Quotes and Citations – Quotes and Citations – Excitement Galore!Excitement Galore!

Citing sourcesCiting sources

Setting up QuotesSetting up Quotes

Integrating quotesIntegrating quotes

To Cite or Not to Cite…To Cite or Not to Cite…

What does not needWhat does not need to be cited? to be cited?

• All information that would be considered common knowledge

• Anything that we would consider encyclopedia information (birthdays, basic statistics, basic facts)

• Anything that is your idea or opinion (although these need to be supported with facts and information)

What What doesdoes need need to be cited? to be cited?

• The exact words of another• Primary source quotes from literature• A dictionary definition that must be

precise• The original ideas, research, critical

analysis, or opinions of another (even if paraphrased in your words)

When should I quote?When should I quote? When what is said is stated much

better than you could ever say it. When it is something that must be

exact like a definition or a formula When the quote adds dimension,

meaning, or insight to your supporting point

If I donIf I don’’t quote, t quote, what are my options?what are my options?

• Paraphrase

• Summary

**Still need to cite these if not common knowledge

QUOTING!!!QUOTING!!!A quote should be “sandwiched” A quote should be “sandwiched”

between the point you are trying to between the point you are trying to make and your follow-up analysis of make and your follow-up analysis of

how the quote demonstrates that point.how the quote demonstrates that point.

I. Set up the quote by stating your point.I. Set up the quote by stating your point. II. Attribute the quote with a dialogue tag II. Attribute the quote with a dialogue tag

introducing the speaker of the quote.introducing the speaker of the quote. III. Cite the quote in parentheses III. Cite the quote in parentheses (last name pg#).(last name pg#). IV. Analyze how the quote proves your point. IV. Analyze how the quote proves your point.

STEP 1: Set up your quote.STEP 1: Set up your quote.

Set up the quote before integrating it. Take enough time to reveal the context without summarizing plot.

STEP 2: Attribute quote.STEP 2: Attribute quote.

Do NOT do the following in introducing your quote:

Here’s a quote by… The book says . . . The quote says . . . In the following quote… This can be seen in the quote…

STEP 2: Attribute quote, cont.STEP 2: Attribute quote, cont. Make sure you attribute the quote to someone. Make sure you attribute the quote to someone.

Tell us who is speaking!Tell us who is speaking!

Formal: (Needs a comma)• Rudkus says, “…” • Rudkus notes the physical deformities among the

workers, saying “…”• As Sinclair explains, “…”

Informal: (part of your sentence; doesn’t need a comma)• Jurgis describes a workday that “began at four o’clock

in the morning…”

STEP 3: Cite the quoteSTEP 3: Cite the quote

• Ex: Jurgis says, “Each in its way was as horrible as the killing beds” (Sinclair 305).

• If author is mentioned in body of your essay, do not need it again in citation: Ex: Sinclair describes a workday that “began at four o’clock in the morning” (305).

Use parenthetical citations also Use parenthetical citations also for indirect quotes or critical for indirect quotes or critical

analysis of anotheranalysis of anotherIndirect Quote:• After observing the factory, Rudkus notices that

many of the workers have physical deformities as reminders of the brutal tasks they perform daily. (Sinclair 305)

Paraphrase of critical analysis:• Critic Arthur Goldblum sees the novel as a

seething indictment of unregulated industry during the Progressive era. (“Muckrakers” 12)

STEP 4: Analyze the quoteSTEP 4: Analyze the quote

Do not explain the quote; we understand. Do not explain the quote; we understand. Make a more sophisticated analysis of Make a more sophisticated analysis of the quote by tying it to your thesis or the quote by tying it to your thesis or main point.main point.

When does a quote When does a quote lose its effectiveness?lose its effectiveness?

• When it’s too long (People tend not to read beyond a certain point)

• When it’s not properly set up & integrated

• When you don’t take enough time for the reader to understand its significance

• When it has little to do with the point you are trying to make

MODEL QUOTE INTEGRATIONMODEL QUOTE INTEGRATION

Maggie, on the other hand, is typical prey of the Bowery jungle. Naïve and inexperienced when she meets Pete, Maggie immediately places all her hope and future in that relationship. Crane describes how Maggie “leaned with a dependent air toward her companion… timid, as if fearing his anger or displeasure” (39). Here, Maggie takes on the submissive role of the relationship, becoming vulnerable to predators like Pete and Nell. Even after Pete leaves her, Maggie fails to adapt to her harsh environment, leading to her death or “natural selection.”