MUSIC IN THE 20TH CENTURYQuarter 1

REVIEWWho is known as the Poet of the Piano in the Romantic Period?F. Chopin c. R. SchumannL.V. Beethoven d. N. Paganini

2. How will you describe the music of the Romantic period?highly ornamentedsimple and elegantpassionate and expressiveplain and sometimes imitative

3. The composer who reflected the characteristics of Classical and Romantic music in his compositions for he was able to live in the middle of both era?W. A. Mozartc. F. ChopinJ. S. Bachd. L. V. Beethoven

4. A piano composition often of a romantic character which is associated with the night.Nocturnec. ScherzoBalladed. Impromptu

5. He is known as the greatest piano virtuoso of the Romantic era who made significant contributions in piano pedagogy and piano recitals?R. Schumannc. L.V. BeethovenF. Lisztd. N. Paganini

NAME THE COMPOSERS AND TITLE OF THE COMPOSITION

6. 7. 8.9.10.

1.2.

20th century saw the rise of distinct musical styles that reflected a move away from the conventions of earlier classical music.

IMPRESSIONISM

preceeds Romantic Perioddramatic emotionalism of Romantic Period were replaced in favour of moods and impressions

Most impressionist works centered on nature and its beauty, lightness and brilliance.

Impressionism was an attempt not to depict reality, but merely to suggest it.was meant to create an emotional mood rather than a specific picture.

In terms of imagery, impressionistic forms were translucent and hazy, as if trying to see through a rain-drenched window.

Music compositional characteristics

use of extended chords, harmonies, whole tone, chromatic scales and pentatonic scales.

Sounds of different chords overlapped lightly with each other to produce new subtle musical colors.

Chords did not have a definite order and a sense of clear resolution.

lack of tonic-dominant relationship which normally gives the feeling of finality to a piece, moods and textures,

harmonic vagueness about the structure of certain chordsuse of the whole-tone scale

Foremost proponents

French composers: Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel

Ottorino Respighi (Italy)Manuel de Falla (Spain)Isaac Albeniz (Spain)Ralph Vaughan Williams (England)

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862-1918)

Primary exponent of the impressionist movement and the focal point for other impressionist composers.

Changed the course of musical development by dissolving traditional rules and conventions into a new language of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color.

Debussy_ Suite bergamasque - 3. Clair de lune (1890-1905).mp4Debussy_ Children's Corner - 6. Golliwog's cake-walk (1906-1908).mp4SADDLE Bench 30s (Richard Gomez).mp4SCULLER Bench (Richard Gomez).mp4

MAURICE RAVEL 1875-1937

Compositional Style

Uniquely innovative but not atonal style of harmonic treatment.Intricate and sometimes modal melodies and extended chordal components

demands considerable technical virtuosity from the performer which is the character, ability, or skill of a virtuoso a person who excels in musical technique or execution.

Harmonic progressions and modulations are not only musically satisfying but also pleasantly dissonant and elegantly sophisticated.

His refined delicacy and color, contrasts and effects add to the difficulty in the proper execution of the musical passages.

Work is programmatic in nature, visual imagery is either suggested or portrayed.Works deal with water in it flowing or stormy moods as well as with human characterizations.

Sample works- Maurice Ravel BOLERO - Wiener Philharmonic.mp4Ravel - Rapsodie espagnole - Barenboim.mp4Martha Argerich,Ravel Jeux d'eau.mp4

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG(1874-1951)

Compositional styledissonant to atonal, as he explored the use of chromatic harmoniesAlthough full melodic and lyrical interest, his music is also extremely complex, creating heavy demands on the listener.

Western Diatonic Scale

The Chromatic Scale

AtonalityMusic that is not in any key. Applies when there is no tonal centre and all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are of equal importance, each of which functions independently.

Debussys music foreshadowed atonality but it was Schoenberg who wrote atonal music and further developed it into the 12-note system.

The traditional concept of consonances and dissonances do not apply in atonal works.

The Difference Between Tonal & Atonal Music _ Piano & Music Tips.mp4Bernstein on Schoenberg.mp4Bernstein on Schoenberg Part II.mp4Glenn Gould-Schoenberg-Pierrot Lunaire opus 21 (HD).mp4Arnold Schoenberg - Transfigured Night for String Sextet, Op. 4.mp4

OTHER MUSICAL STYLES

PRIMITIVISM- Music is tonal through the asserting of one note as more important than the others. New sounds are synthesized from old ones by juxtaposing two simple events to create a more complex new event.

Primitivism has links to Exoticism through the use of materials from other cultures. Nationalism through the use of materials indigenous to specific countries, and Ethnicism through the use of materials from European ethnic groups.

Eventually evolved in Neo-classicism -Neoclassicism in music was a twentieth-century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint

IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882-1971)

Compositional StyleMusic reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakovasymmetrical rhythm.nationalistic musical style

Despite its shocking modernity, his music is also very structured, precise, controlled, full of artifice, and theatricality.

Stravinsky_ Le sacre du printemps _ The Rite of Spring - Jaap van Zweden - Full HD.mp4Ptrouchka (1947); First Part - Danse Russe by Igor Stravinsky __ Animation by Victor Craven.mp4Stravinsky Petrushka - Yuja Wang.mp4

Stravinsky_ The Firebird _ Gergiev Vienna Philarmonic Salzburg Festival 2000.mp4

BELA BARTOK(1881-1945)

Compositional Style

Neo-classicist, primitivist, and nationalist used Hungarian folk themes and rhythmsUsed changing meters and syncopation

Compositions were successful because of their rich melodies and lively rhythms.

Bela Bartok, No. 88, Duet for Pipes.mp4

NEO-CLASSICISM

a twentieth-century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint

Moderating factor between the emotional excesses of the Romantic period and the violent impulses of the soul in expressionism.

A partial return to earlier style of writing, particularly the tightly-knit form of the Classical period, while combining tonal harmonies with slight dissonances.

SERGEI PROKOFIEFF(1891-1953)

COMPOSITIONAL STYLE

regarded today as a combination of neo-classicist, nationalist and avant-gardeprogressive technique, pulsating rhythms, melodic directness, resolving dissonance

Yuja Wang - Prokofiev_ Piano Concerto No. 3 in C major, Op. 26 (Claudio Abbado, LUCERNE FESTIVAL).mp4Yuja Wang plays Prokofiev _ Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Opus 16.mp4

FRANCIS POULENC(1899-1963)

A member of young French composers known as Les Six.

COMPOSITIONAL STYLErejected the heavy romanticism of Wagner and the so-called imprecision of Debussy and Ravelcoolly elegant modernity, tempered by a classical sense of proportion

OTHER MEMBERS OF LES SIXGeorge Auric (1899-1983)Louis Durey (1888-1979)Arthur Honegger (1882-1955)Darius Milhaud (1892-1974)Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983)

Poulenc - Mouvements Perpetuels No 1 - Zakarij Laux.mp4Gloria (Francis Poulenc).mp4Francis Poulenc - Suite Pour Piano.mp4

AVANT-GARDE MUSICclosely associated with electronic musicdeals with the parameters or the dimensions of sound in space

Exhibited a new attitude toward musical mobility, whereby the order or note groups could be varied so that musical continuity could be altered.

Improvisation was a necessity in this style, for the musical scores were not necessarily followed as written.

For example, one could expect a piece to be read by a performer from left to right or vice versa.

Or the performer might turn the score over, and go on dabbling indefinitely in whatever order before returning to the starting point.

Avant-garde composers United States of AmericaGeorge GershwinJohn CageLeonard BernsteinPhilip Glass

The unconventional method of sound and form, as well as the absence of traditional rules governing harmony, melody and rhythm, make the whole concept of avant-garde music still strange to ears accustomed to traditional compositions.

Composers who used this style:Oliver MessianJohn CagePhilip GlassLeonard BernsteinGeorge GershwinPierre Boulez

GEORGE GERSHWIN (1898-1937)

incorporated jazz rhythms with classical formsHis mixture of the primitive and the sophisticated gave his music an appeal that has lasted long after his death.Musical style

His melodic gift was considered phenomenal, as evidenced by his numerous songs of wide appeal.

A true cross-over artist in the sense that his compositions remain highly popular in the classical repertoire, as his stage and film songs continue to be jazz and vocal standards.

considered the Father of American Jazz

MUSIC 10 videos\George Gershwin - The Man I Love.mp4Norah Jones - Summertime.mp4Porgy & Bess _Summertime_.mp4Someone to Watch Over Me - Julie Andrews.mp4G. Gershwin - Rhapsody in Blue, FORTISSIMO FEST 2010.mp4

LEONARD BERNSTEIN (1918-1990)

endeared himself to his many followers as a charismatic conductor, pianist, composer and lecturer

His philosophy was that the universal language of music is basically rooted in tonality. This came under fire from the radical young musicians who espoused the serialist principles of that time.

Achieved pre-eminence in two fields: conducting and composing for Broadway musicals, dance shows and concert music.

Best known for his compositions for the stage:West Side Story (1957) Romeo and Juliet (American version)

West Side Story-Tonight (Ensemble).mp4West Side Story-Tonight.mp4West Side Story-Somewhere.mp4Glee - America.mp4

PHILIP GLASS (1937- )

one of the most commercially successful minimalist composerexplored the territories of ballet, opera, theatre, film, and even television jingles

Musical style

distinctive style involves cell-like phrases emanating from bright electronic sounds from the keyboard that progressed very slowly from one pattern to the next in a very repetitious fashion.

Aided by soothing vocal effects and horn sounds, his music is often criticized as uneventful and shallow, yet startlingly effective for its hypnotic charm.

Knee Play 5 (live) - Philip Glass, _Einstein on the Beach_.mp4Philip Glass _Music in Fifths_ by Nicolas Horvath.mp4

MODERN NATIONALISMA looser form of 20th century music development focused on nationalist composers and musical innovators who sought to combine modern technique with folk materials.

Composers of this genre

Bela BartokSergei Prokofieff

Russian FiveModest MussorgskyMili BalakirevAlexander BorodinCesar CuiNikolai Rimsky Korsakov

SUMMARY

IMPRESSIONISMmade use of whole-tone scaleapplied suggested, rather than depicted, reality

- created a mood rather than a definite picture- had a translucent and hazy texture; lacking a dominant-tonic relationship

- made use of overlapping chords, with 4ths, 5ths, octaves, and 9th intervals, resulting in a non-traditional harmonic order and resolution

EXPRESSIONISMrevealed the composers mind, instead or presenting an impression of the environmentused atonality and the 12-tone scale, lacking stable and conventional harmonies

It served as a medium for expressing strong emotions, such as anxiety, rage and alienation.

NEO-CLASSICISM- partial return to a classical form or writing music with carefully modulated dissonances. It made use of a freer seven-note diatonic scale.

AVANT-GARDE- Associated with electronic music and dealt with the parameters or dimensions of sound in space.

Made use of variations of self-contained note groups to change musical continuity, and improvisation, with an absence of traditional rules on harmony, melody, and rhythm.

MODERN NATIONALISM- A looser form of 20th century music development focused on nationalist composers and musical innovators who sought to combine modern techniques with folk materials.

Impressionist composersClaude DebussyMaurice Ravel

Expressionism

Arnold SchoenbergIgor Stravinsky also neo-classicist, primitivist

neo-classical, modern nationalist, primitivist

Bela BartokSergei Prokofieff also avant-garde but not primitivist

Neo-classic

Francis Poulenc and other members of Les Six

20th Century Musical Styles

Electronic Music - music being produced electronically and recorded on tape. It may refer to synthesized sounds or everyday sounds.

Musique concrete or concrete music music that uses the tape recorder

Mario Davidovsky - Synchronisms No. 5.mp4

EDGARD VARESE(1883-1965)

Musical styleemphasized on timbre and rhythmInvented the term organized sound, which means that certain timbres and rhythm can be grouped together in order to capture a whole definition of sound.

Use of instruments and electronic resources made him the Father of Electronic Music and he was described as the Stratospheric Colossus of Sound.

Pome Electronique.mp4

Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928- )

Musical style

total serialism( influenced by Schoenberg, Messiaen, Webern)heavily atonal content with practically no clear melodic or rhythmic sense.

Stockhausen -- Hymnen.mp4Karlheinz Stockhausen _Helicopter String Quartet_.mp4Stockhausen Studie II.mp4

CHANCE MUSICrefers to a style wherein the piece always sounds different at every performance because of the random techniques of production, including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become part of the music.

Most of the sounds emanate from the surroundings, both natural and man-made, such as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing wind, dripping water, or a ringing phone.

As such, the combination of external sounds cannot be duplicated as each happens by chance.

JOHN CAGE(1912-1992)

became one of the most original composers in the history of western musicHe challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments in order to achieve new sounds.

John Cage - 4'33_.mp4John Cage - Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano [1_5].mp4John Cage's Prepared Piano w_ Stephen Drury.mp4John Cage playing amplified cacti and plant materials with a feather.mp4Tim Ovens plays John Cage Sonata X for Prepared Piano.mp4

SUMMARYNew musical styles created by the 20th century classical composers were truly unique and innovative.Experimented with the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, tempo and timbre in daring way never attempted before

Among the resulting new musical styles were electronic music and chance music. These expanded the concept of music far beyond the conventions of earlier periods, and challenged both the new composers and the listening public.