(r. 1924-1953). 1878 –1953 Joseph Dzhugashvili Gori, Georgia Peasant – Father Boot maker...
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(r. 1924-1953)
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• 1878 –1953
• Joseph Dzhugashvili
• Gori, Georgia
• Peasant – Father Boot maker
• “Pocky” (Age 7)
• 1899 expelled from Seminary School
• 1902 imprisoned – exiled to Siberia
• 1904 – Escaped Siberia
• 1905 met Lenin
• 1911 editor of Pravda
• 1917 – Commissar of Nationalities
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• 1878 –1953• “Man of Steel”• “Socialism in One Country”• General Secretary of the Communist Party
(1922)• Power – command of bureaucratic and
administrative control• Admission to the party and promotion
within it• 10,000 appointments – regional, district,
city , and town party secretaries
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“WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND
THE ADVANCE COUNTRIES. WE MUST MAKE GOOD THIS DISTANCE IN TEN YEARS”
- Stalin
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• Lev Davidovich Bronshtein• Trotsky (1879 – 1940)• Commissar for War• Leader of the Red Army• “Permanent Revolution”• World Revolution • Left wing Bolsheviks• 1927 expelled from the
Communist party• 1929 exiled from Russia
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• Revokes the NEP
• Five-Year Plans – Rapid Industrialization
• “Collectivization” - Agricultural
• “Revolution from above”
• Cultural Revolution
• Worker/Police State
• Totalitarian Dictatorship
• Cult of Personality
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• 5 YEAR PLANS (1928) – first of many• Economic, social, and political revolution• Rapid Industrialization• Revoked the NEP (too capitalistic)• Iron, Steel, machines, electric, transportation• Economic Growth – Heavy Industry• 111% coal, 200% iron, 335% electric
production• Increased output – higher wages, better housing• 2nd only to the U.S
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• 25 million migrated to cities
• Production = 1928-1937 – 4x’s
• Hired Foreign Engineers
• Unemployment unknown
• Women worked in factories
• Personal Advancement – incentives, pensions, education, medical services
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• 1928-1937• Steel production 4 million to 18 million tons• Coal output 36 to 128 million tons• Production of capital goods and armaments • Quadrupled production of heavy machinery • Doubled oil production• Weapons increase tenfold or more• Real wages declined 43% b/w 1928-1940• Housing and consumer goods declined• Human cost?
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• “WORKER STATE” – right to employment, leisure time, annual paid vacations, social security, old-age, accident, sickness insurance, medical and hospital care
• Labor Conditions? – lateness, absence, fined sent to Labor Camps
• GULAG
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• Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei• Main administration of Corrective Labor Camps• Soviet system of forced labor camps• Origins 1917 Revolution • Height during the reign of Stalin• White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (1931-33) – 141 mile canal• 100,000 prisoners – pickaxes, shovels, wheel barrels
created in just 20 months – SUCCESS?• Kolyma - harshest of all the camps “means death”• Arctic region – harsh temperatures, insufficient rations,
sleep, and clothing – 12-16 hour work day
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• More people passed through the GULAG than the Nazi concentration camps; yet, the GULAG is still not nearly as well know. WHY?
• Nazi camps used to “exterminate”• GULAG – weapon of ongoing political control over
one country• “trials” – 5 minutes – sentences 8-10 years• Article 58 – (1928) – anti-Soviet activity• 25% “political prisoners”• Mining, rail construction, arms & chemical
factories, electricity plants, fish canning, airport, apartment, and sewage construction
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• Collective Farms or “Collectivization” (1929)• Agricultural output• 25 Million Farmers• Forced farmers to pool their land, livestock, equipment• Lenin’s NEP produced Kulaks – well-to-do peasants –
peasant capitalists - or anyone who resisted collectivization • refused – 1932 entire class eliminated – forced labor camps,
or killed • ‘liquidation” of the entire class
• Artificial famine – 10 million died
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• Peasants “cursed problem”• War against peasants• New socialist state• 1929 forced consolidation
peasant farms = state controlled
• Kulaks refused – 5 million – liquidated
• Output 1928-38 identical to 1913
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• Wide spread famine
• Ukraine 1932-33 – approximately 6 million died
• Millions migrated to cities
• Overcrowding, sewage, housing
• OUTCOME – Production of food did not increase
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“Annihilate the Kulaks as a class!”
c. 1929
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• Secret Police (NKDV), Purge Trials (1936-1939) – accused of disloyalty – enemies
• 1937-1938 – “Great Terror”
• Shot 1500 people a day
• Eliminate opposition - - high Soviet leaders, civilian party members, major party leaders, army officers, diplomats, intellectuals, Old Bolsheviks
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• Mid 1930’s• Officials, workers, peasants,
intellectuals, military• Sergei Kirov (1888-1934)- #2
man assassinated• Millions killed, exiled, sent to
labor camps• OUTCOME – consolidation
of power – new Communists loyal to Stalin
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• “What role did Stalin play in the history of our country?”
• POSITIVE 53%
• NEGATIVE 33%
• Had difficulty answering the question 14%
2003 – 50th anniversary of Stalin’s death BBC World News Service
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• 1878 –1953• Preserved some
revolutionary goals• No hereditary Czar, no
privileged class, improved standard of living
• New upper class – professionals, factory managers
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• Single leader
• Revolutionary transformation
• Treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation
• Transformation to a better future cannot occur without him
• Superman
• Propaganda
• Hero Worship – “Uncle Joe”
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“”A single death is a tragedy, a million is a statistic” - STALIN
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“Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don't allow our enemies to have guns, why should we allow them to have ideas?” - STALIN
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20+ Million Deaths = Starvation, Forced Labor Camps, Purges