Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select...
-
Upload
arline-stokes -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select...
![Page 1: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Questions in the studyQuestions in the studyof foraging behaviorof foraging behavior
----------------------------------------------------------
1. How do animals select prey?
2. When should animals leave one feedingsite and go on to another?
3. How should animals divide their timebetween food-gathering and other activities?
![Page 2: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
_
_
_
_
| | | | | |
LOAD
1
4
7
TIMETravel Time Searching Time
10
![Page 3: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
_
_
_
_
| | | | | |
LOAD
1
4
7
TIME
Travel Time Searching Time
10
X1
Y1
![Page 4: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
_
_
_
_
| | | | | |
LOAD
1
4
7
TIME
Travel Time Searching Time
10
X2
Y2
Load/Time is maximized at X2,Y2
![Page 5: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
_
_
_
_
| | | | | |
LOAD
1
4
7
TIME
Travel Time Searching Time
10
X1 X2
Short optimum
Long optimum
![Page 6: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
_
_
_
_
| | | | | |
Load
Round trip travel time
![Page 7: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
STEPS IN ANALYSISSTEPS IN ANALYSIS
1. Determine relevant variables throughobservation
2. Establish (you think) how thesevariables interact
3. Make predictions
4. Test
![Page 8: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Crows feeding on whelks
Select the largest whelks available
Fly roughly 5.5 m high to drop the whelkon the rocks below
If whelk doesn’t break open, select thesame whelk to drop again
![Page 9: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Patches
Problem: When to leave a patch?
![Page 11: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Constraints that affect “optimal”foraging behavior
1. Physiological constraints
2. Motivational constraints
3. Ecological constraints
4. Life history constraints
![Page 12: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
_
_
_
_
| | | | | |
Energy constraint
Sodium constraint
Rumenconstraint
Intakeofaquaticplants(gm)
Intake of terrestrial plants (gm)
![Page 13: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Constraints that affect “optimal”foraging behavior
1. Physiological constraints
2. Motivational constraints
3. Ecological constraints
4. Life history constraints
![Page 14: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Food Choice (reward x probability)
reward probability 2 pellets x 1.0 average yield of 2
0 pellets x 0.54 pellets x 0.5 average yield of 2
![Page 15: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Testing Conditions
Starved for 1 hour
Starved for 4 hours
Food Choice (reward x probability)
2 pellets x 1.0 = avg. 2
(0 pellets x 0.5) +(4 pellets x 0.5) = avg. 2
![Page 16: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Testing Conditions
Starved for 1 hour
Starved for 4 hours
Food Choice (reward x probability)
2 pellets x 1.0 = avg. 2
(0 pellets x 0.5) +(4 pellets x 0.5) = avg. 2
![Page 17: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Constraints that affect “optimal”foraging behavior
1. Physiological constraints
2. Motivational constraints
3. Ecological constraints
4. Life history constraints
![Page 18: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Constraints that affect “optimal”foraging behavior
1. Physiological constraints
2. Motivational constraints
3. Ecological constraints
4. Life history constraints
![Page 19: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Life History Evolution
The study of how individuals allocate, throughout life, time and energy to various fundamental activities, such as growth and reproduction
![Page 20: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Life Histories: An inherent trade-off
Investment in any one activity limits an animal’s ability to invest in others.
As applied to reproduction, a parent’s dilemma: investment in any one offspring limits an animal’s ability to invest in others.
![Page 21: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Growth and Development
• Reproduce Early or Delay
• Clutch Size vs. Clutch Number
• Offspring Size and Offspring Number
• Offspring Size and Parental Care
Components of Life Histories: Where the trade-offs occur
![Page 22: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Life histories: the major questions
Why do organisms age and die?
How many offspring should an individual produce in a given time?
How big should each offspring be?
![Page 23: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Life history traits – characteristics of an individual that influence survival and reproduction
Age at maturity
11 - 20 years 3-6 years
SalmonAfrican elephant
2 months
House Mouse
![Page 24: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Life history traits – characteristics of an individual that influence survival and reproduction
SalmonAfrican elephantHouse Mouse
1 calf every 3-8 years
1,500 to 8,000 eggs
once
5-8 young every month
Number of offspring produced
![Page 25: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Life history traits – characteristics of an individual that influence survival and reproduction
SalmonAfrican elephantHouse Mouse
Number of reproductive events
~3 - 10 1~6-12
![Page 26: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Life history traits – characteristics of an individual that influence survival and reproduction
SalmonAfrican elephantHouse Mouse
Lifespan
60 - 70 years 3-6 years~2 years
![Page 27: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
K-strategists:K-strategists:
•long lived•produce few offspring•parental care
Reproductive strategies
Population is controlled by density-dependent
limiting factors - e.g. food
![Page 28: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Gypsy moth caterpillars
r-strategists:•small•short life•no parental care•many offspring
Reproductive strategies
Population is controlled by density-independent limiting factors: weather, pond drying
![Page 29: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2.1m
12-Arm Radial Maze
![Page 30: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
_
_
_
_
| | | | | | .25 .50 1 2 4 8 12
80
40
%Corr.
Delay (hours)
![Page 31: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
![Page 32: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Food-storing Birds
Clark’s nutcracker: 33,000 seeds, 7,500 sites
Pinon jays: 22,000 seeds, clumped
Scrub jays: 6,000 seeds
![Page 33: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 1250
60
70
80
90
100
% c
orre
ct, 1
st 4
cho
ices
Block (avg of 5 trials)
Nutcracker
Pinyon jay
Scrub jay
Mexican jay
Cache retrieval in corvids
Kamil et al. 1994
![Page 34: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
_
_
_
_20
40
60
80%correct
NutcrackersPinyon jaysScrub jaysMexican jays
| | | | | | | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300
Retention interval (min)
![Page 35: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Meadow Vole:Polygynous
Prairie Vole:Monogamous
Femaleranges
Male range
![Page 36: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Olson et al. 1995
?
?
![Page 38: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Strict behaviorism:
Any stimulus can, through conditioning, be associated withany response or reinforcer
Learning is a general process phenomenon:All associations are learned equally easilyAll responses are reinforced equally easily
![Page 39: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Biological constraints on learning
Saccharine taste + lights + noise
BECAME SICK SHOCKED
(Garcia & Koelling 1966)
![Page 40: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Biological constraints on learning
Saccharine taste + lights + noise
Avoided saccharine,But no fear of light or noise
Fear reaction to light and noise, but no aversion to saccharine
BECAME SICK SHOCKED
(Garcia & Koelling 1966)
![Page 41: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Summary: Economic decisions
Increasing evidence that animals make “calculations” when foraging
-- make adaptive “choices” among alternative foods-- estimate past rates of return and compare them
with current rates
![Page 42: Questions in the study of foraging behavior ----------------------------- 1.How do animals select prey? 2.When should animals leave one feeding site and.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042702/56649d095503460f949daae4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Summary: Memory
1. Natural selection has shaped the minds andbehaviors of animals so that they optimize(as near as possible) the exploitation of theirenvironment
-- species differences in memory-- memory of a very specific sort-- species differences in the brain structures
that support memory-- sex differences, too-- differences in the kind of associations that
are formed