-Amy . PRoll No :- 38 (Literature)

1312AH17

Queens Of Europe.

(1533 – 1796)

Elizabeth I of England – 1558 – 1603.

Mary of Scots – 1542 – 1567 , 1559 – 1560.

Marie Antoinette – Queen Consort of France 1774 – 1793.

Catherine The Great of Russia – 1762 – 1796.

The Queens.

The Queen of England & Ireland.Also called as The Virgin Queen & Good Queen Bess.The last Monarch of Tudor Dynasty.She succeeded the Throne after her

Half sister Mary I of England’s death.Her first action as the Queen was to establishment of an English protestantChurch.One of her mottoes was "video et

taceo" ("I see, and say nothing")

Queen Elizabet I

England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history.

Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era.

After the short reigns of Elizabeth's half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom.

(The Tudor Rose)

Born on 7 September 1533, Died on March 1603 (aged 69).

The Second child of Henry VIII of England & his second wife Anne Boleyn.

She can write English, Latin & Italian.Speak English, Greek, French, Scottish,Welsh, Cornish, Irish & Spanish.

Early Life

She was persuaded by her council to take a husband but she with her stubbornness ignored them as she did not want to share her power.She engaged in courtships till 50.

Question of Marriage.

Mary of Scots (Catholic) stood as her rival with her claim to the English throne, being Henry VIII’s niece.

Even after her succession she planned to take down her cousin , as Mary had the French support to claim her throne.

When Henry VIII annulled his marriage to her mother she was declared illegitimate & Henry left his will of succession to the Stuarts.

To the Catholics Elizabeth (Protestant) was not the heir to the throne.

Rivalry with Mary of scots.

England’s victory over the Spanish Armada

Elizabeth at tilbury War.

Greenwitch Palace

Map of England

England under Elizabeth I

The long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603, was England's Golden Age. Merry England, in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture and in adventurous seafaring.

A new festival came to be celebrated “All Hallows Eve”A.K.A Halloween.

Art & Literature

Authors & poets.

Edmund Spencer William Shakespeare Francis Bacon

Death.

Also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 .

Also Queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560.She became the Queen of Scotland 6 days after her birth, when her father died.She was sent to spend her life in the French court of Valois & marry the Dauphin of France, Francis.

MARY Queen of SCOTS.

Mary had claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own.After 18 a half years in custody, Mary was found

guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, and was subsequently executed.

Mary was born on 7 or 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow, Scotland, to James V, King of Scots, and his French second wife, Mary of Guise. 

Her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was Henry VIII's sister. Her maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon.

She was engaged to the Dauphin of France at the age of 5.

Mary was accompanied by her own court including the "four Marys", who were of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, and Livingston.

Early Life.

4 Marys

At the age of 16 she married Dauphin Francis in 1558. He became the King in 1559. He died in 1560 childless. So Mary’s tenure as the Queen Consort of France ended.

In 1565 she married her first-cousin  Lord Darnley. He was murdered in 1567. They had a son James VI.

Mary then married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell in 1567. They were married till his death 1578.

Marriages.

Francis II Lord Darnley James Hepburn

At the age of 25 Mary was now the former Queen of Scotland after theforced abdication of throne to her one year old son.She was captured by Elizabeth I after she went to her for help.She was moved to many cottages & castles over the duration of her imprisonment.It took many years to build up a case against her. In 1586 forged letters were found with a plot to assassinate Elizabeth I. The trial was just 2 days. She was executed in 1587 for Treason.

Imprisonment.

Son

She was executed for treason.On her execution she wore a scarlet dress sign

of martyrdom. She denied the charges against her.

It took 2 blows to separate her head.Her son bought her remains to Westminster

Abbey & built a magnificent tomb.

Death.

Born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna (2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793)

She was the fifteenth and penultimate child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Empress Maria Theresa. She was an Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of France and Navarre from 1774 to 1792. She later became known as Madame Déficit because France's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending. Also call “that Austrian Woman” .

Marie Antoinette.

Her was Father Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor & Mother Maria Theresa.

In spite of the private tutoring she received, results of her schooling were less than satisfactory

 At the age of ten, she could not write correctly in German or in any language commonly used at court, such as French and Italian.

Maria Antonia developed into a good musician. She learned to play the harp.

Early life.

The ceremonial wedding took place on 16 May 1770 in the Palace of Versailles.

They didn’t have children for the next 7 years.With her fair skin, straw-blond hair, blue eyes,

beautiful smile and majestic figure, people could not help but be charmed by the personality and beauty of the not yet 18-year-old princess.

Marriage to Louis XVI.

She threw elaborate parties inviting nobles, amidst the economic problems of France.

She was a patron of art.She made the fashion statements which are

followed till date. i.e. Pouf.She commissioned many artisans for

jewelry.She held a tight grip over her husband &

intervened in the politics.

Extravagence.

It has been the Royal Palace from Louis VIV & even to Louis XVIII after the revolution.

The march of women began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who, on the morning of 5 October 1789, were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread.

Palace of Versailles.

During the French Revolution, Louis XVI and his family were forced to leave Versailles and brought to the Tuileries where they were kept under surveillance.

For the next two years the palace remained the official residence of the king.

The Tuileries accommodated the Constituent Assembly, the National Convention, the Jacobin Club and The Committee of Public Safety.

During the suppression of the Paris Commune, 12 men set the Tuileries on fire at 7 p.m., using petroleum, liquid tar and turpentine. The fire lasted 48 hours and thoroughly gutted the palace

T uileries Palace.

Early on 16 October, Marie Antoinette was declared guilty of treason and condemned to death.

Marie Antoinette was guillotined at 12:15 p.m. on 16 October 1793.

Death.

Born Sophie Friederike Auguste  von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, later Yekaterina Alexeyevna. Born 2 May 21 April - died 1729 November 1796 (aged 67).

She was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia,reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796. The period of Catherine the Great's rule, the Catherinian Era, is often considered the Golden Age of the Russian Empire.

Catherine the Great.

Her father was Christian August, Prince of Anhalt - Zerbst and Mother was Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein – Gottorp.

She received her education chiefly from a French governess and from tutors.

Although Catherine was born a princess, her family had very little money.

Catherine was to come to power based on her mother's relations to wealthy members of royalty.

Early Life.

After the death of the Empress Elizabeth in 1762, Peter succeeded to the throne as Emperor Peter III, and Catherine became empress consort.

In July 1762, barely six months after becoming emperor, Peter took a holiday with his Holstein-born courtiers, leaving his wife in Saint Petersburg. 

Eight days after the coup and just six months after his accession to the throne—Peter III died at Ropsha, at the hands of Alexei Orlov.

Catherine, although not descended from any previous Russian emperor, succeeded her husband as empress regnant. 

It was not a happy marriage and both of them took lovers.

Marriage.

On 28 June 1762, with the aid of her lover Grigory Orlov, Catherine rallied the troops of Saint Petersburg to her support and declared herself Catherine II, the sovereign ruler of Russia, later naming her son Paul as her heir.

She had Peter arrested and forced him to sign an act of abdication. 

Her coronation marked the greatest addition to the treasury of Romanov dynasty The Imperial Crown of Russia.

The crown contains 75 pearls and 4,936 Indian diamonds forming laurel and oak leaves, the symbols of power and strength, and is surmounted by a 398.62-carat ruby spinel

Coronation.

During her reign, Catherine extended the borders of the Russian Empire southward and westward to absorb New Russia, Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Right-bank Ukraine.

The Ottomans restarted hostilities in the second Russo-Turkish War (1787–92). This war, catastrophic for the Ottomans, ended with the Treaty of Jassy (1792), which legitimised the Russian claim to the Crimea and granted the Yedisan region to Russia.

Reign.

Royal Monogram

Catherine had a reputation as a patron of the arts, literature, and education.

The Hermitage Museum, which now occupies the whole Winter Palace, began as Catherine's personal collection.

She wrote comedies, fiction, and memoirs, while cultivating Voltaire, Diderot, and d'Alembert.

Catherine held western European philosophies and culture close to her heart.

Catherine established the Smolny Institute for Noble Girls to educate females.

Art & culture,Education.

Catherine, throughout her long reign, took many lovers, often elevating them to high positions for as long as they held her interest, and then pensioning them off with gifts.

Her sexual independence led to many of the legends about her.

Some of the affairs  Serge Saltykov, Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov & the last of her lovers, Prince Zubov, was 40 years her junior.

Personal life.

Death. She planned ceremony where a favourite

grandson would supersede her difficult son on the throne, but she died of a stroke before the announcement could be made.

Sometime on 16th November 1796 after 9:00 that morning, Catherine went to her dressing room and collapsed from a stroke.

Some 45 minutes later, the royal court's physician, arrived and determined that Catherine had suffered a stroke.

Thank You.