R 4 Population Ecology - Mrs. Neill's...
Transcript of R 4 Population Ecology - Mrs. Neill's...
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4 Population Ecology C
HA
PT
ER
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Chapter 4
TOPIC
POPULATION ECOLOGY
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Indicator Species Serve as Biological Smoke Alarms
• Indicator species • Provide early warning of damage to a community
• Can monitor environmental quality
• Trout
• Birds
• Butterflies
• Frogs
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Case Study: Monteverde Golden Toad
• INDICATOR SPECIES
• Golden toads lived in Costa Rica’s Monteverde cloud forest.
• Golden toads were first described in 1964. They were extinct by 1989.
• WHY??
• Drier days – pools and ponds dried up – nowhere to lay eggs
• Warming Oceans – cloud elevation higher drying out the rainforest
• Warmer nights – increased growth of fungi that infected the frog skin
• What other factors may cause frog extinction??
Talk About It Why is the extinction of the
golden toad a global concern?
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Case Study: Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? (1)
• Habitat loss and fragmentation
• Prolonged drought
• Pollution
• Increase in UV radiation
• Parasites
• Viral and fungal diseases
• Climate change
• Overhunting
• Nonnative predators and competitors
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Case Study: Why are Amphibians Vanishing? Fast Track pg 97
Frogs serve as indicator species because different parts of their life cycles can be easily disturbed.
Figure 7-3
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• Many Costa Rican frogs are so specialized, that they have learned to survive in the canopies of trees by using the water that's deposited in bromeliads and tree trunks; this way, they don't have to descend to the ground and risk being attacked by predators or of their tadpoles being eaten by fish.
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• Tropical frogs are probably one of the most sensitive animals in the world and react very rapidly to substantial changes in their environments.
• They also form vital parts of the ecosystems to which they belong.
• That is why they are considered "an indicator species" - the species that "indicate" the state of the health of their ecosystems.
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• The frogs' disappearance could cause loss of control over some populations of insects and could let them grow in numbers, or it could be the cause of reduction in the quantity of food for other forest animals feeding on frogs etc.
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Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing
• Cover about 2% of the earth’s land surface
• Contain about 50% of the world’s known plant and animal species
• Disruption will have three major harmful effects • Reduce biodiversity
• Accelerate global warming
• Change regional weather patterns
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Levels of Ecological Organization
• The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments
• Scientists study ecology at various levels of organization.
Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology
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Smallest unit of a chemical element
that exhibits its chemical properties Atom
Molecule Chemical combination of two or
more atoms of the same or different
elements
Cell
The fundamental structural and
functional unit of life
Organism An individual living being
Population A group of individuals of the same
species living in a particular place
Community Populations of different species
living in a particular place, and
potentially interacting with each
other
Stepped Art
Ecosystem A community of different species
interacting with one another and with
their nonliving environment of matter
and energy
Biosphere Parts of the earth's air,water, and soil
where life is found
Oxygen Hydrogen
Water
Fig. 3-5, p. 58
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic factors: Parts of an
ecosystem that are living or
used to be living
• Abiotic factors: Parts of an
ecosystem that have never
been living Water Air Nutrients Rocks Heat Solar energy
Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology
Did You Know? Decaying
organisms are biotic factors
as long as their structure
remains cellular.
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Major Biotic and Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem
Fig. 3-6, p. 59
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Habitat
• The specific environment in which an organism lives
• Habitats provide an organism with resources—anything an organism needs to survive and reproduce, including food, shelter, and mates.
Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology
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Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations
From 1900 to 2000, the white-tailed deer population of New York state grew from about 20,000 to more than 1 million. Densities of more than 100 deer per sq mi occur in some metropolitan areas.
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Population Size
Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations
• The number of individuals in a population at a given time
• Sudden and dramatic decreases in population size can
indicate an unhealthy population headed toward
extinction.
• Ecologists often use sampling
techniques to estimate
population size.
Did You Know? The passenger pigeon
was once North America’s most abundant
bird. Hunting drove them to extinction in
less than 100 years.
Counting Laysan Albatross Nests
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Population Density
Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations
• Measure of how crowded a population is
• Larger organisms
generally have lower
population densities.
• Low population density:
More space, resources;
finding mates can be difficult
• High population density:
Finding mates is easier; tends to be more
competition; more infectious disease; more
vulnerability to predators
Northern pintail ducks
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Population Distribution Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations
• How organisms are arranged within an area:
• Random distribution:
Organisms arranged in
no particular pattern
• Uniform distribution:
Organisms evenly spaced
• Clumped distribution:
Organisms grouped near resources;
most common distribution in nature
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Generalized Dispersion Patterns
Fig. 5-12, p. 112
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Fig. 8-2a, p. 162 (a) Clumped (elephants)
Why clumping???
•Resources a species
needs vary greatly in
availability
• Protection from
predators
• Gives predatory species
a better success rate
when hunting
• Temporary groups for
mating and care of young
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Fig. 8-2b, p. 162 (b) Uniform (creosote bush)
Why uniform
distribution?
• Usually found when
resources are scare but
evenly spread out over an
area
• Helps to reduce
intraspecific competition
over scarce resources
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Fig. 8-2c, p. 162 (c) Random (dandelions)
Why random???
• Rarely occurs in
nature.
• Will only occur
when resources are
fairly high and
spread out over a
large area.
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Age Structure
Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations
• Relative
number
of
organisms
of each age
group within
population
• Can be
used to
predict
future
population
growth of a
population
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Sex Ratios
Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations
• Proportion of males to females
• Age structure diagrams give information about sex ratios.
• For a monogamous species, the ideal sex ratio is 50:50.
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Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
From 1800 to today, the human population has grown from about 1 billion to more than 6.8 billion—an exponential rate of increase.
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Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable
• Population size governed by • Births
• Deaths
• Immigration
• Emigration
• Population change =
(births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
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Immigration and Emigration
Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
• In addition to births and deaths, population growth is
affected by immigration and emigration—individuals
moving into and out of a population.
• Migration, seasonal movement into and out of an area,
can temporarily affect
population size.
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Calculating Population Growth
Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
• Determined by the following equation:
(birthrate + immigration rate) – (death rate + emigration rate)
• Growing populations have a positive growth rate; shrinking
populations have a negative growth rate.
• Usually expressed in terms of individuals per 1000
Did You Know? Immigration contributes more than 1 million people to the U.S. population per year.
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Biotic Potential
Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
• An organism’s maximum ability
to produce offspring in ideal
conditions
• Many factors influence biotic
potential, including gestation
time and generation time.
• Organisms with high biotic
potential can recover more
quickly from population declines
than organisms with low biotic
potential.
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Birth and Death Rates Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
• A population’s relative
birth and death rates
(mortality and natality)
affect how it grows.
• Survivorship curves
show how the
likelihood of death
varies with age.
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• The way to represent the age structure of a population is with a survivorship curve.
• Late loss population live to an old age.
• Constant loss population die at all ages.
• Most members of early loss population, die at young ages.
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Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns Type III
• Some species
• Many, usually small, offspring
• Little or no parental care
• Massive deaths of offspring
• Insects, bacteria, algae
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Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns Type I
• Other species • Reproduce later in life
• Small number of offspring with long life spans
• Young offspring grow inside mother
• Long time to maturity
• Protected by parents, and potentially groups
• Humans
• Elephants
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Age
Early loss
Late loss
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Logistic Growth and Limiting Factors
Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
• Growth almost always slows and
stops due to limiting factors.
• Limiting factors:
Environmental
characteristics
slow population growth
and determine carrying
capacity.
• Density-dependent:
Influence changes with
population density.
• Density-independent:
Influence does not change with population density.
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Under Some Circumstances Population Density Affects Population Size
• Density-dependent population controls • WAR – DISEASE - FAMINE
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Infectious disease
• Competition for resources
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Exponential Growth
Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
• Population increases by
a fixed percentage
every year.
• Normally occurs only
when small populations
are introduced to an
area with ideal
environmental conditions
• Rarely lasts long
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