises up to some height because ofcapillary action.dhesion-cohesion of 1ater #olecules: 1ater moleculesma$e a continuous column in the "ylem because of forcesof adhesion and cohesion among the molecules.ranspiration 2ull: 4oss of water vapour through stomata

and lenticels; in plants; is called transpiration.ranspiration through stomata creates vacuum whichcreates a suction; called transpiration pull. he

transpiration pull suc$s the water column from the "ylem

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tubes and thus water is able to rise to great heights in even

the tallest plants.ransport of Food:-ransport of food in plants happens because of utili%ationof energy. hus( unli$e the transport through "ylem; it is aform of active transport. #oreover( the flow of substances

through phloem ta$es place in both directions( i.e. it is atwo-way traffic in phloem.ransportation in nimals.irculatory Syste

he circulatory system is responsible for transport ofvarious substances in human beings. ,t is composed of theheart( arteries( veins and blood capillaries. 3lood plays the

role of the carrier of substances.Heart: Heart is a uscular or%an5 which is coposed

of cardiac uscles6 $t is so sall that it can fit inside

and adult7s fist6 The heart is a pupin% or%an which

pups the blood6 The huan heart is coposed of

four chabers8 !iz6 ri%ht auricle8 ri%ht !entricle8 left

auricle and left !entricle6

/ystole:- 'ontraction of cardiac muscles is called systole.0iastole:- Rela"ation of cardiac muscles is called diastole.rteries:- hese are thic$-walled blood vessels whichcarry o"ygenated blood from the heart to different organs.2ulmonary arteries are e"ceptions because they carry

deo"ygenated blood from the heart to lungs; whereo"ygenation of blood ta$es place.

Veins:- hese are thin-walled blood vessels which carrydeo"ygenated blood from different organs to the heart.2ulmonary veins are e"ceptions because they carryo"ygenated blood from lungs to the heart. Valves are

present in veins to prevent bac$flow of blood.'apillaries:- hese are the blood vessels which havesingle-celled walls.3lood:- 3lood is a connective tissue which plays the roleof the carrier for various substances in the body. 3lood iscomposed of plasma( blood cells and platelets.

3lood 2lasma:- 3lood plasma is a pale coloured li)uidwhich is mostly composed of water. 3lood plasma formsthe matri" of blood.

3lood 'ells:- here are two types of blood cells( vi%. Red3lood 'ells 6R3's7 and 1hite 3lood 'ells 613's7.

Red 3lood 'orpuscles 6R3's7:- hese are of red colour

because of the presence of haemoglobin which is apigment. +aemoglobin readily combines with o"ygen andcarbon dio"ide. he transport of o"ygen happens throughhaemoglobin. /ome part of carbon dio"ide is alsotransported through haemoglobin.

1hite 3lood 'orpuscles 613's7:- hese are of palewhite colour. hey play important role in the immunity.2latelets:- 2latelets are responsible for blood coagulation.3lood coagulation is a defense mechanism which preventse"cess loss of blood; in case of an inury.4ymph:- 4ymph is similar to blood but R3's are absentin lymph. 4ymph is formed from the fluid which lea$s

from blood capillaries and goes to the intercellular spacesin the tissues. his fluid is collected through lymphvessels and finally returns to the blood capillaries. 4ymphalso plays an important role in the immune system.0ouble 'irculation:- ,n the human heart( blood passesthrough the heart twice in one cardiac cycle. his type of

circulation is called double circulation. &ne completeheart beat in which all the chambers of the heart contractand rela" once is called cardiac cycle. he heart beatsabout < times per minute in a normal adult. ,n onecardiac cycle( the heart pumps out = m4 blood and thusabout >?== m4 blood in a minute. 0ouble circulation

ensures complete segregation of o"ygenated anddeo"ygenated blood which is necessary for optimumenergy production in warm-blooded animals.'irculation of 3lood through the heart:/ystemic Vein 9 /inus Venosus 9 Right uricle 9Right Ventricle 9 2ulmonary rtery 9 4ungs 92ulmonary Vein 9 4eft uricle 9 4eft Ventricle 9

runchus rteriosus 9/ystemic 'irculationNote: The blue colour shows deoxygenated blood, while

the red colour shows oxygenated blood.

!"cretionRemoval of harmful waste from the body is called

e"cretion. #any wastes are produced during variousmetabolic activities. hese need to be removed in timebecause their accumulation in the body can be harmfuland even lethal for an organism.+uman !"cretory /ystemhe human e"cretory system is composed of a pair of

$idneys. tube; called ureter; comes out of each $idneyand goes to the urinary bladder. 5rine is collected in the

urinary bladder( from where it is e"pelled out throughurethra as and when re)uired.

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uestion: -1hich compound is formed afterglycolysisC

6a7 *lycogen

6b7 2yruvic acid

6c7 4actic acid

6d7 !thanol

uestion: #? -!"change of air happens through which

part in leavesC

6a7 4enticels

6b7 ylem

6c7 2hloem

6d7 /tomata

'lass est

R Class 10 Lifeprocess&Cordination

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