R and R Plan of BBH- MEL ML 2346.pdf

DRAFT RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION PLAN FOR

BEDARA BOMMANA HALLI IRON ORE MINE (ML NO.2346)

M/S. MINERAL ENTERPRISES LTD. (MEL), CHITRADURGA

Submitted by

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT DIVISION Directorate of Extension

Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (An autonomous body of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India)

P.O.-New Forest, Dehradun-248006 (UK) Website: www.icfre.gov.in

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i- ix ABBREVIATION

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Scope of the Study 3 1.3 Methodology 3

CHAPTER 2- MINING DESCRIPTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION 5 2.2 LOCATION OF MINE 5 2.3 MINING PLANS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES 5 2.4 MINING METHODOLOGY 9 2.5 MINE PROFILE 10

2.5.1 Mine machineries 10 2.5.2 Mine Pits 10 2.5.3 Mine Dumps 10

2.5.3.1 Inactive dump 10 2.5.3.2 Active dump 11 2.5.3.3 Sub grade ore 13

2.6 EXPLORATION 13 2.6.1 Past exploration 13 2.6.2 Proposed Exploration 13

2.7 MINE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION 14 2.8 ESTIMATED IRON ORE RESERVE 14 2.9 STRIPPING RATIO 15

2.10 ROADS 15 2.10.1 Approach roads 16 2.10.2 Haulage roads 16

2.11 TRANSPORTATION OF ORE 16 2.11.1 Existing transportation facility 18 2.11.2 Proposed transportation facility 19

2.12 SAFETY ZONE 19 CHAPTER 3- BASELINE STATUS

3.1 Study Area 20 3.1.1. Climate 20

3.1.2. Physiography of Mine Lease Area (ML- 2516) 21 3.2 Regional Geology 21

3.2.1 Local Geology 22 3.3 Physical Environment 26

3.3.1 Soil 26 3.3.2 Landuse Pattern of Chitradurga Taluk 26

3.3.2.1 Land Use Pattern of Mine Lease Area 27 3.3.3 Air Environment 30

3.3.3.1 Ambient air quality (AAQ) 30 3.3.4 Noise Environment 30 3.3.5 Water Environment 30

3.3.5.1 Basin Characteristics 31 3.3.5.2 Water Bodies 31 3.3.5.3 Drainage Pattern 31 3.3.5.4 Annual Run-off from Mine Lease Area 31 3.3.5.5 Ground Water Estimation 32 3.3.5.6 Ground Water Quality 32

3.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 33 3.4.1 Flora 33 3.4.2 Fauna 36

3.5 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 48 3.5.1 Demographic Status of the Mine Affected Villages 48 3.5.2 Land Use Pattern of Villages/Town in Buffer Zone 49

CHAPTER 4- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 4.1 Environmental Impacts – Open Cast Iron Ore Mining In ML-2346 50

4.1.1. Impact on Landscape 50 4.1.2. Impact on Ecology 50 4.1.3. Impact on Air quality 51 4.1.4. Impact of Noise and Vibration 51 4.1.5. Impact on Water Quality 51 4.1.6 Impact on Soil Fertility 52 4.1.7 Impact on Aquatic Life 52 4.1.8 Impacts on Society 53

CHAPTER 5- REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION PLAN 5.1 Introduction 53 5.2 Rehabilitation and Reclamation Measures 54

5.2.1 Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan for Area under Encroachment 55 5.2.2 Stabilization of Dumps 55

5.2.2.1 Waste dump 55 5.2.2.2 Engineering measures 56

5.2.3 Sub Grade Stack/Fine Ore Stack 56 5.2.4 Surface Water Management 61

5.2.4.1 Gully Plugs 61 5.2.4.2 Check dams 61 5.2.4.3 Settling tanks 62 5.2.4.4 Culvert 62 5.2.4.5 Indicative cost for surface water management 63

5. 3 Biological Measures 66 5. 3.1 Species selection and plantation 66

5.4 Over Burden Dumps Management 68 5.4.1 Other points to be for OB dump management. 74 5.4.2 Mine pit management and rehabilitation 75 5.4.3 Management for Refractory sites 75

5.4.4 Mine Drainage Management and Rehabilitation 76 5.4.5 Management of Haul roads 77

5.5 Afforestation 79 5.5.1 Multipurpose plant species 80 5.5.2 Establishment of Nursery 83

5.6 Green Belt Development Plan 83 5.6.1 Indicative Cost of Developing Green Belt 84 5.6.2 Recommended Plant Species 84

5.7 Biodiversity Conservation Plan 85 5.7.1 Flora 85 5.7.2 Fauna 86

5.7.2.1 Habitat protection 86 5.7.2.2 Providing a corridor for the dwelling and movement of

Herpetofauna 87

5.7.2.3 Creation of Habitat for Avifauna 87 5.7.2.4 Reducing anthropogenic pressure 87

5.7.3 Aquatic Fauna 87 5.7.4 Biodiversity Conservation Area 88

5.8 SOIL MANAGEMENT PLAN 89 5.9 Production capacity based on Reserve, dump and road capacity 92

5.9.1 Permissible production capacity based on reserves 92 5.9.2 Permissible Production capacity based on Dump 93 5.9.3 Permissible Production capacity based on Road 94

5.9.4 Additional Measures if any 96 5.10 Field Observations And Suggestions 97 5.11 Implementation and Monitoring 98 5.12 Cost Summary of the Proposed Plan 101 5.13 Time Schedule 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 106

Sl. No. TABLE

Page No.

Table-2.1 The machinery used by the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

10

Table-2.2 Details of the active dump in the mine leased area the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

11

Table-2.3 Details of category wise geological and mineable reserve 15 Table-2.4 Detail of category wise updated geological and minable reserves 15 Table-3.1 Year-Wise Land Use and Land Cover Distribution in Chitradurga

District 26

Table-3.2 Showing land use pattern of Chitradurga (2008-09) 27 Table-3.3 Showing total area under mining and allied activities as on 26.08.2011

in the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited 27

Table-3.4 Ground water quality data from the sampled locations around the in the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

32

Table-3.5 Plant Species occurring inside mine lease area in the BBH Mines (M.L 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

34

Table-3.6: Plant species found outside the mine lease area in the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

35

Table-3.7 Butterflies recorded in Chitradurga District based on present study and the secondary information

36

Table-3.8 Avifauna Recorded in the two Study Ranges of Chitradurga District 38 Table-3.9 List of Mammals recorded in Chitradurga District at different study

sites. 44

Table-3.10 List of Herpetofauna Observed in the Study Areas of Chitradurga District

45

Table-3.11 Other Herpetofauna those are likely to be in the Area (Information Taken from Records and Inventories of Surrounding Districts with Similar Climate and Vegetation)

46

Table-5.1 Cost Estimate for Dump Management Plan 57 Table-5.2 Cost Estimate for Surface Water Management Plan 63 Table- 5.3 Species Recommended for Hydro seeding (HS) 69 Table-5.4 Grasses and bamboos (Family: Poaceae) recommended for stabilization

of the OB dumps 71

Table-5.5 Species Recommended for Nitrogen Enrichment of Mine Areas 71 Table-5.6 Plant Species suitable for OB Dump and Mine Pit Stabilization 72 Table-5.7 Plant Species Suitable for Stabilization of Refractory Sites 75 Table- 5.8 Plant Species suitable for Stabilization of Nala/Drain Courses 77 Table-5.9 Plant Species recommended for Avenue Plantation along Mine Haul

Roads 78

Table-5.10 Multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-reclamation and eco-rehabilitation of mine areas

80

Table-5.11 Cost Estimate for Developing Green Belt 84 Table-5.12 Tree Species recommended for Greenbelt Development around the

mine lease area 84

Table-5.13 Recommended for restoration of the mined out areas for timber, fodder, fuel wood and medicinal plants

86

Table-5.14 Showing details of Mineable Reserves 92 Table-5.15 Detail of category wise updated geological and minable reserves 93 Table-5.16 The mode of transport used for dispatching the ore from mine lease area 95 Table-5.17 Indicative Cost Summary of the Proposed Plan 102

FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Key Mining Plan of the Area MEL ML. 2346 7 Figure 2.2 Google Map showing the Location of the Mine Lease Area of MEL, ML

2346 8

Figure 2.3 Map showing the Surface Plan of the MEL, ML -2346 12 Figure 3.1 Map showing the Locations of Environmental Monitoring Stations in

MEL, ML 2346 23

Figure 3.2 Map showing the Geological Plan of Mine Lease Area of MEL, ML 2346 24 Figure 3.3 Map showing the Geological Plan of Mine Lease Area of MEL, ML 2346 25 Figure 3.4 Map showing Existing Land Use Plan in the Mine Lease Area of MEL

Mine, ML. 2346 28

Figure 3.5 Map showing Conceptual Plan in the Mine Lease Area of MEL Mine, ML. 2346

29

Figure 5.1 Existing Dump Management Plan 59 Figure 5.2 Dump Management Plan 60 Figure 5.3 Surface Water Management Plan 65

PLATES

Plate-1 Mining at BBH Mines 108 Plate-2 OB Dump of BBH Mines 108 Plate-3 Vegetation in the study area 109 Plate-4 Expert Team during floral survey in the study area 109 Plate-5 Check dam in the study area 110 Plate-6 Use of Geotextiling for the stabilization of Dump 110

ANNEXURES

Annexures-1-9 111-136

BBH Iron Ore Mines -M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited –M.L.No:2346

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SUMMARY

The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has directed the Government of Karnataka to

formulate Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan (R&R) for the mine affected districts

viz., Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur. The study was entrusted to Indian Council of

Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehra Dun, by the Government of

Karnataka, vide letter No.DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12 dated 27.12.2011. The main

objectives of the study are:

• Preparation of R&R Plan for the mining leases found to be involved in illegal

mining;

• Preparation of Supplementary Environment Management Plan for incorporating

additional environmental safeguards in respect of the leases not found to be

involved in illegal mining;

• Comprehensive environment plan for Mining Impact Zone (MIZ) for the areas

surrounding the mining lease area;

i) Short term measures; and

ii) Long term measures.

This will include all the leases, including non working leases.

The scope of the study includes collection and assessment of the existing

environmental status data such as topography, production technology, overburden

dump, top soil, soil conservation measures, environmental quality to assess the

impacts assessment and to formulation of site specific R&R plan.

Considering the time limit and constraints in collection of baseline data on the

existing environmental status the study had to mainly relay on the secondary sources

of information viz., EIA/EMP reports, Mining Scheme, environmental monitoring

conducted by external agencies such as the SPCB, Department of Mines and Geology,

and mine owners. The report received from FIMI has also been considered for

prepare of Rand R plan.


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• BBH Mines holding the Mine lease No. 2346 of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

(MEL) has mine lease area of 103.81 ha in Bheemasamudra Forest, Holalkere

Range, Chitradurga Taluk of Chitradurga District in Karnataka for a period of 20

years with the consent valid to operate up to 30.06.2012. The mine area is

situated towards west of the Chitradurga town, at a distance of 28 km by road.

The BBH Private Railway siding is the nearest one located at a distance of about

2 km from the Mine head.

• The mining plan was first approved for a maximum annual output of 1.0 MTPA

of iron ore for the period of 2009-10 to 06.10.2012. Environment clearance under

the provision of Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 1994

Environmental clearance letter: Letter No. J-110015/210/2005-IA.II (M) dated

31st March 2006, for 1 Million tons of iron ore production (Annexure 1). The

Mining is in operations for extraction of iron ore is effective from 1952 to

26.08.2011, i.e. till the closure of mine by Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. First

renewal application for environmental clearance accorded vide letter no: J-

110015/210/2005-IA-II for 1 million ton of iron ore production. The second

renewal for the period from 07.10.1992 to 06.10.2012 was made for 259 ha.

However, D.M.G. approved the lease for an area of 103.81 ha only, keeping other

area in abeyance and renewed the lease under M.L.No.2346 with effect from

07.10.1992 for a period of 20 years for an extent of 103.81 ha. Total area under

mining and other allied activities is 74.60 ha and area for further mining is 29.21

ha.

• Presently, the total area under mining and allied activities is 74.60 ha and further

an area of 29.21 ha has been proposed to be undertaken for mining.

• The mine lease area is a hilly terrain. The highest and the lowest elevations of the

area are 955m and 816m msl respectively. The iron ore deposit comprises mostly

limonite, goethite and hematite in that order.


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• The soil is red loamy with the pH ranging from 6.8 to 7.4. The nitrogen content is

between 9.5 to 13kg/ ha; phosphorous is between 0.95 to 1.08 kg/ ha and

potassium ranged from 0.62 to 1.32 kg/ ha. Water holding capacity of the soil

ranged from14.85 to 18 percent.

• The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) ranged from 80 to 120 µg/m3 and

Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) range from 25 to 35 µg /m3 in the Buffer

zone, i.e. surrounding villages.

• The main sources of noise are from stationary mining equipment, mobile mining

equipment and transportation of vehicles. Based on the EIA report carried out by

M/s Rao & Associates for BBH, in the mine area, the noise level indicated that

the leq level (day time) is less than the 72.0 dBA in the core zone, where there is

mining activity. Inside Samsung machine, the noise level was maximum (99.1

dBA); the crushing and screening plant was found to have leq of 72.0dBA for

working of 16 hrs per day. Similarly, the loading point had leq of 72 dBA and

haulage road, a leq of 65.3 dBA. The mine is situated on the hill range at a

distance of 1.5 kms from human settlements.

• Bheemasamudra reservoir is the only water body available near to the mining

area, at a distance of 4 kms. The drainage pattern of the lease area is sub –

dendritic in nature. Seventy percent of the run off with in the buffer zone drains

towards in north and south direction.

• The study area experiences an average annual rainfall of about 600 mm.

Considering the hilly terrain with dry deciduous forests and fragmented lands

due to mining operation, a runoff factor of 0.5 has been conservatively adopted

for working out the annual run-off yield, i.e. 0.054 Million Cubic Meters (MCM).

Hence the runoff water needs to be stored in the temporary settling ponds

wherein the water after silt settling be used for sprinkling the haul roads and

plantation development.


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• Ground water exploration reveals that aquifers are encountered between the

depths of 15 mbgl and 192 mbgl. Ground water occurs within the weathered and

fractured rocks under water-table conditions and semi-confined conditions.

During May 2006 (pre-monsoon season) the minimum and maximum depth to

water level are 2.43 and 13.13 mbgl respectively. During November 2006 (post-

monsoon) water level recorded ranged between 2.75 to 11.75 mbgl. Seasonal

water-level fluctuation recorded between 1.38 m to 1.86 m (Ground water

information booklet, 2007).

• Electrical conductivity of ground water in general recorded from 380 to more

than 5200 micro mhos /cm at 25 °C and the pH value recorded 7.14 to 8.16. In

general ground water is of Carbonate and Bicarbonate type. Chloride recorded

from 17 mg/l to 1688 mg/l; Fluoride ranged from 0.2 mg/l to 3.6 mg/l and

Nitrate ranged from 1 to 530 mg/l.

• The vegetation occurring in the area belongs to Southern tropical dry deciduous

(Champion and Seth, 1968). The area falls under the mixed deciduous sub

classification. According to the classification made by Legris and Pascal (1982)

the area falls under deciduous climax forests. According to this classification this

type of forests does not have the potentiality of secondary moist deciduous

forests.

• The plant resources inside and outside the mine lease area are 31 and 27 species

respectively consisting of herbs, shrubs and trees. The faunal species recorded

during the survey include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, avifauna

and aquatic birds.

• Clearing of vegetation/forest cover in the mine lease area and overburden

dumping are the most important factors that have an important bearing on the

habitat and quality of all associated faunal species due to fragmentation.


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• Only one waste dump located in North East portion of the lease area in an extent

of 10.74 ha has been envisaged. Part of the dump has been filled with over

burden waste in 3.66 ha and the rest of the area is proposed to be utilized in next

mining period. The Top RL of the waste dump is 895.6 masl and the bottom of

the dump is 846.0 masl. The height of the existing portion of the dump varies

between 17.5 m to 49 m from section to section. The slope of the waste dump

varies from section to section between 25o to 48o. The average slope on the valley

side is 40o while on the hill side it is 28o.

• No terracing of the waste dump has been done. A retaining wall of inadequate

height has been constructed in Northern side of the dump at its bottom. Total

quantity of waste material in this dump as per cross sections assessment is

around 0.544 million cum which amounts to 0.925 million tons at bulk density 1.7

ton/cum.

• Based on the cross section taken on the portion of the dump where the dumping

is proposed under the present plan period and as per scheme of mining for 07-

10-2012 to 07-10-2016-2017, which is not yet approved. The available dump

capacity for each plan period is 0.386 million cum and 0.464 million cum

respectively.

• Sub grade material (50 to 53.5% Fe) is staked between grid lines 4363 2000 to E

4363 2500 and N 1570 700 to N 1570 1200 in an area of 8.50 ha. Total quantity of

the sub grade material was purported to be 0.6 million of which 0.2 million tons

has been E-auctioned and remaining 0.4 million tons is under process for

disposal. Further the space after disposal of the sub grade ore shall be kept for

future stacking. However, the Sub grade stacks in the mine lease area should be

stored at angle of repose not more than 28o with 6m wide terrace at 10 m height

and garland drains at outer periphery of the stack are essential.


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• The mine owner has constructed 3 small gully plugs inside the lease area to

control the sediment flow and erosion into stream. Adequate gully plugs,

masonry check dams, rock-fill check dams and settling tanks has been

recommended for construction with appropriate specification. It is also proposed

to provide culverts in the form of two Hume pipes (NP-3), 1 m diameter laid

with slope from upper stream to down stream. The pipe shall be laid over 30 cm

thick cc 1:3:6 flooring having masonry support and wing walls at both the ends.

• It is recommend maintenance of the haul roads at regular intervals, which are

leading to the mine. The roads must be regularly sprinkled with water to avoid

dust spread during transportation of ore material through trucks. Tarpaulin

covering during the transportation of iron ore is a must. The drainage system is

inadequate along the haul roads and it is suggested that drainage has to be

provided all along the haul roads, to arrest sediment flow towards downstream.

• Green belt development all along the haul roads with avenue tree species such as

Albizia lebbeck, A. odoratissima, Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula has been

recommend to suppress noise and dust pollution

• There is no green belt available in the safety zone around the mine lease area. It

is recommended for development of green belt, as stipulated by MoEF with

immediate effect. Species like Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia amara, A. lebbeck,

Azadirachta indica, Boswellia serrata, Cassia fistula, Ceiba pentandra, Dalbergia

sissoo are suggested with suitable planting model for tree, shrub and her species.

• Biological measures for management of overburden dumps, sub-grade stock/

dump, mine pit area, refractory sites, mine drainage, surface water, haul road

etc., with reconstruction of suitable techniques to improve the ability and to

support the vegetation growth has been recommended with the application of

organic matter, and use of geo-textile/geo-matting.


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• A biodiversity conservation measure has also been suggested considering the

importance of the forest ecosystem in terms of its environmental services suitable

floral species have been recommended for restoration of the mined out areas for

timber, fodder, fuel wood and medicinal plant to meet the community

requirement and overall ecosystem development.

• Tree hollows are recommended to substitute by providing nest boxes of

appropriate size for the target species in the proposed restored areas. Animals,

particularly invertebrate species, are important in many ecological processes,

such as nutrient cycling, litter decomposition, soil aeration, seed dispersal, seed

predation and plant’s ability to survive fire or set seed, so that they can re-

establish after fire.

• For the sustainable and scientific mining recommended by CEC there is a need to

cap the over all ceiling of iron ore production. Therefore feasible production

capacity of the Iron ore has been calculated based on Reserve, Dump and Road.

• Reserves: As per the last approved scheme of mining the estimated total

mineable reserves is 14.00 million tonnes including 0.90 million tons of reserves

of probable and possible categories. The total available mineable reserves of 11.55

million tonnes have been estimated. Therefore the production of 0.58 million

tonnes per annum could be possible to achieve during the next 20 years.

• Dump: The additional volume of the waste material that could be accommodated

in the active dump has been estimated to be approximately at 0.46 MCM and

0.05 MCM of waste material will be used for backfilling of mined out southern

(pit E) from Northern (Pit D) during next plan period. Therefore, the quantity of

waste that can be produced corresponding to 0.51 MCM of waste material = 0.51

X 2 = 1.02 million tonnes. Quantity of ore that can be produced corresponding to

19.40 million tones waste = 1.02/0.54 = 1.89 million tonnes. Hence, production


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capacity based on dumps for 05 years, the permissible limit = 0.38 million

tonnes/annum.

• Road: 70% of iron ore production is transported to BBH Private Railway siding,

which is at a distance of about 2 kms. And remaining 30% of the transport from

mines itself by road. The transport to railway siding is made using 31 tons

capacity dumpers and the remaining 30% is transported using 10tonnes tippers

(5%) and 16 tons truck (95%). Based on the existing infrastructure facilities, the

mine can be permitted to operate at 1.00 million-tonnes/annum capacity.

• The permissible limit of annual production minimum of the above three criteria is

considered as 0.58 million tonnes/annum based on the available quantity of iron

ore reserves.

• Rehabilitation and Reclamation plan will be useful in providing a framework for

various target groups for undertaking scientific rehabilitation and reclamation of

mined out areas. An estimate cost of Rs. 602.90 lakhs has been proposed for

excluding R &R Plan including the cost for Biodiversity Management Plan,

Monitoring and Evaluation, Capacity Building, development of common

infrastructure, etc.

• Regular monitoring of the R&R programme will not only establish valuable

reference data for authorities to ensure and demonstrate compliance with

regulatory requirements but also in subsequent decision-making on operational

parameters needed to ensure better oversight of the entire site specific land use

for sustainable management. And, the success of the Reclamation and

Rehabilitation plan will depend upon its proper implementation and rigorous

monitoring which can be ensured only through a specialized institution that has

the requisite competence, composite scientific expertise and professionals. The

capacity building of the personals involved in implementation of this plan by an


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expert scientific organization is also an essential input for the successful

implementation of this plan.

• The successful, regional management of Reclamation and Rehabilitation

plan requires strategic integration of a very specialized ecological,

taxonomical, biological and engineering interagency that allows scientists and

land managers to reach a consensus. . In our country there are limited

institutions having such composite expertise and experience for execution and

monitoring of such specialized tasks. Therefore, consortium of institutes headed

by ICFRE may be formulated for effective monitoring and the implementation of

the R & R Plan.

• Further, the task force constituted as per the recommendation made in Chapter-9

of the macro EIA report- ICFRE can ensure proper monitoring and implementation

of R&R plan, EMP and Capacity building of the personal involved in the

implementation of proposed plan. And, these parameters should be the key

indicators while revalidating the mine plan with good mining practice.

X X X X


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ABBREVIATIONS

S. NO. ABBREVIATION FULL FORM

1. % Percentage 2. cm Centimeter 3. CPCB Center Pollution Control Board 4. CSO Central Statistic Office 5. Cum Cubic meter 6. EIA Environment Impact Assessment 7. EL Elevation 8. FC Forest clearance 9. Fe Iron 10. ha Hectare 11. HEMM heavy earth moving machinery 12. km2 Kilometer square 13. m Meter 14. m2 Meter square 15. m3 Meter cube 16. masl Meter above sea level 17. mg/l Milligram per Liter 18. ML Mining lease 19. mm Millimeter 20. MML Mysore Minerals Limited 21. MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest 22. MTPA Metric ton per annum 23. NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards 24. NMDC National Mineral Development

Corporation 25. PWD Public Works Department 26. RET Rare, Endangered and Threatened 27. SPCB State Pollution Control Board 28. UNDP United Nations Development Programme 29. UNFC United Nations Framework Classification 30. ° C Degree Centigrade 31. SH State Highway 32. KSEB Karnataka State Electricity Boars

BBH Iron Ore Mines -M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited –

M.L.No:2346

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, considering the severe and

significant damage caused due to unscientific and unregulated mining in Bellary,

Chitradurga and Tumkur district in Karnataka and based on the macro EIA

report submitted by ICFRE directed the Government of Karnataka

to submit a Reclamation and Rehabilitation (R&R) plan for the mine affected

districts within three months. The Government of Karnataka, keeping in view

the National Environmental Standards and the commitment for holistic approach

for sustainable management of the area affected has awarded the study of

formulation of R&R plan to Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education

(ICFRE), Dehra Dun, vide letter No.DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12 dated 27.12.2011.

The Director, Department of Mines and Geology, Bangalore, vide letter no.

DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12/15179 dated 31.03.2012 and called upon the Director

General, ICFRE, Dehradun to take up the task of preparation of Reclamation and

Rehabilitation plan for category “A” mines, with lease area of 50 ha and above, in

the first phase.

The work assigned to ICFRE includes:

Preparation of R&R Plan for the mining leases found to be involved in

illegal mining.


M.L.No:2346

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Preparation of supplementary Environment Management Plan for

incorporating additional environmental safeguards in respect of the

leases not found to be involved in illegal mining.

Comprehensive environmental plan for Mining Impact Zone (MIZ) for

the areas surrounding the mining lease areas including all the leases and

non working leases.

Short term measures and

Long term measures

ICFRE initiated the R&R study in association with domain experts and in

consultation with district administration and Department of Mines and Geology,

Bellary district for identifying representative mines. Accordingly, BBH Mines of

M/s. Mineral Enterprises Ltd., in Bheemasamudra mine sector, Holalkere range,

Chitradurga taluka, Chitradurga district was identified as the mine is cleared by

the Central Empowered Committee (CEC). The main objectives of the study are

as under:

To delineate the level of degradation on various environmental

components, such as physical, biological and sociological aspects due to

mining.

To identify suitable site specific model plan for rehabilitation and

reclamation.

To provide code of practices and guidelines for pollution reduction,

recovery, reuse and recycle as well as frame work for rehabilitation and

reclamation plan.


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The team of experts undertook a detailed pilot survey in the BBH Mines

of M/s Mineral Enterprises Ltd. in Chiradurga District during their visit from 9th

to 20th May 2012.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scopes of the study inter-alia include all the mine related and allied

activities. The scope of the study is briefed below:

Sampled iron ore mine, study area indicating their location on the map.

Technology presently used in iron ore mining and pollution control

measures adopted.

In-depth study of sample representative mines for formulating R&R plan

on the basis of technology, production, and pollution and CEC approval.

Primary data collection through survey and field visits. Secondary source

of information from EIA/EMP reports, documents from the mine owners,

CPCB, SPCB, regional IBM, Department of Mines and Geology with

respect to air and water quality, waste, other environmental concerns

regarding iron ore mining, relevant documents collected from

stakeholders and state government departments.

1.3 METHODOLOGY

Team of experts from ICFRE, domain experts from reputed organizations

along with the mine owners/ representatives visited the BBH Mine lease area

(M.L.No.2346) of M.E.L visited on 9th May 2012 and had an elobrate discussion

with the mine owners, officials from the mine to have an understanding about

the mining activities, methodology and the procedures followed. Information

and comments regarding proposals of scheme of mining, lease sketch, key plan,

surface plan, geological plan / cross sections, five years working plans and cross


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sections, dump management plan, sections, land use plan, conceptual plan,

environmental management plan, progressive mine closure plan, details of

violations and their compliance were collected and verified. The report received

from FIMI has also been considered for prepare of Rand R plan

During the field survey, the expert team physically verified the ground

truth and collected information on various aspects such as details of the mined

out area, waste dumps, dump yard, storage of top soil, infrastructure, sub grade

mineral storage, mineral stock, active/inactive dumps and watershed of the area.

Protective measures like retaining walls, check dams, gully plugs and rock fill

dams were inspected. Location of boundary pillars along with intermediate

pillars was verified. Necessary information pertaining to land use, climate,

geology, soil, air, noise and water environment and demographic status of the

mine affected villages was collected from Pollution Control Board and the

Revenue Department of Govt. of Karnataka. Details of fauna available in the area

were collected from the earlier studies conducted by ICFRE, in connection with

preparation of macro level EIA and the Forest Working Plan, Chitradurga Forest

Division. The maps and documents submitted by the mining lessee to ICFRE

were also verified and referred for preparation of the R & R plan.

XXXXX


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CHAPTER-2

MINE DESCRIPTION

2.1. INTRODUCTION

BBH Mines holding the Mine lease No. 2346 of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

(MEL) has mine lease of 103.81 ha in Bheemasamudra Forest, Holalkere Range,

Chitradurga Taluk of Chitradurga District in Karnataka for a period of 20 years

with the consent valid to operate up to 30.06.2012. Applied for renewal on

02.03.2012 for C.F.O. and was rejected from KSPCB stating the verdiction of

Hon’ble Supreme Court of India order dated 26.08.2011.

2.2. LOCATION OF MINE

The mine area is located between longitude:76°12’49.5”E - 76°13’45.8”E and

latitude:14°12’5.7”E - 14°13’3.2”E and it falls in Survey of India Top sheet No.57-

B/4. The mine area is situated towards west of the Chitradurga town, at a

distance of 28 km by road. The BBH Private Railway siding is the nearest one

located at a distance of about 2 km from the Mine head. The key plan and the

google map of the study area are depicted in Figure 2.1 and 2.2.

2.3. MINING PLANS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES

The following are the details of mining plan and statutory clearance:-

Environmental Clearance: Environmental clearance letter: Letter No. J-

110015/210/2005-IA.II (M) dated 31st March 2006, for 1 Million tons of iron ore

production (Annexure 1).


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Forest Clearence Act approval: Area granted under FC Act: Letter No. F.No 8-

83/93-FC dated 04-04-1997 for an area of 105 ha. , for 20 years w.e.f 07/10/1992.

Approved letter along with sketch is enclosed as Annexure 2.

Approved mining plan /scheme including copy of plan/scheme submitted to

IBM/pending for approval: Mining scheme: For the period 2009-10 to 06.10.2012,

for 1.00 Million tons per annum of Iron Ore production.

Consent to operate (CTO) under the Air and the Water Acts by Karnataka State

Pollution Control Board: Consent to operate is valid up to 30.06.2012 (Annexure

3) and applied for renewal on 02.03.2012 for C.F.O. The application was rejected

from KSPCB stating Hon’ble Supreme Court of India order dated 26.08.2011. The

copy of the letter is enclosed as Annexure 4.

Explosive license: The Explosive License has been surrendered on 15th

November 2011(Annexure 5). The ore is soft and friable in nature. The mining

of the ore is being carried out by excavators only.

Authorization under hazardous wastes rules: Authorization for Handling

Hazardous Waste, Letter No.KSPCB/HWM/1227 dated, 21st November 2009,

valid up to 30.06.2013 (Annexure 6).

Any other approvals relevant to the lease: Permission from Forest Department

for installation of temporary crushing and screening plant, weighbridges and

Electrical supply units (Annexure 7). The crushing and screening plant has been

dismantled now.


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Figure 2.1: Key Mining Plan of the Area MEL ML. 2346


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Figure-2.2: Google Map showing the Location of the Mine Lease Area of MEL, ML 2346


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2.4. MINING METHODOLOGY

The Mining is in operations for extraction of iron ore is effective from 1952 to

26.08.2011, i.e. till the closure of mine by Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. The

lease area is extensively under mining along the entire length and breadth with

working and non-working pits of various sizes. Presently, waste handling is

observed by deploying machinery for operation of loading and transportation.

Rock-breakers, Ripper & Dozers are used for removal of medium hard rock in

drilling and blasting sites. The material loaded into 10 tonnes, 16 tonnes and 31

tonnes trucks by hydraulic excavators. From the waste benches, the material is

hauled directly to waste dumps. Similarly ore is loaded into 10 tonnes/31 tonnes

tipper trucks and hauled to process plants. Wheel Loaders are used for loading ore

from stack yard and Rippers Dozer, Graders, Vibrating Rollers were observed to

be deployed in the Mine. Sprinkling of water through water tankers in the mine

lease are is done to control dust pollution; soil bider technique from Australia is

used to strengthen the road compaction and avoid erosion.

Renewal application was made for 259 ha. during the second renewal for the

period from 07.10.1992 to 06.10.2012. However, D.M.G. executed the lease for an

area of 103.81 ha only, keeping other area in abeyance and renewed the lease under

M.L.No.2346 with effect from 07.10.1992 for a period of 20 years. Forest Clearance

was accorded over an extent of 105.00 ha. (100.17 ha for Mining + 4.83 ha for road

and auxiliary facility)

Mine has been developed as per permission of Director of Mines Safety following

the relevant stipulations as below:

1. The height of the benches in overburden, ore-body or other rock formation

shall not be more than the digging height of the machine used for digging,

excavation or removal.

2. The width of any bench shall not be less than-

(a) The width of the widest machine plying on the bench plus five meters, or


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(b) If dumpers ply on a bench, thrice the width of the dumper, or the height of

the bench, whichever is more. 11.55 million

2.5. MINE PROFILE

2.5.1 Mine Machineries

The list of mining machineries used in the Mine is given below:-

Table-2.1: The Enterprises Limited machinery used by the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral

S. No. Name of Machinery Capacity Number 1 TATA Tippers 10 tonnes 12 2 Wheel Loaders 1.7 cum 01

3 Hydraulic Excavator BEML

Hydraulic Excavator EX – 200 0.90 cum 0.90 cum

01 01

4 Tractor Mounted Compressor VT – 4

400 cfm 01

5 Washing Plant 100 tonnes/hour 01 6 Crushing & Screening Plant 20 & 150 tonnes /

hour 01

7 Screening Plant 200 tonnes/hour 01 8 Generators 250 KVA

125 KVA 55 KVA

01 01 01

9 Water Tanker 9000 liters. 5000 ltrs.

01 01

2.5.2 Mine Pits

Mining is done only in one pit and its dimension is 740m x 278m x 148m (L x B x

D). Total Number of Benches is 15 with bench height of 6m and width of 7 to 8

meters. The top RL and Bottom RL of the Pit are 946 MSL and 810 MSL

respectively. Ultimate pit limit in next 5 year plan period is up to 784 MSL.

2.5.3 Mine dumps

2.5.3.1 Inactive dump

There is no inactive dump available in this mine.


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2.5.3.2 Active Dump

There is only one active dump and a part of the active dump has been

stabilized. The total quantity of OB material dumped is 925844 tonnes. It is

spread over an area of 3.6 ha. Top RL of the waste dump is 896.45m RL and

the bottom of the dump is 839m RL. It has three benches of 10 m each.

Retaining wall of 200 m length has been constructed at the bottom of the

dump. Angle of the slope of the dump is around 28°. Details of section-wise

OB dump are given below in the Table 2.2. The surface plan of the mine is

depicted in Figure 2.3.

Table-2.2: Details of the active dump in the mine leased area the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

SECTIONS Cross

Section Area (m2)

Influence (m)

Volume (m3)

Bulk Density

Tonnage (tonnes)

A – A’ 1718.8 50 85941 1.7 146099.7 B – B’ 4137.9 50 206896 1.7 351723.2 C - C' 4038.2 50 201909 1.7 343245.3 D – D' 997.4 50 49868 1.7 84775.6

Total 544614 925843.8

The dumping has been proposed to be continued from 815m RL to 868m RL in

north east direction by retreating method and by making 6 benches of height 10 m

and width of 8 m.


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Figure-2.3: Map showing the Surface Plan of the MEL, ML -2346


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2.5.3 Sub grade ore

The mine lease has only one sub grade dump and at the time of closure, 6 million

tonnes of sub grade ore in the grade varying from 50 to 53.5 percent of Fe of -

10mm size balance was estimated. Out of the estimated subgrade ore 2 million

tonnes have already been E – auctioned. The remaining quantity of 4 million

tonnes has been taken into account under annual production target and proposed

to be sold through E – auction. However Geo-textile (Coir mats) has been used to

stabilize the sub grade ore.

2.6. EXPLORATION

2.6.1 Past Exploration

14.14 million tonnes of iron ore reserves were estimated to be proved ore by

drilling 141 exploratory bore holes for the total meterage of 5654.54 m (out of 141

BH, 128 BH data received and used for the interpretation) based on the fresh

geological mapping. Also, stocks of 5,160,112 tonnes sub grade iron ore were

estimated thus the total reserves are 19301025 tonnes of iron ore and 883500 tonnes

of manganese ore. The ore reserves were calculated by the cross sectional method

for calculating the volume. The bulk density of the ore is considered as 2.25

tons/m3.

2.6.2 Proposed Exploration

There was no proposal for additional boreholes; however 9 core drill holes of total

depth of 909.5 m were made. Based on the past exploration, the revised reserves

are calculated by a method of cross sections drawn at 50m intervals. On the basis

of this exploration, the estimated reserves as on 01.02.2012 are 41.16 MT. These

shall be indicated in the proposed Mining Plan during renewal of the lease. During

the future mining plan period i.e. from 2012 to 2017, it is proposed to drill 16

number of core drill holes (total drilling depth of 513m), for further exploring the

deposit.


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2.7. MINE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION

As per the proposal of approved Mining Scheme for the period 01.04.2009 to 06.10.2012,

the planned / achieved production and development obtained from lease are as under:

Year

Production(ROM)

(in tonnes)

Development

(in tonnes)

Stripping ratio

(in tonnes)

Planned Achieved Planned Achieved Planned Achieved

2007-08 1058285 470630 365915 5

71446 0.35 1.21

2008-09 1062616 355659 290908 273002 0.27 0.76

Sub-total 2120901 826289 656823 844448 0.31 1.02

2009-10 1000046 999952 478070 291111 0.48 0.29

2010-11 1000046 999835 232270 211803 0.23 0.21

2011-12 1000046 444816 523270 415080 0.52 0.93

Sub-total 3000138 2444603 1233610 917994 0.41 0.38

Grand total 5121039 3270892 1890433 1762442 0.37 0.54

(Source: Stripping ratio is estimated based on actual production and generation of waste

from approved scheme of mining from 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 and from draft mining

plan from 2012-13 to 2016-2017)

2.8. ESTIMATED IRON ORE RESERVES

As per the approved modified scheme of mining from 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 approved

on 17.06.2009, the category wise total mineable reserves of 14.00 million tonnes have been

estimated. The details of iron ore reserve are given below:


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Table- : Details of category wise geological and mineable reserve

S.No. Category of reserves

UNFC category Mineable reserve as on1.4.09

(in Tonnes)

1 Proved 111 13097832 2 Probable 121 608633 3 Possible 333 293552

Total 14000017

(Source- Approved scheme of Mining dated 17.06.2009 for 2009-10 to 2012-13)

A total production of 2444603 tonnes was obtained from the period of 2009-10 to

2011-2012 after the approval of mining plan which was depleted from the previously

assessed reserves of 14000017 tonnes. Details of the category wise updated reserves

are furnished below in the table:

Table- ?: Detail of category wise updated geological and minable reserves



(in Tonnes)

1 Proved 111 10653229

2 Probable 121 608633

3 Possible 333 293552

Total 11555414

In the present case actual possible reserves of 293552 tonnes which are less than

the 50% of proved and probable reserves have been taken into account for estimating

the total reserves as per the CEC guidelines dated 26.04.2011. Hence the total updated

(balanced) reserves are of 11.56 million tonnes as on 1.04.2012


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2.9. STRIPPING RATIO

Ore to OB ratio is around 1:0.54 (overall), and concurrent backfill is possible after 4

years as per approved scheme of Mining dated 17.06.2009 for 2009-10 to 2012-13

(refer para 2.7).

2.10. ROADS

2.10.1 Approach Roads

The approach road to mine head is around 2 km from SH 48, and this point is

around 25 km from Chitradurga city. This road is a two-way road with an average

width of 12.5 m.


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2.10.2 Haulage Roads

Internal roads with gradient not exceeding 1 in 16 and 10m width with proper

super elevation have been laid out. Avenue trees were planted wherever possible.

At some places one-way transport and medians are also provided. Adequate

machinery for maintenance deployed and dust suppression measures undertaken.

The internal and external road plan is provided in Annexure 8.

2.11. TRANSPORTATION OF ORE

The transportation of ore from the mine head to dedicated railway siding

(developed by lessee) is done through trucks. This accounts for 70 percent of the

dispatches. The remaining 30 percent of the transportation is done by trucks to

such locations where the customer’s requirement is at a short distance and railway

facilities are away from their plants. The railway siding is around 2 km from the

mine head (stock yard) and 500m from the lease boundary. With a view to reduce

road transportation from the mines to the bare minimum thereby reducing dust

and carbon emission, the company conceptualized the creation of a railway spur

line from the main railway line till adjacent portion of mine lease. This reduced

the huge convoys of trucks, which would otherwise have to carry large quantities

of ore, disturbing and polluting the area in the vicinity of the mines. This step has

had a positive impact by reducing the ensuing pollution significantly.

Salient features of the spur line are:

Length of Line : 7.2 Km.

Total length of tracks laid : 10.5 km

No. of loading platforms : 2

Average loading capacity : 10,000 to 15,000 tons/day

Loading hours : Round the clock/24 hrs

Approx. Cost of the line : 100 crores


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2.11.1 Existing Transportation Facility

Transport of the Mineral is being done locally through hired truck/dumpers.

Presently lessee has 6 weighbridges within the lease area. Internet and networking

railtel facilities have also been established to download the permits (forest, DMG,

Vat and etc.). The documents are issued at centralized plaza (where all permits and

relevant documents are issued at one place).

To maintain exact tonnage loading in to transport vehicles, all the loading

machines (wheel loaders) are fixed with weighing machines (on board). The 2nd

cross checking is done at Weigh Bridge and in case of any variation during the 2nd

check, top up small excavators are used to add or remove materials, so that exact

tonnage is dispatched equivalent to the permitted carrying capacity of the trucks.

Lessee has two check posts to ensure that the truck drivers carry all the required

transit documents and verify to ascertain that the trucks before moving out of the

mine area are covered with tarpaulin. A railway spur line as mentioned above is

also used for transportation of mined ores.

The available truck/transport facilities are as follows:-

31 tons capacity trucks of 30 Nos. are used exclusively for railway.

16 tonnes capacity trucks of 1200 nos. is used for Road transport to different

destinations.

10 tonnes capacity of 30 nos. used for Road transportation to different

destinations.

Transport from mining face up to railway siding after covering it with

tarpaulin.


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2.11.2 Proposed Transportation Facility

At the main railway junction of Chikajajur - Amritapura, where the railway spur

line gets connected, it is proposed to have a Y – type connection from their line

connecting the main line. At present the railway wagons coming from Guntakal

sector are taken to Chikkajajur and then return to BBH siding. With this proposed

to Y – loop, the wagons can directly connects to BBH siding, which reduce the

travel time by 4 hours, apart from the fuel consumption for extra distance by6 rail.

By the proposed Y – loop, more number of wagons can added at the siding so that

maximum material can be transported by rail, which in turn will bring down the

road traffic and pollution. It is also proposed to setup a conveyor belt from mine

head to railway siding as well as to the proposed steel plant area adjacent to the

mining lease.

2.12. SAFETY ZONE

Green belt has been developed along the periphery of the lease boundary, except

where natural vegetation is available. The green belt has not been developed in the

north-west portion of the lease area. It was informed by the company that, green

belt in the uncovered area will be developed on issue of permission from Hon’ble

C.E.C. for re-opening of the mine.

XXXX


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CHAPTER-3

BASELINE STATUS

3.1 STUDY AREA

BBH Mines of M/s. Mineral Enterprises Ltd., is in Bheemasamudra mine

sector, Holalkere range, Chitradurga taluka of Chitradurga district. The

extent of ML area is 103.81 ha.

The study includes the assessment of existing environment, viz., land, water, air,

noise, flora, and fauna along with socio-economic study of the study area. Analysis

and synthesis of these parameters give an overall perception of positive and

negative impacts. The study area with locations of monitoring stations for ambient

air, noise, water and soil sampling stations is shown in Figure 3.1.

3.1.1 Climate

The climate of this district, which is in the south-west part of the Deccan plateau, is

marked by hot summer months, low rainfall and a pleasant monsoon season. The

temperature is around 14o C to 15o C during November and December months and

goes up to 40o C to 41oC during April and May months of the year. The monsoon

season extends over a period of six months from June to November. The district

receives almost an equal amount of rainfall during the South-west monsoon (June

to September) and during the North-east monsoon period (October to November).

The average annual rainfall in the district is 580 mm with an average of 40 rainy

days. October happens to be the month with the heaviest rainfall. The relative

humidity is high during the monsoon, ranging from 70 percent to 75 percent and

remains low in the rest of the year, particularly in the summer months. Winds are

generally moderate during summer and strong during rainy season. In the South-

west monsoon period, the winds blow mainly from a south-westerly or westerly


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direction. In the rest of the year the winds are predominantly from directions

between north-east and south-east.

3.1.2 Physiography of the Mine Lease Area

The mine lease area is a hilly terrain. The highest and the lowest elevations of the

area are 955m and 816m msl respectively. The area is having gentle slope towards

north-west and south-east directions.

3.2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The important geological rock formations in the district are crystalline schists,

granitic gneisses and the newer granites with few intrusive dykes, all belonging to

the oldest rock formations. The schists and their associated rocks constitute a

portion of the Dharwar system and are designated as the Chitradurga and the

Chikanayakanahalli schist belt. The schistose rocks consist of a complex series of

crystalline schists, quartzite’s, limestone, manganiferous clay schists and banded

iron ore formation.

The granitic gneisses occupying a large part of the district are grouped

under a separate formation under the title “Peninsular gneiss ” that include

a heterogeneous mixture of several types of granitic rocks with enclosed

lenses and patches of hornblendic schists. Peninsular gneisses are usually

banded in appearance and are of light to dark grey in colour and form

excellent building stones. On weathering they yield red lateritic soils.

Peninsular gneisses are found in Challakere, eastern parts of Hiriyur and

Hosadurga taluks and in some patches of Chitradurga and Holalkere

taluks.


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3.2.1 Local geology

The topmost surface of the area is covered with lateratised soil and iron ore floats

followed by iron ore reef, banded hematite quartzite, with phyllite in lower levels.

Iron ore is in the form of thin beds of laminations with few intervening clay and

silicate bands, which suggests the break in sedimentation or deposition from time

to time. The banded iron formations are dark blue in colour, fine-grained and

strongly bonded. The bonding is due to silicate and iron rich oxide. The ore is

bedded with lot of structural disturbances resulting in series of folds. The iron ore

deposit comprises mostly limonite, goethite and hematite in that order. The

character of the ore is given below:

I. Physical: The +10mm portion of the ore is very hard, having a tumbler index of

+80. This +10 mm portion comprises 29 percent of ROM. The balance 71 percent

comprises fines of poor quality iron ore in the form of friable ore.

II. Chemical: The chemical analysis of ROM is as follows:

ROM Fe Above 45% Mn 2 to 7 % SiO2 3 to 5 % Al2O3 2 to 4% The general sequence of the rock formation is given below

1) Soil mixed with tallus and iron Ore Float

2) Iron ore reef

3) Banded Hematite quartzite

4) Shale/phyllites

The general strike of the deposit is NS and the dip is due west. The geological plan

and geological cross sectionof mine lease area is shown in Figure-3.2 and 3.3.


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Figure-3.1: Map showing the Locations of Environmental Monitoring Stations in MEL, ML 2346


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Figure-3.2: Map showing the Geological Plan of Mine Lease Area of MEL, ML 2346


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Figure-3.3: Map showing the Geological Plan of Mine Lease Area of MEL, ML 2346


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3.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.3.1 Soil

The soil found here is red loamy. pH of the soil in the mine area range from 6.8 to

7.4. The nitrogen content in the soils is between 9.5 to 13kg/ ha; phosphorous is

between 0.95 to 1.08 kg/ ha and potassium range from 0.62 to 1.32 kg/ ha. Water

holding capacity of the soil ranged from14.85 to 18 percent.

3.3.2 Land use Pattern of Chitradurga District

The land use and land cover data distribution for Chitradurga district is shown

in Table 3.1 and 3.2.

Table 3.1: Year-Wise Land Use and Land Cover Distribution in Chitradurga District

Area (in Sq.Km) **

Sl No Land Cover 2000 2006 2011 1 Dense Forest 72.8 73.2 73.2 2 Open Forest 343.4 340.0 338.7

A Forest Subtotal 416.2 413.2 411.9

3 Scrubs 1053.6 1053.2 1046.6 4 Agriculture 6286.6 6316.9 6284.7 5 Mines/OB 3.0 9.6 7.1 6 Ore Dump .9 2.3 3.4 B Mine Sub Total 3.9 11.9 10.5

7 Stone Quarry 2.1 8.7 9.6 8 Settlement 89.8 92.3 94.9 9 Surface Water 422.5 383.2 423.4

10 Barren Rocky 165.3 160.6 158.4 Total 8440 8440 8440

** Area statistics are rounded off to single decimal digit considering the scale of mapping at 1:50 000


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Table 3.2: Showing land use pattern of Chitradurga (2008-09)

Forest Agricultural land

Land not available for cultivation

other cultivable land

Area sown

Fallow land

Non-agricultural

land

Barren Cultivable waste

Permanent pasture

Trees and grove

12049 93911 1725 12295 4455 25 11278 891

3.3.2.1 Land use Pattern of Mine Lease Area

The total area under mining and allied activities is 74.60 ha and area for future

mining is 29.21ha. The details of the land use of the mining lease are given below

in table 3.3 and Fig. 3.4 and the conceptual plan of the mine lease area is depicted

in figure 3.5:

Table 3.3: Showing total area under mining and allied activities as on 26.08.2011 in the the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

S.No. Particulars Existing (broken up) in ha.

(As on 26.08.2011) 1 Area under mining pit 32.59 2 Sub grade Mineral Stock 8.50 3 Overburden/dump 3.66 4 Area for Mineral stock 6.50 5 Old working 8.23 6 Area for Roads 1.65 7 Area for Plant 2.00 8 Greenbelt 3.94 9 Afforestation 7.53 10 Area for future mining 29.21

Total area 103.81


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Figure-3.4: Map showing Existing Land Use Plan in the Mine Lease Area of MEL Mine, ML. 2346


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Figure-3.5: Map showing Conceptual Plan in the Mine Lease Area of MEL Mine, ML. 2346


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3.3.3 Air Environment

Air quality monitoring is done at four locations – Palya village, Hirekandavadi,

Megalahalli and Bheemasamudra village, to know the levels of pollutants and

dust in the ambient air for the targeted pollutants such as SPM, RPM, SO2 and

NO. Apart from that, the monitoring is done in core zone at 4 different locations

namely, crushing and screening plant, loading area, dumping area and mines

office.

3.3.3.1 Ambient air quality (AAQ)

The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) ranged from 80 to 120 mg/ cum and

Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) range from 25 to 35mg/ cum in the Buffer

zone, i.e. surrounding villages. The detailed air monitoring report of core zone

and buffer zone for the period of April 2010 to December 2011 made by the

Mining Company is given in Annexure 9.

3.3.4 Noise Environment

Mining and allied activities usually result in noise pollution and excessive noise

has adverse impact on human beings and associated environment, including

domestic animals, wildlife, natural ecosystems and structures. To know the

ambient noise levels in the study area, noise levels were recorded at the mining

area and near villages using noise level recorder. The noise levels in these

locations were found to be within the prescribed limits.

3.3.5 Water Environment

Mining and allied activities have adverse impacts on water bodies due to

changes in mine drainage, siltation and dust. The impact on water environment


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has been considered on the basis of water consumption and impact on water

bodies.

3.3.5.1 Basin Characteristics

The area falls under the Krishna Basin. The major rivers, the Tungabhadra with

its tributaries and the Vedavati drains in the area ultimately joins the Krishna

River.

The mining activity is confined to the top of the hill range and there are no

perennial streams or nallas in the mine lease area. However, seasonal streams are

present in the mine area, which become active during the monsoon season.

Bheemasamudra reservoir is located at distance of 4 km from the mine lease.

3.3.5.2 Water Bodies

Bheemasamudra reservoir is the only water body available near to the mining

area, at a distance of 4 kms.

3.3.5.3 Drainage Pattern

The drainage pattern of the lease area is sub – dendritic in nature. Seventy

percent of the run off with in the buffer zone drains towards in north and south

direction.

3.3.5.4 Annual Run-off From Mine Lease Area

The study area experiences an average annual rainfall of about 600 mm and

considering the hilly terrain with dry deciduous forests and fragmented lands

due to mining operation, a runoff factor of 0.5 has been conservatively adopted

for working out the annual run-off yield, i.e. 0.054 Million Cubic Meters (MCM).

Hence the runoff water is stored in the temporary settling ponds wherein the

water after silt settling is used for sprinkling the haul roads and plantation

development.


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3.3.5.5 Ground Water Estimation

Ground water exploration reveals that aquifers are encountered between the

depths of 15 mbgl and 192 mbgl. In Chitradurga taluk, bore wells were drilled

from a minimum depth of 105.34 mbgl to a maximum of 200 mbgl. Depth of

weathered zone range from 5.52m to 2.61mbgl.Yeild ranges from 0.04 to 5.42 lps.

Transmissivity ranges from 2.37 to 40.84m2/day. Specific capacity ranges from

4.53 to 43.94 lpm/m draw down. Ground water occurs within the weathered and

fractured rocks under water-table conditions and semi-confined conditions.

During May 2006 (pre-monsoon season) the minimum and maximum depth to

water level are 2.43 and 13.13 mbgl respectively. During November 2006 (post-

monsoon) water level ranges from 2.75 to 11.75 mbgl. Seasonal water-level

fluctuation varies from 1.38 m to 1.86 m (Ground water information booklet,

2007)

3.3.5.6 Ground Water Quality

Electrical conductivity of ground water in general ranges from 380 to more than

5200 micro mhos /cm at 25 °C. The pH value in general ranges from 7.14 to 8.16.

In general ground water is of Carbonate and Bicarbonate type. Chloride varies

from 17 mg/l to 1688 mg/l. Fluoride ranges from 0.2 mg/l to 3.6 mg/l. Nitrate

ranges from 1 to 530 mg/l ( Table 3.4).

Table 3.4: Ground water quality data from the sampled locations around the in the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

Parameter Bheemasa

mudra Palya Hirekan

davadi Megalahalli

Colour, Hazen units 6 6 4 3 Taste Ag Ag Ag Ag

Temperature 0C 28.5 27.8 27.9 26.3 pH 7.75 7.94 7.87 8.24

Turbidity in NTU 5 6 6 3


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Conductivity, mhos/cm 780 990 840 510 TDS, mg/l 530 614 529 357

T.Alkalinity as CaCo3, mg/l

231 256 195 153

TH as CaCo3, mg/l 210 235 215 215 Calcium as Ca mg/l 38 52 54 32

Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 28 26 19 33 Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.19 0.13 0.19 0.31

Sodium as Na, mg/l 23 44 29 18 Potassium as K, mg/l 0.16 0.18 0.32 1.2

Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.001 <0.001

<0.001 <0.01

Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 36 36 30 50 Sulphates SO4, mg/l 30 46 26 38 Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 22 18 20 24 Fluorides as F, mg/l 0.86 0.68 0.64 0.44 Coliform Organisms, MPN/100 ml

6

8

10

2

3.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.4.1 Flora

Natural vegetation

The vegetation occurring in the area belongs to Southern tropical dry deciduous

(Champion and Seth, 1968). The area falls under the mixed deciduous sub

classification. According to the classification made by Legris and Pascal (1982)

the area falls under deciduous climax forests. According to this classification this

type of forests does not have the potentiality of secondary moist deciduous

forests. The canopy is open and the majority of the trees are leafless during the

dry months. The flowering and fruiting are generally far advanced before the

first flush of new leaves appears with the showers in April – May.

The dominant tree species found in the area are Anogeissus latifolia, Buchanania

lanzan, Cassia fistula, Radermachera xylocarpa, Bridelia retusa, Holarrhena


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pubescens,Wrightia tomentosa, Grewia orbiculata. Terminalia chebula, Chloroxylon

sweitenia, Santalum album are seen occasionally. And few climbers and twiners

like Celastrus paniculata, Cocculus hirsutua, Aristolochia indica, Asparagus racemosus,

Cardiospermum halicacabum are also observed. Cassia auriculata, Tecoma stans,

Dodonaea viscosa, Gardenia gummifera, Clerodendrum serratum etc. The ground

flora is chiefly seasonal. The dominant herbs include Acalypha indica, Achyranthes

aspera, Aerva lanata, Crotalaria albida, Bidens biternata, Blepharis maderaspatana,

Justicia simplex, Leucas aspera, Cassia occidentalis and Leucas cephalotes. The

dominant grasses include species like Apluda mutica, Chloris inflata, Chrysopogon

fulvus, Cynodon dactylon, Heteropogon contortus etc. Striga asiatica occur as root

parasite associated with grasses ( Tables 3.5 and 3.6).

Table 3.5: Plant Species occurring inside mine lease area in the the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

S.No Botanical name Habit Family Local/kannada name

1. Acacia ferruginea Tree Mimosaceae Banniz 2. Acacia mangium Tree Mimosaceae 3. Albizia lebbeck Tree Caesalpiniaceae Baage 4. Alternathera

pungens Herb Amaranthaceae

5. Argemone mexicana Herb Papavaraceae Haladi dattoori 6. Atylosia

scarabaeoides Climber Fabaceae

7. Azadirachta indica Tree Meliaceae Bevu 8. Butea monospermal Tree Fabaceae Muttuga 9. Calotropis procera Shrub Asclepiadaceae Kempu ekka 10. Capparis divaricata Shrub Capparaceae 11. Cipadessa baccifera Shrub Meliaceae Nela bevu 12. Croton

bonplandianus Herb Cuphorbiaceae Seeme enne gida

13. Eucalyptus sp Tree Myrtaceae 14. Eupatorium

odoratum Herb Asteraceae Communist

weed 15. Euphorbia hirta Herb Euphorbiaceae


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16. Evolvulus alsinoides Herb Convolvulaceae Vishnukranthi 17. Ficus religiosa Tree Moraceae Arali 18. Hardwickia binata Tree 19. Hemidesmus

indicus Climber Asclepiadaceae Sogde berina

balli 20. Indigofera linifolia Herb Fabaceae 21. Leucas aspera Herb Lamiaceae Tumbe 22. Mimosa pudica Herb Mimosaceae Muttidare muni 23. Oxalis corniculata Herb Oxalidaceae Huli soppu 24. Parthenium

hysterophorus Herb Asteraceae Congress kale

25. Passiflora foetida Climber Passifloraceae Kukke balli 26. Polygonum

plebeium Herb Polygonacaeae

27. Solanum torvum Shrub Solanaceae 28. Spermacoce hispida Herb Rubiaceae 29. Stachytarpheta

jamaicensis Herb Amaranthaceae

30. Tecoma stans Shrub Bignoniaceae Haladi gante hoo

31. Tridax procumbens Herb Asteraceae

Table 3.6: Plant species found outside the mine lease area in the the BBH Mines (M.L No. 2346) of M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited

Sl. No

Botanical name Habit Family Local/kannada name

1 Adiantum lunulatum Herb Adiantaceae 2 Anogeissus latifolia Tree Anacardiaceae Dindiga 3 Azadirachta indica Tree Meliaceae Bevu 4 Bridelia retusa Tree Euphorbiaceae 5 Buchanania lanzan Tree Anacardiaceae 6 Cassia fistula Tree Caesalpiniaceae Kakke 7 Celastrus paniculata Climber Celastraceae Jyotismathi 8 Cipadessa baccifera Shrub Meliaceae Nelabevu 9 Dodonaea viscosa Shrub Sapindaceae Bandarike 10 Ficus religiosa Tree Moraceae Arali 11 Gardenia gummifera Tree Rubiaceae 12 Hemidesmus indicus Climber Asclepiadaceae Sogade 13 Hybanthus Herb Violaceae Prusharathna


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enneaspermus 14 Lantana camara Shrub Verbenaceae Lantana 15 Mallotus phillipensis Tree Euphorbiaceae Kumkumda

mara 16 Maytenus emarginata Shrub Celastraceae 17 Oxalis corniculata Herb Oxalidaceae Huli soppu 18 Radermachera xylocarpa Tree Bignoniaceae 19 Santalum album Tree Santalaceae Srigandha 20 Spermacoce articularis Herb Rubiaceae 21 Stereospermum

personatum Tree Bignoniaceae Paadari mara

22 Syzigium cumini Tree Myrtaceae Nerale 23 Terminalia chebula Tree Combretaceae Alale 24 Tylophora indica Climber Asclepiadaceae Aadumuttada

balli 25 Vernonia cinerea Herb Asteraceae Sahadevi 26 Wendlandia thyrsoidea Tree Rubiaceae 27 Wrightia tinctorea Tree Apocynaceae Aale

3.4.2 Fauna

Clearing of vegetation/forest cover in the mine lease area is one of the most

important factors that have an important bearing on the habitat and quality of all

associated faunal species. Mining activity and overburden dumping in slopes has

resulted in fragmentation of forest, vegetation patches which have interrupted

the movement of wildlife. Following is the list of faunal species found in the

district of Chitradurga. The list is based on the Macro level EIA studies

undertaken by ICFRE and secondary data (Tables 3.7 to 3.11).

Table 3.7: Butterflies recorded in Chitradurga District based on the present study and the secondary information

S.No Species Name Common Name Conservation

Status (WPA)

I.Hesperiidae (Skippers) 1. Hasora chromus Common Banded Awl - 2. Spialia galba Indian Skipper - II.Papilionidae (Swallowtails)


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Status (WPA)

3. Atrophaneura hector Crimson Rose Sch.I 4. Graphium Agamemnon Tailed Jay - 5. Papilio demoleus Lime Butterfly -

6. Papilio polytes form romulus & stichius

Common Mormon -

III Pieridae (Whites & Yellows) 7. Belenois aurota Pioneer - 8. Catopsilia Pomona Common Emigrant - 9. Catopsilia Pomona Lemon Emigrant - 10. Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled Emigrant 11. Cepora nerissa Common Gull Sch.II 12. Colotis amata Small Salmon Arab - 13. Colotis etrida Small Orange Tip - 14. Delias eucharis Common Jezebel - 15. Eurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow - 16. Eurema hecabe Common Grass Yellow - 17. Eurema laeta Spotless Grass Yellow - 18. Ixias pyrene Yellow Orange Tip - 19. Leptosia nina Psyche -

IV Lycaenidae (Blues) 20. Castalius rosimon Common Pierrot Sch.I 21. Catochrysops panormus Silver Forget-Me-Not - 22. Euchrysops cnejus Gram Blue - 23. Jamides celeno Common Cerulean - 24. Pseudozizeeria maha Pale Grass Blue - 25. Spindasis vulcanus Common Silverline - 26. Zizeeria Karsandra Dark Grass Blue - 27. Zizina otis Lesser Grass Blue - 28. Zizula hylax Tiny Grass Blue -

V Nymphalidae (Brush-footed Butterflies) 29. Acraea violae Tawny Coster - 30. Ariadne ariadne Angled Castor - 31. Ariadne merione Common Castor - 32. Byblia ilithyia Joker - 33. Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger - 34. Danaus genutia Striped Tiger - 35. Euploea Sylvester Double-branded Crow -


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Status (WPA)

36. Euthalia nais Baronet - 37. Hypolimnas bolina Great Eggfly - 38. Hypolimnas misippus Danaid Eggfly Sch.I 39. Junonia hierta Yellow Pansy - 40. Junonia iphita Chocolate Pansy - 41. Junonia lemonias Lemon Pansy - 42. Junonia orithiya Blue Pansy -

43. Melanitis leda Common Evening Brown

-

44. Mycalesis perseus Common Bushbrown - 45. Neptis hylas Common Sailer - 46. Tirumala limniace Blue Tiger - 47. Ypthima asterope Common Threering - 48. Ypthima ceylonica White Fourring - 49. Ypthima huebneri Common Fourring -

Table 3.8. Avifauna Recorded in the two Study Ranges of Chitradurga District

S.No Scientific Name

Common Name Family

Conservation

Status

IUC

N

2000

IWPA

1 Accipiter

badius Shikhra* (R ) Accipitridae - IV

2 Acridotheres tristis

Common Myna* (R)

Sturnidae -

IV

3 Aegithina tiphia

Common Iora (R) Corvidae - IV

4 Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark (R)

Alaudidae - -

5 Alcedo Hercules

Common Kingfisher (R)

Alcedinidae - -

6 Amaurornis phoenicurus

White-breasted Waterhen (R)

Rallidae - -

7 Anastomus oscitans

Asian Openbill (R) Ciconiidae - -


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Common Name Family

Conservation

Status

IUC

N

2000

IWPA

8 Anthus rufulus Paddyfield Pipit (R)

Passeridae - -

9 Apus affinis House Swift (R) Apodidae - - 10 Aquila hastata Indian Spotted

Eagle Accipitridae - -

11 Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron (R)

Ardeidae - -

12 Athene brama Spotted Owlet* (R))

Strigidae - IV

13 Bubo bubo Eurasian Eagle-Owl (R)

Strigidae - IV

14 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret (R) Ardeidae - - 15 Butastur leesa White-eyed

Buzzard (R) Accipitridae - -

16 Calloperdix lunulata

Painted Spurfowl (R)

Phasianidae - -

17 Caprimulgus asiaticus

Indian Nightjar *(R)

Caprimulgidae - IV

18 Centropus sinensis

Greater Coucal* (R )

Centropodidae - IV

19 Chrysomma sinense

Yellow-eyed Babbler

Sylvidae - -

20 Ciracias benghalensis

Indian Roller* (R ) Coraciidae - IV

21 Circaetus gallicus

Short-toed Snake -Eagle (R )

Accipitridae -

22 Clamator jacobinus

Pied Cuckoo (M ) Cuculidae - IV

23 Columba livia Rock Pigeon* (R) Columbidae - - 24 Copsychus

saularis Oriental Magpie Robin (R)

Muscicapidae - -

25 Coracina macei Large Cuckoo-shrike (R)

Corvidae - -

26 Corvus macrorhynchos

Large-billed Corvidae - -


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Common Name Family

Conservation

Status

IUC

N

2000

IWPA

Crow* (R) 27 Corvus

splendens House Crow* (R) Corvidae - IV

28 Cosmerodius albus

Great Egret (R) Ardeidae - -

29 Cypsiurus halasiensis

Asian Palm Swift* (R)

Apodidae - -

30 Dendrocitta vagabunda

Rufous Treepie* (R)

Corvidae - IV

31 Dicrurus macrocercus

Black Drongo* (R ) Corvidae - IV

32 Dinopium benghalense

Black-rumped Flameback* (R)

Picidae - IV

33 Dinopium javanense

Common Flameback (R)

Picidae - -

34 Egretta garzetta

Little Egret (R) Ardeidae - -

35 Elanus caerulus

Black-shouldered Kite* (R )

Accipitridae - -

36 Eudynamys scolopacea

Asian Koel* (R) Cuculidae - IV

37 Falco tinnunculus

Common Kestrel (R)

Falconidae - -

38 Francolinus pondicerianus

Grey Francolin* (R)

Phasianidae - IV

39 Halcyon smyrnensis

White-throated Kingfisher* (R)

Dacelonidae - -

40 Himantopus himantopus

Black- winged Stilt (R)

Charadriidae - -

41 Hirundo daurica

Red-rumped Swallow (R))

Hirundinidae - -

42 Hirundo rustica

Barn Swallow* (R ) Hirundinidae - -

43 Hirundo smithii

Wire-tailed Swallow* (R)

Hirundinidae - -


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Common Name Family

Conservation

Status

IUC

N

2000

IWPA

44 Ketupa zeylonensis

Brown Fish-Owl (R)

Strigidae - IV

45 Lanius excubitor

Great Grey Shrike (R)

Lanidae - -

46 Lanius meridionalis

Southern Grey Shrike (R)

- -

47 Lonchura malabarica

Indian Silverbill* (R)

Passeridae - IV

48 Lonchura malacca

Black-headed Munia (R)

Passeridae - -

49 Lonchura punctulata

Scaly-breasted Munia* (R)

Passeridae - -

50 Megalaima haemacephala

Coppersmith Barbet* (R)

Megalaimidae - IV

51 Merops orientalis

Green Bee-eater* (R )

Meropidae - -

52 Mesophoyx intermedia

Intermediate egret (R)

Ardeidae - -

53 Milvus migrans

Black Kite* (R ) Accipitridae - IV

54 Mirafra affinis Jerdon's Bush-Lark Alaudidae - - 55 Mirafra

cantillans Singing Bush Lark (R)

Alaudidae - -

56 Mirafra erythroptera

Indian Bush Lark (R)

Alaudidae - IV

57 Motacilla cinerea

Grey Wagtail (M ) Passeridae - -

58 Motacilla maderaspatensis

White-browed Wagtail* (R)

Passeridae - -

59 Nectarinia asiatica

Purple Sunbird (R )

Nectarinidae - IV

60 Nectarinia zeylonica

Purple-rumped Sunbird* (R)

Nectarinidae - IV

61 Neophron Egyptian Vulture Accipitridae - IV


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Common Name Family

Conservation

Status

IUC

N

2000

IWPA

percnopterus (R) 62 Ocyceros

birostris Indian Grey Hornbill (R)

Bucerotidae - -

63 Oriolus oriolus Eurasian Golden Oriole (R)

Corvidae - IV

64 Orthotomus sutorius

Common Tailorbird* (R )

Sylvidae - IV

65 Parus major Great Tit (R) Paridae - - 66 Passer

domesticus House Sparrow* (R)

Passeridae - -

67 Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl* (R)

Phasianidae - I

68 Perdicula asiatica

Jungle Bush-Quail (R)

Phasianidae - -

69 Pernis ptilorhyncus

Oriental Honey-Buzzard (R)

Accipitridae - -

70 Phalacrocorax niger

Little Cormorant (R)

Phalacrocoracidae

- -

71 Phylloscopus collybita

Common Chiffchaff (R)

Sylvidae - -

72 Plegadis falcinellus

Glossy Ibis (R) Threskiornithidae

NT

-

73 Ploceus philippinus

Baya Weaver* (R) Passeridae - IV

74 Prinia hodgsonii

Grey-breasted Prinia (R )

Cysticolidae - -

75 Prinia inornata Plain Prinia* (R) Cysticolidae - - 76 Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia* (R) Cysticolidae - - 77 Psittacula

krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet* (R)

Psittacidae - IV

78 Pycnonotus cafer

Red-vented Bulbul* (R)

Pycnonotidae - IV

79 Pycnonotus jocosus

Red-Whiskered Bulbul (R)

Pycnonotidae - IV

80 Pycnonotus White-browed Pycnonotidae - -


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Common Name Family

Conservation

Status

IUC

N

2000

IWPA

luteolus Bulbul (R) 81 Pycnonotus

Xantholaemus Yellow-throated Bulbul (R)

Pycnonotidae - -

82 Rhipidura albicollis

White-throated Fantail (R)

Corvidae - -

83 Rhipidura aureola

White-browed Fantail (R)

Corvidae - -

84 Saxicola caprata

Pied Bushchat (M) Muscicapidae - -

85 Saxicoloides fulicata

Indian Robin* (R) Muscicapidae - -

86 Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle (R)

Accipitridae - -

87 Streptopelia chinensis

Spotted- Dove* (R) Columbidae - IV

88 Streptopelia orientalis

Oriental Turtle Dove (M)

Columbidae - -

89 Streptopelia senegalensis

Laughing Dove* (R)

Columbidae - IV

90 Sturnus erythropygius

Chestnut-tailled Starling (R)

Sturnidae - -

91 Sturnus pagodarus

Brahminy Starling* (R)

Sturnidae - IV

92 Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat (R)

Sylvidae - IV

93 Threskiornis melanocephalus

Black-headed Ibis (R)

Threskiornithidae

- -

94 Turdoides caudatus

Common Babbler (R)

Sylvidae - IV

95 Turdoides malcolmi

Large Grey Babbler* (R )

Sylvidae - -

96 Turdoides subrufus

Jungle Babbler (R) Sylvidae - IV

97 Upupa epops Common Hoopoe* (M)

Upupidae - -


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Common Name Family

Conservation

Status

IUC

N

2000

IWPA

98 Vanellus indicus

Red-wattled Lapwing* (R)

Charadridae - -

99 Zosterops palpebrosus

Oriental White-eye (R)

Zosteropidae - -

R: Resident; M: Migrant; NT : Near threatened

Table 3.9. List of Mammals recorded in Chitradurga District at different study

sites.

S. No. Species Name Common Name Family

Conservation Status

CA

MP

1998

, IU

CN

20

00

IWPA

19

72

1 Panthera pardus Common Leopard Felidae LR-nt Sch-I

2 Felis chaus Jungle Cat Felidae LR-nt Sch-II 3 Canis aureus Jackal Canidae LR-lc Sch-II 4 Canis lupus Indian Wolf Canidae LR-nt Sch-I 5 Vulpes bengalensis Indian Fox Canidae LC Sch-II 6 Melursus ursinus Sloth Bear Ursidae VU Sch-I 7 Axis axis Spotted Deer Cervidae LR Sch-II

8 Cynopterus sphinx Short-nosed Fruit Bat Pteropodidae LR-nt

9 Funambulus palmarum

Three - striped Palm Squirrel Sciuridae LR-lc Sch-IV

10 Herpestes edwardsii

Common Grey Mongoose Herpestidae LR-lc Sch-IV

11 Hyaena hyaena Striped Hyaena Hyaenidae LR Sch-III

12 Hystrix indica Indian Porcupine Hystricidae LR-lc Sch-IV

13 Lepus nigricollis Indian Hare Leporidae LR-lc Sch-IV


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Blacknaped

14 Macaca radiata Bonnet Macaque Cercopithecidae LR Sch-II

15 Manis crassicaudata

Indian Pangolin Manidae LR Sch-I

16 Mus musculus House Mouse Muridae LC

17 Rattus rattus Rock/House Rat Muridae LR-lc Sch-IV

18 Sus scrofa Wild Pig Suidae LC Sch-III

19 Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet Viverridae LR-nt Sch-II

LR: Lower risk; LR-Ic: Lower risk-least concern; LR-nt:Lower risk –near threatened; VU:Vulnerable; LC: Least concern

Table 3.10. List of Herpetofauna Observed in the Study Areas of Chitradurga District

S.No Species Name Common and

Vernacular Name

Family

Conservation Status

WLP

A

1972

IUC

N

2000

A. Amphibian 1 Bufo stomaticus Marbled Toad Bufonidae LC

2 Dattaphrynus melanostictus Common Toad Bufonidae - LC

3 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Skittering Frog Dicroglossidae Sch–IV LC

4 Euphlyctis hexadactylus

Green Pond Frog Dicroglossidae Sch–IV LC

5 Fejervarya limnocharis

Paddy Field Frog Dicroglossidae - LC

6 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indian Bullfrog Dicroglossidae - LC

7 Microhyla rubra Microhylidae - LC B. Reptiles

8 Acanthodactylus cantoris

Indian Fringe Toed Lizard Lacertidae -

9 Calotes ellioti Elliot’s Lizard Agamidae - LC


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10 Calotes versicolor Garden Lizard Agamidae - LC

11 Eutropis carinata Grass Skink Scincidae - LC

12 Eutropis macularia Bronze Grass Skink Scincidae - LC

13 Geochelone elegans Star Tortoise Testudinidae Sch-II LR-lc

14

Hemidactylus flaviviridis

Yellow- green House Gecko Gekkonidae - LC

15 Ophisops leschenaultii Lacertidae -

LC: Least concern; LR-lc: Lower risk- least concern

Table 3.11. Other Herpetofauna those are likely to be in the Area (Information

Taken from Records and Inventories of Surrounding Districts with Similar Climate and Vegetation)

S. No Species Name Common Name Family

Conservation Status

IUC

N

WLP

A

A. AMPHIBIANS 1 Bufo hololius Malabar Toad Bufonidae 2 Microhyla ornata Ornate Frog Microhylidae LR-LC _ Microhyla sholigari - - EN

3 Polypedates maculatus

Common tree frog

Rhacophoridae -

B. REPTILES

4 Ahaetulla nasuta Common Vine Snake

Colubridae - Sch IV

5 Bungarus caeruleus Indian Krait Elapidae - Sch IV

6 Calotes rouxii Roux’s Lizard Agamidae NE

7 Chamaeleo zeylanicus Indian Chamaeleaon

Chamaeleonidae VU -

8 Cnemaspis indica Indian Day Gecko

Gekkonidae -


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Conservation Status

IUC

N

WLP

A

9 Coelognathus helena Copper-headed Trinket Snake

Colubridae LR-NT Sch-IV

10 Crocodylus palustris Mugger or Marsh Crocodile

Crocodylidae VU Sch-I

11 Daboia russelii Russell’s Viper Viperidae LR-NT Sch-II

12 Echis carinatus Saw-scaled Viper

Viperidae LR-NT Sch-IV

13 Erix conicus Common sand boa

Boidae LR-NT Sch-IV

14 Eryx johnii Red Sand Boa Boidae LR-LC Sch-IV 15 Hemidactylus brooki Brook’s Gecko Gekkonidae LC

16 Hemidactylus frenatus

Asian House Gecko

Gekkonidae - -

17 Hemidactylus gigantieus

Giant Gecko Gekkonidae - -

18 Hemidactylus maculatus

Spotted Rock gecko

Gekkonidae - -

19 Hemidactylus reticulatus

Reticulated Gecko

Gekkonidae - -

20 Hemidactylus triedrus

Termite-hill Gecko

Gekkonidae - -

21 Lissemys punctata Indian flapshell turtle

Trionychidae LR-NT Sch-I

22 Lycodan aulicus Common wolf snake

Colubridae LR-LC Sch-IV

23 Lygosoma punctatus Spotted Supple skink

Scincidae LR-LC -

24 Naja naja Spectacled cobra Elapidae LR-NT Sch-II

25 Oligodon arnensis Banded Kukri Snake

Colubridae - -

26 Ophisops beddomei Lacertidae - -

27 Psammophilus dorsalis

South Indian Rock Agama

Agamidae - -

28 Ptyas mucosa Indian rat snake Colubridae LR-NT Sch-II


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Conservation Status

IUC

N

WLP

A

29 Python molurus Indian rock python

Boidae LR-NT Sch-I

30 Ramphotyplops braminus

Braminy Blind Snake

Typhlopidae LR-NT Sch-IV

31 Sitana ponticeriana Fan Throated Lizard

Agamidae - LC

32 Typhlops jerdoni Jerdon’s Blind Snake

Typhlopidae - -

33 Varanus bengalensis Bengal Monitor Varanidae VU Sch-II

34 Xenochrophis piscator

Checkered keelback Water Snake

Colubridae LR-LC Sch-II

LR-lc: Lower risk- least concern; En: Endangered; LR-nt: Lower risk- near threatened; VU: Vulnerable; LC: Least concern

3.5. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

3.5.1 Demographic status of the mine affected villages

The population break-up of all the villages falling within the buffer zone as per

1991 census data is given below:

Population SC ST

Male Female Total Male Female Male Female

24,577 22060 46,637 5,542 5,015 6,673 4,595

The total population within the buffer zone is about 46,637.


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The distribution of male and female literates with in the buffer zone is as follows:

Literates

Year Male Female Total

1991 14.553 8,794 23,347

The literates within the buffer zone as per the 1991 census were 23,347

constituting 50.06 percent of total population. The male literate level is about

62.33 percent and female was 37.67 percent.

As a matter of fact, mining is the major economic activity in this area and it

provided job opportunity to the local people. The living standared of people also

improved due to the mining industry.

3.5.2 Land Use Pattern of Villages/ Towns in Buffer Zone

The buffer-zone of 10 km radius of the mine has 45 villages. The land use pattern

of the buffer zone indicates that, the forest land constitues about 16.70 percent

(5,250 ha). About 68.96 percent (21.673 ha) of the land has been under

agricultural use. The land, which is not available for cultivation (wasteland) is

about 12.73 percent (4,000 ha) and about 1.15 percent (480 ha) of the total buffer

zone is under residential/villages/roads etc.


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CHAPTER-4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – OPEN CAST IRON ORE MINING

The open cast iron mining has several environmental impacts and the

detailsimpact in the BBH mines are summarized as below:

4.1.1 Impact on landscape

The mine lease area consists of 103.81 ha of forest land, located on hilly area

consisting of dry deciduous vegetation. The landscape of the hilly terrain has

been modified to a large extent due to mining activities since 1952. The disposal

of waste material has been carried out in the mine lease area in an unscientific

manner, without proper measures for stabilization, resulting in erosion of the

waste dumps. Some of the natural streams/ Nalas which are seasonal were cut

off, resulting in hindrance to their smooth flow downwards.

Erosion from OB dumps results in significant loading of sediments (including

chemical pollutants) to nearby water-bodies, especially during rainy season.

Erosion/sediment loading has been observed from mining areas such as open pit

areas, waste rock and overburden piles, haul roads and access roads, ore

stockpiles, exploration areas and reclamation areas.

4.1.2 Impact on Ecology

The entire mining area is located in the forest land and therefore the direct

impact on the biodiversity is inevitable. Major portion of the forests in the project

area are southern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest (5A/C3 type) according to

forest type by Champion and Seth (1968). The ecology of the mine area has been

much disturbed due to mining and transportation activities. Therefore,


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reclamation of the mined out area and proper afforestation plan using native

species are to be taken up to restore the ecology.

4.1.3 Impact on Air Quality

The impacts on air environment due to mining and allied activity include

production capacity, machinery involved, and control measures adopted

operation and maintenance of various equipments and vehicles. Apart from

these, there are other activities associated viz., transportation of ore and wastes,

stocking facilities and dump management within the mine lease area have

contribute to pollution.

4.1.4 Impact of Noise and Vibration

Mining machinery and heavy-duty vehicles cause noise pollution and effect of

noise is much pronounced near the active working areas. The main sources of

noise are from stationary mining equipment, mobile mining equipment and

transportation of vehicles. The report on the EIA study carried out by M/s Rao &

Associates for the company, in the mine area, with reference to the noise level

indicated that the leq level (day time) is less than the 72.0 dBA in the core zone,

where there is mining activity. Inside Samsung machine, the noise level was

maximum (99.1 dBA); the crushing and screening plant was found to have leq of

72.0dBA for working of 16 hrs per day.

Similarly, the loading point had leq of 72 dBA and haulage road, a leq of 65.3

dBA. The mine is situated on the hill range at a distance of 1.5 kms from human

settlements.

4.1.5 Impact on Water Quality

Mining activities cause adverse impact due to mine drainage and siltation due to

storm water. No perennial rivers/nallahs are present in this area.


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4.1.6 Impact on soil fertility

The run-off water directly going to nearby fields changes the nutrient content of

soil and subsoil layers thereby reducing the fertility of the land. This manifests

itself in the form of loss of crop yield. As the mining activity disturbs the topsoil

which contain the nutrients and beneficial microbes, the soil fertility will be

completely lost.

4.1.7 Impact on Aquatic Life

The seasonal streams/ Nalas ultimately terminate into Bheemasamudra

reservoir, resulting chronic level water pollution due to increased sediment, total

solids, other minerals and leachates from the dumps. Such type of impacts

associated with erosion and sediments, typically results in both short-term and

long-term impacts. In surface water, elevated concentration of particulate matter

in the water column can produce both chronic and acute toxic effects on fish and

other aquatic life. Continuous deposition of silt and sediments due to run off

from mines is likely to impact the aquatic life such as frogs, fishes, wetland birds

and aquatic insects if no adequate preventive measures are not undertaken in

terms of their habitat quality, productivity, and abundance and diversity.

4.1.8 Impact on Society

The villagers in the buffer zone are mainly dependent on agriculture for their

livelihood. The mining activities provide them employment opportunities and

improved standard of living. However, the people who get employment in mine

related activities lose interest in agricultural works which indirectly affects the

agriculture productivity. Occupational health hazards like noise induced hearing

loss and occupational lung diseases due to inhalation of silica dust and fine iron

ore particles are the major problems encountered.


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CHAPTER-5

REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION PLAN

5.1 INTRODUCTION

In the process of opencast mining, several changes occur in the physical, chemical,

biological and microbial properties of the environment (Kundu and Ghose, 1998; Singh

and Singh, 2006; Padmavathiamma and Li, 2007, Sheoran et al., 2009; Sheoran et al.,

2010). Degradation level depends on climatic conditions and various other factors. If

the biological reclamation is not done well in time, leaching will remove the nutrients

due to the rainwater erosion, the nutrient cycle will break down, and the soil will

ultimately become biologically unproductive. The objective of the study is to assess the

deterioration due to mining and allied activities and to evolve restoration techniques for

the renewal of the damaged land for its sustainable and beneficial use.

The mine rehabilitation plan should aim:

To stabilize loose over burden (OB) dumps and mined out areas

To check soil erosion and sediment loss

To ameliorate substratum in term of:

• Soil moisture retention

• Nutrient retention

• Microbial biomass

To enhance diversity of plants, animal and micro-organisms

To regulate natural process of ecosystem, namely,


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• Productivity

• Nutrient cycling

• Water recharging

• Soil protection

• Sheltering and providing conditions to plant and animal species

To cater the need of local people for their daily needs

To develop visual and aesthetic view of the area

The successful Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan for the mine will primarily depend

on following considerations:

1. Rehabilitation and Reclamation of Encroached Areas.

2. Loose OB dumps and their stabilization

3. Mining pits, their back filling and stabilization

4. Nala/Stream courses and their stabilization

5. Development of vegetation on non-mineralized areas

6. Safety zone and Greenbelt Development

7. Avenue plantation all along mine haul roads

8. Regular monitoring by an independent scientific agency

5.2 Rehabilitation and Reclamation Measures

The measures contemplated under the R and R plan are broadly categorized under the

following heads:

1. R and R measures for areas considered under encroachment.

2. Stabilization of Dumps

3. Surface Water Management


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4. Afforestation/ Plantation

5. Green Belt Development

6. Supplementary Environment Safeguard Plans (SESP) for the areas impacting the

environment within and outside the mine lease areas.

5.2.1 Reclamation and Rehabilation Plan for Area under Encroachment

As per the sketch prepared on the behest of the CEC, there is no encroachment by the

lessee has figured out.

5.2.2 Stabilization of Dumps

Control of erosion is important both during mining and during post mining

rehabilitation program. A major objective of rehabilitation is to establish an adequate

cover of vegetation to stabilize the site and prevent or control erosion.

5.2.2.1 Waste dump

Only one waste dump located in North East portion of the lease area in an extent of

10.74 ha has been envisaged. Part of the dump has been filled with over burden waste in

3.66 ha and the rest of the area is proposed to be utilized in next SOM period. The Top

RL of the waste dump is 895.6 masl and the bottom of the dump is 846.0 masl. The

height of the existing portion of the dump varies between 17.5 m to 49 m from section to

section (Figure 5.1). The slope of the waste dump varies from section to section between

25 o to 48o. The average slope on the valley side is 40o while on the hill side it is 28o. No

terracing of the waste dump has been done. However, a retaining wall of inadequate

height and a small portion has been constructed in Northern side of the dump at its

bottom. Total quantity of waste material in this dump as per cross sections is around

0.544 million cum. Based on the cross section taken on the portion of the dump where

the dumping is proposed under the present plan period and as per SOM for 07-10-2012


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to 07-10-2016-2017, not yet approved, the available dump capacity for next plan period

is 0.464 million cum.

5.2.2.2 Engineering Measures

The waste dump has to be properly maintained such that neither there is any

subsidence or lump of the material disposed from the dump nor any rill/ gully

formation on the surface of the dump takes place. Therefore, it has to be stabilised and

strengthened by taking various engineering protective measures such as well designed

stone masonry retaining wall at toe and at intermediate levels (terraces) and garland

drain of size 1 m bottom width, 2 m top width, 1 m height with 1:2 side slopes in front

of it. The garland drains at different levels shall be connected in inclined fashion by

constructing chutes at every 15 m or wherever the gradient suddenly changes. In the

present case 860 RM and 690 RM of 5 m and 3 m high retaining wall respectively shall

be constructed. The total length of the garland drain has also been assessed as 1705 RM.

5.2.3.2. Sub Grade Stack/Fine Ore Stack

Presently, sub grade material (50 to 53.5% Fe) is staked at three places one on the

North East boundary of the lease and the other two at on the North- east and southern

boundary of the lease between grid lines E 4363 2000 to E 4363 2500 and N 1570 700 to N

1570 1200 in an area of 8.50 ha. Total quantity of the sub grade material was purported

to be 0.6 million tons which after E-auction of 0.2 million tons has reduced to 0.4 million

tons. The balance quantity in the sub grade waste is also under the process of disposal.

On complete removal of the sub grade from these dumps the space shall be kept for

future stacking.

The slope stability increases considerably by grading i.e., by construction of steps or

terraces to reduce the slope gradient. To manage Sub grade stacks in the mine lease area

it should be stored at angle of repose not more than 28o with 6m wide terrace at 10 m


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height and garland drains at outer periphery of the stack is essential. The outer surface

of the slope of the sub-grade shall be overlaid with geo-textile. The detail estimate for

dump stabilisation through engineering and biological measures for waste dump and

sub-grade stack is given in Table-5.1. The dump management plan is shown in Figure.

5.2

Table-5.1: Indicative Cost Estimate for Dump Management Plan including subgrade

for MEL Mine, Ml- 2346

Sl. No.

Particulars No L (m) B (m) H (m)

Qty. m3

Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs. Lac)

1a

Retaining walls at toe of waste OB dump

(i) R-R dry stone masonry

1 860 (1+3)/2 5 8600 520/m3 44.72

(ii) C-C 1:4:8 in foundation

1 860 3.3 0.15 425.7 3284.95/m3 13.98

1b

Retaining walls at intermediate locations of waste dump

(i) R-R dry stone masonry

1 480+210 (1+2)/2 3 3105 520/m3 16.15

(ii) C-C 1:4:8 in foundation

1 480+210 2.3 0.15 238.05 3284.95/m3 7.82

2a

Garland drain (1 m bottom width, 2 m top width and 1 m deep in all terraces)

1

1

1550x2

1550

0.5

2.0

1.0

0.5

1550

1550

520/m3

520/m3

8.06

8.06

2b

Garland drain (1 m bottom width, 2 m top width and 1 m deep in inclined chutes)

1

1

155x2

155

0.5

2.0

1.0

0.5

155

155

520/m3

520/m3

0.81

0.81

3 Providing and fixing geo-textile

7.5 ha 10, 00,000/ ha

75.00


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on outer surface of slope of waste dump

4

Providing and fixing geo-textile on outer surface of slope of sub-grade dumps

8.5 ha 10, 00,000/ ha

85.00

5 Plantation over waste dump area

10.74 ha

1.74/ha 18.69

TOTAL 279.10


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Figure-5.1: Existing Dump Management Plan of MEL, ML 2346


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Figure-5.2: Dump Management Plan MEL, ML 2346


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5.2.4 Surface Water Management

The run-off resulting from rainfall on the surface of the ML area if not allowed to flow

through natural streams shall result in heavy erosion in the form of gullies and sheet

erosion. This will result in land degradation and detachment of loose soil particles

which in turn increase the turbidity of flowing water and thus impairing its quality. The

rainwater should be channelized and controlled through various engineering structures

like retaining walls, gully plugs, check dams, garland drains and settling tanks

depending upon the field conditions to prevent the further land degradation and rolling

down the soil/waste material to the down slope and ultimately into seasonal streams.

Details of the engineering and biological measures are discussed below:

5.2.4.1 Gully Plugs

Gullies are mainly formed on account of physiography, soil type and heavy biotic

pressure in the area. The scouring of streams at their peak flows and sediment laden

run-off cause gullies. The gullies would be required to be treated with

engineering/mechanical methods. The mine owner has constructed 3 small gully plugs

inside the lease area to control the sediment flow and erosion into stream. Six gully

plugs are now being proposed outside the ML area across the seasonal drainage flowing

from the mining area to down slopes. The top width of the gully plugs should be kept as

1.5 m and the vertical side slope shall be provided.

5.2.4.2 Check Dams

Check dams would be constructed in some of the areas outside the ML to promote

growth of vegetation to arrest flow of silted water and consequently to lead the

stabilization of slopes/area and further prevention of deepening of gullies and erosion.

Different types of check dams such as masonry and rock filled have been proposed to be

constructed at vital points across the streams. Though the mine owner has constructed

seven masonry check dams outside the lease area, yet, four masonry check dams of 20 m


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length and 2.5 m high and two rock fill check dams of 15 m x 3 m x 4 m have been

proposed depending upon site conditions. The top width of the rock-fill check dams

should be kept as 3m and the vertical side slope shall be provided.

5.2.4.3 Settling Tanks

In all six settling tanks of 30m x 15m x 3m have been proposed, two at the bottom of

waste dump within the ML area and two each at North East and South boundaries

connected to garland drains to slow down the flow of water and to arrest the loose

sediments from the waste dumps and also to store water for watering the green belt.

The settling tanks should be constructed in stone masonry in cement sand mortar 1:5

and shall be plastered from inside

5.2.4.4 Culvert

Seasonal Nalas at many places cross the net work of mine roads outside and within the

lease area. At some places proper crossing of the drainage has not been provided, with

the result that the embankments are subjected to erosion. The streams during rain fall of

higher intensity period flows over the mine roads and cause wide gully formation. This

warrants for proper channelization of the streams at the crossings by providing culverts.

It is proposed that the culverts should be provided in the form of two Hume pipes (NP-

3), 1 m diameter laid with slope from upper stream to down stream. The pipe shall be

laid over 30 cm thick cc 1:3:6 flooring having masonry support and wing walls at both

the ends. The foundation of the stone masonry structures should be about 1.5 m below

the bed of the Nala so as to cater for scouring action during the flood period. The bed of

the Nala should be pitched with stone/ rip-rap in a thickness of 0.6 m below the bed

level extending up to the return wing wall. The two Hume pipes should be separated

horizontally by 0.5 m. The end wall should be raised 1-1.5 m above the HFL.


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5.2.4.5 Indicative Cost Estimate for Surface Water Management

The following individual engineering measures are need to be constructed, such as

settling tanks, check dams, gully plugs and culverts in the mine lease area for surface

water management. The number of engineering structures to be required for the entire

area was assessed and accordingly the financial provisions have been made.

Engineering measures such as settling tanks, check dams, gully plugs and culverts have

been proposed for the area both inside and outside of the lease area. The overall

indicative cost of the surface management plan is shown in Table-5.2 and Figure 5.3

and the indicative cost has been worked out to be Rs. 168.97 lacs.

Table-5.2: Indicative Cost Estimate for Surface Water Management Plan for MEL Mine, ML- 2346

Sl. No. Particulars No L (m) B (m) H

(m) Qty. m3 Rate (Rs.)

Amount (Rs. lac)

1 Gully Plug 6 10 3 3 540 520/m3 2.81

2 Masonry Check Dam (20 mx 2.5m)

2 20 - 40 40,000/m 16.00

3 Rock fill Check Dam

2 15 (3+11)/2 4.0 840 520/m3 4.44

5

Stone masonry settling tank (30m x 15 m x 3 m), 6 nos.

i C. C. 1:4:8 1x6 33.6 15.6 0.20 628.98 3284.95/m3 20.66 ii C. C. 1:3:6 1x6 33.6 15.6 0.20 628.98 3584.30/m3 22.55

iii

RR Stone masonry 1:5 Cement mortar (in long walls)

2x6 30.0 (1.0 + 1.5)/2

3.0 1350 3235.00/m3 43.67

iv RR Stone masonry 1:5 Cement

2x6 13.0 (1.0 + 1.5)/2

3.0 585 3235.00/m3 18.92


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mortar (in short walls)

v

Cement plaster in 1:4 in cement sand mortar (inside tank)

2x6 30+15 - 3.0 1620 130.00/m3 2.10

vi

Cement plaster in 1:4 in cement sand mortar (top of tank)

2x6 30+13 - 1.0 516 130.00/m3 0.67

vii

Cement pointing 1:3 in cement sand mortar on outer surface of long walls

2x6 (33+32) - 1.5 1170 63.68/m3 0.75

viii

Cement pointing 1:3 in cement sand mortar on outer surface of short walls

2x6 (18+17) - 1.5 630 63.68/m3 0.40

6

Providing Hume Pipe Culvert (NP-3) 1 m dia, of 2 pipes

4 12 -- -- 48 RM

75,000/RM 36.00

TOTAL 168.97


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Figure-5.3: Surface Water Management Plan for MEL Mine, ML- 2346


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5.3. BIOLOGICAL MEASURES

In order to restore the ecological functioning of mined out areas besides engineering

measures; biological measures must be drafted and implemented with immediate effect.

When attempting to restore a native ecosystem, effort is to establish a self-sustaining

system, so that succession processes lead to the desired floral and faunal complexes. The

seasonal distribution and reliability of rainfall determines the best time to establish

vegetation. Biological measures, if implemented successfully will result in the

establishment of self sustaining ecosystem. All the preparatory works must be

completed before the time when seeds are most likely to experience the conditions that

they need to germinate and survive, i.e. adequate rainfall and suitable temperatures.

The biological measures will employ the identification and selection of suitable plant

species adaptable to the existing climatic and sub-stratum conditions, collection of

planting materials (seeds, rhizomes, bulbs, cuttings etc.), raising these planting stocks in

nursery or directly sowing on the OB dumps/mined out areas depending on the species

characteristics and availability of planting resource. The elevation of mine site varies

between 800 m to 940 m above msl and the average annual rainfall is about 500 – 600

mm (Source: Irrigation department, Chitradurga District).

5.3.1 Species Selection and Plantation

The ultimate objective of the biological measure is to restore the natural vegetation

occurring in and around the mine area and also to provide a corridor for free movement

of the wildlife. The species selected for establishment is based on the future land use of

the area, soil conditions and climate.

Species which have similar growth forms to the original vegetation, and thrive in

areas with comparable soil types, drainage status, aspect and climate, are most

appropriate.


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The native species which occur in the natural vegetation area are the best

candidate for restoration purpose.

Care must be taken to avoid introducing a species which could become an

unacceptable fire hazard, invade surrounding areas of native vegetation, or

become a weed.

Suitable leguminous species should be selected to improve fertility of the mine

disturbed substratum.

Species having a good canopy cover should be selected and used where a quick

cover for erosion control is required.

Depending upon the plant characteristic, seed size the species can be propagated by

various methods i.e., seed broadcast, seed mixed with soil, hydro-seeding,

seedlings, rhizomes, bulbs, slips, root stocks.

a) Seed broadcasting: Seeds can be sown directly by broadcasting them over the

selected areas.

b) Seed mixed with soil: Seeds are mixed in soil and made into small balls which

are then broadcast over the selected sites. This practice is applied in those species

whose seeds are very minute like grasses. The earthen balls are made by mixing

soil, farm yard manure (FYM), seeds and required quantity of water.

c) Hydro-seeding: Inaccessible areas like steep slopes hydroseeding technique can

be applied. In this technique slurry of appropriate quantity and consistency is

prepared consisting of water, FYM and seeds. This slurry is sprinkled over the

selected sites with the help of either hydro-seeders or manually sprinkling with a

jug or such containers.

d) Planting rhizomes, bulbs, slips, root stocks: These stocking materials are planted

by simply digging holes in an appropriate depth.


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e) Planting seedlings: In this method a pit of appropriate size, depending on the

site conditions and size of the poly-bag, is dug out and stones are removed. Pits

are filled back with the mixture of good quality soil (preferably from the silting

tanks/top soil preserved) and FYM. In this dressed pit the seedlings are planted.

Reconnaissance survey was made to assess the present status of biological

componentsof the adjoining areas of mined lands for identification and selection of

plant species to be used in restoration process.

5.4 OVER BURDEN DUMPS MANAGEMENT

The mine has one active dump over an area of 3.66 ha out of 10.74 ha of total proposed

area. The existing dump has three terraces each of height and width of 10 m and 8m,

respectively. The proposed dump will have about 6 terraces with about similar

dimensions. The lessee has already made some afforestation efforts by planting, on

bottom two terraces, with plant species like Pongamia pinnata, Simarouba glauca,

Azadarachta indica, Cassia auriculiformis, Leucaena leucocephala, Accacia nilotica, Accacia

mangium, Delonix regia, Vetiveria zizanoides, Stylosanthes hamata, etc. Though some of

these species are growing well on OB dumps but as regard to restore the original

vegetation of the area these species are not suitable.

The species used in restoration process should be in proper combination of all plant

forms such as grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees as recorded in the natural forests. In

addition the aim of restoration should be on protection of soil erosion from loose

overburden dumps, soil moisture retention as well as enrichment of soil fertility.

Before initiation of biological restoration, the OB dumps should be made into

recommended benches and terraces with appropriate angle. The steep OB dump slopes

being unstable and having loose material may get disturbed immediately by rains which

may result in soil erosion and formation of gullies. Furthermore direct exposure to


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sunlight may also result in loss of soil moisture and increase of substratum temperature

which may hamper the growth and establishment of vegetation. To overcome these

problems geo textile/coir mats may be used followed by the seed broadcasting and

planting of suitable plant species over geo textile or coir mat. Seed broadcasting has to

be taken up by using hydroseeder or by spreading slurry manually. The species

recommended for hydroseeding on mine OB dumps and fragile unstable surfaces are

Bothriochloa pertusa, Cassia auriculata, Cassia occidentalis, C. tora, Crotalaria juncea, C. albida,

Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. martinii, C. nardus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dichanthium

annulatum, Heteropogon contortus, Stylosanthes fruticosa, Tephrosia purpurea etc. (Table-5.3).

These species will get established in due course of time and cover the disturbed areas. In

addition to hydroseeding, planting of suitable shrubs, creepers and trees have to be

done on slopes by making holes in geo textile/coir mat.

Table-5.3. Species Recommended for Hydro seeding (HS)

Sl. No. Species Local Name Family A. Herbs and Grasses 1. Bothriochloa pertusa Aanekattu hullu Poaceae 2. Cassia occidentalis Gunduthagase Caesalpiniaceae 3. Cassia tora Ganduthagase Caesalpiniaceae 4. Crotalaria albida Giligiligida Fabaceae 5. Crotalaria juncea Sannasenabu Fabaceae 6. Cymbopogon flexuosus Anthibale hullu Poaceae 7. Cymbopogon martini Kaashi hullu Poaceae 8. Cymbopogon nardus Ganda hanchi hullu Poaceae 9. Cynodon dactylon Garike hullu Poaceae 10. Dactyloctenium aegyptium - Poaceae 11. Dichanthium annulatum Ganjala garike hullu Poaceae 12. Eleusine indica - Poaceae 13. Heteropogon contortus Ooobina hullu Poaceae 14. Stylosanthes fruticosa Hamata grass Fabaceae 15. Tephrosia purpurea Kaadu thogari Fabaceae B. Shrubs 16. Calotropis gigantea Ekka Asclepiadaceae 17. Calotropis procera Kempuekka Asclepiadaceae 18. Cassia auriculata Aavarike Caesalpiniaceae


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On the moderate slopes and terraces where no geo matting/coir mat is used, contour

trenches should be made on the slopes for giving proper anchorage and support to the

seeds and other planting stock, especially grasses. The distance between two adjoining

contours should be about one meter. For stabilization of slopes rows of grasses, which

are known drought tolerant, fast colonizers in low nutrient soil and best soil binders, are

to be planted. Grasses to be planted should be raised in the nurseries and then planted

on the slopes of OB dumps and any other areas. In the absence of sufficient stock of

grasses in the nurseries, clumps of grasses can also be collected from adjacent areas

without disturbing the natural vegetation cover of the area.

a) Grasses

The important grass species to be planted on exposed slopes and terraces are:

Bothriochloa pertusa, Chrysopogon fulvus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. martinii, C. nardus,

Cynodon dactylon, Dichanthium annulatum, Eleusine indica, Heteropogon contortus,

Saccharum spontaneum, etc., have been suggested for planting in the form of slips, seed

broadcast, earthen balls, and hydroseeding as given in Table-5.3.

The grass species are available in plenty around the area. It is strongly recommended

that the above grasses may be grown and multiplied in the nursery for their plantation

in the mined areas. Different species of grasses should be planted on slopes as slips at

distance of about 30 cm from plant to plant.

b) Leguminous species

In addition to the grass species preference for leguminous should also be given in order

to enrich the fertility of the substratum. The legumes play an important role in

increasing the soil nitrogen for they have symboitic nitrogen fixing bacteria. Seeds of

following species suggested for mined out areas and OB dumps can be collected from

adjacent forest area or purchased from the recognized private nurseries/forest


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departments: Crotalaria albida, C. juncea, C. retusa, C. verrucosa, Indigofera cassioides,

Mimosa pudica, Stylosanthes fruticosa, Tephrosia purpurea, T. villosa, etc. (Table-5.4 and 5.5).

Table 5.4. Grasses and bamboos (Family: Poaceae) recommended for stabilization of

the OB dumps

Sl. No. Species Local Name Method of Propagation* 1 Bambusa arundinacea Bidiru Rh, EB 2 Bothriochloa pertusa Aanekattu hullu EB, HS 3 Chrysopogon fulvus Ganjigarike EB, HS, S 4 Cymbopogon flexuosus Anthibale hullu HS, S 5 Cymbopogon martini Kaashi hullu HS, S 6 Cymbopogon nardus Ganda hanchi hullu HS, S 7 Cynodon dactylon Garike hullu HS, EB 8 Dendrocalamus strictus Gandubidiru Rh, EB 9 Dichanthium annulatum Ganjala garike hullu EB, HS 10 Eleusine indica Hechhulli hullu EB, HS 11 Heteropogon contortus Ooobina hullu EB, HS 12 Saccharum spontaneum Darbe hullu EB, HS, S 13 Vetiveria zizanoides Khus khus EB, S

*EB-earthen balls, HS-Hydro-seeding, Rh-Rhizome, S-Slips, SB-Seed broadcast Table-5.5: Species Recommended for Nitrogen Enrichment of Mine Areas

Sl. No. Species Local Name Family Method of Propagation*

A.Herbs 1. Cassia mimosoides Gundu thagase Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB 2. Cassia occidentalis Doddathagase Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB 3. Cassia tora Ganduthase Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB 4. Crotalaria albida Giligili gida Fabaceae HS, SB 5. Crotalaria juncea Sanna senabu Fabaceae SB 6. Crotalaria retusa Gejjegida Fabaceae SB 7. Crotalaria verrucosa Gijigiji gida Fabaceae HS, SB 8. Mimosa pudica Muttidaremuni Mimosaceae EB, SB 9. Stylosanthes fruticosa Haamata grass Fabaceae EB, SB 10. Tephrosia purpurea Koggi Fabaceae EB, SB 11. Tephrosia villosa

Kaadu thogari Fabaceae EB, SB


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B.Shrubs 12 Cassia auriculata Aavarike Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB 13 Cassia hirsuta Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB 14 Indigofera cassioides Muttidare muni Fabaceae HS, SB

*EB-earthen balls, HS-Hydro-seeding, SB-Seed broadcast

c) Trees

After the establishment of the grasses and shrubs on the slopes and terraces of the OB

dumps, the planting of indigenous tree species should be taken up within one year of

grass plantation. Plant to plant spacing of tree on the terraces should be in 3m x 3m

distance. Similarly on slopes spacing should be 2m x 2m. Species composition should be

mixed as recorded in the natural forest around the mine. The details of tree species to be

planted are given in Table-5.6.

Table-5.6. Plant Species suitable for OB Dump and Mine Pit Stabilization

Sl. No. Plant species Local names Family Method of propagation*

A. Herbs and Grasses 1 Bothriochloa pertusa Aanekattu

hullu Poaceae EB, HS

2 Chrysopogon fulvus Poaceae EB, HS, S 3 Cymbopogon flexuosus Ganjigarike Poaceae HS, S 4 Cymbopogon martini Kaashihuillu Poaceae HS, S 5 Cymbopogon nardus Citronella enne

hullu Poaceae HS, S

6 Dichanthium annulatum Ganjalagarike Poaceae EB, HS 7 Heteropogon contortus Oobina hullu Poaceae EB, HS 8 Saccharum spontaneum Darbe hullu Poaceae HS, S 9 Stylosanthes fruticosa Hamata grass Fabaceae HS, SB

B. Shrubs 10 Agave americana Aane katthaale Agavaceae B 11 Agave sisalana Boodu Katthaale Agavaceae B 12 Calotropis gigantea Ekka Asclepiadaceae EB, HS 13 Calotropis procera Kempu ekka Asclepiadaceae EB, HS 14 Cassia auriculata Aavarike Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB 15 Cipadessa baccifera Narachalu gida Meliaceae SB


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16 Dendrocalamus strictus Gandu bidiru Poaceae Rh 17 Dodonaea viscosa Bandarike Sapindaceae SB, Sl 18 Maytenus emarginata Thandarasi Celastraceae SB 19 Vitex negundo Lakki Verbenaceae BC

C. Trees 20 Acacia catechu Kaachu Mimosaceae SL 21 Acacia chundra Kempu

khairada Jaali Mimosaceae SL

22 Acacia ferruginea Banni mara Mimosaceae SL 23 Acacia nilotica Kari Jaali Mimosaceae SL 24 Aegle marmelos Bilva patre Rutaceae SL 25 Albizia lebbeck Baage Mimosaceae SL 26 Albizia odoratissima Bilvaara Mimosaceae SL 27 Albizia procera Bili baage Mimosaceae SL 28 Annona squamosa Seethaaphala Annonaceae SL 29 Anogeissus latifolia Dindiga Combretaceae SL 30 Azadirachta indica Bevu Meliaceae SL 31 Bauhinia racemosa Kaadu

mandaara Caesalpiniaceae SL

32 Boswellia serrata Maddi Burseraceae SL 33 Cassia fistula Kakke Caesalpiniaceae SL 34 Chloroxylon swietenia Hurugalu mara Flindersiaceae SL 35 Dalbergia latifolia Beete mara Fabaceae SL 36 Dalbergia sissoo Shishta Baage Fabaceae RS, SL 37 Diospyros melanoxylon Beedi yele mara Ebenaceae SL 38 Dolichandrone atrovirens Udide mara Bignoniaceae SL 39 Ficus racemosa Atthi Moraceae SL 40 Ficus religiosa Arali Moraceae SL 41 Givotia rottleriformis Thella puniki Euphorbiaceae SL 42 Gmelina arborea Shivani Verbenaceae SL 43 Grewia tiliifolia Sannudippe Tiliaceae SL 44 Haldina cordifolia Hetthaega Rubiaceae SL 45 Hardwickia binata Kammra Caesalpiniaceae SL 46 Holoptelea integrifolia Thapasee mara Ulmaceae SL 47 Lagerstroemia parviflora Hole

Daasavaala Lythraceae SL

48 Limonia acidissima Baela Rutaceae SL 49 Madhuca longifolia var.

latifolia Hole hippe Sapotaceae SL

50 Mitragyna parvifolia Kadavaala Rubiaceae SL


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51 Morinda pubescens Haladi paavate Rubiaceae SL 52 Phyllanthus emblica Nelli Euphorbiaceae SL 53 Pithecelobium dulce Seeme hunise Mimosaceae SL 54 Pongamia pinnata Honge Fabaceae SL 55 Pterocarpus marsupium Honne Fabaceae SL 56 Santalam album Srigandha Santalaceae SL 57 Soymida febrifuga Somo mara Meliaceae SL 58 Stereospermum colais Paadari Bignoniaceae SL 59 Tamarindus indica Hunise Caesalpiniaceae SL 60 Terminalia bellirica Thaare Combretaceae SL 61 Terminalia chebula Alale Combretaceae SL 62 Wrightia tinctoria Beppaale Rubiaceae SL 63 Ziziphus mauritiana Bore hannu Rhamnaceae SL

*B-Bulb/Bulbills, BC-Branch cutting, HS-Hydro-seeding, EB-earthen balls, Rh-Rhizome,

RS-Root stock, S-Slips, SB-Seed broadcast, SL-seedling

5.4.1 Other Points to be for OB Dump Management

In addition to the engineering and biological measures other points of consideration for

OB dump management are as follows:

• The topsoil collected and stacked during the initial stages of mining should be

used in plantation programme.

• The over burdens have to be dumped in benches made for the purpose of

stabilization, and it should be ensured that no over burden encroach the natural

nalas under any circumstances.

• All along the slope of the OB dumps, garland drains constructed should be

connected to natural drain/nala. Regular de-silting has to be carried out, i.e.,

before and after monsoon season and the silt material can be used for plantation

purpose.

• The over burden should be filled back in such a way that the water drains out

into the streams in the same ratio as it is flowing naturally. Therefore, provision


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should be made to flow down the rainwater gradually in all natural streams

equally. The direction of course of flow should not be changed or modified.

5.4.2 Mine Pit Management and Rehabilitation

After extraction of iron ore, all hard overburden/wastes generated during mining

operations should be used in back filling of mine pits or dumped in the worked out area

of the mine so as to maintain and bring back the original shape of the terrain as far as

possible. The mine pits have to be leveled after extraction of the ore to match the

contour of the area. The stacked top soil has to be spread over on compacted back filled

area in order to facilitate the re-vegetation process, which in turn controls silt flow

towards the downstream. The construction of channels all along the boundary of the

mine pit has to be made to help in arresting runoff and preventing soil erosion.

5.4.3 Management of Refractory Sites

The areas which lack any nutrient containing soil can be planted with Agave americana,

A. sisalana, Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia tirucalli, E. tortilis, Sterculia urens which have been

proved successful in extreme conditions (Table 5.7).

Table-5.7: Plant Species Suitable for Stabilization of Refractory Sites

Sl. No. Plant species Local name Family Habit 1 Agave americana Aane Katthaale Agavaceae Shrub 2 Agave sisalana Boodu Katthaale Agavaceae Shrub 3 Dodonaea viscosa Bandarike Sapindaceae Shrub 4 Euphorbia tirucalli Kolu kalli Euphorbiaceae Shrub 5 Euphorbia tortilis Thirugu kalli Euphorbiaceae Shrub 6 Sterculia urens Kempu dale mara Sterculiaceae Tree


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5.4.4 Mine Drainage Management and Rehabilitation

The drainage management and rehabilitation plan for this mine is recommended as

follows:

a) Provide proper gradient and drainage arrangement at the mine benches and over

burden dumping area

b) After trapping the suspended solids in garland drains just below the over burden

dumps, the water has to be allowed to flow down the dump slopes to join natural

streams/nalas through settling tank with filtration arrangements, so that all the

suspended solids and sediments will be arrested.

c) Plantation of indigenous and other economically important trees, shrubs, herbs and

grasses at the point of discharge, where the mine outlet will pass through bio-

engineering structures and on OB dumps has to be taken up, so that the

sediment/silt flow will be arrested from the site and soil moisture can be

maintained.

d) The drain/nala bunds shall be planted with suitable grasses, herbs, shrubs and

trees, namely, Acacia nilotica, Agave americana, A. sisalana, Bambusa arundinacea,

Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cassia auriculata, Chrysopogon fulvus,

Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. martinii, C. nardus, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dichanthium

annulatum, Ficus racemosa, Heteropogon contortus, Indigofera cassioides, Saccharum

spontaneum, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna, Vitex negundo etc. (Table-5.8). At

steep slopes necessary engineering and biological measures have to be undertaken

to prevent soil erosion.


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Table- 5.8: Plant Species suitable for Stabilization of Nala/Drain Courses

Sl.No. Plant species Local name Family Habit 1 Acacia nilotica Kari gobbali Mimosaceae Tree 2 Agave americana Aane Katthaale Agavaceae Shrub 3 Agave sisalana Boodu Katthaale Agavaceae Shrub 4 Bambusa arundinacea Aane bidiru Poaceae Shrub 5 Calotropis gigantea Ekka Asclepiadaceae Shrub 6 Calotropis procera Bili ekka Asclepiadaceae Shrub 7 Cassia auriculata Aavarike Caesalpiniaceae Shrub 8 Chrysopogon fulvus Ganjigarike Poaceae Herb 9 Cymbopogon flexuosus Anthibele hullu Poaceae Herb

10 Cymbopogon martinii Kaashi hullu Poaceae Herb

11 Cymbopogon nardus Citronella enne hullu Poaceae Herb

12 Dendrocalamus strictus

Gandu bidiru Poaceae Shrub

13 Dichanthium annulatum

Ganjagarike hullu Poaceae Herb

14 Ficus racemosa Atthi mara Moraceae Tree 15 Heteropogon contortus Oobina hullu Poaceae Herb 16 Indigofera cassioides Goggae Fabaceae Shrub

17 Saccharum spontaneum

Darbe hullu Poaceae Herb

18 Stereospermum colais Paadari mara Bignoniaceae Tree 19 Syzygium cumini Nerale Myrtaceae Tree 20 Terminalia arjuna Hole matthi Combretaceae Tree 21 Vitex negundo Lakki Verbenaceae Shrub

5.4.5 Management of Haul Roads

The present condition of haul roads, which are leading to the mine, should be

maintained at regular intervals. The roads must be regularly sprinkled with water to

avoid dust spread during transportation of ore material through trucks.


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Tarpaulin covering during the transportation of iron ore is a must. The drainage system

is inadequate along the haul roads and it is suggested that drainage has to be provided

all along the haul roads, to arrest sediment flow towards downstream.

All along the haul roads following fast growing avenue tree species should be planted

to suppress the noise and dust pollution (Table-5.9): Albizia lebbeck, A. odoratissima,

Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Ficus benghalensis,Ficus racemosa, Gmelina arborea,Grewia

tiliifolia, Pongamia pinnata, Tamarindus indica, Thespesia populnea and Terminalia catappa

( four rows on either side at a distance of 2.5 m apart)

Table-5.9: Plant Species recommended for Avenue Plantation along Mine

Haul Roads

Sl. No. Plant species Family Local name Habit 1 Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Kare gobbali Tree 2 Albizia amara Mimosaceae Chigare Tree 3 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Baage Tree 4 Albizia odoratissima Mimosaceae Bilvaara Tree 5 Albizia procera Mimosaceae Bilibaage Tree 6 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Bevu Tree 7 Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Kakke Tree 8 Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Beete Tree 9 Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Shista baage Tree

10 Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Aalada mara Tree 11 Ficus racemosa Moraceae Atthi mara Tree 12 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Arali mara Tree 13 Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Shivani Tree 14 Grewia tiliifolia Tiliaceae Sannudippe Tree 15 Holoptelea

integrifolia Ulmaceae Thapasee mara

Tree

16 Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Honge Tree 17 Stereospermum colais Bignoniaceae Paadari mara Tree 18 Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae Hunise Tree 19

Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Kaadu baadaami

Tree

20 Thespesia populnea Malvaceae

Hoovarasi mara

Tree

21 Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Gorklu mara Tree


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5.5 AFFORESTATION

Afforestation of the mined out and other available areas which are not fragmented but

are degraded due to mining activity is the main component of re-vegetation process to

mitigate the negative impacts of the mining on environment. By afforestation and

restoration of the ecosystem as closely to the pre-mining is possible and accomplished.

In the context of the mines under study, the mine lease area though not fully mined out,

an afforestation plan has been formulated considering the conceptual closure plan of the

mines. After excluding the area finally classified under over burden dumps, green belt,

afforeated area, the area to be afforested in ML-2346 has been worked out to be 80.37 ha

[lease area 102.53 ha as per CEC sketch – (OB dump 10.74 ha + Green belt 3.89 ha +

afforested area 7.53 ha)]. The afforestation covering 1000 trees and 2500 shrubs per ha,

inclusive of maintenance for five years has been worked out as per the norms of State

Forest Department, Karnataka. The total indicative cost for afforestation in 80.37 ha @

Rs. 1.74 Lakh/ha has been worked to be Rs 139.84 Lakhs. It is recommended that the

work of afforestation should be entrusted to the State Forest Department, Karnataka and

the periodical monitoring shall be assigned to a National specialized Scientific

Institutions.

Afforestaion shall be made through:

Propagates (seeds, tubers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes and roots) stored in top soil.

Planting nursery-raised seedlings

By seed dibbling

Transplants of individuals from natural areas without disturbing the area.

It is usually more economical to establish plants by direct seeding than by planting

seedlings. Planting nursery-raised seedlings is most appropriate when the particular


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species cannot be established in suitable numbers through seeding or topsoil return. It

may be possible to propagate these species from seeds, cuttings, bulbs, rhizomes and

grow them on in containers in a nursery and then plant them as a part of the restoration

process. Planting seedlings may also be appropriate where the restoration objectives

require a systematic layout of plants, as in the case of establishing a plantation.

5.5.1 Multipurpose Plant Species

The multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-rehabilitation and reclamation of

mine areas are presented in Table- 5.10.

Table 5.10. Multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-reclamation and eco-rehabilitation of mine areas

Sl. No.

Plant species Local name Family Uses

A. Grasses and Herbs 1 Aristida setacea Dodda hanchi

hullu Poaceae C

2 Bothriochloa pertusa Aanekattu hullu Poaceae F 3 Cassia occidentalis Doddathagase Caesalpiniaceae M 4 Cassia tora Gundu thagase Caesalpiniaceae M 5 Chrysopogon fulvus Ganjigarike Poaceae F 6 Crotalaria juncea Sanna senabu Fabaceae F 7 Cymbopogon flexuosus Anthibale hullu Poaceae C 8 Cymbopogon martinii Kaashi hullu Poaceae C 9 Cymbopogon nardus Ganda hanchi

hullu Poaceae C

10 Cynodon dactylon Garike hullu Poaceae F 11 Dactyloctenium

aegyptium Kaadu Raagi hullu

Poaceae F

12 Dichanthium annulatum Ganjala garike hullu

Poaceae F

13 Eleusine indica Hecchulli hullu Poaceae F 14 Heteropogon contortus Oobina hullu Poaceae F 15 Mimosa pudica Muttidare muni Mimosaceae M 16 Tephrosia purpurea Koggi Fabaceae M 17 Vetiveria ziznoides Khus khus Poaceae M


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B. Climbers and Shrubs 18 Argyreia nervosa Samudra hale

balli Convolvulaceae M

19 Agave americana Aane Katthaale Agavaceae C 20 Agave sisalana Boodu

Katthaale Agavaceae C

21 Bambusa arundinacea Bidiru Poaceae E, C 22 Calotropis gigantea Ekka Asclepiadaceae M 23 Calotropis procera Bili ekka Asclepiadaceae M 24 Cassia auriculata Aavarike Caesalpiniaceae M 25 Dendrocalamus strictus Gandubidiru Poaceae E, C 26 Euphorbia tirucalli Atthimara Euphorbiaceae M 27 Indigofera cassioides Goggae Fabaceae E 28 Jatropha curcas Dodda haralu Euphorbiaceae M, C 29 Jatropha gossypifolia Chikka kaada

haralu Euphorbiaceae M

30 Vitex negundo Lakki Verbenaceae M C. Trees

31 Acacia catechu Kaachu Mimosaceae C 32 Acacia nilotica Kare Jaali Mimosaceae T 33 Aegle marmelos Bela Rutaceae M, E, C 34 Ailanthus excelsa Dodda mara Simaroubaceae C 35 Alangium salvifolium Ankole Alangiaceae M,T 36 Albizia amara Chujjulu Mimosaceae T 37 Albizia lebbeck Baage Mimosaceae T 38 Annona squamosa Seethaphala Annonaceae M,E,C 39 Anogeissus latifolia Dindiga Combretaceae T 40 Azadirachta indica Bevu Meliaceae M, T, F, C 41 Boswellia serrata Maddi mara Burseraceae M, C 42 Cassia fistula Kakke Caesalpiniaceae M 43 Ceiba pentandra Booruga Bombaceae C 44 Chloroxylon swietenia Hurugalu mara Flindersiaceae M, T 45 Dalbergia latifolia Beete mara Fabaceae T 46 Dalbergia paniculata Pachari mara Fabaceae T 47 Dalbergia sissoo Shishta bage,

Britimara Fabaceae T

48 Diospyros melanoxylon Tumri Ebenaceae E, C 49 Drypetes roxburgii Haalu

kalli,Kolukalli Euphorbiaceae M

50 Ficus benghalensis Arali Moraceae M, T, F


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51 Ficus racemosa Atthi Moraceae M,E 52 Ficus religiosa Aralimara Moraceae M,F 53 Givotia rottleriformis Hetthaega Euphorbiaceae C 54 Gmelina arborea Shivani Verbenaceae T 55 Grewia tiliifolia Sannudippe Tiliaceae T 56 Haldina cordifolia Hetthaega Rubiaceae T 57 Hardwickia binata Asanagurgi Caesalpiniaceae T 58 Holoptelea integrifolia Tapasimara Ulmaceae T 59 Lagerstroemia parviflora Hole

daasawaaala Lythraceae T

60 Lannea coromandelica Gumpina Anacardiaceae T 61 Limonia acidissima Baelada hannu Rutaceae M, E, C 62 Madhuca longifolia var.

latifolia Ippe Sapotaceae E, C

63 Mitragyna parvifolia Kadavala Rubiaceae T 64 Morinda pubescens Haladi paavate Rubiaceae T 65 Phyllanthus emblica Nelli Euphorbiaceae M,C 66 Pithecelobium dulce Seeme hunise Mimosaceae E, F 67 Pongamia pinnata Honge Fabaceae M, C 68 Pterocarpus marsupium Honne Fabaceae M,T 69 Santalam album Srigandh Santalaceae M, C 70 Soymida febrifuga Somi mara Meliaceae M 71 Sterculia urens Somi mara Sterculiaceae M, C 72 Syzygium cumini Nerale Myrtaceae T, E,C 73 Tamarindus indica Hunise Caesalpiniaceae T, E,C 74 Tectona grandis Thega Verbenaceae T 75 Terminalia arjuna Arjuna,

Holematthi Combretaceae M, T

76 Terminalia bellirica Thaare Combretaceae M, C 77 Terminalia catappa Kaadu

Baadaami Combretaceae E,C

78 Terminalia chebula Alale Combretaceae M, C 79 Terminalia elliptica Combretaceae T 80 Wrightia tinctoria Haale Rubiaceae C 81 Ziziphus mauritiana Bore Rhamnaceae E,C

M=Medicinal; T=Timber; E=Edible; F=Fodder; C=Commercial


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5.5.2 Establishment of Nursery

The already existing nursery is inadequate to cater the needs the plantation activity as

suggested in this report. Following suggestions are made to improve the existing

nursery.

• Minimum of two acres of land must be allotted for setting up the nursery.

• Efforts should be made to employ local people who are familiar with the local

flora.

• Seeds of the species prescribed for various purposes should be procured for

raising the seedlings.

• A separate area should be earmarked for establishing Medicinal plant nursery.

• Unemployed youth and women should be employed in the nursery. They should

be given adequate training in nursery techniques.

• The programme of raising seedling by the local women should be encouraged.

5.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

There is no green belt available in the safety zone around the mine lease area. In order to

minimize the impact of mining on environmental components outside the mine lease

area, it is recommended that greenbelt development all along within the mine lease area

in 7.5m width, as stipulated by MoEF, has to be made with immediate effect. The

greenbelt will act as a barrier to trap the suspended dust particles and also suppresses

noise and air pollutants. It is also important to create a green belt with tall seedlings (>1

m height) of fast growing native species so as to establish with good survival percentage

at the earliest.


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5.6.1 Indicative Cost of Developing Green Belt

The greenbelt area has to be developed in the estimated 3.89 ha area along the periphery

of Mine Lease Area- 2346. Based on the per hectare indicative cost of Rs. 2.57 Lakhs the

cost of developing green belt works out to Rs. 9.99 Lakhs as given in Table-5.11.

Table-5.11: Indicative Cost Estimate for Developing Green Belt

Sl. No. Mine Lease Area Area of Green Belt (ha)

Rate/ha (Rs. in lakhs)

Amount(Rs. in lakhs)

1 ML-2346 3.89 2.57 9.99 Total 9.99

5.6.2 Recommended Plant Species

The important tree species, namely, Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia amara, A. lebbeck,

Azadirachta indica, Boswellia serrata, Cassia fistula, Ceiba pentandra, Dalbergia sissoo, Drypetes

roxburgii, Ficus benghalensis, F. religiosa, Gmelina arborea, Haldina cordifolia, Hardwickia

binata, Holoptelea integrifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia,

Mitragyna parvifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Pithecelobium dulce, Pongamia pinnata,

Stereospermum colais and Tectona grandis have been recommended for greenbelt

plantation around the mine lease area in four rows (2.5 m x2.5 m spacing) as given in %

(Table-5.12).

Table-5.12: Tree Species recommended for Greenbelt Development around the mine

lease area.

Sl. No. Botanical name Local name Family 1. Ailanthus excelsa Dodda mara Simaroubaceae 2. Albizia amara Chujjulu Mimosaceae 3. Albizia lebbeck Baage Mimosaceae 4. Albizia procera Bilibage Mimosaceae 5. Azadirachta indica Bevu Meliaceae 6. Boswellia serrata Maddi mara Burseraceae 7. Cassia fistula Kakke Caesalpiniaceae


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8. Dalbergia latifolia Beete mara Fabaceae 9. Dalbergia paniculata Pachari mara Fabaceae 10. Dalbergia sissoo Shishta bage,

Britimara Fabaceae

11. Ficus benghalensis Aaladamara Moraceae 12. Ficus religiosa Aralimara Moraceae 13. Gmelina arborea Shivane mara Verbenaceae 14. Grewia tiliifolia Sannudippe Tiliaceae 15. Haldina cordifolia Hetthaega Rubiaceae 16. Hardwickia binata Asanagurgi Caesalpiniaceae 17. Holoptelea integrifolia Tapasimara Ulmaceae 18. Lagerstroemia parviflora Holedasawala Lythraceae 19. Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia Ippemara Sapotaceae 20. Mitragyna parvifolia Kadavala Rubiaceae 21. Phyllanthus emblica Bettada nellikai Euphorbiaceae 22. Pithecelobium dulce Seeme hunuse mara Mimosaceae 23. Pongamia pinnata Hongemara Fabaceae 24. Schleichera oleosa Saagade mara Meliaceae 25. Stereospermum colais Paadarimara Bignoniaceae 26. Tectona grandis Thegadamara Verbenaceae 27. Trema orientalis Gorklu mara Ulmaceae

5.7 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN

The zone in which the present mine study was carried out has comparatively rich in

vegetation especially in the zones adjoining the mine lease area.

5.7.1 Flora

Considering the importance of the forest ecosystem in terms of its environmental

services suitable floral species have been recommended for restoration of the mined out

areas for timber, fodder, fuel wood and medicinal plants to meet the community

requirement and overall ecosystem development (Table-5.13).


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Table 5.13. Recommended for restoration of the mined out areas for timber, fodder, fuel wood and medicinal plants

S.No. Botanical name Family Habit Remarks 1 Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Climber Medicinal 2 Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae Climber RET/ Medicinal 3 Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Climber Medicinal 4 Tylophora indica Asclepiadaceae Climber Medicinal 5 Hybanthus enneaspermus Violaceae Herb Medicinal 6 Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Shrub Medicinal 7 Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Medicinal 8 Acacia catechu Mimosaceae Tree Medicinal 9 Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Tree Medicinal 10 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree Medicinal 11 Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae Tree 12 Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae Tree Medicinal 13 Canthium parviflorum Rubiaceae Tree 14 Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Tree Medicinal 15 Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae Tree Medicinal 16 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Tree Medicinal 17 Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae Tree Medicinal 18 Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae Tree Medicinal 19 Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae Tree Medicinal 20 Ixora pavetta Rubiaceae Tree 21 Mallotus phillipensis Euphorbiaceae Tree Medicinal 22 Pongamia glabra Fabacaeae Tree 23 Santalum album Santalaceae Tree RET/Medicinal 24 Wendlandia thyrsoidea Rubiaceae Tree 25 Wrightia tinctorea Apocynaceae Tree Medicinal

5.7.2 Fauna

Following suggestions are made in this plan to improve the faunal population:

5.7.2.1 Habitat Protection

The diversity of animal species and their abundance is largely dependent on the

availability of suitable habitats. All measures as suggested in Biological measures must

be followed to achieve success in Biodiversity Conservation plan. No natural materials

(physical and biological) should be displaced from the natural habitat. The natural


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habitat area outside the mining lease area should be declared as non human interference

area.

5.7.2.2 Providing a Corridor for the Dwelling and Movement of Herpetofauna

A corridor must be created among the fragmented habitat by planting trees, shrubs,

herbs and grasses to allow the movement of Herpetofauna.

5.7.2.3 Creation of Habitat for Avifauna

Fruit, fodder and shelter providing trees such as Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus

racemosa, Madhuca longifolia, and Alangium solvifolium, Diospyros melanoxylon, Limonia

acidissima, Phyllanthus emblica, Aegle marmelos, Annona squamosa, Azadirachta indica,

Pithecelobium dulce, Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus maurtiana may be

planted to attract birds as well as other wildlife.

5.7.2.4 Reducing Anthropogenic Pressure

• No mining activity should be allowed between 6 pm and 6am

• Bright lights should not be used after 6 pm.

• Vehicular traffic should be banned between 6pm and 6am.

5.7.3 Aquatic Fauna

The drainage of this mine area leads to Bhimasamundra. Seasonal nalas originate around

the mine area. The watercourses within and adjoining areas are formed during

monsoon to drain off as surface water. Such precipitation water originating from the

mine areas may contaminate the freshwater sources and increased flow of suspended

mine solids and sediments into the streams and nalas. Hence, this water is proposed to

be let out through a series of biological and engineering measures as suggested in the

earlier chapters of the present report.


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The bio-engineering measures such as plantation of grasses along slopes, contour drains

and back fill areas; check dams, rock fill dams as recommended in section 5.1 should be

adopted to regulate sediment flow and water run-off. Further, it is also suggested that

during mining operations, localized pits should be created to collect mine water, which

should be pumped out through peripheral drains of the mine. All the existing drains

arising from the mine area should be well connected to natural streams/nalas only after

passing through bio-engineering structures. Garland trenches should be provided all

along the OB dumps Ore and sub grade ore dumps of mine area to protect from soil

erosion which may result in siltation of the streams. By adopting the above measures,

the aquatic faunal diversity may not get affected from the mining activity.

5.7.4 Biodiversity Conservation Area

It was observed during the visit that 2 locations of the area one in abandoned area

(Ramanayak pit) and another in a future mining area(Adjacent to D block) was rich in

Biodiversity consisting of unique plant associations which is typical of tropical

deciduous forest type and they may be protected without any disturbance.

1. This area is known as Ramanayan pit and is an abandoned pit since 1992 due the

presence of very low quality of iron and Manganese. The area consists of virgin

vegetation association which has characters of tropical deciduous forest type.

Several individuals of Celastrus paniculata RET species is growing in this area besides

several species of medicinal importance. This location is having 1.59 ha of land and

lies in following geographical location:

1. N140 13’02.02’’; E 760 12’57.2’’

2. N140 13’ 03.5’’; E 760 12’ 57.2”

3. N 140 12’59’’; E760 12’55.4’’

4. N 140 12’ 57.7’’; E 760 12’ 58.7’’


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2. The second potential biodiversity is in future mining area adjacent to D block.

Undisturbed till date. The area has 4.88 ha of land and lies in following geographical

location (IN WGS 84 FORMAT):

1. N 14 12 55.6 E 76 13 24.8

2. .N 14 12 57.7 E 76 13 24.1

3. N 14 13 01.5 E 76 13 12.0

4. N 14 12 50.9 E 76 13 07.5

5. N 14 12 51.5 E 76 13 09.8

6. N 14 12 52.3 E 76 13 11.2

7. N 14 12 55.9 E 76 13 13.2

8. N 14 12 57.6 E 76 13 13.9

9. N 14 12 58.4 E 76 13 15.0

The area has comparative dense canopy with typical plant associations. It is found that

few RET species like Santalum album and Celastrus paniculata and several species of

medicinal importance are found in the area.

The above mentioned areas are suitable for preserving as a potential biodiversity

Conservation area as they encompass typical plant associations as occurring in the

natural areas. The area could be used plant gene bank which can cater the need of seeds

of local plant species. The areas are having valleys, grass lands and thick patches of

vegetation which serve as suitable habitat for movement of wildlife.

5.8 SOIL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Development projects in any region must learn to respect the ecological integrity and the

priority of conserving biodiversity of the region for long-term sustainability of the


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mineral extraction initiatives, for economic development and dependent human well-

beings. It is therefore important to reclaim and rehabilitate the mining areas,

conservation of flora and fauna including beneficial microbes. The microbes play an

important role in maintaining the biological equilibrium of the ecosystem. Among

different microbes, there is a symbiotic group of fungi called ‘mycorrhizae’. They are

extremely important as they help in transport of phosphorous and other essential

elements to the plant system from the soil. These mycorrhizal fungi also protect the

plants against soil borne and root borne diseases. Other than mycorrhizal fungi, the

beneficial microbes such as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) viz.,

Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Rhizobium and Phosphobactreria (species of Bacillus and

Pseudomonas) involved in breakdown of organic matter, N2 fixation, and secretion of

plant growth hormones and increase of available mineral nutrients in soil. They are also

helpful to build up other beneficial micro-flora and in turn improve soil health (Mohan

and Karthkeyan, 2011). These beneficial microbes are considered as bio-inoculants or

bio-fertilizers and they improve the growth and quality of the seedlings in nursery and

also help the plants for better survival and establishment in problematic areas like

mined areas and maintain soil structure. The type of bio-fertilizers and the application

rate will vary according to the site, soil type and post-mining land use.

Furthermore, most of the restoration programme will include application of organic

fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM), green/leaf manure and vermi compost. Initial

applications of these organic fertilizers have been shown to increase species numbers,

plant density and growth rates. Various organic wastes can also have value as both

fertilizers and soil amendments based on the availability.

The most practical way to increase the nitrogen capital of ecosystems is to establish

nitrogen-fixing plants, usually legumes, which can quickly increase the nitrogen levels in

the system. The easiest method is to broadcast large quantity of seeds of Horse gram

(Macrotyloma uniflorum) immediately after first showers. Vesicular Arbuscular


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Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be

applied along with fully composted farmyard manure and vermi compost to increase the

growth of the plants as well as fertility of the soil.

The following measures in respect of soil management can be adopted in reclamation

and rehabilitation of mined areas:

• Beneficial microbes are present in the top soil of mining areas. Hence, the top soil

must be removed at the time of mining and dumped separately at a

predetermined area as per the mine land use plan and be used for reclamation

and rehabilitation of mined areas.

• Necessary precautions has to be taken to preserve the fertility and shelf life of the

micro flora in the top soil by adopting suitable height of the top soil dumps and

preventing losses due to erosion during the phase of temporary storage.

• The top soil containing beneficial micro flora of the site must be spread over the

mined out areas including OB dumps and back filled areas during the process of

mined land rehabilitation.

In addition, adopting the following management techniques with the use and

application of beneficial microorganisms as bio-inoculants (bio-fertilizers) along with

organic fertilizers will be very effective during the mine spoil reclamation and

rehabilitation programme:

The beneficial microorganisms can be introduced as bio-fertilizers during

afforestation in the overburden dumps and other mined out areas through

planting of suitable fast growing native plant species (inoculated with bio-

fertilizers and organic fertilizers) like grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees.

The seedlings can be inoculated with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM)

fungi and other beneficial microorganisms like PGPRs (Azotobacter,


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Azospirillum, Phosphobacterium, Rhizobium) along with the bio-manures/

organic manures like fully composted farmyard manure, vermi-compost, leaf

compost in the nursery.

The bio-fertilizer inoculated seedlings/saplings should be planted during the

process of rehabilitation of mined areas.

The pits dug out for planting of saplings for afforetation should be filled with the

mixture of biofertilizers and organic manures (preferably 15 gm biofertilizers +

750gm to 1kg organic manure per pit)

5.9. PRODUCTION CAPACITY BASED ON RESERVE, DUMP AND ROAD

CAPACITY

5.9.1 Permissible Production Capacity Based on Reserves

As per the approved scheme of mining from 2009-2010 to 2010-2011, the category wise

total mineable reserves of 14.00 million tonnes have been estimated. The details of iron

ore reserve are given below:

Table- 5.14: Details of category wise geological and mineable reserve



(in Tonnes)

1 Proved 111 13097832 2 Probable 121 608633 3 Possible 333 293552

Total 14000017

(Source- Approved scheme of Mining dated 17.06.2009 for 2009-10 to 2012-13)

A total production of 2444603 tonnes was obtained from the period of 2009-10

to 2011-2012 after the approval of mining plan which was depleted from the


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previously assessed reserves of 14000017 tonnes. Details of the category wise

updated reserves are furnished below in the table:

Table- 5.15: Detail of category wise updated geological and minable reserves



(in Tonnes)

1 Proved 111 10653229

2 Probable 121 608633 3 Possible 333 293552

Total 11555414

In the present case actual possible reserves of 293552 tonnes which are less than

the 50% of proved and probable reserves have been taken into account for

estimating the total reserves as per the CEC guidelines dated 26.04.2011. Hence the

total updated (balanced) reserves are of 11.56 million tonnes as on 1.04.2012.

Therefore the production of 0.578 or say 0.58 million tonnes per annum could be

possible to achieve during the next 20 years.

5.9.2 Permissible Production capacity based on Dump

The additional volume of the waste material that could be accommodated in the active

dump has been estimated approximately at 0.46 MCM during next plan period in an

area of 5.33 ha (Figure 5.2) and 0.05 MCM (as per submitted mining scheme 2012-13 to

2016-17 chapter 4. The total waste generation for next plan period is 1.02 million tonnes

i.e. 0.51 MCM) of waste material will be used for backfilling of mined out southern (pit

E) from Northern (Pit D) during the next plan period. The details of production based

on this dump capacity are as per following:


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Total additional waste that would be accommodated in the defined area for

dump during next plan period = 0.46 MCM

Volume that can be accumulated in backfilling of exhausted pit = 0.05 MCM

Therefore, quantum of waste material corresponding to this volume 0.46 MCM+

0.05 MCM = 0.51 MCM

Therefore, the quantity of waste that can be produced corresponding to 0.51

MCM of waste material = 0.51 X 2 = 1.02 million tonne

Given average ore to waste material ration = 1: 0.54 (as per appoved SOM

17.06.2009 for 2009-10 to 2012-13)

Therefore,quantity of ore that can be produced corresponding to 1.02 million

tones waste = 1.02/0.54 = 1.89 million tonnes

Hence, the annual production capacity = 1.89/5 = 0.38 MT/ annum for next five

years.

5.9.3 Permissible Production Capacity based on Road.

The 70% of iron ore production is transported to BBH Private Railway siding, which is at

a distance of about 2 Kms. And remaining 30% of the transport from mines itself. Entire

transport to railway siding is done in 31 tonnes capacity dumpers. Where as remaining

30% of transport is carried out in 10 tonnes tippers (5%) and 16 tonnes truck (95%).

The transport of ore from the mines lease area is made from Mine Check post gate no:3

to State highway 48, through 12.5 m ( 7.5 m for loaded truck amd 5m wide for return

truck separated by diverder) wide mud road for a distance of 2 Kms belong to mine

leassee.

The transportation of ore through BBH Private Railway siding is made for JSW plant,

which is located at Thoranagallu at a distance of about 210 Kms. Also, some part of the

ore is despatched to B.M.M. Ispath located at Hospet at a distance of 235 Kms and other


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favourable locations. Based on the production and the record available, 0.3 million

tonnes of ore has been recorded to be transported by the road in tarpaulin-covered

trucks.

The rest of 0.7 million tonnes from the mine lease area has been transported through

private railway siding which at a distance of about 2 Kms has been loaded through 75

numbers of dumpers @ rate of 31 tonnes capacity per day.

Table 5.16: The mode of trasnport used for despatchigthe ore from mine lease area

SL.No. MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

No of Trucks/day

CAPACITY Quantity in tonnes/annum

1 By Road 5 10 tonnes 15000 2 By Road 59 16 tonnes 285000 3 From BBH private

Railway siding 75 31 tonnes 700000

TOTAL 139 1000000

Based on the above information and existing infrastructure facilities, the mine can be

permitted to operate at 1.00 million-tonnes/annum capacity.

A detail of the production capacity for all criteria is given as under:

Sr. No. Criteria Permissible Production Limit (Million Tonnes)/annum

1. Reserves 0.58 2. Dump Capacity 0.38 3. Road Capacity 1.00

The permissible limit of annual production minimum of the above three criteria is

considered as 0.38 million tonnes/annum based on the capacity of dump.


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5.9.4 Additional measures if any

• Drilling and blasting operations should be totally avoided and ore should be

mined by using ripper dozer.

• Mining should not be carried out beyond the existing pit limits.

• The green belt has not been developed in the north-west portion of the lease

area. It was informed by the company that, green belt in the uncovered area will

be developed on issue of permission from Hon’ble C.E.C. for re-opening of the

mine

• 70 percent of transportation of ore is done by railway siding developed by the

leesee and remaining 30 percent transporation of ore is done by road.

• Concurrent backfilling of the existing pit after exhausiting a part of the deposit

should be carried out.

• Backfilling of the pits should be carried out after reaching its ultimate pit limits

so that enough space for dumping of waste material will be available.

• Transportation of ore from mining faces upto railway sidings should be

proposed by a pipe conveyor belt so as to avoid the transportation of ore in

trucks.

• Afforestation over a length of 300m in the left over portion of the safety zone

should also be carried out which is located along the lease boundary pillar 4th ,

5th and 6th in the northern side.

• The total quantity of subgrade material is 6 million tones is available after the

closure of mining operations out of which 2 million tones is being lifted after e-

auction and the balance quantity of sub - grade is also under the process of

disposal through e-auction. On complete removal of sub grade material the

enough space will be available in future for dumping of waste material.


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5.10 FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

• Northern side of OB dump stabilized area, retaining wall should be constructed

at the bottom.

• Silt deposition noticed in the Eucalyptus plantation.

• No green belt all along the boundary in Northern side.

• Garland drain should be constructed around the active dump.

• On active OB dumps the species planted are: Acacia auriculiformis, Eucalyptus

tereticornis, Cassia siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Simarouba glauca and

Pongamia pinnata, most of which are exotics. The exotics should not planted and

suitable native plant species used when new planting activity is taken up.

Grasses are also to be used for stabilizing OB dump.

• Chitradurga is a high wind velocity area, and therefore shelter belt plantation

should be appropriate for the area.

• Plantation should be raised scientifically with proper spacing and native grasses,

shrubs and tree species including fruit bearing trees.

• 2 check dams found towards northern side near 2nd and 3rd pillar.

• Stabilized OB dumps eroded and deep gullies formed. Garland drain and

retaining wall should be constructed at the bottom of OB dumps.

• All the check dams should be desilted periodically in order to ensure its proper

functioning.

• Boundary pillars should be constructed as per norms with numbers and GPS

readings.

• The area where the Nala crosses the road, a culvert with 60 cm dia RCC Hume

Pipe (NP3) should be made for about 20 m length.

• In another area, flow of Nala was blocked by road embankment. In this area,

culvert should be constructed.


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• The area where sub-grade ore material was dumped should also be considered

as “unbroken”

• Protection walls of 1.5 m height should be constructed for the check dam near the

Office building. The culvert already constructed on the Nala should be

strengthened.

• The invasive weeds like Lantana camara etc. grown inside as well as around the

check dam areas, settling tanks etc should be removed.

• Manganese pits 2 Nos., abandoned about 15 years back but not surrendered to

government; proposes to hand over.

• Though retaining wall is existing at OB dump in North-East direction, it is not

having sufficient height to prevent the flow of debris. Therefore, recommended

engineering measures should be undertaken by the lessee.

• Though the tree plantation has been done on the above steep dump, due to gully

formation the trees may get uprooted in near future. Steps should be taken to

prevent gully formation.

• The lessee has planted sufficient number of trees, but it was observed that in

many locations monoculture has been followed. The lessee should desist from

monoculture and plant different species preferably with local plant species.

• In abandoned site adjacent to Anjana mines only Neem plants have been

planted. This area should be provided with ground covering herbs and grasses,

followed by shrubs also.

• It was observed that Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Delonix regia and

few other exotic plant species are also grown which may interfere with the local

biodiversity. The lessee should here after should not plant these species.

• Weeds like Parthenium, Lantana and Chromolaena are spreading to natural areas.

Deweeding work must be undertaken before flowering stage.


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5.11 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

Rehabilitation is the principal process used to mitigate the long-term impacts of mining

on the environment. The main objective of the proposed rehabilitation plan is to restore

the pre-mining conditions as closely as possible in order to ensure the future

sustainability of the site. The proposed Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan has been

aimed for topographic reconstruction with engineering and biological measures for

erosion control and re-vegetation with adequate soil amendments including application

of beneficial microbes (bio-fertilizers) such as mycorrihizal fungi, PGPRs etc for re-

establishment of nutrient cycle for sustainability of restoration. Also, encouraging the

native fauna to return to areas cleared for mining is the integrated aim of this restoration

programme which aims to restore a natural ecosystem. The recommended provisions are

to be implemented by the mine owner in consonance with the macro-level EIA report of

ICFRE submitted to Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. This report has outlined the major

impacts of iron ore mining in Chitradurga district on various aspects of environmental

degradation.

Further, the findings of macro-level EIA report and recommendations made in the chapter

nine of the report “Scientific Mining in Chitradurga District, Karnataka - The Way Ahead”

and the direction on it by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India to protect further

environmental degradation may be corroborated with the current Reclamation and

Rehabilitation plan and common infrastructure proposed.

Another important aspect is the regular monitoring of the implementation of the

proposed measures of the current Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan in order to ensure

rehabilitation of the mine affected areas as envisaged in the plan. Monitoring provides a

method of measuring progress against an objective. In addition, site surveillance may be

necessary to demonstrate that the mine site remains safe and poses no environmental or

health risks. Regular monitoring also allows for a proactive response where the


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rehabilitation process is found to be lacking in the desired results. Monitoring also

provides valuable reference data for authorities in subsequent decision-making and in

refining environmental permitting procedures or land use planning.

Therefore, it would be essential that the monitoring is done by a body having competent

and composite scientific expertise as it would need to be conducted using transparent and

scientifically rigorous procedures. These programs need to combine cost-effectiveness

with credibility to regulators, local communities and other interested parties. The

objective assessment of the mine site should be consistent with the adaptive management

technique (do-monitor-evaluate-revise). In our country there are limited institutions

having such composite expertise and experience for execution and monitoring of such

specialized tasks. Therefore, consortium of institutes headed by ICFRE may be formulated

for effective monitoring and the implementation of the R & R Plan.

Monitoring a landscape’s health over time in response to environmental, management or

regulatory drivers is important for land managers, ranging from individuals to

governments, especially when the monitoring output has direct relevance for

management decision-making. Monitoring may be seeking to look for evidence of

landscape degradation or of rehabilitation progress and the procedure needs to have

equal facility in dealing with these scenarios. Therefore, it is also essential that the skills of

both, the mine owners and the managers, should be upgraded through professionally

designed refresher courses. This training would equip them to:

Respond to environmental impacts

Develop plans to address impacts

To implement the plans and evaluate the results, and

Report and record on results


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In order to achieve these objectives, it is recommended that suitable refresher courses

should be designed and conducted by some competent organization which has the

scientific expertise and experience in the field of mine rehabilitation.

5.12 COST SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED PLAN

The indicative cost estimated for the engineering and biological measure for Reclamation

and Rehabilitation Plan is approx. Rs. 602.90 lakhs (Rupees Five Crores Forty Seven Lakhs

and Forty NineThousand only). The cost for implementation of Social Management Plan

(SMP), Biodiversity Management Plan, Monitoring and implementation of Reclamation

and Rehabilitation Plan, capacity building of the personal involved, infrastructure etc.,

shall be met from allocating of 10% of the annual sale proceeds from the mines, in respect

of “Category: A“ mine. As decided earlier, a task force to be constituted as per the

recommendation of Macro-level EIA report and the direction of Hon’ble Supreme Court

of India for implementation of R&R plan and EMP. The breakup of the indicative cost

estimate is given below in Table-5.17.


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Table-5.17: Indicative Cost Summary of the Proposed Plan

Sl. No.

Item of work Amount in Lac.

1 Estimate for dump management plan (stabilisation of dump by

construction of retaining walls, garland drains and geo-textile)

279.10

2 Surface water management through Construction of Gully Plug,Check Dam and Settling

tanks

168.97

3 Green belt 9.99 4 Soil amendments 5.00 5 Afforestaion 139.84 6 Social Management Plan (SMP),

Biodiversity Management Plan, Monitoring and implementation of

R&R plan, capacity building, infrastructure etc.

10% of the annual sale proceeds from the mines, in respect of “Category:A“ mine, may be

transferred to SPV for the purpose of taking up various ameliorative and mitigative majors in district

Bellary or as decided by task force to be constituted as per the

recommendation of Macro-level EIA report and the direction of

honorable Supreme Court of India for implementation of R&R plan

and EMP Total 602.90 lac

excluding cost serial No. 6 proposed above


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5.13 TIME SCHEDULE

Draft IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF MITIGATION / ENGINEERING MEASURES FOR BBH Iron Ore Mines -M/s Mineral Enterprises Limited –M.L.No:2346 UNDER REMAINING LIFE OF MINE FOR A PERIOD OF 20 YEARS AT PRESENT PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF 0.58 MT / ANNUM

Description

Qty. Work to be done

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th

Retaining walls at toe of waste dump

860m `@143 m

/ Annum

Retaining walls at intermediate locations of waste dump

690m @143 m

/ Annum

Garland Drain (GD-1)

3100 m

`@517 m /

Annum

Garland Drain (GD-2)

310m `@155 m

/ Annum

Settling Tank (Stone Masonary)

6 Nos

Gully Plugs

6 Nos

Masonary Check

2 Nos


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Dam Rock fill check Dam

2 Nos

Hume Pipe Culvert (NP-3)

4 Nos

Rectification of Mine Benches as per DGMS rules & as per mining scheme /plan

Reclamation / Backfilling of exhusted pits

10.95 Mcu

m

`@3.65 Mcum / Annum

Green Belt development on safety zone area

3.89 Ha

`@0.97 Ha /

Annum

Afforested Area

7.53 ha

Plantation on Dumps

10.74 Ha

`@1.07 Ha /


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Annum

Plantation on Backfilled pits

32.59 Ha

1.38 Ha /

Annum

Providing and fixing geo-textile on outer surface of slope of waste dump and sub grade dump

(as per the

requirement)

Strenthening & Gap Plantation

Environmental Monitoring & watch - Ward after closure

NOTE: 1st year means it is the date of re-opening of the mine after Renewal / Supreme court Clearences


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5.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. A revised Survey of the Forest types of India. Govt.

of India Publications. New Delhi.

Environmental Impact Assesment (EIA) (Interim Report) on ground water and allied

fields in and around BBH iron ore mines, Bedra Bommanahalli, Chitradurga

district, Karnataka.

Environmental impact assesment and environmental management plan of BBH iron ore

mines, M/s Mineral Enterprises Ltd., Bangalore.

Ground water information booklet, Chitradurga district, Karnataka, South Western

Region, Bangalore, August 2007.

Kundu, N.K. and Ghose, M.K. 1998. Studies on the Exisiting Plant Communities in

Easterns Coal Field Areas with a view to Reclamation of Mined Outlands. Journal

of Environmental Biology. 19 (1): 83-89.

Legris and Pascal, 1982. Explanatory booklet on the map of South India. French Institute Pondicherry.

Padmavathiamma, P.K. and Li, L.Y. 2007. Phytoremediation Technology:

Hyperaccumulation Metals in Plants. Water Air Soil Pollution 184(1-4): 105-126.

Sheoran, V., Sheoran, A.S. and Poonia, P. 2009. Phytomining: A Review. Minerals

Engineering. 22(12): 1007–1019.

Sheoran, V., Sheoran, A.S. and Poonia, P. 2010. Soil Reclamation of Abandoned Mine

Land by Revegetation: A Review. International Journal of Soil, Sediment and Water:

3(2): Article 13.


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Singh, A.N. and Singh, J.S. 2006. Experiments on Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine

Spoil using Native Trees in a Dry Tropical Environment, India: A Synthesis. New

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V. Mohan and A. Karthikeyan. 2011. Biofertilizers and Biomanures (Techniques for

Production, Maintenance and Application). Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree

Breeding, Coimbatore - 641 002., Tamil Nadu, India pp.1-44.


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PLATES

Plate1: Mining at BBH Mines

Plate2: OB Dump of BBH Mines


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Plate 3: Vegetation in the study area

Plate 4: Expert Team during floral survey in the study area


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Plate 5: Check dam in the study area

Plate 6: Use of Geotextiling for the stabilization of Dump


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ANNEXURES

Annexure- 1


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Annexure-2


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Annexure- 3


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Annexure-4


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Annexure- 5


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Annexure-6


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Annexure-7


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Annexure- 8

Internal and External Road Map


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Annexure- 9

AIR QUALITY REPORT SURROUNDING THE VILLAGE COVER FOR BBH MINES (2346)

Month VILLAGES

Palya Village HireKandavadi Meghalahalli Bheemasamudra SPM RPM S02 NOX SPM RPM S02 NOX SPM RPM S02 NOX SPM RPM S02 NOX

01/04/2010 105.75 25.25 9.25 10.14 109.63 28.25 8.46 9.81 107.25 24.75 8.49 9.79 110.50 30.75 8.13 9.8401/05/2010 112.13 26.75 9.61 11.09 104.38 21.75 8.89 10.03 102.75 24.63 9.73 10.90 120.50 23.13 8.60 10.0001/06/2010 94.25 23.25 8.90 10.44 93.88 23.38 8.84 11.19 98.88 24.63 8.30 10.61 95.50 27.25 8.96 11.0601/07/2010 93.88 21.50 8.01 9.51 102.13 23.25 8.70 9.58 91.88 20.75 7.84 9.36 110.88 24.63 8.16 9.6601/08/2010 86.25 21.50 8.26 9.39 90.75 22.63 8.23 9.24 91.63 23.38 7.96 9.93 7.00 23.50 8.80 10.1801/09/2010 86.25 22.25 8.59 9.46 87.50 26.00 8.99 10.10 93.00 25.13 8.88 10.15 100.38 28.38 8.73 10.2501/10/2010 105.75 27.25 9.20 10.21 110.50 28.88 9.46 10.76 112.25 29.00 9.54 10.45 109.88 26.50 9.14 10.3001/11/2010 112.37 29.12 8.05 10.07 102.62 25.87 8.26 9.68 97.25 25.12 8.52 9.77 103.62 23.87 9.18 10.03 01/12/2010 107.50 27.00 8.16 9.52 107.87 26.87 9.25 10.13 104.50 26.00 8.46 9.81 110.50 30.75 8.13 9.8401/01/2011 107.37 26.50 8.60 10.01 107.25 27.37 8.85 10.21 103.62 27.00 8.15 9.50 105.75 30.25 8.50 9.8501/02/2011 112.50 27.75 8.36 10.22 112.87 27.00 8.87 10.38 108.00 27.62 8.35 9.67 112.50 28.87 8.27 10.8701/03/2011 110.62 30.50 8.11 9.97 110.25 30.50 8.55 10.37 107.50 27.75 8.11 9.83 106.37 30.37 8.02 10.0501/04/2011 114.87 28.62 8.21 10.06 113.00 30.75 8.31 10.27 110.25 29.62 8.15 10.28 109.75 30.00 8.20 10.3301/05/2011 104.50 24.50 8.23 10.21 103.00 25.50 8.28 10.66 102.12 26.25 7.96 10.13 105.75 25.62 8.07 10.3601/06/2011 97.12 25.25 7.88 10.01 93.75 22.37 8.02 10.47 93.85 24.00 7.85 10.71 97.12 24.87 8.22 10.3301/07/2011 83.37 20.62 7.17 9.33 83.62 22.37 7.58 9.40 87.62 23.50 7.82 10.71 91.12 22.75 7.81 9.7701/08/2011 80.25 23.75 7.79 8.95 78.50 22.75 8.46 9.48 79.38 22.38 7.83 8.93 84.38 24.50 7.75 8.78 01/09/2011 86.00 27.25 8.10 10.85 85.38 25.88 7.79 10.35 83.00 26.50 8.04 11.03 85.88 28.38 7.88 9.9001/10/2011 80.50 26.63 8.00 11.31 82.25 27.38 7.98 11.14 84.00 27.25 8.34 11.25 82.88 26.75 8.33 11.4101/11/2011 69.00 18.50 8.35 9.74 66.63 17.63 8.85 9.94 65.40 17.80 8.50 10.00 70.63 18.50 8.64 10.2601/12/2011 78.63 19.50 8.20 9.81 81.25 19.88 9.01 9.88 79.00 22.10 9.30 10.60 87.13 20.63 9.11 10.32

STANDARD VALUES

LOCATION SPM RPS S02 NOX INDUSTRIAL 500 150 120 120.00

Residential/Rural 200 100 80 80.00


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Annexure- 10

Mineral Enterprises Limited,M.L/No.2346 Bedara Bommanahalli Iron Ore Mines Proposed back filling of mined out pit

SECTION SECTION AREA IN Sqm

INFLUENCE IN Mts VOLUME IN Cum

H-H' 7598 50 379900 I-I' 11583 50 579150 J-J' 15333 50 766650

K-K' 21939 50 1096950 L-L' 27704 50 1385200

M-M' 31365 50 1568250 N-N' 33267 50 1663350 O-O' 30952 50 1547600 P-P' 20820 50 1041000 Q-Q' 14976 50 748800 R-R' 3499 50 174950

TOTAL 10951800 Source: Received from lessee

R and R Plan of BBH- MEL ML 2346.pdf

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