QUARKS - Institute of Physics · quarks are considered to be light when using SU(3)L×SU(3)R chiral...

QUARKS

u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807b′ (Fourth Generation) Quark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

t′ (Fourth Generation) Quark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

Free Quark Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

Notes in the Quark Listings

Quark masses (rev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793The top quark (rev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807Free quark searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

793793793793See key on page 601 Quark Parti le ListingsQuarksQUARKSQUARKSQUARKSQUARKSQUARK MASSES

Updated Jan 2016 by A.V. Manohar (University of California,San Diego), C.T. Sachrajda (University of Southampton), andR.M. Barnett (LBNL).

A. Introduction

This note discusses some of the theoretical issues relevant

for the determination of quark masses, which are fundamental

parameters of the Standard Model of particle physics. Unlike

the leptons, quarks are confined inside hadrons and are not

observed as physical particles. Quark masses therefore cannot

be measured directly, but must be determined indirectly through

their influence on hadronic properties. Although one often

speaks loosely of quark masses as one would of the mass of the

electron or muon, any quantitative statement about the value

of a quark mass must make careful reference to the particular

theoretical framework that is used to define it. It is important

to keep this scheme dependence in mind when using the quark

mass values tabulated in the data listings.

Historically, the first determinations of quark masses were

performed using quark models. The resulting masses only make

sense in the limited context of a particular quark model, and

cannot be related to the quark mass parameters of the Standard

Model. In order to discuss quark masses at a fundamental level,

definitions based on quantum field theory must be used, and

the purpose of this note is to discuss these definitions and the

corresponding determinations of the values of the masses.

B. Mass parameters and the QCD Lagrangian

The QCD [1] Lagrangian for NF quark flavors is

L =

NF∑

k=1

qk (i /D − mk) qk − 14GµνG

µν , (1)

where /D = (∂µ − igAµ) γµ is the gauge covariant derivative,

Aµ is the gluon field, Gµν is the gluon field strength, mk is the

mass parameter of the kth quark, and qk is the quark Dirac

field. After renormalization, the QCD Lagrangian Eq. (1)

gives finite values for physical quantities, such as scattering

amplitudes. Renormalization is a procedure that invokes a

subtraction scheme to render the amplitudes finite, and requires

the introduction of a dimensionful scale parameter µ. The

mass parameters in the QCD Lagrangian Eq. (1) depend on

the renormalization scheme used to define the theory, and

also on the scale parameter µ. The most commonly used

renormalization scheme for QCD perturbation theory is the MS

scheme.

The QCD Lagrangian has a chiral symmetry in the limit

that the quark masses vanish. This symmetry is spontaneously

broken by dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, and explicitly

broken by the quark masses. The nonperturbative scale of

dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, Λχ, is around 1GeV [2].

It is conventional to call quarks heavy if m > Λχ, so that

explicit chiral symmetry breaking dominates (c, b, and t quarks

are heavy), and light if m < Λχ, so that spontaneous chiral

symmetry breaking dominates (the u and d are light and s

quarks are considered to be light when using SU(3)L×SU(3)Rchiral perturbation theory). The determination of light- and

heavy-quark masses is considered separately in sections D and

E below.

At high energies or short distances, nonperturbative effects,

such as chiral symmetry breaking, become small and one can, in

principle, determine quark masses by analyzing mass-dependent

effects using QCD perturbation theory. Such computations are

conventionally performed using the MS scheme at a scale

µ ≫ Λχ, and give the MS “running” mass m(µ). We use

the MS scheme when reporting quark masses; one can readily

convert these values into other schemes using perturbation

theory.

The µ dependence of m(µ) at short distances can be

calculated using the renormalization group equation,

µ2 dm (µ)

dµ2= −γ(αs (µ)) m (µ) , (2)

where γ is the anomalous dimension which is now known

to four-loop order in perturbation theory [3,4]. αs is the

coupling constant in the MS scheme. Defining the expansion

coefficients γr by

γ (αs) ≡∞∑

r=1

γr

(αs

4π

)r

,

the first four coefficients are given by

γ1 = 4,

γ2 =202

3− 20NL

9,

γ3 = 1249 +

(−2216

27− 160

3ζ (3)

)NL − 140

81N2

L,

γ4 =4603055

162+

135680

27ζ (3) − 8800ζ (5)

+

(−91723

27− 34192

9ζ (3) + 880ζ (4) +

18400

9ζ (5)

)NL

+

(5242

243+

800

9ζ (3) − 160

3ζ (4)

)N2

L

+

(−332

243+

64

27ζ (3)

)N3

L,

where NL is the number of active light quark flavors at the

scale µ, i.e. flavors with masses < µ, and ζ is the Riemann

794794794794Quark Parti le ListingsQuarkszeta function (ζ(3) ≃ 1.2020569, ζ(4) ≃ 1.0823232, and ζ(5) ≃1.0369278). In addition, as the renormalization scale crosses

quark mass thresholds one needs to match the scale dependence

of m below and above the threshold. There are finite threshold

corrections; the necessary formulae can be found in Ref. [5].

The quark masses for light quarks discussed so far are

often referred to as current quark masses. Nonrelativistic

quark models use constituent quark masses, which are of order

350MeV for the u and d quarks. Constituent quark masses

model the effects of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, and

are not directly related to the quark mass parameters mk of the

QCD Lagrangian Eq. (1). Constituent masses are only defined

in the context of a particular hadronic model.

C. Lattice Gauge Theory

The use of the lattice simulations for ab initio determi-

nations of the fundamental parameters of QCD, including the

coupling constant and quark masses (except for the top-quark

mass) is a very active area of research (see the review on

Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics in this Review). Here we

only briefly recall those features which are required for the

determination of quark masses. In order to determine the lat-

tice spacing (a, i.e. the distance between neighboring points

of the lattice) and quark masses, one computes a convenient

and appropriate set of physical quantities (frequently chosen

to be a set of hadronic masses) for a variety of input values

of the quark masses. The true (physical) values of the quark

masses are those which correctly reproduce the set of physical

quantities being used for the calibration.

The values of the quark masses obtained directly in lat-

tice simulations are bare quark masses, corresponding to a

particular discretization of QCD and with the lattice spac-

ing as the ultraviolet cut-off. In order for these results to

be useful in phenomenological applications, it is necessary to

relate them to renormalized masses defined in some standard

renormalization scheme such as MS. Provided that both the

ultraviolet cut-off a−1 and the renormalization scale µ are much

greater than ΛQCD, the bare and renormalized masses can be

related in perturbation theory. However, in order to avoid

uncertainties due to the unknown higher-order coefficients in

lattice perturbation theory, most results obtained recently use

non-perturbative renormalization to relate the bare masses to

those defined in renormalization schemes which can be simu-

lated directly in lattice QCD (e.g. those obtained from quark

and gluon Green functions at specified momenta in the Landau

gauge [62] or those defined using finite-volume techniques and

the Schrodinger functional [63]) . The conversion to the MS

scheme (which cannot be simulated) is then performed using

continuum perturbation theory.

The determination of quark masses using lattice simulations

is well established and the current emphasis is on the reduction

and control of the systematic uncertainties. With improved al-

gorithms and access to more powerful computing resources, the

precision of the results has improved immensely in recent years.

Vacuum polarisation effects are included with Nf = 2, 2 + 1

or Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 flavors of sea quarks. The number 2 here

indicates that the up and down quarks are degenerate. In ear-

lier reviews, results were presented from simulations in which

vacuum polarization effects were completely neglected (this is

the so-called quenched approximation), leading to systematic

uncertainties which could not be estimated reliably. It is no

longer necessary to include quenched results in compilations of

quark masses. Particularly pleasing is the observation that re-

sults obtained using different formulations of lattice QCD, with

different systematic uncertainties, give results which are largely

consistent with each other. This gives us broad confidence in

the estimates of the systematic errors. As the precision of the

results approaches (or even exceeds in some cases) 1%, isospin

breaking effects, including electromagnetic corrections need to

be included and this is beginning to be done as will be dis-

cussed below. The results however, are still at an early stage

and therefore, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the results

presented below will neglect isospin breaking.

Members of the lattice QCD community have organised

a Flavour Lattice Averaging Group (FLAG) which critically

reviews quantities computed in lattice QCD relevant to flavor

physics, including the determination of light quark masses,

against stated quality criteria and presents its view of the

current status of the results. The latest (2nd) edition reviewed

lattice results published before November 30th 2013 [16].

D. Light quarks

In this section we review the determination of the masses

of the light quarks u, d and s from lattice simulations and then

discuss the consequences of the approximate chiral symmetry.

Lattice Gauge Theory: The most reliable determina-

tions of the strange quark mass ms and of the average of the up

and down quark masses mud = (mu + md)/2 are obtained from

lattice simulations. As explained in section C above, the sim-

ulations are generally performed with degenerate up and down

quarks (mu = md) and so it is the average which is obtained

directly from the computations. Below we discuss attempts to

derive mu and md separately using lattice results in combina-

tion with other techniques, but we start by briefly present our

estimate of the current status of the latest lattice results in the

isospin symmetric limit. Based largely on references [21–25],

which its authors considered to have the most reliable estimates

of the systematic uncertainties, the FLAG Review [16] quoted

as its summary of results obtained with Nf = 2 + 1 flavors of

sea quarks:

ms = (93.8 ± 1.5 ± 1.9) MeV , (3)

mud = (3.42 ± 0.06 ± 0.07) MeV (4)

and

ms

mud= 27.46 ± 0.15 ± 0.41 . (5)

795795795795See key on page 601 Quark Parti le ListingsQuarksThe masses are given in the MS scheme at a renormalization

scale of 2GeV. The first error comes from averaging the lattice

results and the second is an estimate of the neglect of sea-quark

effects from the charm and more massive quarks. Because

of the systematic errors, these results are not simply the

combinations of all the results in quadrature, but include a

judgement of the remaining uncertainties. Since the different

collaborations use different formulations of lattice QCD, the

(relatively small) variations of the results between the groups

provides important information about the reliability of the

estimates.

Since the publication of the FLAG review [16] there have

been a number of studies with Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 [26–28] and

Nf = 2 + 1 [29] and a reasonable summary of the current

status may be mud = (3.4±0.1)MeV, ms = (93.5±2)MeV and

ms/mud = 27.5 ± 0.3.

To obtain the individual values of mu and md requires the

introduction of isospin breaking effects, including electromag-

netism. In principle this can be done completely using lattice

field theory. Such calculations are indeed beginning (note the

recent computation of the neutron-proton mass splitting [30])

but are still at a relatively early stage. In practice therefore,

mu and md are extracted by combining lattice results with

some elements of continuum phenomenology, most frequently

based on chiral perturbation theory. Such studies include refer-

ences [32,17,24,28,33,34] as well the Flavianet Lattice Averaging

Group [43]. Based on these results we summarise the current

status as

mu

md= 0.46(5) , mu = 2.15(15) MeV , md = 4.70(20) MeV . (6)

Again the masses are given in the MS scheme at a renormal-

ization scale of 2GeV. Of particular importance is the fact that

mu 6= 0 since there would have been no strong CP problem had

mu been equal to zero.

The quark mass ranges for the light quarks given in the

listings combine the lattice and continuum values and use the

PDG method for determining errors given in the introductory

notes.

Chiral Perturbation Theory: For light quarks, one can

use the techniques of chiral perturbation theory [6–8] to extract

quark mass ratios. The mass term for light quarks in the QCD

Lagrangian is

ΨMΨ = ΨLMΨR + ΨRM †ΨL, (7)

where M is the light quark mass matrix,

M =

mu 0 00 md 00 0 ms

, (8)

Ψ = (u, d, s), and L and R are the left- and right-chiral

components of Ψ given by ΨL,R = PL,RΨ, PL = (1 − γ5)/2,

PR = (1 + γ5)/2. The mass term is the only term in the QCD

Lagrangian that mixes left- and right-handed quarks. In the

limit M → 0, there is an independent SU(3) × U(1) flavor

symmetry for the left- and right-handed quarks. The vector

U(1) symmetry is baryon number; the axial U(1) symmetry

of the classical theory is broken in the quantum theory due

to the anomaly. The remaining Gχ = SU(3)L × SU(3)R chiral

symmetry of the QCD Lagrangian is spontaneously broken to

SU(3)V , which, in the limit M → 0, leads to eight massless

Goldstone bosons, the π’s, K’s, and η.

The symmetry Gχ is only an approximate symmetry, since

it is explicitly broken by the quark mass matrix M . The

Goldstone bosons acquire masses which can be computed in a

systematic expansion in M , in terms of low-energy constants,

which are unknown nonperturbative parameters of the effective

theory, and are not fixed by the symmetries. One treats the

quark mass matrix M as an external field that transforms under

Gχ as M → LMR†, where ΨL → LΨL and ΨR → RΨR are

the SU(3)L and SU(3)R transformations, and writes down the

most general Lagrangian invariant under Gχ. Then one sets

M to its given constant value Eq. (8), which implements the

symmetry breaking. To first order in M one finds that [9]

m2π0 =B (mu + md) ,

m2π± =B (mu + md) + ∆em ,

m2K0 = m2

K0 =B (md + ms) , (9)

m2K± =B (mu + ms) + ∆em ,

m2η =

1

3B (mu + md + 4ms) ,

with two unknown constants B and ∆em, the electromagnetic

mass difference. From Eq. (9), one can determine the quark

mass ratios [9]

mu

md=

2m2π0 − m2

π+ + m2K+ − m2

K0

m2K0 − m2

K+ + m2π+

= 0.56 ,

ms

md=

m2K0 + m2

K+ − m2π+

m2K0 + m2

π+ − m2K+

= 20.2 , (10)

to lowest order in chiral perturbation theory, with an error which

will be estimated below. Since the mass ratios extracted using

chiral perturbation theory use the symmetry transformation

property of M under the chiral symmetry Gχ, it is important

to use a renormalization scheme for QCD that does not change

this transformation law. Any mass independent subtraction

scheme such as MS is suitable. The ratios of quark masses

are scale independent in such a scheme, and Eq. (10) can be

taken to be the ratio of MS masses. Chiral perturbation theory

cannot determine the overall scale of the quark masses, since it

uses only the symmetry properties of M , and any multiple of

M has the same Gχ transformation law as M .

Chiral perturbation theory is a systematic expansion in

powers of the light quark masses. The typical expansion pa-

rameter is m2K/Λ2

χ ∼ 0.25 if one uses SU(3) chiral symmetry,

and m2π/Λ2

χ ∼ 0.02 if instead one uses SU(2) chiral symme-

try. Electromagnetic effects at the few percent level also break

796796796796Quark Parti le ListingsQuarksSU(2) and SU(3) symmetry. The mass formulæ Eq. (9) were

derived using SU(3) chiral symmetry, and are expected to

have approximately a 25% uncertainty due to second order

corrections. This estimate of the uncertainty is consistent with

the lattice results found in Eq. (3) - Eq. (5) and more recent

calculations.

C1

C2

Im s

Re s

m2 4m2

m2

Figure 1: The analytic structure of Π(s) inthe complex s-plane. The contours C1 and C2

are the integration contours discussed in thetext.

There is a subtlety which arises when one tries to determine

quark mass ratios at second order in chiral perturbation theory.

The second order quark mass term [10]

(M †

)−1

det M † (11)

(which can be generated by instantons) transforms in the

same way under Gχ as M . Chiral perturbation theory cannot

distinguish between M and(M †

)−1det M †; one can make the

replacement M → M(λ) = M + λM(M †M

)−1det M † in the

chiral Lagrangian,

M(λ) = diag (mu(λ) , md(λ) , ms(λ))

= diag (mu + λmdms , md + λmums , ms + λmumd) , (12)

and leave all observables unchanged.

The combination

(mu

md

)2

+1

Q2

(ms

md

)2

= 1 (13)

where

Q2 =m2

s − m2

m2d − m2

u

, m =1

2(mu + md) ,

is insensitive to the transformation in Eq. (12). Eq. (13)

gives an ellipse in the mu/md − ms/md plane. The ellipse is

well-determined by chiral perturbation theory, but the exact

location on the ellipse, and the absolute normalization of the

quark masses, has larger uncertainties. Q is determined to be

in the range 21–25 from η → 3π decay and the electromagnetic

contribution to the K+–K0 and π+–π0 mass differences [11].

The absolute normalization of the quark masses cannot be

determined using chiral perturbation theory. Other methods,

such as lattice simulations discussed above or spectral function

sum rules [12,13] for hadronic correlation functions, which we

review next are necessary.

Sum Rules: Sum rule methods have been used extensively

to determine quark masses and for illustration we briefly dis-

cuss here their application to hadronic τ decays [14]. Other

applications involve very similar techniques.

The experimentally measured quantity is Rτ ,

dRτ

ds=

dΓ/ds(τ− → hadrons + ντ (γ)

)

Γ (τ− → e−νeντ (γ))(14)

the hadronic invariant mass spectrum in semihadronic τ

decay, normalized to the leptonic τ decay rate. It is useful to

define q as the total momentum of the hadronic final state, so

s = q2 is the hadronic invariant mass. The total hadronic τ

decay rate Rτ is then given by integrating dRτ/ds over the

kinematically allowed range 0 ≤ s ≤ M2τ .

Rτ can be written as

Rτ =12π

∫ M2τ

0

ds

M2τ

(1 − s

M2τ

)2

×[(

1 + 2s

M2τ

)Im ΠT (s) + Im ΠL(s)

](15)

where s = q2, and the hadronic spectral functions ΠL,T are

defined from the time-ordered correlation function of two weak

currents is the time-ordered correlator of the weak interaction

current (jµ(x) and jν(0)) by

Πµν(q) =i

∫d4x eiq·x 〈0|T

(jµ(x)jν(0)†

)|0〉 , (16)

Πµν(q) = (−gµν + qµqν)ΠT (s) + qµqνΠL(s), (17)

and the decomposition Eq. (17) is the most general possible

structure consistent with Lorentz invariance.

By the optical theorem, the imaginary part of Πµν is

proportional to the total cross-section for the current to produce

all possible states. A detailed analysis including the phase

space factors leads to Eq. (15). The spectral functions ΠL,T (s)

are analytic in the complex s plane, with singularities along

the real axis. There is an isolated pole at s = m2π, and

single- and multi-particle singularities for s ≥ 4m2π, the two-

particle threshold. The discontinuity along the real axis is

ΠL,T (s + i0+) − ΠL,T (s − i0+) = 2iIm ΠL,T (s). As a result,

Eq. (15) can be rewritten with the replacement Im ΠL,T (s) →−iΠL,T (s)/2, and the integration being over the contour C1.

Finally, the contour C1 can be deformed to C2 without crossing

any singularities, and so leaving the integral unchanged. One

can derive a series of sum rules analogous to Eq. (15) by

797797797797See key on page 601 Quark Parti le ListingsQuarksweighting the differential τ hadronic decay rate by different

powers of the hadronic invariant mass,

Rklτ =

∫ M2τ

0ds

(1 − s

M2τ

)k (s

M2τ

)ldRτ

ds(18)

where dRτ/ds is the hadronic invariant mass distribution in τ

decay normalized to the leptonic decay rate. This leads to the

final form of the sum rule(s),

Rklτ = − 6πi

∫

C2

ds

M2τ

(1 − s

M2τ

)2+k (s

M2τ

)l

×[(

1 + 2s

M2τ

)ΠT (s) + ΠL(s)

]. (19)

The manipulations so far are completely rigorous and exact,

relying only on the general analytic structure of quantum field

theory. The left-hand side of the sum rule Eq. (19) is obtained

from experiment. The right hand-side can be computed for s

far away from any physical cuts using the operator product

expansion (OPE) for the time-ordered product of currents in

Eq. (16), and QCD perturbation theory. The OPE is an

expansion for the time-ordered product Eq. (16) in a series of

local operators, and is an expansion about the q → ∞ limit. It

gives Π(s) as an expansion in powers of αs(s) and Λ2QCD/s, and

is valid when s is far (in units of Λ2QCD) from any singularities

in the complex s-plane.

The OPE gives Π(s) as a series in αs, quark masses, and

various non-perturbative vacuum matrix element. By comput-

ing Π(s) theoretically, and comparing with the experimental

values of Rklτ , one determines various parameters such as αs

and the quark masses. The theoretical uncertainties in using

Eq. (19) arise from neglected higher order corrections (both

perturbative and non-perturbative), and because the OPE is no

longer valid near the real axis, where Π has singularities. The

contribution of neglected higher order corrections can be esti-

mated as for any other perturbative computation. The error

due to the failure of the OPE is more difficult to estimate. In

Eq. (19), the OPE fails on the endpoints of C2 that touch the

real axis at s = M2τ . The weight factor (1− s/M2

τ ) in Eq. (19)

vanishes at this point, so the importance of the endpoint can

be reduced by choosing larger values of k.

E. Heavy quarks

For heavy-quark physics one can exploit the fact that

mQ ≫ ΛQCD to construct effective theories (mQ is the mass of

the heavy quark Q). The masses and decay rates of hadrons

containing a single heavy quark, such as the B and D mesons

can be determined using the heavy quark effective theory

(HQET) [45]. The theoretical calculations involve radiative

corrections computed in perturbation theory with an expansion

in αs(mQ) and non-perturbative corrections with an expansion

in powers of ΛQCD/mQ. Due to the asymptotic nature of

the QCD perturbation series, the two kinds of corrections are

intimately related; an example of this are renormalon effects

in the perturbative expansion which are associated with non-

perturbative corrections.

Systems containing two heavy quarks such as the Υ or

J/Ψ are treated using non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) [46].

The typical momentum and energy transfers in these systems

are αsmQ, and α2smQ, respectively, so these bound states are

sensitive to scales much smaller than mQ. However, smeared

observables, such as the cross-section for e+e− → bb averaged

over some range of s that includes several bound state energy

levels, are better behaved and only sensitive to scales near mQ.

For this reason, most determinations of the c, b quark masses

using perturbative calculations compare smeared observables

with experiment [47–49].

There are many continuum extractions of the c and b quark

masses, some with quoted errors of 10 MeV or smaller. There

are systematic effects of comparable size, which are typically not

included in these error estimates. Reference [41], for example,

shows that even though the error estimate of mc using the rapid

convergence of the αs perturbation series is only a few MeV,

the central value of mc can differ by a much larger amount

depending on which algorithm (all of which are formally equally

good) is used to determine mc from the data. This leads to

a systematic error from perturbation theory of around 20 MeV

for the c quark and 25 MeV for the b quark. Electromagnetic

effects, which also are important at this precision, are often

not included. For this reason, we inflate the errors on the

continuum extractions of mc and mb. The average values of

mc and mb from continuum determinations are (see Sec. G for

the 1S scheme)

mc(mc) = (1.28 ± 0.025) GeV

mb(mb) = (4.18 ± 0.03) GeV , m1Sb = (4.65 ± 0.03) GeV .

Lattice simulations of QCD lead to discretization errors

which are powers of mQ a (modulated by logarithms); the

power depends on the formulation of lattice QCD being used

and in most cases is quadratic. Clearly these errors can be re-

duced by performing simulations at smaller lattice spacings, but

also by using improved discretizations of the theory. Recently,

with more powerful computing resources, better algorithms and

techniques, it has become possible to perform simulations in

the charm quark region and beyond, also decreasing the ex-

trapolation which has to be performed to reach the b-quark. A

novel approach proposed in [64] has been to compare the lattice

results for moments of correlation functions of cc quark-bilinear

operators to perturbative calculations of the same quantities at

4-loop order. In this way both the strong coupling constant

and the charm quark mass can be determined with remarkably

small errors; in particular mc(mc) = 1.273(6) GeV [36]. This

lattice determination also uses the perturbative expression for

the current-current correlator, and so has the perturbation the-

ory systematic error discussed above. Recent updates using

this correlator method, both with a very similar result, can be

found in [27,37]. It should be remembered that these results

798798798798Quark Parti le ListingsQuarkswere obtained in QCD with exact isospin symmetry; isospin

breaking effects, including electromagnetism may well be larger

or of the order of the quoted uncertainty.

As the range of heavy-quark masses which can be used in

numerical simulations increases, results obtained by extrapo-

lating the results to b-physics are becoming ever more reliable

(see e.g. [27]) . Traditionally however, the main approach to

controlling the discretization errors in lattice studies of heavy

quark physics has been to perform simulations of the effective

theories such as HQET and NRQCD. This remains an impor-

tant technique, both in its own right and in providing additional

information for extrapolations from lower masses to the bottom

region. Using effective theories, mb is obtained from what is

essentially a computation of the difference of MHb− mb, where

MHbis the mass of a hadron Hb containing a b-quark. The

relative error on mb is therefore much smaller than that for

MHb− mb. The principal systematic errors are the matching

of the effective theories to QCD and the presence of power

divergences in a−1 in the 1/mb corrections which have to be

subtracted numerically. The use of HQET or NRQCD is less

precise for the charm quark, but in this case, as mentioned

above, direct QCD simulations are now possible.

F. Pole Mass

For an observable particle such as the electron, the position

of the pole in the propagator is the definition of its mass.

In QCD this definition of the quark mass is known as the

pole mass. It is known that the on-shell quark propagator

has no infrared divergences in perturbation theory [52,53], so

this provides a perturbative definition of the quark mass. The

pole mass cannot be used to arbitrarily high accuracy because

of nonperturbative infrared effects in QCD. The full quark

propagator has no pole because the quarks are confined, so that

the pole mass cannot be defined outside of perturbation theory.

The relation between the pole mass mQ and the MS mass mQ

is known to three loops [54,55,56,57]

mQ = mQ(mQ)

{1 +

4αs(mQ)

3π

+

[−1.0414

∑

k

(1 − 4

3

mQk

mQ

)+ 13.4434

][αs(mQ)

π

]2

+[0.6527N2

L − 26.655NL + 190.595] [

αs(mQ)

π

]3}

, (20)

where αs(µ) is the strong interaction coupling constants in

the MS scheme, and the sum over k extends over the NL flavors

Qk lighter than Q. The complete mass dependence of the α2s

term can be found in [54]; the mass dependence of the α3s

term is not known. For the b-quark, Eq. (20) reads

mb = mb (mb) [1 + 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.03] , (21)

where the contributions from the different orders in αs are shown

explicitly. The two and three loop corrections are comparable

in size and have the same sign as the one loop term. This

is a signal of the asymptotic nature of the perturbation series

[there is a renormalon in the pole mass]. Such a badly behaved

perturbation expansion can be avoided by directly extracting

the MS mass from data without extracting the pole mass as an

intermediate step.

Figure 2: The allowed region (shown inwhite) for up quark and down quark masses.This region was determined in part from papersreporting values for mu and md (data pointsshown) and in part from analysis of the allowedranges of other mass parameters (see Fig. 3).The parameter (mu + md)/2 yields the twodownward-sloping lines, while mu/md yields thetwo rising lines originating at (0,0).

G. Numerical values and caveats

The quark masses in the particle data listings have been

obtained by using a wide variety of methods. Each method

involves its own set of approximations and uncertainties. In

most cases, the errors are an estimate of the size of neglected

higher-order corrections or other uncertainties. The expansion

parameters for some of the approximations are not very small

(for example, they are m2K/Λ2

χ ∼ 0.25 for the chiral expansion

799799799799See key on page 601 Quark Parti le ListingsQuarks

Figure 3. The values of each quark mass parameter taken from

the Data Listings. The points are in chronological order withthe more recent measurements at the top. Points from papers

reporting no error bars are colored grey. The shaded regionsindicate values excluded by our evaluations; some regions were

determined in part through examination of Fig. 2.

and ΛQCD/mb ∼ 0.1 for the heavy-quark expansion), so an

unexpectedly large coefficient in a neglected higher-order term

could significantly alter the results. It is also important to note

that the quark mass values can be significantly different in the

different schemes.

The heavy quark masses obtained using HQET, QCD sum

rules, or lattice gauge theory are consistent with each other

if they are all converted into the same scheme and scale. We

have specified all masses in the MS scheme. For light quarks,

the renormalization scale has been chosen to be µ = 2GeV.

The light quark masses at 1GeV are significantly different from

those at 2GeV, m(1 GeV)/m(2 GeV) ∼ 1.33. It is conventional

to choose the renormalization scale equal to the quark mass for

a heavy quark, so we have quoted mQ(µ) at µ = mQ for the

c and b quarks. Recent analyses of inclusive B meson decays

have shown that recently proposed mass definitions lead to

a better behaved perturbation series than for the MS mass,

and hence to more accurate mass values. We have chosen to

also give values for one of these, the b quark mass in the

1S-scheme [58,59]. Other schemes that have been proposed

are the PS-scheme [60] and the kinetic scheme [61].

If necessary, we have converted values in the original papers

to our chosen scheme using two-loop formulæ. It is important

to realized that our conversions introduce significant additional

errors. In converting to the MS b-quark mass, for example,

the three-loop conversions from the 1S and pole masses give

values about 35 MeV and 135 MeV lower than the two-loop

800800800800Quark Parti le ListingsQuarks, uconversions. The uncertainty in αs(MZ) = 0.1181(13) gives

an uncertainty of ±10 MeV and ±35 MeV respectively in the

same conversions. We have not added these additional errors

when we do our conversions. The αs value in the conversion

is correlated with the αs value used in determining the quark

mass, so the conversion error is not a simple additional error on

the quark mass.

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51. S. Aoki, Y. Kuramashi, and S.i. Tominaga, Prog. Theor.Phys. 109, 383 (2003).

52. R. Tarrach, Nucl. Phys. B183, 384 (1981).

53. A. Kronfeld, Phys. Rev. D58, 051501 (1998).

54. N. Gray et al., Z. Phys. C48, 673 (1990).

55. D.J. Broadhurst, N. Gray, and K. Schilcher, Z. Phys. C52,111 (1991).

56. K.G. Chetyrkin and M. Steinhauser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83,4001 (1999).

57. K. Melnikov and T. van Ritbergen, Phys. Lett. B482, 99(2000).

58. A.H. Hoang, Z. Ligeti, A.V. Manohar, Phys. Rev. Lett.82, 277 (1999).

59. A.H. Hoang, Z. Ligeti, A.V. Manohar, Phys. Rev. D59,074017 (1999).

60. M. Beneke, Phys. Lett. B434, 115 (1998).

61. P. Gambino and N. Uraltsev, Eur. Phys. J. C34, 181(2004).

62. G. Martinelli et al., Nucl. Phys. B445, 81 (1995).

63. K. Jansen et al., Phys. Lett. B372, 275 (1996).

64. I. Allison et al. [HPQCD Collab.], Phys. Rev. D78, 054513(2008).u I (JP ) = 12 (12+)Mass m = 2.2+0.6

−0.4 MeV Charge = 23 e Iz = +12mu/md = 0.38{0.58

801801801801See key on page 601 QuarkParti le Listingsd, s, LightQuarks (u, d, s)d I (JP ) = 12 (12+)Mass m = 4.7+0.5−0.4 MeV Charge = −

13 e Iz = −12ms/md = 17{22m = (mu + md )/2 = 3.5+0.7

−0.3 MeVs I (JP ) = 0(12+)Mass m = 96+8−4 MeV Charge = −

13 e Strangeness = −1(ms { (mu + md )/2)/(md − mu) = 27.3 ± 0.7Light Quarks (u, d, s)OMITTED FROM SUMMARY TABLEu-QUARK MASSu-QUARK MASSu-QUARK MASSu-QUARK MASSThe u-, d-, and s-quark masses are estimates of so- alled \ urrent-quarkmasses," in a mass- independent subtra tion s heme su h as MS. Theratios mu/md and ms/md are extra ted from pion and kaon massesusing hiral symmetry. The estimates of d and u masses are not without ontroversy and remain under a tive investigation. Within the literaturethere are even suggestions that the u quark ould be essentially massless.The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses.We have normalized the MS masses at a renormalization s ale of µ = 2GeV. Results quoted in the literature at µ = 1 GeV have been res aled bydividing by 1.35. The values of \Our Evaluation" were determined in partvia Figures 1 and 2.VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT2.2 +0.6−0.4 OUR EVALUATION2.2 +0.6−0.4 OUR EVALUATION2.2 +0.6−0.4 OUR EVALUATION2.2 +0.6−0.4 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.2.36±0.24 1 CARRASCO 14 LATT MS s heme2.57±0.26±0.07 2 AOKI 12 LATT MS s heme2.15±0.03±0.10 3 DURR 11 LATT MS s heme1.9 ±0.2 4 BAZAVOV 10 LATT MS s heme2.24±0.10±0.34 5 BLUM 10 LATT MS s heme2.01±0.14 6 MCNEILE 10 LATT MS s heme2.9 ±0.2 7 DOMINGUEZ 09 THEO MS s heme

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •2.01±0.14 6 DAVIES 10 LATT MS s heme2.9 ±0.8 8 DEANDREA 08 THEO MS s heme3.02±0.33 9 BLUM 07 LATT MS s heme2.7 ±0.4 10 JAMIN 06 THEO MS s heme1.9 ±0.2 11 MASON 06 LATT MS s heme2.8 ±0.2 12 NARISON 06 THEO MS s heme1.7 ±0.3 13 AUBIN 04A LATT MS s heme1CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.2AOKI 12 is a latti e omputation using 1 + 1 + 1 dynami al quark avors.3DURR 11 determine quark mass from a latti e omputation of the meson spe trum usingNf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors. The latti e simulations were done at the physi al quarkmass, so that extrapolation in the quark mass was not needed. The individual mu , mdvalues are obtained using the latti e determination of the average mass mud and of theratio ms/mud and the value of Q = (m2s − m2ud) / (m2d − m2u) as determined fromη → 3π de ays.4BAZAVOV 10 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al quark avors.5BLUM 10 determines light quark masses using a QCD plus QED latti e omputation ofthe ele tromagneti mass splittings of the low-lying hadrons. The latti e simulations use2+1 dynami al quark avors.6DAVIES 10 and MCNEILE 10 determine m (µ)/ms (µ) = 11.85 ± 0.16 using a latti e omputation with Nf = 2 + 1 dynami al fermions of the pseudos alar meson masses.Mass mu is obtained from this using the value of m from ALLISON 08 or MCNEILE 10and the BAZAVOV 10 values for the light quark mass ratios, ms/m and mu/md .7DOMINGUEZ 09 use QCD �nite energy sum rules for the two-point fun tion of thedivergen e of the axial ve tor urrent omputed to order α4

s.8DEANDREA 08 determine mu−md from η → 3π0, and ombine with the PDG 06latti e average value of mu+md = 7.6 ± 1.6 to determine mu and md .9BLUM 07 determine quark masses from the pseudos alar meson masses using a QEDplus QCD latti e omputation with two dynami al quark avors.10 JAMIN 06 determine mu(2 GeV) by ombining the value of ms obtained from thespe tral fun tion for the s alar K π form fa tor with other determinations of the quarkmass ratios.11MASON 06 extra t light quark masses from a latti e simulation using staggered fermionswith an improved a tion, and three dynami al light quark avors with degenerate u andd quarks. Perturbative orre tions were in luded at NNLO order. The quark massesmu and md were determined from their (mu+md )/2 measurement and AUBIN 04Amu/md value.12NARISON 06 uses sum rules for e+ e− → hadrons to order α3s to determine ms om-bined with other determinations of the quark mass ratios.13AUBIN 04A employ a partially quen hed latti e al ulation of the pseudos alar mesonmasses.

WEIGHTED AVERAGE2.22±0.12 (Error scaled by 1.8)

Values above of weighted average, error,and scale factor are based upon the data inthis ideogram only. They are not neces-sarily the same as our ‘best’ values,obtained from a least-squares constrained fitutilizing measurements of other (related)quantities as additional information.

DOMINGUEZ 09 THEO 11.7MCNEILE 10 LATT 2.2BLUM 10 LATT 0.0BAZAVOV 10 LATT 2.5DURR 11 LATT 0.4AOKI 12 LATT 1.7CARRASCO 14 LATT 0.4

χ2

18.9(Confidence Level = 0.0044)

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4u-QUARK MASS (MeV)d-QUARK MASSd-QUARK MASSd-QUARK MASSd-QUARK MASSSee the omment for the u quark above.We have normalized the MS masses at a renormalization s ale of µ = 2GeV. Results quoted in the literature at µ = 1 GeV have been res aled bydividing by 1.35. The values of \Our Evaluation" were determined in partvia Figures 1 and 2.VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT4.7 +0.5−0.4 OUR EVALUATION4.7 +0.5−0.4 OUR EVALUATION4.7 +0.5−0.4 OUR EVALUATION4.7 +0.5−0.4 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.5.03±0.26 1 CARRASCO 14 LATT MS s heme3.68±0.29±0.10 2 AOKI 12 LATT MS s heme4.79±0.07±0.12 3 DURR 11 LATT MS s heme4.6 ±0.3 4 BAZAVOV 10 LATT MS s heme4.65±0.15±0.32 5 BLUM 10 LATT MS s heme4.77±0.15 6 MCNEILE 10 LATT MS s heme5.3 ±0.4 7 DOMINGUEZ 09 THEO MS s heme

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •4.79±0.16 6 DAVIES 10 LATT MS s heme4.7 ±0.8 8 DEANDREA 08 THEO MS s heme5.49±0.39 9 BLUM 07 LATT MS s heme4.8 ±0.5 10 JAMIN 06 THEO MS s heme4.4 ±0.3 11 MASON 06 LATT MS s heme5.1 ±0.4 12 NARISON 06 THEO MS s heme3.9 ±0.5 13 AUBIN 04A LATT MS s heme1CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.2AOKI 12 is a latti e omputation using 1 + 1 + 1 dynami al quark avors.3DURR 11 determine quark mass from a latti e omputation of the meson spe trum usingNf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors. The latti e simulations were done at the physi al quarkmass, so that extrapolation in the quark mass was not needed. The individual mu , mdvalues are obtained using the latti e determination of the average mass mud and of theratio ms/mud and the value of Q = (m2s − m2ud) / (m2d − m2u) as determined fromη → 3π de ays.4BAZAVOV 10 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al quark avors.5BLUM 10 determines light quark masses using a QCD plus QED latti e omputation ofthe ele tromagneti mass splittings of the low-lying hadrons. The latti e simulations use2+1 dynami al quark avors.6DAVIES 10 and MCNEILE 10 determine m (µ)/ms (µ) = 11.85 ± 0.16 using a latti e omputation with Nf = 2 + 1 dynami al fermions of the pseudos alar meson masses.Mass md is obtained from this using the value of m from ALLISON 08 or MCNEILE 10and the BAZAVOV 10 values for the light quark mass ratios, ms/m and mu/md .7DOMINGUEZ 09 use QCD �nite energy sum rules for the two-point fun tion of thedivergen e of the axial ve tor urrent omputed to order α4

s.8DEANDREA 08 determine mu−md from η → 3π0, and ombine with the PDG 06latti e average value of mu+md = 7.6 ± 1.6 to determine mu and md .9BLUM 07 determine quark masses from the pseudos alar meson masses using a QEDplus QCD latti e omputation with two dynami al quark avors.10 JAMIN 06 determine md (2 GeV) by ombining the value of ms obtained from thespe tral fun tion for the s alar K π form fa tor with other determinations of the quarkmass ratios.11MASON 06 extra t light quark masses from a latti e simulation using staggered fermionswith an improved a tion, and three dynami al light quark avors with degenerate u andd quarks. Perturbative orre tions were in luded at NNLO order. The quark massesmu and md were determined from their (mu+md )/2 measurement and AUBIN 04Amu/md value.12NARISON 06 uses sum rules for e+ e− → hadrons to order α3s to determine ms om-bined with other determinations of the quark mass ratios.13AUBIN 04A perform three avor dynami al latti e al ulation of pseudos alar mesonmasses, with ontinuum estimate of ele tromagneti e�e ts in the kaon masses, andone-loop perturbative renormalization onstant.

802802802802QuarkParti le ListingsLightQuarks (u, d, s)WEIGHTED AVERAGE4.73±0.13 (Error scaled by 1.6)


DOMINGUEZ 09 THEO 2.0MCNEILE 10 LATT 0.1BLUM 10 LATT 0.1BAZAVOV 10 LATT 0.2DURR 11 LATT 0.2AOKI 12 LATT 11.7CARRASCO 14 LATT 1.4

χ2


3 4 5 6 7 8d-QUARK MASS (MeV)m = (mu+md )/2m = (mu+md )/2m = (mu+md )/2m = (mu+md )/2See the omments for the u quark above.We have normalized the MS masses at a renormalization s ale of µ = 2GeV. Results quoted in the literature at µ = 1 GeV have been res aled bydividing by 1.35. The values of \Our Evaluation" were determined in partvia Figures 1 and 2.VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT3.5 +0.7−0.3 OUR EVALUATION3.5 +0.7−0.3 OUR EVALUATION3.5 +0.7−0.3 OUR EVALUATION3.5 +0.7−0.3 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.3.70 ±0.17 1 CARRASCO 14 LATT MS s heme3.45 ±0.12 2 ARTHUR 13 LATT MS s heme3.59 ±0.21 3 AOKI 11A LATT MS s heme3.469±0.047±0.048 4 DURR 11 LATT MS s heme3.6 ±0.2 5 BLOSSIER 10 LATT MS s heme3.39 ±0.06 6 MCNEILE 10 LATT MS s heme4.1 ±0.2 7 DOMINGUEZ 09 THEO MS s heme3.72 ±0.41 8 ALLTON 08 LATT MS s heme3.55 +0.65−0.28 9 ISHIKAWA 08 LATT MS s heme4.25 ±0.35 10 BLUM 07 LATT MS s heme

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •3.40 ±0.07 6 DAVIES 10 LATT MS s heme3.85 ±0.12 ±0.4 11 BLOSSIER 08 LATT MS s heme≥ 4.85 ±0.20 12 DOMINGUEZ...08B THEO MS s heme4.026±0.048 13 NAKAMURA 08 LATT MS s heme4.08 ±0.25 ±0.42 14 GOCKELER 06 LATT MS s heme4.7 ±0.2 ±0.3 15 GOCKELER 06A LATT MS s heme3.2 ±0.3 16 MASON 06 LATT MS s heme3.95 ±0.3 17 NARISON 06 THEO MS s heme2.8 ±0.3 18 AUBIN 04 LATT MS s heme4.29 ±0.14 ±0.65 19 AOKI 03 LATT MS s heme3.223±0.3 20 AOKI 03B LATT MS s heme4.4 ±0.1 ±0.4 21 BECIREVIC 03 LATT MS s heme4.1 ±0.3 ±1.0 22 CHIU 03 LATT MS s heme1CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.2ARTHUR 13 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al domain wall fermions. Massesat µ = 3 GeV have been onverted to µ = 2 GeV using onversion fa tors given in theirpaper.3AOKI 11A determine quark masses from a latti e omputation of the hadron spe trumusing Nf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors of domain wall fermions.4DURR 11 determine quark mass from a latti e omputation of the meson spe trum usingNf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors. The latti e simulations were done at the physi al quarkmass, so that extrapolation in the quark mass was not needed.5BLOSSIER 10 determines quark masses from a omputation of the hadron spe trumusing Nf =2 dynami al twisted-mass Wilson fermions.6DAVIES 10 and MCNEILE 10 determine m (µ)/ms (µ) = 11.85 ± 0.16 using a latti e omputation with Nf = 2 + 1 dynami al fermions of the pseudos alar meson masses.Mass m is obtained from this using the value of m from ALLISON 08 or MCNEILE 10and the BAZAVOV 10 values for the light quark mass ratio, ms/m.7DOMINGUEZ 09 use QCD �nite energy sum rules for the two-point fun tion of thedivergen e of the axial ve tor urrent omputed to order α4s .8ALLTON 08 use a latti e omputation of the π, K , and masses with 2+1 dynami al avors of domain wall quarks, and non-perturbative renormalization.9 ISHIKAWA 08 use a latti e omputation of the light meson spe trum with 2+1 dynami al avors of O(a) improved Wilson quarks, and one-loop perturbative renormalization.10BLUM 07 determine quark masses from the pseudos alar meson masses using a QEDplus QCD latti e omputation with two dynami al quark avors.

11BLOSSIER 08 use a latti e omputation of pseudos alar meson masses and de ay on-stants with 2 dynami al avors and non-perturbative renormalization.12DOMINGUEZ-CLARIMON 08B obtain an inequality from sum rules for the s alar two-point orrelator.13NAKAMURA 08 do a latti e omputation using quen hed domain wall fermions andnon-perturbative renormalization.14GOCKELER 06 use an unquen hed latti e omputation of the axial Ward Identity withNf = 2 dynami al light quark avors, and non-perturbative renormalization, to obtainm(2 GeV) = 4.08± 0.25± 0.19± 0.23 MeV, where the �rst error is statisti al, the se ondand third are systemati due to the �t range and for e s ale un ertainties, respe tively.We have ombined the systemati errors linearly.15GOCKELER 06A use an unquen hed latti e omputation of the pseudos alar mesonmasses with Nf = 2 dynami al light quark avors, and non-perturbative renormalization.16MASON 06 extra t light quark masses from a latti e simulation using staggered fermionswith an improved a tion, and three dynami al light quark avors with degenerate u andd quarks. Perturbative orre tions were in luded at NNLO order.17NARISON 06 uses sum rules for e+ e− → hadrons to order α3s to determine ms om-bined with other determinations of the quark mass ratios.18AUBIN 04 perform three avor dynami al latti e al ulation of pseudos alar mesonmasses, with one-loop perturbative renormalization onstant.19AOKI 03 uses quen hed latti e simulation of the meson and baryon masses with de-generate light quarks. The extrapolations are done using quen hed hiral perturbationtheory.20The errors given in AOKI 03B were +0.046−0.069. We hanged them to ±0.3 for al ulatingthe overall best values. AOKI 03B uses latti e simulation of the meson and baryon masseswith two dynami al light quarks. Simulations are performed using the O(a) improvedWilson a tion.21BECIREVIC 03 perform quen hed latti e omputation using the ve tor and axial Wardidentities. Uses O(a) improved Wilson a tion and nonperturbative renormalization.22CHIU 03 determines quark masses from the pion and kaon masses using a latti e simu-lation with a hiral fermion a tion in quen hed approximation.



BLUM 07 LATT 4.7ISHIKAWA 08 LATTALLTON 08 LATTDOMINGUEZ 09 THEO 9.3MCNEILE 10 LATT 2.8BLOSSIER 10 LATT 0.3DURR 11 LATT 0.1AOKI 11A LATT 0.2ARTHUR 13 LATT 0.1CARRASCO 14 LATT 1.5

χ2


3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5m = (mu+md )/2 (MeV)mu/md MASS RATIOmu/md MASS RATIOmu/md MASS RATIOmu/md MASS RATIOVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.38{0.58 OUR EVALUATION0.38{0.58 OUR EVALUATION0.38{0.58 OUR EVALUATION0.38{0.58 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.0.4482+0.0173−0.0206 1 BASAK 15 LATT0.470 ±0.056 2 CARRASCO 14 LATT0.698 ±0.051 3 AOKI 12 LATT0.42 ±0.01 ±0.04 4 BAZAVOV 10 LATT0.4818±0.0096±0.0860 5 BLUM 10 LATT0.550 ±0.031 6 BLUM 07 LATT

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •0.43 ±0.08 7 AUBIN 04A LATT0.410 ±0.036 8 NELSON 03 LATT0.553 ±0.043 9 LEUTWYLER 96 THEO Compilation1BASAK 15 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al quark avors.2CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.3AOKI 12 is a latti e omputation using 1 + 1 + 1 dynami al quark avors.4BAZAVOV 10 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al quark avors.5BLUM 10 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al quark avors.6BLUM 07 determine quark masses from the pseudos alar meson masses using a QEDplus QCD latti e omputation with two dynami al quark avors.7AUBIN 04A perform three avor dynami al latti e al ulation of pseudos alar mesonmasses, with ontinuum estimate of ele tromagneti e�e ts in the kaon masses.8NELSON 03 omputes oeÆ ients in the order p4 hiral Lagrangian using a latti e al ulation with three dynami al avors. The ratio mu/md is obtained by ombiningthis with the hiral perturbation theory omputation of the meson masses to order p4.

803803803803See key on page 601 QuarkParti le ListingsLightQuarks (u, d, s)9 LEUTWYLER 96 uses a ombined �t to η → 3π and ψ′ → J/ψ (π,η) de ay rates,and the ele tromagneti mass di�eren es of the π and K .WEIGHTED AVERAGE0.482±0.033 (Error scaled by 2.4)


BLUM 07 LATT 4.8BLUM 10 LATT 0.0BAZAVOV 10 LATT 2.3AOKI 12 LATT 17.9CARRASCO 14 LATT 0.1BASAK 15 LATT 3.8

χ2

28.9(Confidence Level < 0.0001)

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1mu/md MASS RATIOs-QUARK MASSs-QUARK MASSs-QUARK MASSs-QUARK MASSSee the omment for the u quark above.We have normalized the MS masses at a renormalization s ale of µ = 2GeV. Results quoted in the literature at µ = 1 GeV have been res aled bydividing by 1.35.VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT96 + 8− 4 OUR EVALUATION96 + 8− 4 OUR EVALUATION96 + 8− 4 OUR EVALUATION96 + 8− 4 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.93.6± 0.8 1 CHAKRABOR...15 LATT MS s heme99.6± 4.3 2 CARRASCO 14 LATT MS s heme94.4± 2.3 3 ARTHUR 13 LATT MS s heme94 ± 9 4 BODENSTEIN 13 THEO MS s heme102 ± 3 ± 1 5 FRITZSCH 12 LATT MS s heme96.2± 2.7 6 AOKI 11A LATT MS s heme95.5± 1.1± 1.5 7 DURR 11 LATT MS s heme95 ± 6 8 BLOSSIER 10 LATT MS s heme97.6± 2.9± 5.5 9 BLUM 10 LATT MS s heme107.3±11.7 10 ALLTON 08 LATT MS s heme102 ± 8 11 DOMINGUEZ 08A THEO MS s heme90.1+17.2− 6.1 12 ISHIKAWA 08 LATT MS s heme

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •92.4± 1.5 13 DAVIES 10 LATT MS s heme92.2± 1.3 13 MCNEILE 10 LATT MS s heme105 ± 3 ± 9 14 BLOSSIER 08 LATT MS s heme105.6± 1.2 15 NAKAMURA 08 LATT MS s heme119.5± 9.3 16 BLUM 07 LATT MS s heme105 ± 6 ± 7 17 CHETYRKIN 06 THEO MS s heme111 ± 6 ±10 18 GOCKELER 06 LATT MS s heme119 ± 5 ± 8 19 GOCKELER 06A LATT MS s heme92 ± 9 20 JAMIN 06 THEO MS s heme87 ± 6 21 MASON 06 LATT MS s heme104 ±15 22 NARISON 06 THEO MS s heme≥ 71 ± 4, ≤ 151 ± 14 23 NARISON 06 THEO MS s heme96 + 5

− 3 +16−18 24 BAIKOV 05 THEO MS s heme81 ±22 25 GAMIZ 05 THEO MS s heme125 ±28 26 GORBUNOV 05 THEO MS s heme93 ±32 27 NARISON 05 THEO MS s heme76 ± 8 28 AUBIN 04 LATT MS s heme116 ± 6 ± 0.65 29 AOKI 03 LATT MS s heme84.5+12

− 1.7 30 AOKI 03B LATT MS s heme106 ± 2 ± 8 31 BECIREVIC 03 LATT MS s heme92 ± 9 ±16 32 CHIU 03 LATT MS s heme117 ±17 33 GAMIZ 03 THEO MS s heme103 ±17 34 GAMIZ 03 THEO MS s heme1CHAKRABORTY 15 is a latti e QCD omputation that determines m and m /msusing pseudos alar mesons masses tuned on gluon �eld on�gurations with 2+1+1 dy-nami al avors of HISQ quarks with u/d masses down to the physi al value.2CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.3ARTHUR 13 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al domain wall fermions. Massesat µ = 3 GeV have been onverted to µ = 2 GeV using onversion fa tors given in theirpaper.4BODENSTEIN 13 determines ms from QCD �nite energy sum rules, and the perturbative omputation of the pseudos alar orrelator to �ve-loop order.

5 FRITZSCH 12 determine ms using a latti e omputation with Nf = 2 dynami al avors.6AOKI 11A determine quark masses from a latti e omputation of the hadron spe trumusing Nf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors of domain wall fermions.7DURR 11 determine quark mass from a latti e omputation of the meson spe trum usingNf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors. The latti e simulations were done at the physi al quarkmass, so that extrapolation in the quark mass was not needed.8BLOSSIER 10 determines quark masses from a omputation of the hadron spe trumusing Nf =2 dynami al twisted-mass Wilson fermions.9BLUM 10 determines light quark masses using a QCD plus QED latti e omputation ofthe ele tromagneti mass splittings of the low-lying hadrons. The latti e simulations use2+1 dynami al quark avors.10ALLTON 08 use a latti e omputation of the π, K , and masses with 2+1 dynami al avors of domain wall quarks, and non-perturbative renormalization.11DOMINGUEZ 08A make determination from QCD �nite energy sum rules for the pseu-dos alar two-point fun tion omputed to order α4s .12 ISHIKAWA 08 use a latti e omputation of the light meson spe trum with 2+1 dynami al avors of O(a) improved Wilson quarks, and one-loop perturbative renormalization.13DAVIES 10 and MCNEILE 10 determine m (µ)/ms (µ) = 11.85 ± 0.16 using a latti e omputation with Nf = 2 + 1 dynami al fermions of the pseudos alar meson masses.Mass ms is obtained from this using the value of m from ALLISON 08 or MCNEILE 10.14BLOSSIER 08 use a latti e omputation of pseudos alar meson masses and de ay on-stants with 2 dynami al avors and non-perturbative renormalization.15NAKAMURA 08 do a latti e omputation using quen hed domain wall fermions andnon-perturbative renormalization.16BLUM 07 determine quark masses from the pseudos alar meson masses using a QEDplus QCD latti e omputation with two dynami al quark avors.17CHETYRKIN 06 use QCD sum rules in the pseudos alar hannel to order α4s .18GOCKELER 06 use an unquen hed latti e omputation of the axial Ward Identity withNf = 2 dynami al light quark avors, and non-perturbative renormalization, to obtainms (2 GeV) = 111 ± 6 ± 4 ± 6 MeV, where the �rst error is statisti al, the se ond andthird are systemati due to the �t range and for e s ale un ertainties, respe tively. Wehave ombined the systemati errors linearly.19GOCKELER 06A use an unquen hed latti e omputation of the pseudos alar mesonmasses with Nf = 2 dynami al light quark avors, and non-perturbative renormalization.20 JAMIN 06 determine ms (2 GeV) from the spe tral fun tion for the s alar K π formfa tor.21MASON 06 extra t light quark masses from a latti e simulation using staggered fermionswith an improved a tion, and three dynami al light quark avors with degenerate u andd quarks. Perturbative orre tions were in luded at NNLO order.22NARISON 06 uses sum rules for e+ e− → hadrons to order α3s .23NARISON 06 obtains the quoted range from positivity of the spe tral fun tions.24BAIKOV 05 determines ms (Mτ ) = 100+5−3+17

−19 from sum rules using the strange spe tralfun tion in τ de ay. The omputations were done to order α3s , with an estimate of theα4s terms. We have onverted the result to µ = 2 GeV.25GAMIZ 05 determines ms (2 GeV) from sum rules using the strange spe tral fun tion inτ de ay. The omputations were done to order α2s , with an estimate of the α3s terms.26GORBUNOV 05 use hadroni tau de ays to N3LO, in luding power orre tions.27NARISON 05 determines ms (2 GeV) from sum rules using the strange spe tral fun tionin τ de ay. The omputations were done to order α3s .28AUBIN 04 perform three avor dynami al latti e al ulation of pseudos alar mesonmasses, with one-loop perturbative renormalization onstant.29AOKI 03 uses quen hed latti e simulation of the meson and baryon masses with degener-ate light quarks. The extrapolations are done using quen hed hiral perturbation theory.Determines ms=113.8± 2.3+5.8

−2.9 using K mass as input and ms=142.3± 5.8+22− 0 using

φ mass as input. We have performed a weighted average of these values.30AOKI 03B uses latti e simulation of the meson and baryon masses with two dynami allight quarks. Simulations are performed using the O(a) improved Wilson a tion.31BECIREVIC 03 perform quen hed latti e omputation using the ve tor and axial Wardidentities. Uses O(a) improved Wilson a tion and nonperturbative renormalization. Theyalso quote m/ms=24.3 ± 0.2 ± 0.6.32CHIU 03 determines quark masses from the pion and kaon masses using a latti e simu-lation with a hiral fermion a tion in quen hed approximation.33GAMIZ 03 determines ms from SU(3) breaking in the τ hadroni width. The value ofVus is hosen to satisfy CKM unitarity.34GAMIZ 03 determines ms from SU(3) breaking in the τ hadroni width. The value ofVus is taken from the PDG.WEIGHTED AVERAGE94.7±0.7 (Error scaled by 1.1)

ISHIKAWA 08 LATTDOMINGUEZ 08A THEOALLTON 08 LATTBLUM 10 LATT 0.2BLOSSIER 10 LATT 0.0DURR 11 LATT 0.2AOKI 11A LATT 0.3FRITZSCH 12 LATT 5.4BODENSTEIN 13 THEOARTHUR 13 LATT 0.0CARRASCO 14 LATT 1.3CHAKRABOR...15 LATT 1.8

χ2


80 90 100 110 120 130s-QUARK MASS (MeV)

804804804804QuarkParti le ListingsLightQuarks (u, d, s), OTHER LIGHT QUARK MASS RATIOSOTHER LIGHT QUARK MASS RATIOSOTHER LIGHT QUARK MASS RATIOSOTHER LIGHT QUARK MASS RATIOSms/md MASS RATIOms/md MASS RATIOms/md MASS RATIOms/md MASS RATIOVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT17{22 OUR EVALUATION17{22 OUR EVALUATION17{22 OUR EVALUATION17{22 OUR EVALUATION• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •20.0 1 GAO 97 THEO18.9±0.8 2 LEUTWYLER 96 THEO Compilation21 3 DONOGHUE 92 THEO18 4 GERARD 90 THEO18 to 23 5 LEUTWYLER 90B THEO1GAO 97 uses ele tromagneti mass splittings of light mesons.2 LEUTWYLER 96 uses a ombined �t to η → 3π and ψ′ → J/ψ (π,η) de ay rates,and the ele tromagneti mass di�eren es of the π and K .3DONOGHUE 92 result is from a ombined analysis of meson masses, η → 3π us-ing se ond-order hiral perturbation theory in luding nonanalyti terms, and (ψ(2S) →J/ψ(1S)π)/(ψ(2S) → J/ψ(1S)η).4GERARD 90 uses large N and η-η′ mixing.5 LEUTWYLER 90B determines quark mass ratios using se ond-order hiral perturbationtheory for the meson and baryon masses, in luding nonanalyti orre tions. Also usesWeinberg sum rules to determine L7.ms/m MASS RATIOms/m MASS RATIOms/m MASS RATIOms/m MASS RATIOm ≡ (mu + md )/2VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN27.3 ±0.7 OUR EVALUATION27.3 ±0.7 OUR EVALUATION27.3 ±0.7 OUR EVALUATION27.3 ±0.7 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.27.35±0.05+0.10

−0.07 1 BAZAVOV 14A LATT26.66±0.32 2 CARRASCO 14 LATT27.36±0.54 3 ARTHUR 13 LATT26.8 ±1.4 4 AOKI 11A LATT27.53±0.20±0.08 5 DURR 11 LATT27.3 ±0.9 6 BLOSSIER 10 LATT28.8 ±1.65 7 ALLTON 08 LATT27.3 ±0.3 ±1.2 8 BLOSSIER 08 LATT23.5 ±1.5 9 OLLER 07A THEO• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •27.4 ±0.4 10 AUBIN 04 LATT1BAZAVOV 14A is a latti e omputation using 4 dynami al avors of HISQ fermions.2CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.3ARTHUR 13 is a latti e omputation using 2+1 dynami al domain wall fermions.4AOKI 11A determine quark masses from a latti e omputation of the hadron spe trumusing Nf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors of domain wall fermions.5DURR 11 determine quark mass from a latti e omputation of the meson spe trum usingNf = 2 + 1 dynami al avors. The latti e simulations were done at the physi al quarkmass, so that extrapolation in the quark mass was not needed.6BLOSSIER 10 determines quark masses from a omputation of the hadron spe trumusing Nf =2 dynami al twisted-mass Wilson fermions.7ALLTON 08 use a latti e omputation of the π, K , and masses with 2+1 dynami al avors of domain wall quarks, and non-perturbative renormalization.8BLOSSIER 08 use a latti e omputation of pseudos alar meson masses and de ay on-stants with 2 dynami al avors and non-perturbative renormalization.9OLLER 07A use unitarized hiral perturbation theory to order p4.10Three avor dynami al latti e al ulation of pseudos alar meson masses.

WEIGHTED AVERAGE27.32+0.12-0.10 (Error scaled by 1.3)

OLLER 07A THEOBLOSSIER 08 LATTALLTON 08 LATTBLOSSIER 10 LATTDURR 11 LATT 0.9AOKI 11A LATTARTHUR 13 LATT 0.0CARRASCO 14 LATT 4.3BAZAVOV 14A LATT 0.1

χ2


25 26 27 28 29 30ms/m MASS RATIOQ MASS RATIOQ MASS RATIOQ MASS RATIOQ MASS RATIOQ ≡√(m2s−m2)/(m2d−m2u); m ≡ (mu + md )/2VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •22.8±0.4 1 MARTEMYA... 05 THEO22.7±0.8 2 ANISOVICH 96 THEO

1MARTEMYANOV 05 determine Q from η → 3π de ay.2ANISOVICH 96 �nd Q from η → π+π−π0 de ay using dispersion relations and hiralperturbation theory.LIGHT QUARKS (u, d, s) REFERENCESLIGHT QUARKS (u, d, s) REFERENCESLIGHT QUARKS (u, d, s) REFERENCESLIGHT QUARKS (u, d, s) REFERENCESBASAK 15 JPCS 640 012052 S. Basak et al. (MILC Collab.)CHAKRABOR... 15 PR D91 054508 B. Chakraborty et al. (HPQCD Collab.)BAZAVOV 14A PR D90 074509 A. Bazavov et al. (Fermi-LAT and MILC Collabs.)CARRASCO 14 NP B887 19 N. Carras o et al. (European Twisted Mass Collab.)ARTHUR 13 PR D87 094514 R. Arthur et al. (RBC and UKQCD Collabs.)BODENSTEIN 13 JHEP 1307 138 S. Bodenstein, C.A. Dominguez, K. S hil her (MANZ+)AOKI 12 PR D86 034507 S. Aoki et al. (PACS-CS Collab.)FRITZSCH 12 NP B865 397 P. Fritzs h et al. (ALPHA Collab.)AOKI 11A PR D83 074508 Y. Aoki et al. (RBC-UKQCD Collab.)DURR 11 PL B701 265 S. Durr et al. (BMW Collab.)BAZAVOV 10 RMP 82 1349 A. Bazavov et al. (MILC Collab.)BLOSSIER 10 PR D82 114513 B. Blossier et al. (ETM Collab.)BLUM 10 PR D82 094508 T. Blum et al.DAVIES 10 PRL 104 132003 C.T.H. Davies et al. (HPQCD Collab.)MCNEILE 10 PR D82 034512 C. M Neile et al. (HPQCD Collab.)DOMINGUEZ 09 PR D79 014009 C.A. Dominguez et al.ALLISON 08 PR D78 054513 I. Allison et al. (HPQCD Collab.)ALLTON 08 PR D78 114509 C. Allton et al. (RBC and UKQCD Collabs.)BLOSSIER 08 JHEP 0804 020 B. Blossier et al. (ETM Collab.)DEANDREA 08 PR D78 034032 A. Deandrea, A. Nehme, P. TalaveraDOMINGUEZ 08A JHEP 0805 020 C.A. Dominguez et al.DOMINGUEZ... 08B PL B660 49 A. Dominguez-Clarimon, E. de Rafael, J. TaronISHIKAWA 08 PR D78 011502 T. Ishikawa et al. (CP-PACS and JLQCD Collabs.)NAKAMURA 08 PR D78 034502 Y. Nakamura et al. (CP-PACS Collab.)BLUM 07 PR D76 114508 T. Blum et al. (RBC Collab.)OLLER 07A EPJ A34 371 J.A. Oller, L. Ro aCHETYRKIN 06 EPJ C46 721 K.G. Chetyrkin, A. KhodjamirianGOCKELER 06 PR D73 054508 M. Go keler et al. (QCDSF, UKQCD Collabs)GOCKELER 06A PL B639 307 M. Go keler et al. (QCDSF, UKQCD Collabs)JAMIN 06 PR D74 074009 M. Jamin, J.A. Oller, A. Pi hMASON 06 PR D73 114501 Q. Mason et al. (HPQCD Collab.)NARISON 06 PR D74 034013 S. NarisonPDG 06 JP G33 1 W.-M. Yao et al. (PDG Collab.)BAIKOV 05 PRL 95 012003 P.A. Baikov, K.G. Chetyrkin, J.H. KuhnGAMIZ 05 PRL 94 011803 E. Gamiz et al.GORBUNOV 05 PR D71 013002 D.S. Gorbunov, A.A. PivovarovMARTEMYA... 05 PR D71 017501 B.V. Martemyanov, V.S. SopovNARISON 05 PL B626 101 S. NarisonAUBIN 04 PR D70 031504 C. Aubin et al. (HPQCD, MILC, UKQCD Collabs.)AUBIN 04A PR D70 114501 C. Aubin et al. (MILC Collab.)AOKI 03 PR D67 034503 S. Aoki et al. (CP-PACS Collab.)AOKI 03B PR D68 054502 S. Aoki et al. (CP-PACS Collab.)BECIREVIC 03 PL B558 69 D. Be irevi , V. Lubi z, C. TarantinoCHIU 03 NP B673 217 T.-W. Chiu, T.-H. HsiehGAMIZ 03 JHEP 0301 060 E. Gamiz et al.NELSON 03 PRL 90 021601 D. Nelson, G.T. Fleming, G.W. Kil upGAO 97 PR D56 4115 D.-N. Gao, B.A. Li, M.-L. YanANISOVICH 96 PL B375 335 A.V. Anisovi h, H. LeutwylerLEUTWYLER 96 PL B378 313 H. LeutwylerDONOGHUE 92 PRL 69 3444 J.F. Donoghue, B.R. Holstein, D. Wyler (MASA+)GERARD 90 MPL A5 391 J.M. Gerard (MPIM)LEUTWYLER 90B NP B337 108 H. Leutwyler (BERN) I (JP ) = 0(12+)Charge = 23 e Charm = +1 -QUARK MASS -QUARK MASS -QUARK MASS -QUARK MASSThe -quark mass orresponds to the \running" mass m (µ = m )in the MS s heme. We have onverted masses in other s hemes to theMS s heme using two-loop QCD perturbation theory with αs (µ=m ) =0.38 ± 0.03. The value 1.27 ± 0.03 GeV for the MS mass orresponds to1.67 ± 0.07 GeV for the pole mass (see the \Note on Quark Masses").VALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT1.27 ±0.03 OUR EVALUATION1.27 ±0.03 OUR EVALUATION1.27 ±0.03 OUR EVALUATION1.27 ±0.03 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.1.246 ±0.023 1 KIYO 16 THEO MS s heme1.2715±0.0095 2 CHAKRABOR...15 LATT MS s heme1.288 ±0.020 3 DEHNADI 15 THEO MS s heme1.348 ±0.046 4 CARRASCO 14 LATT MS s heme1.26 ±0.05 ±0.04 5 ABRAMOWICZ13C COMB MS s heme1.24 ±0.03 +0.03−0.07 6 ALEKHIN 13 THEO MS s heme1.282 ±0.011 ±0.022 7 DEHNADI 13 THEO MS s heme1.286 ±0.066 8 NARISON 13 THEO MS s heme1.159 ±0.075 9 SAMOYLOV 13 NOMD MS s heme1.36 ±0.04 ±0.10 10 ALEKHIN 12 THEO MS s heme1.261 ±0.016 11 NARISON 12A THEO MS s heme1.278 ±0.009 12 BODENSTEIN 11 THEO MS s heme1.28 +0.07

−0.06 13 LASCHKA 11 THEO MS s heme1.28 ±0.04 15 BLOSSIER 10 LATT MS s heme1.279 ±0.013 16 CHETYRKIN 09 THEO MS s heme1.25 ±0.04 17 SIGNER 09 THEO MS s heme• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •1.01 ±0.09 ±0.03 18 ALEKHIN 11 THEO MS s heme1.299 ±0.026 19 BODENSTEIN 10 THEO MS s heme1.273 ±0.006 20 MCNEILE 10 LATT MS s heme1.261 ±0.018 21 NARISON 10 THEO MS s heme1.268 ±0.009 22 ALLISON 08 LATT MS s heme1.286 ±0.013 23 KUHN 07 THEO MS s heme1.295 ±0.015 24 BOUGHEZAL 06 THEO MS s heme

805805805805See key on page 601 QuarkParti le Listings 1.24 ±0.09 25 BUCHMUEL... 06 THEO MS s heme1.224 ±0.017 ±0.054 26 HOANG 06 THEO MS s heme1.33 ±0.10 27 AUBERT 04X THEO MS s heme1.29 ±0.07 28 HOANG 04 THEO MS s heme1.319 ±0.028 29 DEDIVITIIS 03 LATT MS s heme1.19 ±0.11 30 EIDEMULLER 03 THEO MS s heme1.289 ±0.043 31 ERLER 03 THEO MS s heme1.26 ±0.02 32 ZYABLYUK 03 THEO MS s heme1KIYO 16 determine m (m ) from the J/ψ(1S) mass at order α3s (N3LO).2CHAKRABORTY 15 is a latti e QCD omputation using 2+1+1 dynami al avors.Moments of pseudos alar urrent- urrent orrelators are mat hed to α3s -a urate QCDperturbation theory with the η meson mass tuned to experiment.3DEHNADI 15 determine m (m ) using sum rules for e+ e− → hadrons at order α3s(N3LO), and �tting to both experimental data and latti e results.4CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.5ABRAMOWICZ 13C determines m from harm produ tion in deep inelasti e p s atter-ing, using the QCD predi tion at NLO order. The un ertainties from model and param-eterization assumptions, and the value of αs , of ±0.03, ±0.02, and ±0.02 respe tively,have been ombined in quadrature.6ALEKHIN 13 determines m from harm produ tion in deep inelasti s attering at HERAusing approximate NNLO QCD.7DEHNADI 13 determines m using QCD sum rules for the harmonium spe trum and harm ontinuum to order α3s (N3LO). The statisti al and systemati experimental errorsof ±0.006 and ±0.009 have been ombined in quadrature. The theoreti al un ertainties±0.019 from trun ation of the perturbation series, ±0.010 from αs , and ±0.002 fromthe gluon ondensate have been ombined in quadrature.8NARISON 13 determines m using QCD spe tral sum rules to order α2s (NNLO) andin luding ondensates up to dimension 6.9 SAMOYLOV 13 determines m from a study of harm dimuon produ tion in neutrino-iron s attering using the NLO QCD result for the harm quark produ tion ross se tion.10ALEKHIN 12 determines m from heavy quark produ tion in deep inelasti s atteringat HERA using approximate NNLO QCD.11NARISON 12A determines m using sum rules for the ve tor urrent orrelator to orderα3s , in luding the e�e t of gluon ondensates up to dimension eight.12BODENSTEIN 11 determine m (3 GeV) = 0.987 ± 0.009 GeV and m (m ) = 1.278 ±0.009 GeV using QCD sum rules for the harm quark ve tor urrent orrelator.13 LASCHKA 11 determine the mass from the harmonium spe trum. The theoreti al omputation uses the heavy QQ potential to order 1/mQ obtained by mat hing theshort-distan e perturbative result onto latti e QCD result at larger s ales.14AUBERT 10A determine the b- and -quark masses from a �t to the in lusive de ayspe tra in semileptoni B de ays in the kineti s heme (and onvert it to the MS s heme).15BLOSSIER 10 determines quark masses from a omputation of the hadron spe trumusing Nf =2 dynami al twisted-mass Wilson fermions.16CHETYRKIN 09 determine m and mb from the e+ e− → QQ ross-se tion and sumrules, using an order α3s omputation of the heavy quark va uum polarization. They alsodetermine m (3 GeV) = 0.986 ± 0.013GeV.17 SIGNER 09 determines the -quark mass using non-relativisti sum rules to analyze thee+ e− → ross-se tion near threshold. Also determine the PS mass mPS(µF = 0.7GeV) = 1.50 ± 0.04 GeV.18ALEKHIN 11 determines m from heavy quark produ tion in deep inelasti s atteringusing �xed target and HERA data, and approximate NNLO QCD.19BODENSTEIN 10 determines m (3 GeV) = 1.008 ± 0.026 GeV using �nite energy sumrules for the ve tor urrent orrelator. The authors have onverted this to m (m ) usingαs (MZ ) = 0.1189 ± 0.0020.20MCNEILE 10 determines m by omparing the order α3s perturbative results for thepseudo-s alar urrent to latti e simulations with Nf = 2+1 sea-quarks by the HPQCD ollaboration.21NARISON 10 determines m from ratios of moments of ve tor urrent orrelators om-puted to order α3s and in luding the dimension-six gluon ondensate.22ALLISON 08 determine m by omparing four-loop perturbative results for the pseudo-s alar urrent orrelator to latti e simulations by the HPQCD ollaboration. The resulthas been updated in MCNEILE 10.23KUHN 07 determine m (µ = 3 GeV) = 0.986±0.013 GeV and m (m ) from a four-loopsum-rule omputation of the ross-se tion for e+ e− → hadrons in the harm thresholdregion.24BOUGHEZAL 06 result omes from the �rst moment of the hadroni produ tion ross-se tion to order α3s .25BUCHMUELLER 06 determine mb and m by a global �t to in lusive B de ay spe tra.26HOANG 06 determines m (m ) from a global �t to in lusive B de ay data. The Bde ay distributions were omputed to order α2s β0, and the onversion between di�erentm mass s hemes to order α3s .27AUBERT 04X obtain m from a �t to the hadron mass and lepton energy distributionsin semileptoni B de ay. The paper quotes values in the kineti s heme. The MS valuehas been provided by the BABAR ollaboration.28HOANG 04 determines m (m ) from moments at order α2s of the harm produ tion ross-se tion in e+ e− annihilation.29DEDIVITIIS 03 use a quen hed latti e omputation of heavy-heavy and heavy-light me-son masses.30EIDEMULLER 03 determines mb and mc using QCD sum rules.31ERLER 03 determines mb and mc using QCD sum rules. In ludes re ent BES data.32ZYABLYUK 03 determines mc by using QCD sum rules in the pseudos alar hannel and omparing with the ηc mass.


SIGNER 09 THEO 0.3CHETYRKIN 09 THEO 0.2BLOSSIER 10 LATT 0.0AUBERT 10A BABRLASCHKA 11 THEOBODENSTEIN 11 THEO 0.2NARISON 12A THEO 0.6ALEKHIN 12 THEOSAMOYLOV 13 NOMDNARISON 13 THEODEHNADI 13 THEO 0.1ALEKHIN 13 THEO 0.6ABRAMOWICZ 13C COMBCARRASCO 14 LATT 2.6DEHNADI 15 THEO 0.5CHAKRABOR...15 LATT 0.0KIYO 16 THEO 1.4

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1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 -QUARK MASS (GeV)m /ms MASS RATIOm /ms MASS RATIOm /ms MASS RATIOm /ms MASS RATIOVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN11.72 ±0.25 OUR EVALUATION11.72 ±0.25 OUR EVALUATION11.72 ±0.25 OUR EVALUATION11.72 ±0.25 OUR EVALUATION See the ideogram below.11.652±0.065 1 CHAKRABOR...15 LATT11.747±0.019+0.059−0.043 2 BAZAVOV 14A LATT11.62 ±0.16 3 CARRASCO 14 LATT11.27 ±0.30 ±0.26 4 DURR 12 LATT12.0 ±0.3 5 BLOSSIER 10 LATT11.85 ±0.16 6 DAVIES 10 LATT1CHAKRABORTY 15 is a latti e QCD omputation on gluon �eld on�gurations with2+1+1 dynami al avors of HISQ quarks with u/d masses down to the physi al value.m and ms are tuned from pseudos alar meson masses.2BAZAVOV 14A is a latti e omputation using 4 dynami al avors of HISQ fermions.3CARRASCO 14 is a latti e QCD omputation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1dynami al quarks, with mu = md 6= ms 6= m . The u and d quark masses areobtained separately by using the K meson mass splittings and latti e results for theele tromagneti ontributions.4DURR 12 determine m /ms using a latti e omputation with Nf = 2 dynami alfermions. The result is ombined with other determinations of m to obtain ms(2GeV) = 97.0 ± 2.6 ± 2.5MeV.5BLOSSIER 10 determine m /ms from a omputation of the hadron spe trum using Nf= 2 dynami al twisted-mass Wilson fermions.6DAVIES 10 determine m /ms from meson masses al ulated on gluon �elds in ludingu, d , and s sea quarks with latti e spa ing down to 0.045 fm. The Highly ImprovedStaggered quark formalism is used for the valen e quarks.


DAVIES 10 LATT 0.7BLOSSIER 10 LATTDURR 12 LATTCARRASCO 14 LATT 0.3BAZAVOV 14A LATT 0.4CHAKRABOR...15 LATT 0.9

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11 11.5 12 12.5 13m /ms MASS RATIOmb/m MASS RATIOmb/m MASS RATIOmb/m MASS RATIOmb/m MASS RATIOVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN4.528±0.0544.528±0.0544.528±0.0544.528±0.054 1 CHAKRABOR...15 LATT1CHAKRABORTY 15 is a latti e omputation using 4 dynami al quark avors.mb−m QUARK MASS DIFFERENCEmb−m QUARK MASS DIFFERENCEmb−m QUARK MASS DIFFERENCEmb−m QUARK MASS DIFFERENCEVALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN3.45 ±0.05 OUR EVALUATION3.45 ±0.05 OUR EVALUATION3.45 ±0.05 OUR EVALUATION3.45 ±0.05 OUR EVALUATION• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •3.472±0.032 1 AUBERT 10A BABR3.42 ±0.06 2 ABDALLAH 06B DLPH3.44 ±0.03 3 AUBERT 04X BABR3.41 ±0.01 3 BAUER 04 THEO1AUBERT 10A determine the b- and -quark masses from a �t to the in lusive de ayspe tra in semileptoni B de ays in the kineti s heme.2ABDALLAH 06B determine mb−m from moments of the hadron invariant mass andlepton energy spe tra in semileptoni in lusive B de ays.3Determine mb−m from a global �t to in lusive B de ay spe tra.

806806806806Quark Parti le Listings , b -QUARK REFERENCES -QUARK REFERENCES -QUARK REFERENCES -QUARK REFERENCESKIYO 16 PL B752 122 Y. Kiyo, G. Mishima, Y. SuminoCHAKRABOR... 15 PR D91 054508 B. Chakraborty et al. (HPQCD Collab.)DEHNADI 15 JHEP 1508 155 B. Dehnadi, A.H. Hoang, V. MateuBAZAVOV 14A PR D90 074509 A. Bazavov et al. (Fermi-LAT and MILC Collabs.)CARRASCO 14 NP B887 19 N. Carras o et al. (European Twisted Mass Collab.)ABRAMOWICZ 13C EPJ C73 2311 H. Abramovi z et al. (H1 and Zeus Collabs.)ALEKHIN 13 PL B720 172 S. Alekhin et al. (SERP, DESYZ, WUPP+)DEHNADI 13 JHEP 1309 103 B. Dehnadi et al. (SHRZ, VIEN, MPIM+)NARISON 13 PL B718 1321 S. Narison (MONP)SAMOYLOV 13 NP B876 339 O. Samoylov et al. (NOMAD Collab.)ALEKHIN 12 PL B718 550 S. Alekhin et al. (SERP, WUPP, DESY+)DURR 12 PRL 108 122003 S. Durr, G. Koutsou (WUPP, JULI, CYPR)NARISON 12A PL B706 412 S. Narison (MONP)ALEKHIN 11 PL B699 345 S. Alekhin, S. Mo h (DESY, SERP)BODENSTEIN 11 PR D83 074014 S. Bodenstein et al.LASCHKA 11 PR D83 094002 A. Las hka, N. Kaiser, W. WeiseAUBERT 10A PR D81 032003 B. Aubert et al. (BABAR Collab.)BLOSSIER 10 PR D82 114513 B. Blossier et al. (ETM Collab.)BODENSTEIN 10 PR D82 114013 S. Bodenstein et al.DAVIES 10 PRL 104 132003 C.T.H. Davies et al. (HPQCD Collab.)MCNEILE 10 PR D82 034512 C. M Neile et al. (HPQCD Collab.)NARISON 10 PL B693 559 S. Narison (MONP)Also PL B705 544 (errat.) S. Narison (MONP)CHETYRKIN 09 PR D80 074010 K.G. Chetyrkin et al. (KARL, BNL)SIGNER 09 PL B672 333 A. Signer (DURH)ALLISON 08 PR D78 054513 I. Allison et al. (HPQCD Collab.)KUHN 07 NP B778 192 J.H. Kuhn, M. Steinhauser, C. SturmABDALLAH 06B EPJ C45 35 J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI Collab.)BOUGHEZAL 06 PR D74 074006 R. Boughezal, M. Czakon, T. S hutzmeierBUCHMUEL... 06 PR D73 073008 O.L. Bu hmueller, H.U. Fla her (RHBL)HOANG 06 PL B633 526 A.H. Hoang, A.V. ManoharAUBERT 04X PRL 93 011803 B. Aubert et al. (BABAR Collab.)BAUER 04 PR D70 094017 C. Bauer et al.HOANG 04 PL B594 127 A.H. Hoang, M. JaminDEDIVITIIS 03 NP B675 309 G.M. de Divitiis et al.EIDEMULLER 03 PR D67 113002 M. EidemullerERLER 03 PL B558 125 J. Erler, M. LuoZYABLYUK 03 JHEP 0301 081 K.N. Zyablyuk (ITEP)b I (JP ) = 0(12+)Charge = −13 e Bottom = −1b-QUARK MASSb-QUARK MASSb-QUARK MASSb-QUARK MASSThe �rst value is the \running mass" mb(µ = mb) in the MS s heme,and the se ond value is the 1S mass, whi h is half the mass of the �(1S)in perturbation theory. For a review of di�erent quark mass de�nitionsand their properties, see EL-KHADRA 02. The 1S mass is better suitedfor use in analyzing B de ays than the MS mass be ause it gives a stableperturbative expansion. We have onverted masses in other s hemes tothe MS mass and 1S mass using two-loop QCD perturbation theory with

αs (µ = mb) = 0.223 ± 0.008. The values 4.18+0.04−0.03 GeV for the MSmass and 4.66+0.04

−0.03 GeV for the 1S mass orrespond to 4.78 ± 0.06 GeVfor the pole mass, using the two-loop onversion formula. A dis ussion ofmasses in di�erent s hemes an be found in the \Note on Quark Masses."MS MASS (GeV) 1S MASS (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN4.18 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION4.18 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION4.18 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION4.18 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION of MS Mass. See the ideogram below.4.66 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION4.66 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION4.66 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION4.66 +0.04−0.03 OUR EVALUATION of 1S Mass. See the ideogram below.4.197±0.022 4.671 ± 0.024 1 KIYO 16 THEO4.183±0.037 4.656 ± 0.041 2 ALBERTI 15 THEO4.193+0.022−0.035 4.667+0.024

−0.039 3 BENEKE 15 THEO4.176±0.023 4.648 ± 0.026 4 DEHNADI 15 THEO4.07 ±0.17 4.53 ± 0.19 5 ABRAMOWICZ14A HERA4.201±0.043 4.676 ± 0.048 6 AYALA 14A THEO4.21 ±0.11 4.69 ± 0.12 7 BERNARDONI 14 LATT4.169±0.002±0.008 4.640 ± 0.002 ± 0.009 8 PENIN 14 THEO4.166±0.043 4.637 ± 0.048 9 LEE 13O LATT4.247±0.034 4.727 ± 0.039 10 LUCHA 13 THEO4.236±0.069 4.715 ± 0.077 11 NARISON 13 THEO4.213±0.059 4.689 ± 0.066 12 NARISON 13A THEO4.171±0.009 4.642 ± 0.010 13 BODENSTEIN 12 THEO4.29 ±0.14 4.77 ± 0.16 14 DIMOPOUL... 12 LATT4.235±0.003±0.055 4.755 ± 0.003 ± 0.058 15 HOANG 12 THEO4.177±0.011 4.649 ± 0.012 16 NARISON 12 THEO4.18 +0.05−0.04 4.65+0.06

−0.04 17 LASCHKA 11 THEO4.186±0.044±0.015 4.659 ± 0.050 ± 0.017 18 AUBERT 10A BABR4.164±0.023 4.635 ± 0.026 19 MCNEILE 10 LATT4.163±0.016 4.633 ± 0.018 20 CHETYRKIN 09 THEO4.243±0.049 4.723 ± 0.055 21 SCHWANDA 08 BELL• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •4.212±0.032 4.688 ± 0.036 22 NARISON 12 THEO4.171±0.014 4.642 ± 0.016 23 NARISON 12A THEO4.173±0.010 4.645 ± 0.011 24 NARISON 10 THEO5.26 ±1.2 5.85 ± 1.3 25 ABDALLAH 08D DLPH4.42 ±0.06 ±0.08 4.92 ± 0.07 ± 0.09 26 GUAZZINI 08 LATT4.347±0.048±0.08 4.838 ± 0.053 ± 0.09 27 DELLA-MOR... 07 LATT4.164±0.025 4.635 ± 0.028 28 KUHN 07 THEO4.19 ±0.40 4.66 ± 0.45 29 ABDALLAH 06D DLPH4.205±0.058 4.68 ± 0.06 30 BOUGHEZAL 06 THEO4.20 ±0.04 4.67 ± 0.04 31 BUCHMUEL... 06 THEO

4.19 ±0.06 4.66 ± 0.07 32 PINEDA 06 THEO4.4 ±0.3 4.9 ± 0.3 33,34 GRAY 05 LATT4.22 ±0.06 4.72 ± 0.07 35 AUBERT 04X THEO4.17 ±0.03 4.68 ± 0.03 36 BAUER 04 THEO4.22 ±0.11 4.72 ± 0.12 34,37 HOANG 04 THEO4.25 ±0.11 4.76 ± 0.12 34,38 MCNEILE 04 LATT4.22 ±0.09 4.74 ± 0.10 39 BAUER 03 THEO4.19 ±0.05 4.66 ± 0.05 40 BORDES 03 THEO4.20 ±0.09 4.67 ± 0.10 41 CORCELLA 03 THEO4.33 ±0.10 4.84 ± 0.11 34,42 DEDIVITIIS 03 LATT4.24 ±0.10 4.72 ± 0.11 43 EIDEMULLER 03 THEO4.207±0.031 4.682 ± 0.035 44 ERLER 03 THEO4.33 ±0.06 ±0.10 4.82 ± 0.07 ± 0.11 45 MAHMOOD 03 CLEO4.190±0.032 4.663 ± 0.036 46 BRAMBILLA 02 THEO4.346±0.070 4.837 ± 0.078 47 PENIN 02 THEO1KIYO 16 determine mb(mb) from the �(1S) mass at order α3s (N3LO). We have onverted this to the 1S s heme.2ALBERTI 15 determine mb(mb) from �ts to in lusive B → X e ν de ay. We have onverted this to the 1S s heme. They also �nd mkinb (1 GeV) = 4.553 ± 0.020 GeV.3BENEKE 15 determine mb(mb) using sum rules for e+ e− → hadrons at order N3LOin luding �nite m e�e ts. We have onverted this to the 1S s heme. They also �ndmPS

b (2 GeV) = 4.532+0.013−0.039 GeV. When the four-loop onversion between the poleand the MS mass is applied in BENEKE 16, the mb(mb) mass hanges to 4.203+0.016

−0.034GeV.4DEHNADI 15 determine mb(mb) using sum rules for e+ e− → hadrons at order α3s(N3LO), and �tting to both experimental data and latti e results. We have onvertedthis to the 1S s heme.5ABRAMOWICZ 14A determine mb(mb) = 4.07 ± 0.14+0.01−0.07+0.05

−0.00+0.08−0.05 from theprodu tion of b quarks in e p ollisions at HERA. The errors due to �tting, modeling,PDF parameterization, and theoreti al QCD un ertainties due to the values of αs , m ,and the renormalization s ale µ have been ombined in quadrature. We have onvertedmb(mb) to the 1S s heme.6AYALA 14A determine mb(mb) from the �(1S) mass omputed to N3LO order inperturbation theory using a renormalon subtra ted s heme. We have onverted mb(mb)to the 1S s heme.7BERNARDONI 14 determine mb from Nf = 2 latti e al ulations using heavy quarke�e tive theory non-perturbatively renormalized and mat hed to QCD at 1/m order. Wehave onverted mb(mb) to the 1S s heme.8PENIN 14 determine mb(mb) = 4.169± 0.008± 0.002± 0.002 using an estimate of theorder α3s b-quark va uum polarization fun tion in the threshold region, in luding �nitem e�e ts. The errors of ±0.008 from theoreti al un ertainties, and ±0.002 from αshave been ombined in quadrature. We have onverted mb(mb) to the 1S s heme.9 LEE 13O determines mb using latti e al ulations of the � and Bs binding energies inNRQCD, in luding three light dynami al quark avors. The quark mass shift in NRQCDis determined to order α2s , with partial α3s ontributions.10 LUCHA 13 determines mb from QCD sum rules for heavy-light urrents using the latti evalue for fB of 191.5 ± 7.3 GeV.11NARISON 13 determines mb using QCD spe tral sum rules to order α2s (NNLO) andin luding ondensates up to dimension 6. We have onverted the MS value to the 1Ss heme.12NARISON 13A determines mb using HQET sum rules to order α2s (NNLO) and the Bmeson mass and de ay onstant.13BODENSTEIN 12 determine mb using sum rules for the ve tor urrent orrelator andthe e+ e− → QQ total ross-se tion. We have onverted mb(mb) to the 1S s heme.14DIMOPOULOS 12 determine quark masses from a latti e omputation using Nf = 2dynami al avors of twisted mass fermions. We have onverted mb(mb) to the 1Ss heme.15HOANG 12 determine mb using non-relativisti sum rules for the � system at order α2s(NNLO) with renormalization group improvement.16Determines mb to order α3s (N3LO), in luding the e�e t of gluon ondensates up todimension eight ombining the methods of NARISON 12 and NARISON 12A. We have onverted mb(mb) to the 1S s heme.17 LASCHKA 11 determine the b mass from the harmonium spe trum. The theoreti al omputation uses the heavy QQ potential to order 1/mQ obtained by mat hing theshort-distan e perturbative result onto latti e QCD result at larger s ales. We have onverted mb(mb) to the 1S s heme.18AUBERT 10A determine the b- and -quark masses from a �t to the in lusive de ayspe tra in semileptoni B de ays in the kineti s heme (and onvert it to the MS s heme).We have onverted this to the 1S s heme.19MCNEILE 10 determines mb by omparing order α3s (N3LO) perturbative results for thepseudo-s alar urrent to latti e simulations with Nf = 2+1 sea-quarks by the HPQCD ollaboration. We have onverted mb (mb) to the 1S s heme.20CHETYRKIN 09 determine m and mb from the e+ e− → QQ ross-se tion and sumrules, using an order α3s (N3LO) omputation of the heavy quark va uum polarization.We have onverted their mb to the 1S s heme.21 SCHWANDA 08 measure moments of the in lusive photon spe trum in B → Xs γ de ayto determine m1Sb . We have onverted this to MS s heme.22NARISON 12 determines mb using exponential sum rules for the ve tor urrent orrelatorto order α3s , in luding the e�e t of gluon ondensates up to dimension eight. We have onverted mb(mb) to the 1S s heme.23NARISON 12A determines mb using sum rules for the ve tor urrent orrelator to order

α3s , in luding the e�e t of gluon ondensates up to dimension eight. We have onvertedmb(mb) to the 1S s heme.24NARISON 10 determines mb from ratios of moments of ve tor urrent orrelators om-puted to order α3s and in luding the dimension-six gluon ondensate. These values aretaken from the erratum to that referen e.

807807807807See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingsb, t25ABDALLAH 08D determine mb(MZ ) = 3.76 ± 1.0 GeV from a leading order study offour-jet rates at LEP. We have onverted this to mb(mb) and m1Sb .26GUAZZINI 08 determine mb(mb) from a quen hed latti e simulation of heavy mesonmasses. The ±0.08 is an estimate of the quen hing error. We have onverted thesevalues to the 1S s heme.27DELLA-MORTE 07 determine mb(mb) from a omputation of the spin-averaged Bmeson mass using quen hed latti e HQET at order 1/m. The ±0.08 is an estimate ofthe quen hing error.28KUHN 07 determine mb(µ = 10 GeV) = 3.609 ± 0.025 GeV and mb(mb) from a four-loop sum-rule omputation of the ross-se tion for e+ e− → hadrons in the bottomthreshold region. We have onverted this to the 1S s heme.29ABDALLAH 06D determine mb(MZ ) = 2.85 ± 0.32 GeV from Z -de ay three-jet events ontaining a b-quark. We have onverted this to mb(mb) and m1Sb .30BOUGHEZAL 06 MS s heme result omes from the �rst moment of the hadroni pro-du tion ross-se tion to order α3s . We have onverted it to the 1S s heme.31BUCHMUELLER 06 determine mb and m by a global �t to in lusive B de ay spe tra.We have onverted this to the 1S s heme.32PINEDA 06 MS s heme result omes from a partial NNLL evaluation ( omplete at orderα2s (NNLO)) of sum rules of the bottom produ tion ross-se tion in e+ e− annihilation.We have onverted it to the 1S s heme.33GRAY 05 determines mb(mb) from a latti e omputation of the � spe trum. Thesimulations have 2+1 dynami al light avors. The b quark is implemented using NRQCD.34We have onverted mb to the 1S s heme.35AUBERT 04X obtain mb from a �t to the hadron mass and lepton energy distributionsin semileptoni B de ay. The paper quotes values in the kineti s heme. The MS valuehas been provided by the BABAR ollaboration, and we have onverted this to the 1Ss heme.36BAUER 04 determine mb, m and mb−m by a global �t to in lusive B de ay spe tra.37HOANG 04 determines mb(mb) from moments at order α2s of the bottom produ tion ross-se tion in e+ e− annihilation.38MCNEILE 04 use latti e QCD with dynami al light quarks and a stati heavy quark to ompute the masses of heavy-light mesons.39BAUER 03 determine the b quark mass by a global �t to B de ay observables. The exper-imental data in ludes lepton energy and hadron invariant mass moments in semileptoni B → X ℓνℓ de ay, and the in lusive photon spe trum in B → Xs γ de ay. Thetheoreti al expressions used are of order 1/m3, and α2sβ0.40BORDES 03 determines mb using QCD �nite energy sum rules to order α2

s.41CORCELLA 03 determines mb using sum rules omputed to order α2s . In ludes harmquark mass e�e ts.42DEDIVITIIS 03 use a quen hed latti e omputation of heavy-heavy and heavy-light me-son masses.43EIDEMULLER 03 determines mb and m using QCD sum rules.44ERLER 03 determines mb and m using QCD sum rules. In ludes re ent BES data.45MAHMOOD 03 determines m1S

b by a �t to the lepton energy moments in B → X ℓνℓde ay. The theoreti al expressions used are of order 1/m3 and α2sβ0. We have onvertedtheir result to the MS s heme.46BRAMBILLA 02 determine mb(mb) from a omputation of the �(1S) mass to orderα4s , in luding �nite m orre tions. We have onverted this to the 1S s heme.47PENIN 02 determines mb from the spe trum of the � system.


SCHWANDA 08 BELL 1.9CHETYRKIN 09 THEO 0.6MCNEILE 10 LATT 0.3AUBERT 10A BABR 0.1LASCHKA 11 THEO 0.0NARISON 12 THEO 0.0HOANG 12 THEO 1.2DIMOPOUL... 12 LATTBODENSTEIN 12 THEO 0.3NARISON 13A THEO 0.4NARISON 13 THEOLUCHA 13 THEO 4.4LEE 13O LATT 0.1PENIN 14 THEO 0.7BERNARDONI 14 LATTAYALA 14A THEO 0.3ABRAMOWICZ 14A HERADEHNADI 15 THEO 0.0BENEKE 15 THEO 0.3ALBERTI 15 THEO 0.0KIYO 16 THEO 0.9

χ2


4.05 4.1 4.15 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4b-QUARK MS MASS (GeV)b-QUARK REFERENCESb-QUARK REFERENCESb-QUARK REFERENCESb-QUARK REFERENCESBENEKE 16 arXiv:1601.02949 M. Beneke et al.KIYO 16 PL B752 122 Y. Kiyo, G. Mishima, Y. SuminoALBERTI 15 PRL 114 061802 A. Alberti et al.BENEKE 15 NP B891 42 M. Beneke et al.DEHNADI 15 JHEP 1508 155 B. Dehnadi, A.H. Hoang, V. MateuABRAMOWICZ 14A JHEP 1409 127 H. Abramowi z et al. (ZEUS Collab.)AYALA 14A JHEP 1409 045 C. Ayala, G. Cveti , A. PinedaBERNARDONI 14 PL B730 171 F. Bernardoni et al. (ALPHA Collab.)PENIN 14 JHEP 1404 120 A.A. Penin, N. Zerf

LEE 13O PR D87 074018 A.J. Lee et al. (HPQCD Collab.)LUCHA 13 PR D88 056011 W. Lu ha, D. Melikhov, S. Simula (VIEN, MOSU+)NARISON 13 PL B718 1321 S. Narison (MONP)NARISON 13A PL B721 269 S. Narison (MONP)BODENSTEIN 12 PR D85 034003 S. Bodenstein et al. (CAPE, VALE, MANZ+)DIMOPOUL... 12 JHEP 1201 046 P. Dimopoulos et al. (ETM Collab.)HOANG 12 JHEP 1210 188 A.H. Hoang, P. Ruiz-Femenia, M. Stahlhofen (WIEN+)NARISON 12 PL B707 259 S. Narison (MONP)NARISON 12A PL B706 412 S. Narison (MONP)LASCHKA 11 PR D83 094002 A. Las hka, N. Kaiser, W. WeiseAUBERT 10A PR D81 032003 B. Aubert et al. (BABAR Collab.)MCNEILE 10 PR D82 034512 C. M Neile et al. (HPQCD Collab.)NARISON 10 PL B693 559 S. Narison (MONP)Also PL B705 544 (errat.) S. Narison (MONP)CHETYRKIN 09 PR D80 074010 K.G. Chetyrkin et al. (KARL, BNL)ABDALLAH 08D EPJ C55 525 J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI Collab.)GUAZZINI 08 JHEP 0801 076 D. Guazzini, R. Sommer, N. TantaloSCHWANDA 08 PR D78 032016 C. S hwanda et al. (BELLE Collab.)DELLA-MOR... 07 JHEP 0701 007 M. Della Morte et al.KUHN 07 NP B778 192 J.H. Kuhn, M. Steinhauser, C. SturmABDALLAH 06D EPJ C46 569 J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI Collab.)BOUGHEZAL 06 PR D74 074006 R. Boughezal, M. Czakon, T. S hutzmeierBUCHMUEL... 06 PR D73 073008 O.L. Bu hmueller, H.U. Fla her (RHBL)PINEDA 06 PR D73 111501 A. Pineda, A. SignerGRAY 05 PR D72 094507 A. Gray et al. (HPQCD, UKQCD Collab.)AUBERT 04X PRL 93 011803 B. Aubert et al. (BABAR Collab.)BAUER 04 PR D70 094017 C. Bauer et al.HOANG 04 PL B594 127 A.H. Hoang, M. JaminMCNEILE 04 PL B600 77 C. M Neile, C. Mi hael, G. Thompson (UKQCD Collab.)BAUER 03 PR D67 054012 C.W. Bauer et al.BORDES 03 PL B562 81 J. Bordes, J. Penarro ha, K. S hil herCORCELLA 03 PL B554 133 G. Cor ella, A.H. HoangDEDIVITIIS 03 NP B675 309 G.M. de Divitiis et al.EIDEMULLER 03 PR D67 113002 M. EidemullerERLER 03 PL B558 125 J. Erler, M. LuoMAHMOOD 03 PR D67 072001 A.H. Mahmood et al. (CLEO Collab.)BRAMBILLA 02 PR D65 034001 N. Brambilla, Y. Sumino, A. VairoEL-KHADRA 02 ARNPS 52 201 A.X. El-Khadra, M. LukePENIN 02 PL B538 335 A. Penin, M. Steinhausert I (JP ) = 0(12+)Charge = 23 e Top = +1THE TOP QUARK

Updated September 2015 by T.M. Liss (The City College ofNew York), F. Maltoni (Univ. Catholique de Louvain), andA. Quadt (Univ. Gottingen).

A. Introduction

The top quark is the Q = 2/3, T3 = +1/2 member of

the weak-isospin doublet containing the bottom quark (see the

review on the “Electroweak Model and Constraints on New

Physics” for more information). Its phenomenology is driven

by its large mass. Being heavier than a W boson, it is the

only quark that decays semi-weakly, i.e., into a real W boson

and a b quark. Therefore, it has a very short lifetime and

decays before hadronization can occur. In addition, it is the

only quark whose Yukawa coupling to the Higgs boson is order

of unity. For these reasons the top quark plays a special role

in the Standard Model (SM) and in many extensions thereof.

Its phenomenology provides a unique laboratory where our

understanding of the strong interactions, both in the perturba-

tive and non-perturbative regimes, can be tested. An accurate

knowledge of its properties (mass, couplings, production cross

section, decay branching ratios, etc.) can bring key information

on fundamental interactions at the electroweak breaking scale

and beyond. This review provides a concise discussion of the ex-

perimental and theoretical issues involved in the determination

the top-quark properties.

B. Top-quark production at the Tevatron and LHC

In hadron collisions, top quarks are produced dominantly

in pairs through the processes qq → tt and gg → tt, at

leading order in QCD. Approximately 85% of the production

cross section at the Tevatron is from qq annihilation, with

808808808808Quark Parti le Listingstthe remainder from gluon-gluon fusion, while at LHC energies

about 90% of the production is from the latter process at√s = 14 TeV (≈ 80% at

√s = 7 TeV).

Predictions for the total cross sections are now available

at next-to-next-to leading order (NNLO) with next-to-next-to-

leading-log (NNLL) soft gluon resummation [1]. These results

supersede previous approximate ones [2]. Assuming a top-

quark mass of 173.3 GeV/c2, close to the Tevatron + LHC

average [3] (LHC results not yet included), the resulting

theoretical prediction of the top-quark pair cross-section at

NNLO+NNLL accuracy at the Tevatron at√

s = 1.96 TeV is

σtt = 7.16+0.11−0.20

+0.17−0.12 pb where the first uncertainty is from scale

dependence and the second from parton distribution functions.

At the LHC, assuming a top-quark mass of 173.2 GeV/c2 the

cross sections are : σtt = 173.6+4.5−5.9

+8.9−8.9 pb,at

√s = 7 TeV, σtt =

247.7+6.3−8.5

+11.5−11.5 pb at

√s = 8 TeV, and σtt = 816.0+19.4

−28.6+34.4−34.4 pb

at√

s = 13 TeV [1].

Electroweak single top-quark production mechanisms, na-

mely from qq′ → tb [4], qb → q′t [5], mediated by virtual

s-channel and t-channel W -bosons, and Wt-associated pro-

duction, through bg → W−t, lead to somewhat smaller cross

sections. For example, t-channel production, while suppressed

by the weak coupling with respect to the strong pair produc-

tion, is kinematically enhanced, resulting in a sizable cross

section both at Tevatron and LHC energies. At the Tevatron,

the t- and s-channel cross sections of top and antitop are

identical, while at the LHC they are not, due to the charge-

asymmetric initial state. Approximate NNLO cross sections for

t-channel single top-quark production (t + t) are calculated

for mt = 173.3 GeV/c2 to be 2.06+0.13−0.13 pb in pp collisions at√

s = 1.96 TeV (scale and parton distribution functions uncer-

tainties are combined in quadrature) and 65.7+1.9−1.9 (87.1+0.24

−0.24)

pb in pp collisions at√

s = 7 (8) TeV, where 65% and 35%

are the relative proportions of t and t [6]. A calculation at

NNLO accuracy for the t-channel cross section has been re-

cently performed predicting a cross section of 85.1+2.5−1.4 pb at 8

TeV [7]. For the s-channel, these calculations yield 1.03+0.05−0.05 pb

for the Tevatron, and 4.5+0.2−0.2(5.5

+0.2−0.2) pb for

√s = 7 (8) TeV at

the LHC, with 69% (31%) of top (anti-top) quarks [8]. While

negligible at the Tevatron, at LHC energies the Wt-associated

production becomes relevant. At√

s = 7 (8) TeV, an approxi-

mate NNLO calculation gives 15.5+1.2−1.2(22.1+1.5

−1.5) pb (t + t), with

an equal proportion of top and anti-top quarks [9].

Assuming |Vtb| ≫ |Vtd|, |Vts| (see the review “The CKM

Quark-Mixing Matrix” for more information), the cross sections

for single top production are proportional to |Vtb|2, and no

extra hypothesis is needed on the number of quark families

or on the unitarity of the CKM matrix in extracting |Vtb|.Separate measurements of the s- and t-channel processes provide

sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model [10].

With a mass above the Wb threshold, and |Vtb| ≫ |Vtd|,|Vts|, the decay width of the top quark is expected to be

dominated by the two-body channel t → Wb. Neglecting terms

of order m2b/m2

t , α2s, and (αs/π)M 2

W/m2t , the width predicted

in the SM at NLO is [11]:

Γt =GF m3

t

8π√

2

(1 − M2

W

m2t

)2 (1 + 2

M2W

m2t

) [1 − 2αs

3π

(2π2

3− 5

2

)],

(1)

where mt refers to the top-quark pole mass. The width for a

value of mt = 173.3 GeV/c2 is 1.35 GeV/c2 (we use αs(MZ) =

0.118) and increases with mass. With its correspondingly short

lifetime of ≈ 0.5 × 10−24 s, the top quark is expected to decay

before top-flavored hadrons or tt-quarkonium-bound states can

form [12]. In fact, since the decay time is close to the would-be-

resonance binding time, a peak will be visible in e+e− scattering

at the tt threshold [13] and it is in principle present (yet very

difficult to measure) in hadron collisions, too [14]. The order

α2s QCD corrections to Γt are also available [15], thereby

improving the overall theoretical accuracy to better than 1%.

The final states for the leading pair-production process can

be divided into three classes:

A. tt → W+ b W− b → q q′ b q′′ q′′′ b, (45.7%)

B. tt → W+ b W− b → q q′ b ℓ− νℓ b + ℓ+ νℓ b q′′ q′′′ b, (43.8%)

C. tt → W+ b W− b → ℓ+ νℓ b ℓ′− νℓ′ b. (10.5%)

The quarks in the final state evolve into jets of hadrons. A,

B, and C are referred to as the all-jets, lepton+jets (ℓ+jets),

and dilepton (ℓℓ) channels, respectively. Their relative contribu-

tions, including hadronic corrections, are given in parentheses

assuming lepton universality. While ℓ in the above processes

refers to e, µ, or τ , most of the analyses distinguish the e

and µ from the τ channel, which is more difficult to recon-

struct. Therefore, in what follows, we will use ℓ to refer to e

or µ, unless otherwise noted. Here, typically leptonic decays of

τ are included. In addition to the quarks resulting from the

top-quark decays, extra QCD radiation (quarks and gluons)

from the colored particles in the event can lead to extra jets.

The number of jets reconstructed in the detectors depends

on the decay kinematics, as well as on the algorithm for

reconstructing jets used by the analysis. Information on the

transverse momenta of neutrinos is obtained from the imbalance

in transverse momentum measured in each event (missing pT ,

which is here also called missing ET ).

The identification of top quarks in the electroweak single

top channel is much more difficult than in the QCD tt chan-

nel, due to a less distinctive signature and significantly larger

backgrounds, mostly due to tt and W+jets production.

Fully exclusive predictions via Monte Carlo generators for

the tt and single top production processes at NLO accuracy in

QCD, including top-quark decays, are available [16,17] through

the MC@NLO [18] and POWHEG [19] methods.

Besides fully inclusive QCD or EW top-quark production,

more exclusive final states can be accessed at hadron collid-

ers, whose cross sections are typically much smaller, yet can

provide key information on the properties of the top quark.

For all relevant final states (e.g., ttV, ttV V with V = γ, W, Z,

ttH, tt+jets, ttbb, tttt) automatic or semi-automatic predictions

809809809809See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingstat NLO accuracy in QCD also in the form of event generators,

i.e., interfaced to parton-shower programs, are available (see the

review “Monte Carlo event generators” for more information).

C. Top-quark measurements

Since the discovery of the top quark, direct measurements

of tt production have been made at five center-of-mass energies,

providing stringent tests of QCD. The first measurements were

made in Run I at the Tevatron at√

s = 1.8 TeV. In Run II

at the Tevatron relatively precise measurements were made at√s = 1.96 TeV. Finally, beginning in 2010, measurements have

been made at the LHC at√

s = 7 TeV and√

s = 8 TeV, and

very recently at√

s = 13 TeV.

Production of single top quarks through electroweak in-

teractions has now been measured with good precision at the

Tevatron at√

s = 1.96 TeV, and at the LHC at√

s = 7 TeV

and√

s = 8 TeV, and now also at√

s = 13 TeV. Recent mea-

surements at the Tevatron have managed to separate the s- and

t-channel production cross sections, and at the LHC, the Wt

mechanism as well, though the t-channel is measured with best

precision to date. The measurements allow an extraction of the

CKM matrix element Vtb.

With approximately 10 fb−1 of Tevatron data analyzed as

of this writing, and almost 5 fb−1 at 7 TeV, 20 fb−1 at 8 TeV

and the first 78 pb−1 at 13 TeV at the LHC, many properties

of the top quark have been measured with precision. These

include properties related to the production mechanism, such

as tt spin correlations, forward-backward or charge asymmetries,

and differential production cross sections, as well as properties

related to the tWb decay vertex, such as the helicity of the

W -bosons from the top-quark decay. Recently, also studies of

the ttγ and the ttZ interactions have been made. In addition,

many searches for physics beyond the Standard Model are being

performed with increasing reach in both production and decay

channels.

In the following sections we review the current status of

measurements of the characteristics of the top quark.

C.1 Top-quark production

C.1.1 tt production: Fig. 1 summarizes the tt production

cross-section measurements from both the Tevatron and LHC.

The most recent measurement from DØ [20], combining the

measurements from the dilepton and lepton plus jets final states

in 9.7 fb−1, is 7.73 ± 0.13 ± 0.55 pb.

From CDF the most precise measurement made recently [21]

is in 8.8 fb−1 in the dilepton channel requiring at least one b-tag,

yielding 7.09 ± 0.84 pb. Both of these measurements assume a

top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV/c2. The dependence of the cross

section measurements on the value chosen for the mass is less

than that of the theory calculations because it only affects

the determination of the acceptance. In some analyses also the

shape of topological variables might be modified.

The resulting combined tt cross-section is σtt = 7.63 ±0.50 pb (6.6%) for CDF, σtt = 7.56±0.59 pb (7.8%) for DØ and

σtt = 7.60 ± 0.41 pb (5.4%) for the Tevatron combination [22]

in good agreement with the SM expectation of 7.35+0.28−0.33 pb at

NNLO+NNLL in perturbative QCD [1] for a top mass of 172.5

GeV. The contributions to the uncertainty are 0.20 pb from

statistical sources, 0.29 pb from systematic sources, and 0.21

pb from the uncertainty on the integrated luminosity.

CDF has measured the tt production cross section in the

dilepton channel with one hadronically decaying tau in 9.0 fb−1,

yielding σtt = 8.1± 2.1 pb. By separately identifying the single-

tau and the ditau components, they measure the branching

fraction of the top quark into the tau lepton, tau neutrino,

and bottom quark to be (9.6 ± 2.8)% [23]. CDF also performs

measurements of the tt production cross section normalized to

the Z production cross section in order to reduce the impact of

the luminosity uncertainty.

The LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS use similar tech-

niques to measure the tt cross-section in pp collisions. The

most precise measurements come from the dilepton channel,

and in particular the eµ channel. At√

s = 7 TeV, ATLAS

uses 4.6 fb−1 of eµ events in which they select an extremely

clean sample and determine the tt cross-section simultane-

ously with the efficiency to reconstruct and tag b-jets, yielding

σtt = 182.9 ± 7.1 pb, corresponding to 3.9% precision [24].

Other measurements by ATLAS at√

s = 7 TeV, include

a measurement in 0.7 fb−1 in the lepton+jets channel [25],

in the dilepton channel [26], and in 1.02 fb−1 in the all-

hadronic channel [27], which together yield a combined value

of σtt = 177 ± 3(stat.)+8−7(syst.) ± 7(lumi.) pb (6.2%) assum-

ing mt = 172.5 GeV/c2 [28]. In 4.7 fb−1 of all-jets events,

they obtain σtt = 168 ± 62 pb [29]. Further analyses in the

hadronic τ plus jets channel in 1.67 fb−1 [30] and the hadronic

τ + lepton channel in 2.05 fb−1 [31], yield consistent albeit

less precise results. The most precise measurement from CMS

is also obtained in the dilepton channel, where they measure

σtt = 162±2(stat.)±5(syst.)±4(lumi.) pb, corresponding to a

4.2% precision [32]. Other measurements at√

s = 7 TeV from

CMS include measurements with 2.3 fb−1 in the e/µ+jets chan-

nel [33], with 3.5 fb−1 in the all-hadronic channel [34], with

2.2 fb−1 in the lepton+τ channel [35], and with 3.9 fb−1 in the

τ+jets channel [36]. ATLAS and CMS also provide a combined

cross section of 173.3 ± 2.3(stat.) ± 7.6(syst.) ± 6.3(lump.) pb

using slightly older results based on 0.7 − 1.1 fb−1 [37].

At√

s = 8 TeV, ATLAS measures the tt cross-section with

20.3 fb−1 using eµ dilepton events, with a simultaneous mea-

surement of the b−tagging efficiency, yielding σtt = 242.4 ±1.7(stat.) ± 5.5(syst.) ± 7.5(lumi.) ± 4.2(beamenergy) pb [24]

assuming mt = 172.5 GeV/c2, which corresponds to a 4.7%

precision. In the lepton+jets channel, they measure σtt =

260 ± 1(stat.)+20−23(syst.) ± 8(lumi.) ± 4(beamenergy) pb [38]

in 20.3 fb−1 using a likelihood discriminant fit and b-jet identi-

fication.

CMS performs a template fit to the Mlb mass distri-

bution using 2.8 fb−1 in the lepton+jets channel yielding

810810810810Quark Parti le Listingstσtt = 228±9(stat.)+29

−26(syst.)±10(lumi.) pb [39]. In the dilep-

ton channel, the cross sections are extracted using a binned

likelihood fit to multi-differential final state distributions re-

lated to identified b quark and other jets in the event. Using

the full data samples collected in 2011 and 2012 they obtain

σtt = 245.6± 1.3(stat.)± 6.0(syst.)± 6.5(lumi.) pb [40]. The

cross section is also measured in the all-jets final state giv-

ing σtt = 275.6 ± 6.1(stat.) ± 37.8(syst.) ± 7.2(lumi.) pb [41].

In combination of the most precise eµ measurements in

5.3 − 20.3 fb−1, ATLAS and CMS together yield σtt =

241.5 ± 1.4(stat.) ± 5.7(syst.) ± 6.2(lumi.) pb [42], which

corresponds to a 3.5% precision, challenging the precision of the

corresponding theoretical predictions.

[TeV]s2 4 6 8 10 12 14

[pb]

ttσ

1

10

210

310

=13 TeVsATLAS

=13 TeVsCMS

=7 TeVsATLAS & CMS

=8 TeVsATLAS & CMS

=7 TeVsLHCb

=8 TeVsLHCb

=1.8 TeVsCDF

=1.8 TeVsD0

=1.96 TeVsCDF & D0

NNLO+NNLL (pp)

)pNNLO+NNLL (p

Figure 1: Measured and predicted tt production cross sec-tions from Tevatron energies in pp collisions to LHC ener-gies in pp collisions. Tevatron data points at

√s = 1.8 TeV

are from Refs. [49,50]. Those at√

s = 1.96 TeV are fromRefs. [20–22]. The ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb data points arefrom Refs. [28–29,38], and [33–34], and [43], respectively.Theory curves and uncertainties are generated using [1] formt = 172.5 GeV/c2, the mt value assumed in the cross sectionmeasurements. Figure adapted from Ref. [46].

Recently, the LHCb collaboration presented the first ob-

servation of top-quark production in the forward region in

pp-collisions. The W + b final state with W → µν is recon-

structed using muons with a transverse momentum, pT , larger

than 25 GeV in the pseudorapidity range 2.0 < η < 4.5.

The b-jets are required to have 50 GeV < pT < 100 GeV and

2.2 < η < 4.2, while the transverse component of the sum of the

muon and b-jet momenta must satisfy pT > 20 GeV. The results

are based on data corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.0

and 2.0 fb−1 collected at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV

by LHCb. The inclusive top quark production cross-sections in

the fiducial region are σtt = 239 ± 53(stat.) ± 38(syst.) pb at

7 TeV, and σtt = 289 ± 43(stat.)± 46(syst.) pb at 8 TeV [43].

Very recently, ATLAS and CMS have also measured the tt

production cross section with early Run-II data at√

s = 13 TeV

in eµ events with at least one b-tag. ATLAS uses 78 pb−1

and obtains σtt = 825 ± 114 pb [44]. CMS uses 42 pb−1 and

measures σtt = 836±27(stat.)±88(syst.)±100(lumi.) pb [45].

These experimental results should be compared to the

theoretical calculations at NNLO+NNLL that yield 7.16+0.20−0.23 pb

for top-quark mass of 173.3 GeV/c2 [1] at√

s = 1.96 TeV, and

for top-quark mass of 173.2 GeV/c2 σtt = 173.6+4.5−5.9

+8.9−8.9 pb at√

s = 7 TeV, σtt = 247.7+6.3−8.5

+11.5−11.5 pb at

√s = 8 TeV, and

σtt = 816.0+19.4−28.6

+34.4−34.4 pb at

√s = 13 TeV, at the LHC [1].

In Fig. 1, one sees the importance of pp at Tevatron energies

where the valence antiquarks in the antiprotons contribute to

the dominant qq production mechanism. At LHC energies, the

dominant production mode is gluon-gluon fusion and the pp-pp

difference nearly disappears. The excellent agreement of these

measurements with the theory calculations is a strong validation

of QCD and the soft-gluon resummation techniques employed

in the calculations. The measurements reach high precision and

provide stringent tests of pQCD calculations at NNLO+NNLL

level including their respective PDF uncertainties.

Most of these measurements assume a t → Wb branching

ratio of 100%. CDF and DØ have made direct measurements

of the t → Wb branching ratio [47]. Comparing the number

of events with 0, 1 and 2 tagged b jets in the lepton+jets

channel, and also in the dilepton channel, using the known

b-tagging efficiency, the ratio R = B(t → Wb)/∑

q=d,s,b B(t →Wq) can be extracted. In 5.4 fb−1 of data, DØ measures

R = 0.90 ± 0.04, 2.5σ from unity. The currently most precise

measurement was made by CMS in 19.7 fb−1 at√

s = 8 TeV.

They find R = 1.014±0.003(stat.)±0.032(syst.) and R > 0.955

at 95% C.L. [48]. A significant deviation of R from unity

would imply either non-SM top-quark decay (for example a

flavor-changing neutral-current decay), or a fourth generation

of quarks.

Thanks to the large available event samples, the Tevatron

and the LHC experiments also performed differential cross-

section measurements in tt production. Such measurements are

crucial, as they allow even more stringent tests of perturbative

QCD as description of the production mechanism, allow the

extraction or the use of PDF fits, and enhance the sensitivity to

possible new physics contributions, especially now that NNLO

predictions for the main differential observables in tt prediction

have become available [51]. Furthermore, such measurements

reduce the uncertainty in the description of tt production as

background in Higgs physics and searches for rare processes

or beyond Standard Model physics. Differential cross-sections

are typically measured by a selection of candidate events,

their kinematic reconstruction and subsequent unfolding of the

obtained event counts in bins of kinematic distributions in

order to correct for detector resolution effects, acceptance and

migration effects. In some cases a bin-by-bin unfolding is used,

while other analyses use a more sophisticated techniques.

Experiments at Tevatron and LHC measure the differential

cross-section with respect to the tt invariant mass, dσ/dMtt.

The spectra are fully corrected for detector efficiency and

resolution effects and are compared to several Monte Carlo

811811811811See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingstsimulations as well as selected theoretical calculations. Using

2.7 fb−1, CDF measured dσ/dMtt, in the lepton+jets channel

providing sensitivity to a variety of exotic particles decaying

into tt pairs [52]. In 9.7 fb−1 of lepton+jets data, DØ measured

the differential tt production cross-section with respect to the

transverse momentum and absolute rapidity of the top quarks

as well as of the invariant mass of the tt pair [53], which are all

found to be in good agreement with the SM predictions. Also

ATLAS measured the differential tt production cross-section

with respect to the top-quark transverse momentum, and of the

mass, transverse momentum and rapidity of the top-quark, the

antitop-quark as well as the tt system in 4.6 fb−1 at√

s = 7 TeV

in the lepton+jets channel [54–56]. The results show sensitivity

to these predictions and to different sets of parton distribution

functions. It is found that data is softer than all predictions

for higher values of the mass of the tt system as well as in

the tail of the top-quark pT spectrum beginning at 200 GeV,

particularly in the case of the Alpgen+Herwig generator. The

Mtt spectrum is not well described by NLO+NNLL calculations

and there are also disagreements between the measured ytt spec-

trum and the MC@NLO+Herwig and POWHEG+Herwig generators,

both evaluated with the CT10 PDF set. All distributions show

a preference for HERAPDF1.5 when used for the NLO QCD

predictions. Recently, using 20.3 fb−1 of 8 TeV data, ATLAS

performed a dedicated differential tt cross section measurement

of highly boosted top quarks, where the hadronically decaying

top quark has a transverse momentum above 300 GeV [57]. Jet

substructure techniques are employed to identify top quarks,

which are reconstructed with an anti-kt jet with a radius pa-

rameters R = 1.0. The predictions of next-to-leading-order and

leading-order matrix element plus parton shower Monte Carlo

generators are found to generally overestimate the measured

cross sections. A corresponding analysis at high transverse mo-

mentum regime for the top quarks, is performed by the CMS

collaboration in 19.7 fb−1 at√

s = 8 TeV [58]. The measure-

ment is performed for events in electron/muon plus jets final

states where the hadronically decaying top quark is recon-

structed as a single large-radius jet and identified as a top can-

didate using jet substructure techniques. The integrated cross

section is measured at particle-level within a fiducial region

resembling the detector-level selection as well as at parton-

level. At particle-level, the cross section is measured to be σtt =

1.28±0.09(stat.+syst.)±0.10(pdf)±0.09(scales)±0.03(lumi.)

pb for pT > 400 GeV. At parton-level, it translates to σtt =

1.44±0.10(stat.+syst.)±0.13(pdf)±0.15(scales)±0.04(lumi.)

pb, 14% lower than the SM prediction of POWHEG+Pythia6. In

5.0 fb−1 of√

s = 7 TeV data in the lepton+jets and the

dilepton channels, CMS measured normalised differential tt

cross-sections with respect to kinematic properties of the final-

state charged leptons and jets associated to b-quarks, as well

as those of the top quarks and the tt system. The data are

compared with several predictions from perturbative QCD cal-

culations and found to be consistent [59]. Recently, in 19.7 fb−1

at√

s = 8 TeV, CMS repeated those measurements in the lep-

ton+jets and in the dilepton channels [60]. While the overall

precision is improved, no significant deviations from the Stan-

dard Model are found, yet a softer spectrum for the top quark

at high pT with respect to theoretical available predictions has

been observed. This behaviour has been also observed in the

all-jets final state [41].

Very recently, they also performed differential cross-section

measurements in 42 pb−1 of single-lepton data at 13 TeV with

respect to kinematic properties of the top quarks and the tt

system, as well as of the jet multiplicity in the event. The

results are confronted with several predictions from pQCD and

found to be consistent [61].

Further cross-section measurements are performed for tt+

heavy flavour [62] and tt+jets production as well as the differ-

ential measurement of the jet multiplicity in tt events [63,64].

Here, MC@NLO+Herwig MC is found to predict too few events at

higher jet multiplicities. In addition, CMS measured the cross

section ratio σttbb/σttjj using 19.6 fb−1 of 8 TeV data [65]. This

is of high relevance for top quark production as background to

searches, for example for the ongoing search for tth production.

Very recently, ATLAS also measured the tt production cross

section along with as the branching ratios into channels with

leptons and quarks using 4.6 fb−1 of 7 TeV data [66]. They

find agreement with the standard model at the level of a few

percent.

C.1.2 Single-top production: Single-top quark production

was first observed in 2009 by DØ [67] and CDF [68,69] at

the Tevatron. The production cross section at the Tevatron is

roughly half that of the tt cross section, but the final state

with a single W -boson and typically two jets is less distinct

than that for tt and much more difficult to distinguish from

the background of W+jets and other sources. A comprehensive

review of the first observation and the techniques used to extract

the signal from the backgrounds can be found in [70].

The dominant production at the Tevatron is through s-

channel and t-channel W -boson exchange. Associated produc-

tion with a W -boson (Wt production) has a cross section that

is too small to observe at the Tevatron. The t-channel process

is qb → q′t, while the s-channel process is qq′ → tb. The s- and

t-channel productions can be separated kinematically. This is of

particular interest because potential physics beyond the Stan-

dard Model, such as fourth-generation quarks, heavy W and

Z bosons, flavor-changing-neutral-currents [10], or a charged

Higgs boson, would affect the s- and t-channels differently.

However, the separation is difficult and initial observations and

measurements at the Tevatron by both experiments were of com-

bined s + t-channel production. The two experiments combined

their measurements for maximum precision with a resulting

s+ t-channel production cross section of 2.76+0.58−0.47 pb [71]. The

measured value assumes a top-quark mass of 170 GeV/c2. The

mass dependence of the result comes both from the acceptance

dependence and from the tt background evaluation. Also the

812812812812Quark Parti le Listingstshape of discriminating topological variables is sensitive to mt.

It is therefore not necessarily a simple linear dependence but

amounts to only a few tenths of picobarns over the range

170 − 175 GeV/c2. The measured value agrees well with the

theoretical calculation at mt = 173 GeV/c2 of σs+t = 3.12 pb

(including both top and anti-top production) [6,8].

Using the full Run-II data set of up to 9.7 fb−1, CDF and

DØ have measured the t-channel single-top quark production

to be σt = 2.25+0.29−0.31 pb [72]. In the same publication, they

also present the simultaneously measured s− and t−channel

cross sections and the s+ t combined cross section measurement

resulting in σs+t = 3.30+0.52−0.40 pb, without assuming the SM ratio

of σs/σt. The modulus of the CKM matrix element obtained

from the s + t-channel measurement is |Vtb| = 1.02+0.06−0.05 and

its value is used to set a lower limit of |Vtb| > 0.92 at 95%

C.L. Those results are in good agreement with the theoretical

value at the mass 172.5 GeV/c2 of σt = 2.08 ± 0.13 pb [6]. It

should be noted that the theory citations here list cross sections

for t or t alone, whereas the experiments measure the sum. At

the Tevatron, these cross sections are equal. The theory values

quoted here already include this factor of two.

Using datasets of 9.7 fb−1 each, CDF and DØ combine their

analyses and report the first observation of single-top-quark

production in the s-channel, yielding σs = 1.29+0.26−0.24 pb [73].

The probability of observing a statistical fluctuation of the

background of the given size is 1.8 × 10−10, corresponding to a

significance of 6.3 standard deviations.

At the LHC, the t-channel cross section is expected to be

more than three times as large as s-channel and Wt production,

combined. Both ATLAS and CMS have measured single top

production cross sections at√

s = 7 TeV in pp collisions

(assuming mt = 172.5 GeV/c2 unless noted otherwise).

Using 4.59 fb−1 of data, ATLAS measures the t-channel

single-top quark cross section in the lepton plus 2 or 3

jets channel with one b-tag by fitting the distribution of

a multivariate discriminant constructed with a neural net-

work, yielding σt = 46 ± 6 pb, σt = 23 ± 4 pb with a ratio

Rt = σt/σt = 2.04 ± 0.18 and σt+t = 68 ± 8 pb, consistent with

SM expectations [74]. CMS follows two approaches in 1.6 fb−1

of lepton plus jets events. The first approach exploits the distri-

butions of the pseudorapidity of the recoil jet and reconstructed

top-quark mass using background estimates determined from

control samples in data. The second approach is based on mul-

tivariate analysis techniques that probe the compatibility of the

candidate events with the signal. They find σt = 67.2 ± 6.1 pb,

and |Vtb| = 1.020 ± 0.046(exp.) ± 0.017(th.) [76].

At√

s = 8 TeV, both experiments repeat and refine their

measurements. ATLAS uses 20.3 fb−1 by performing a com-

bined binned maximum likelihood fit to the neural network

output distribution. The measured t-channel cross-section is

σt = 82.6 ± 1.2(stat.) ± 11.4(syst.) ± 3.1(pdf) ± 2.3(lumi.) pb

with |Vtb| = 0.97+0.09−0.10 and |Vtb| > 0.78 at 95% C.L. [77].

CMS uses 19.7 fb−1 in the electron or muon plus jets

channel, exploiting the pseudorapidity distribution of the re-

coil jet. They find σt = 53.8 ± 1.5(stat.) ± 4.4(syst.) pb and

σt = 27.6 ± 1.3(stat.) ± 3.7(syst.) pb, resulting in an in-

clusive t-channel cross section of σt+t = 83.6 ± 2.3(stat.) ±7.4(syst.) [78]. They measure a cross section ratio of

Rt = σt/σt = 1.95 ± 0.10(stat.) ± 0.19(syst.), in agreement

with the SM. The CKM matrix element Vtb is extracted to be

|Vtb| = 0.998 ± 0.038(exp.) ± 0.016(th.).

More recently, CMS has also provided a fiducial cross

section measurement for t-channel single top at√

s = 8 TeV

with 19.7 fb−1 of data in signal events with exactly one muon

or electron and two jets, one of which is associated with a b-

hadron. The definition of the fiducial phase space follows closely

the constraints imposed by event-selection criteria and detector

acceptance. The total fiducial cross section is measured using

different generators at next-to-leading order plus parton-shower

accuracy. Using as reference the aMC@NLO MC predictions in the

four-flavour scheme a σfidt = 3.38 ± 0.25(exp.) ± 0.20(th.) pb is

obtained, in good agreement with the theory predictions.

A measurement of the t-channel single top-quark cross

section is also available at 13 TeV with the CMS detector,

corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 42 pb−1. The

measured cross-section is σt = 274 ± 98(stat.) ± 52(syst.) ±33(lumi.) pb [79].

The s-channel production cross section is expected to be

only 4.6± 0.3 pb for mt = 173 GeV/c2 at√

s = 7 TeV [8]. The

Wt process has a theoretical cross section of 15.6 ± 1.2 pb [9].

This is of interest because it probes the Wtb vertex in a different

kinematic region than s- and t-channel production, and because

of its similarity to the associated production of a charged-Higgs

boson and a top quark. The signal is difficult to extract because

of its similarity to the tt signature. Furthermore, it is difficult

to uniquely define because at NLO a subset of diagrams have

the same final state as tt and the two interfere [80]. The cross

section is calculated using the diagram removal technique [81]

to define the signal process. In the diagram removal technique

the interfering diagrams are removed, at the amplitude level,

from the signal definition (an alternative technique, diagram

subtraction removes these diagrams at the cross-section level

and yields similar results [81]) . These techniques work provided

the selection cuts are defined such that the interference effects

are small, which is usually the case.

Both, ATLAS and CMS, also provide evidence for the as-

sociate Wt production at√

s = 7 TeV [82,83]. ATLAS uses

2.05 fb−1 in the dilepton plus missing ET plus jets channel,

where a template fit to the final classifier distributions resulting

from boosted decision trees as signal to background separation

is performed. The result is incompatible with the background-

only hypothesis at the 3.3σ (3.4σ expected) level, yielding

σWt = 16.8±2.9(stat.)±4.9(syst.) pb and |Vtb| = 1.03+0.16−0.19 [82].

CMS uses 4.9 fb−1 in the dilepton plus jets channel with at least

one b-tag. A multivariate analysis based on kinematic properties

is utilized to separate the tt background from the signal. The

813813813813See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingstobserved signal has a significance of 4.0σ and corresponds to a

cross section of σWt = 16+5−4 pb [83]. Both experiments repeated

their analyses at√

s = 8 TeV. ATLAS uses 20.3 fb−1 to select

events with one electron and one oppositely-charged muon, sig-

nificant missing transverse momentum and at least one b-tagged

central jet. They perform a template fit to a boosted decision

tree classifier distribution and obtain σWt = 27.2 ± 5.8 pb

and |Vtb| = 1.10 ± 0.12(exp.) ± 0.03(th.) [84], which cor-

responds to a 4.2σ significance. Assuming |Vtb| ≫ |Vts|, |Vtd|they derive |Vtb| > 0.72 at 95% C.L. CMS uses 12.2 fb−1

in events with two leptons and a jet originated from a b-

quark. A multivariate analysis based on kinematic properties is

utilized to separate the signal and background. The Wt asso-

ciate production signal is observed at the level of 6.1σ, yielding

σWt = 23.4±5.4 pb and |Vtb| = 1.03±0.12(exp.)±0.04(th.) [85].

They also combine their measurements and obtain σWt =

25.0±1.4(stat.)±4.4(syst.)±0.7(lumi.) pb = 25.0±4.7 pb [86],

in agreement with the NLO+NNLL expectation. They extract a

95% C.L. lower limit on the CKM matrix element of |Vtb| > 0.79

At ATLAS, a search for s-channel single top quark produc-

tion is performed in 0.7 fb−1 at 7 TeV using events containing

one lepton, missing transverse energy and two b-jets. Using a

cut-based analysis, an observed (expected) upper limit at 95%

C.L. on the s-channel cross-section of σs < 26.5(20.5) pb is

obtained [87]. In 8 TeV data, both ATLAS and CMS search

for s-channel production. ATLAS uses 20.3 fb−1 of data with

one lepton, large missing transverse momentum and exactly

two b-tagged jets. They perform a maximum-likelihood fit of a

discriminant based on a Matrix Element Method and optimized

in order to separate single top-quark s-channel events from

the main background contributions which are top-quark pair

production and W boson production in association with heavy

flavour jets. They find σs = 4.8 ± 1.1 pb with a signal signifi-

cance of 3.2 standard deviations [88]. CMS uses 19.3 fb−1 and

analyses leptonic decay modes by performaing a likelihood fit

to a multivariate discriminant as form by a Boosted Decision

Tree, yielding an upper limit of σs < 11.5 pb at 95% C.L. [89].

Fig. 2 provides a summary of all single top cross-section

measurements at the Tevatron and the LHC as a function

of the center-of-mass energy. All cross-section measurements

are very well described by the theory calculation within their

uncertainty.

Thanks to the large statistics now available at the LHC,

both CMS and ATLAS experiments also performed differen-

tial cross-section measurements in single-top t-channel produc-

tion [74], [98]. Such measurements are extremely useful as

they test our understanding of both QCD and EW top-quark

interactions.

The CMS collaboration has measured differential single top

quark t-channel production cross sections as functions of the

transverse momentum and the absolute value of the rapidity

of the top quark. The analysis is performed in the leptonic

decay channels of the top quark, with either a muon or an

electron in the final state, using data collected with the CMS

[TeV]s2 4 6 8 10 12 14

[pb]

tt+σ

1

10

210

310CDF t-chan.

CDF+D0 s-chan.D0 t-chan.

CMS t-chan.

CMS Wt-chan.

ATLAS t-chan.

ATLAS Wt-chan.

ATLAS+CMS t-chan.

approx) at NNLOtTheory (t+

s-channel (pp) )ps-channel (p

t-channelWt

Figure 2: Measured and predicted single top production crosssections from Tevatron energies in pp collisions to LHC energiesin pp collisions. Tevatron data points at

√s = 1.96 TeV are

from Refs. [90,91] and [92]. The ATLAS and CMS data pointsat

√s = 7 TeV are from Refs. [75,82,87,93] and [76,83,94],

respectively. The ones at√

s = 8 TeV are from Refs. [84,96]and [95,96,97]. Theory curves are generated using [6,8,9].

experiment at the LHC at√

s = 8 TeV and corresponding to

an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. Artificial neural networks

are used to discriminate the signal process from the various

background contributions. The results are found to agree with

predictions from Monte Carlo generators [98]. Using the same

data set and under the assumption that the spin analyzing

power of a charged lepton is 100% as predicted in the SM,

they are also able to measure the polarization of the top quark

Pt = 0.82 ± 0.12(stat.)± 0.32(syst.) [99].

C.1.3 Top-Quark Forward-Backward & Charge Asym-

metry: A forward-backward asymmetry in tt production arises

starting at order α3S in QCD from the interference between

the Born amplitude qq → tt with 1-loop box production dia-

grams and between diagrams with initial- and final-state gluon

radiation. The asymmetry, AFB, is defined by

AFB =N(∆y > 0) − N(∆y < 0)

N(∆y > 0) + N(∆y < 0)(2)

where ∆y = yt − yt is the rapidity difference between the top-

and the anti-top quark. Calculations at α3S predict a small AFB

at the Tevatron. The most recent calculations up to order α4S,

including electromagnetic and electroweak corrections, yield a

predicted asymmetry of (≈ 9.5 ± 0.7)% [100]. This is about

10% higher than the previous calculation at NLO [101,102],

and improves the agreement with experiment.

Both, CDF and DØ, measured asymmetry values in ex-

cess of the SM prediction, fueling speculation about exotic

production mechanisms (see, for example, [103] and references

therein). The first measurement of this asymmetry by DØ in

0.9 fb−1 [104] found an asymmetry at the detector level of

(12±8)%. The first CDF measurement in 1.9 fb−1 [105] yielded

(24 ± 14)% at parton level. Both values were higher, though

814814814814Quark Parti le Listingststatistically consistent with the SM expectation. With the ad-

dition of more data, the uncertainties have been reduced, and

the central values, if somewhat smaller, have remained con-

sistent with the first measurements. At the same time, the

improved calculations from theory have increased the predicted

asymmetry values to the point where the discrepancy is no

longer statistically significant. The most recent measurement

from DØ using the full Tevatron dataset of 9.7 fb−1 finds an

asymmetry in lepton+jet events, corrected for detector accep-

tance and resolution, of (10.6 ± 3.0)% [106] in good agreement

with the prediction. Using the same dataset, the DØ measure-

ment in dilepton events and assuming SM top polarization is

17.5±5.6(stat.)±3.1(syst.)% [107]. Combining the lepton+jets

with the dilepton gives 11.8 ± 2.5(stat.) ± 1.3(syst.).

From CDF, the most recent measurement in lepton+jets

uses 9.4 fb−1, and finds (16.4± 4.7)% [108]. This measurement

has now been combined with an asymmetry measured in dilep-

ton events using 9.1 fb−1 [109]. The asymmetry reported for

dilepton events is (12 ± 13)%, and the combined asymmetry is

(16.0± 4.5)%, which is about 1.5σ above the NNLO prediction.

Both experiments have measured AFB as a function of

Mtt, the tt invariant mass and in bins of |∆y| [108,106]. The

experiments see, and theory predicts, a positive slope in AFB

with increasing Mtt and |∆y|. The slopes seen in the CDF

data remain larger than the theoretical expectation, while the

DØ data are in good agreement with the latest theoretical

calculation [100].

At the LHC, where the dominant tt production mechanism

is the charge-symmetric gluon-gluon fusion, the measurement is

more difficult. For the sub-dominant qq production mechanism,

the symmetric pp collision does not define a forward and

backward direction. Instead, the charge asymmetry, AC , is

defined in terms of a positive versus a negative t − t rapidity

difference

AC =N(∆|y| > 0) − N(∆|y| < 0)

N(∆|y| > 0) + N(∆|y| < 0)(3)

Both CMS and ATLAS have measured AC in the LHC

dataset. Using lepton+jets events in 4.7 fb−1 of data at√

s = 7

TeV, ATLAS measures AC = (0.6±1.0)% [110]. More recently,

ATLAS has reported on the same measurement performed at√s = 8 TeV with at 20.3 fb−1 of data. The result is AC =

(0.009 ± 0.005) [111]. CMS, in 5.0(19.7) fb−1 of√

s = 7(8)

TeV data uses lepton+jets events to measure AC = (0.4 ±1.5)% (AC = (0.33 ± 0.26(stat.) ± 0.33(syst.))%) [112,113].

Both measurements are consistent with the SM expectations of

AC = 1.23± 0.05% at√

s = 7 TeV and 1.11± 0.04% at√

s = 8

TeV [102], although the uncertainties are still too large for a

precision test. In their 7 and 8 TeV analyses ATLAS and CMS

also provide differential measurements as a function of Mtt and

the transverse momentum pT and rapidity y of the tt system.

In a recent work [114] the CMS collaboration has provided the

result of AC = −0.0035±0.0072(stat.)±0.0031(syst.) obtained

in the fiducial phase space of top quark pair production.

Another avenue for measuring the forward-backward and

charge asymmetries that has recently been exploited by the

experiments is given by the measurement of the pseudorapidity

distributions of the charged leptons resulting from tt decay.

Although the expected asymmetry is smaller, this technique

does not require the reconstruction of the top-quark direction.

Single-lepton asymmetries, AℓFB, are defined by q × η, and

dilepton asymmetries, Aℓℓ, by the sign of ∆η, where q and η are

the charge and pseudorapidity of the lepton and ∆η = ηℓ+−ηℓ− .

DØ has measured AℓFB in 9.7 fb−1 of lepton+jets events, and

finds a value of (4.2 ± 2.3+1.7−2.0)% [115], consistent with an

expectation of (3.8±0.6)% [102]. A measurement by DØ using

dilepton events in the same dataset [116] yields Aℓℓ=(12.3 ±5.4 ± 1.5), compared to the expectation of (4.8 ± 0.4)% [102],

and AℓFB = 4.4 ± 3.7 ± 1.1. The combination of the results

for AℓFB in the single lepton and dilepton channels by DØ

yields (4.2 ± 2.0 ± 1.4)%. CDF, in 9.4 fb−1 of Tevatron data

measures [117] AℓFB = (9.4+3.2

−2.9)%. As in the DØ case, this is

larger than the SM expectation, but less than two standard

deviations away.

At the LHC, both ATLAS and CMS have now measured

leptonic asymmetries. ATLAS, in 4.6 fb−1 of√

s = 7 TeV data,

has measured Aℓℓ = (2.4± 1.5 ± 0.9)% in dilepton events [118].

Using a neutrino weighting technique in the same dataset to

reconstruct the top quarks, ATLAS measures AC = (2.1 ±2.5 ± 1.7)%. CMS, in 5.0 fb−1 of

√s = 7 TeV data, uses

dilepton events to measure AC = (1.0 ± 1.5 ± 0.6)%, where

a matrix weighting technique is used to reconstruct the top

quarks, and Aℓℓ = (0.9 ± 1.0 ± 0.6)% [119]. An earlier result

using lepton+jets events from the same CMS dataset found

AC = (0.4± 1.0± 1.1)% [112]. These results are all consistent,

within their large uncertainties, with the SM expectations of

Aℓℓ = (0.70 ± 0.03)% and AC = (1.23 ± 0.05)% [102].

A model-independent comparison of the Tevatron and LHC

results is made difficult by the differing tt production mecha-

nisms at work at the two accelerators and by the symmetric

nature of the pp collisions at the LHC. Given a particular

model of BSM physics, a comparison can be obtained through

the resulting asymmetry predicted by the model at the two

machines, see for example [120].

C.2 Top-Quark Properties

C.2.1 Top-Quark Mass Measurements: The most pre-

cisely studied property of the top quark is its mass. The top-

quark mass has been measured in the lepton+jets, the dilepton,

and the all-jets channel by all four Tevatron and LHC experi-

ments. The latest and/or most precise results are summarized

in Table 1. The lepton+jets channel yields the most precise

single measurements because of good signal to background ra-

tio (in particular after b-tagging) and the presence of only a

single neutrino in the final state. The momentum of a single

neutrino can be reconstructed (up to a quadratic ambiguity)

via the missing ET measurement and the constraint that the

815815815815See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingstlepton and neutrino momenta reconstruct to the known W

boson mass. In the large data samples available at the LHC,

measurements in the dilepton channel can be competitive and

certainly complementary to those in the lepton+jets final state.

A large number of techniques have now been applied

to measuring the top-quark mass. The original ‘template

method’ [121], in which Monte Carlo templates of recon-

structed mass distributions are fit to data, has evolved into a

precision tool in the lepton+jets channel, where the system-

atic uncertainty due to the jet energy scale (JES) uncertainty is

controlled by a simultaneous, in situ fit to the W → jj hypoth-

esis [122]. All the latest measurements in the lepton+jets and

the all-jets channels use this technique in one way or another.

In 4.6 fb−1 of data at√

s = 7 TeV in the lepton+jets channel,

ATLAS achieves a total uncertainty of 0.73% with a statistical

component of 0.44% [123]. The measurement is based on a 3-

dimensional template fit, determining the top-quark mass, the

global jet energy scale and a b-to-light jet energy scale factor. In

19.7 fb−1 of√

s = 8 TeV data, CMS achieves a total uncertainty

of 0.45% with a statistical component of 0.11% [124].

The template method is complemented by the ‘matrix

element’ method. This method was first applied by the DØ

Collaboration [125], and is similar to a technique originally

suggested by Kondo et al. [126] and Dalitz and Goldstein [127].

In the matrix element method a probability for each event is

calculated as a function of the top-quark mass, using a LO

matrix element for the production and decay of tt pairs. The

in situ calibration of dijet pairs to the W → jj hypothesis is

now also used with the matrix element technique to constrain

the jet energy scale uncertainty. The latest measurement with

this technique from DØ in the lepton+jets channel uses the full

Tevatron dataset of 9.7 fb−1 and yields an uncertainty of about

0.43% [128].

In the dilepton channel, the signal to background is typi-

cally very good, but reconstruction of the mass is non-trivial

because there are two neutrinos in the final state, yielding

a kinematically unconstrained system. A variety of techniques

have been developed to handle this. An analytic solution to

the problem has been proposed [129], but this has not yet

been used in the mass measurement. One of the most precise

measurements in the dilepton channel comes from using the

invariant mass of the charged lepton and b-quark system (Mℓb),

which is sensitive to the top-quark mass and avoids the kine-

matic difficulties of the two-neutrino final state. In 4.6 fb−1 of√s = 7 TeV data, ATLAS has measured the top-quark mass in

the dilepton channel to a precision of 0.81% using a template

fit to the Mℓb distribution [123]. A similar measurement has

been also provided by CMS [130], giving a precision of 0.75%.

The other dilepton-channel measurement of similar precision

comes from 19.7 fb−1 of CMS data at√

s = 8 TeV [131] using

a so-called analytical matrix weighting technique (AMWT) in

which each event is fit many times to a range of top-quark

masses and each fit is assigned a weight, from the PDFs, given

by the inferred kinematics of the initial state partons, and from

the probability of the observed charged lepton energies for the

top-quark mass in question.

Several other techniques can also yield precise measurements

in the dilepton channel. In the neutrino weighting technique,

similar to AMWT above, a weight is assigned by assuming a top-

quark mass value and applying energy-momentum conservation

to the top-quark decay, resulting in up to four possible pairs

of solutions for the neutrino and anti-neutrino momenta. The

missing ET calculated in this way is then compared to the

observed missing ET to assign a weight [132]. A recent CDF

result, using the full 9.1 fb−1 dataset achieves a precision of 1.8%

using a combination of neutrino weighting and an ”alternative

mass”, which is insensitive to the jet energy scale [133]. The

alternative mass depends on the angles between the leptons and

the leading jets and the lepton four-momenta.

In the all-jets channel there is no ambiguity due to neutrino

momenta, but the signal to background is significantly poorer

due to the severe QCD multijets background. The emphasis

therefore has been on background modeling, and reduction

through event selection. The most recent measurement in the

all-jets channel, by CMS in 18.2 fb−1 of√

s = 8 TeV data [134],

uses an ideogram and a 2-dimensional simultaneous fit for

mt and the jet energy scale to extract the top-quark mass

and achieves a precision of 0.53%. A recent measurement from

ATLAS [135] uses the template method in the all-hadronic

channel, also with an in situ, fit to the W → jj hypothesis,

yielding a measurement with 1.9% precision in 4.6 fb−1 of

data. A measurement from CDF in 9.3 fb−1 uses similar two-

dimensional template fit and achieves a precision of 1.1% [136].

A dominant systematic uncertainty in these methods is

the understanding of the jet energy scale, and so several

techniques have been developed that have little sensitivity to

the jet energy scale uncertainty. In addition to Reference [133]

mentioned above, these include the measurement of the top-

quark mass using the following techniques: Fitting of the lepton

pT spectrum of candidate events [137]; fitting of the transverse

decay length of the b-jet (Lxy) [138]; fitting the invariant mass

of a lepton from the W -decay and a muon from the semileptonic

b decay [139].

Several measurements have now been made in which the

top-quark mass is extracted from the measured cross section

using the theoretical relationship between the mass and the

production cross section. These determinations make use of

predictions calculated at higher orders, where the top mass

enters as an input parameter defined in a given scheme. At

variance with the usual methods, which involve the kinematic

properties of the final states and therefore the pole mass, this

approach allows to directly determine a short-distance mass,

such as the MS mass [140]. With an alternative method ATLAS

recently extracted the top-quark pole mass using tt events with

at least one additional jet, basing the measurement on the

relationship between the differential rate of gluon radiation and

the mass of the quark [141].

816816816816Quark Parti le ListingstEach of the experiments has produced a measurement com-

bining its various results. The combined measurement from

CMS with up to 19.7 fb−1 of data achieves statistical and

systematic uncertainties of 0.06% and 0.38%, respectively [142].

The combined measurement from ATLAS, with 4.6 fb−1 yields

statistical and systematic uncertainties of 0.28% and 0.45%, re-

spectively [123]. CDF has combined measurements with up to

9.3 fb−1 [143] and achieves a statistical precision of 0.33% and

a systematic uncertainty of 0.43%. DØ achieves a 0.33% sta-

tistical+JES and a 0.28% systematic uncertainty by combining

results in 9.7 fb−1 [144].

Combined measurements from the Tevatron experiments

and from the LHC experiments take into account the correla-

tions between different measurements from a single experiment

and between measurements from different experiments. The

Tevatron average [145], using up to 9.7 fb−1 of data, now has a

precision of 0.37%. The LHC combination, using up to 4.9 fb−1

of data, has a precision of 0.56% [146], where more work on

systematic uncertainties is required. The first Tevatron-LHC

combination has now been released, combining the results of

all four experiments, using the full Tevatron dataset and the√s = 7 TeV LHC data, with a resulting precision of 0.44% [3]

The direct measurements of the top-quark mass, such as

those shown in Table 1, strictly speaking, is the corresponding

parameter used in the Monte Carlo generators. The relation

between the parameter in the Monte Carlo generator and

the pole mass is affected by non-perturbative contributions,

which could be order 1 GeV/c2 [147], i.e., comparable to the

measurement uncertainty.

With the discovery of a Higgs boson at the LHC with a mass

of about 126 GeV/c2 [148,149], the precision measurement of

the top-quark mass takes a central role in the question of the

stability of the electroweak vacuum because top-quark radiative

corrections tend to drive the Higgs quartic coupling, λ, negative,

potentially leading to an unstable vacuum. A recent calculation

at NNLO [150] leads to the conclusion of vacuum stability for a

Higgs mass satisfying MH ≥ 129.4 ± 5.6 GeV/c2 [151]. Given

the uncertainty, a Higgs mass of 126 GeV/c2 satisfies the limit,

but the central values of the Higgs and top-quark masses put

the electroweak vacuum squarely in the metastable region. The

uncertainty is dominated by the precision of the top-quark mass

measurement and its interpretation as the pole mass. For more

details, see the Higgs boson review in this volume.

As a test of the CPT-symmetry, the mass difference of top-

and antitop-quarks ∆mt = mt − mt, which is expected to be

zero, can be measured. CDF measures the mass difference in

8.7 fb−1 of 1.96 TeV data in the lepton+jets channel using

a template methode to find ∆mt = −1.95 ± 1.11(stat.) ±0.59(syst.) GeV/c2 [152] while DØ uses 3.6 fb−1 of lepton+jets

events and the matrix element method with at least one b-tag.

They find ∆mt = 0.8±1.8(stat.)±0.5(syst.) GeV/c2 [153]. In

4.7 fb−1 of 7 TeV data, ATLAS measures the mass difference

in lepton+jets events with a double b-tag requirement and

hence very low background to find ∆mt = 0.67 ± 0.61(stat.) ±

Table 1: Measurements of top-quark mass fromTevatron and LHC.

∫Ldt is given in fb−1. The

results shown are mostly preliminary (not yetsubmitted for publication as of August 2015);for a complete set of published results see theListings. Statistical uncertainties are listed first,followed by systematic uncertainties.

mt (GeV/c2) Source∫Ldt Ref. Channel

172.99 ± 0.48 ± 0.78 ATLAS 4.6 [123] ℓ+jets+ℓℓ

172.04 ± 0.19 ± 0.75 CMS 19.7 [124] ℓ+jets

172.47 ± 0.17 ± 1.40 CMS 19.7 [131] ℓℓ

172.32 ± 0.25 ± 0.59 CMS 19.7 [134] All jets

174.34 ± 0.37 ± 0.52 CDF,DØ (I+II)≤9.7 [145] publ. or prelim.

173.34 ± 0.27 ± 0.71 Tevatron+LHC ≤8.7+≤4.9 [3] publ. or prelim.

0.41(syst.) GeV/c2 [154]. CMS measures the top-quark mass

difference in 5 fb−1 of 7 TeV data in the lepton+jets channel

and finds ∆mt = −0.44±0.46(stat.)±0.27(syst.) GeV/c2 [155].

They repeat this measurement with 18.9 fb−1 of 8 TeV data

to find ∆mt = −0.27 ± 0.20(stat.) ± 0.12(syst.) GeV/c2 [156].

All measurements are consistent with the SM expectation.

C.2.2 Top-Quark Spin Correlations, Polarization, and

Width: One of the unique features of the top quark is that it

decays before its spin can be flipped by the strong interaction.

Thus the top-quark polarization is directly observable via the

angular distribution of its decay products. Hence, it is possible

to define and measure observables sensitive to the top-quark spin

and its production mechanism. Although the top- and antitop-

quarks produced by strong interactions in hadron collisions are

essentially unpolarized, the spins of t and t are correlated.

For QCD production at threshold, the tt system is produced

in a 3S1 state with parallel spins for qq annihilation or in a1S0 state with antiparallel spins for gluon-gluon fusion. Hence,

the situations at the Tevatron and at the LHC are somewhat

complementary. However, at the LHC production of tt pairs at

large invariant mass occurs primarily via fusion of gluons with

opposite helicities, and the tt pairs so produced have parallel

spins as in production at the Tevatron via qq annihilation.

The direction of the top-quark spin is 100% correlated to the

angular distributions of the down-type fermion (charged leptons

or d-type quarks) in the decay. The joint angular distribution

[157–159]

1

σ

d2σ

d(cos θ+)d(cos θ−)=

1 + κ · cos θ+ · cos θ−4

, (4)

where θ+ and θ− are the angles of the daughters in the top-

quark rest frame with respect to a particular spin quantization

axis, is a very sensitive observable. The maximum value for κ,

0.782 at NLO at the Tevatron [160], is found in the off-diagonal

basis [157], while at the LHC the value at NLO is 0.326 in the

helicity basis [160]. In place of κ, Aα+α− is often used, where

817817817817See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingstαi is the spin analyzing power, and A is the spin correlation

coefficient, defined as

A=N(↑↑) + N(↓↓) − N(↑↓) − N(↓↑)N(↑↑) + N(↓↓) + N(↑↓) + N(↓↑), (5)

where the first arrow represents the direction of the top-quark

spin along a chosen quantization axis, and the second arrow

represents the same for the antitop-quark. The spin analyzing

power αi is +0.998 for positively charged leptons, -0.966 for

down-type quarks from W decays, and -0.393 for bottom

quarks [161]. The sign of α flips for the respective antiparticles.

The spin correlation could be modified by a new tt production

mechanism such as through a Z ′ boson, Kaluza-Klein gluons,

or a Higgs boson.

CDF used 5.1 fb−1 in the dilepton channel to measure the

correlation coefficient in the beam axis [162]. The measurement

was made using the expected distributions of (cos θ+, cos θ−)

and (cos θb, cos θb) of the charged leptons or the b-quarks in the

tt signal and background templates to calculate a likelihood of

observed reconstructed distributions as a function of assumed κ.

They determined the 68% confidence interval for the correlation

coefficient κ as −0.52 < κ < 0.61 or κ = 0.04 ± 0.56 assuming

mt = 172.5 GeV/c2.

CDF also analyzed lepton+jets events in 5.3 fb−1 [163]

assuming mt = 172.5 GeV/c2. They form three separate tem-

plates - the same-spin template, the opposite-spin template,

and the background template for the 2-dimensional distri-

butions in cos(θl) cos(θd) vs. cos(θl) cos(θb). The fit to the

data in the helicity basis returns an opposite helicity frac-

tion of FOH = 0.74 ± 0.24(stat.) ± 0.11(syst.). Converting this

to the spin correlation coefficient yields κhelicity = 0.48 ±0.48(stat.) ± 0.22(syst.). In the beamline basis, they find an

opposite spin fraction of FOS = 0.86 ± 0.32(stat.)± 0.13(syst.)

which can be converted into a correlation coefficient of

κbeam = 0.72 ± 0.64(stat.)± 0.26(syst.).

DØ performed a measurement of the ratio f of events with

correlated t and t spins to the total number of tt events in

5.3 fb−1 in the lepton+jets channel using a matrix element

technique [164]. The SM expectation is f = 1. From 729

events, they obtain fexp. = 1.15+0.42−0.43(stat. + syst.) and can

exclude values of f < 0.420 at the 95% C.L. In the dilepton

channel [165], they also use a matrix element method and

can exclude at the 97.7% C.L. the hypothesis that the spins

of the t and t are uncorrelated. The combination [164] yields

fexp. = 0.85 ± 0.29 (stat + syst) and a tt production cross

section which is in good agreement with the SM prediction

and previous measurements. For an expected fraction of f = 1,

they can exclude f < 0.481 at the 95% C.L. For the observed

value of fexp. = 0.85, they can exclude f < 0.344(0.052) at

the 95(99.7)% C.L. The observed fraction fexp. translates to a

measured asymmetry value of Aexp. = 0.66±0.23(stat.+syst.).

They therefore obtained the first evidence of SM spin correlation

at 3.1 standard deviations.

Using 5.4 fb−1 of data, DØ measures the correlation in

the dilepton channel also from the angles of the two leptons

in the t and t rest frames, yielding a correlation strength

C = 0.10±0.45 [166]( C is equivalent to negative κ in Eq. 4), in

agreement with the NLO QCD prediction, but also in agreement

with the no correlation hypothesis.

Spin correlations have now been conclusively measured at

the LHC by both the ATLAS and CMS collaborations. In the

dominant gluon fusion production mode for tt pairs at the LHC,

the angular distribution between the two leptons in tt decays to

dileptons is sensitive to the degree of spin correlation [167].

The ATLAS collaboration has measured spin correlations

in tt production at√

s = 7 TeV using 4.6 fb−1 of data.

Candidate events are selected in the dilepton and lepton plus

jets topologies. Four observables are used to extract the spin

correlation: The difference, ∆φ in azimuthal angle between

the two charged leptons in dilepton events or the lepton and

down-quark or bottom-quark candidate from the hadronic W -

decay; An observable based on the ratio matrix elements

with and without spin correlation; The double differential

distribution of Eq. 4 in two different bases. The most sensitive

measurement comes from using ∆φ in dilepton events and

results in fSM = 1.19±0.09±0.18. Using the helicity basis as the

quantization axis, the strength of the spin correlation between

the top- and antitop-quark is measured to be Aexp.helicity = 0.37 ±

0.03±0.06 [168], which is in agreement with the NLO prediction

of about 0.31 [169]. Using the same events but converting

fexp. into Aexp.maximal yields Aexp.

maximal = 0.52 ± 0.04 ± 0.08, to

be compared to the NLO prediction of 0.44. In a similar

analysis using 20.3 fb−1 of data at√

s = 8 TeV, ATLAS

measures fSM = 1.20 ± 0.05(stat.)± 0.13(syst.), corresponding

to Aexp.helicity = 0.38± 0.04 [170], which compares well to the SM

expectation of ASMhelicity = 0.318 ± 0.005 [169].

The CMS collaboration uses angular asymmetry variables

in dilepton events, unfolded to the parton level. The most

sensitive measurement is made using

A∆φ =N(∆φℓ+ℓ− > π/2) − N(∆φℓ+ℓ− < π/2)

N(∆φℓ+ℓ− > π/2) + N(∆φℓ+ℓ− < π/2),(6)

In 5.0 fb−1 of pp collisions at√

s = 7 TeV, CMS measures

A∆φ = 0.113 ± 0.010 ± 0.006 ± 0.012 [171], where the uncer-

tainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the reweighting

of the top pT in the Monte Carlo to match data. A recent CMS

result in µ plus jets events in 19.7 fb−1 of√

s = 8 TeV data uses

a matrix-element technique to extract fexp. = 0.72 ± 0.09+0.15−0.13,

corresponding to Aexp.helicity = 0.22±0.03+0.05

−0.04 [172]. Correspond-

ing results obtained by studying the dilepton final state, also

show consistency with the SM expectations [173].

Measurements of the polarization of top quarks in tt pro-

duction at√

s = 7 TeV have been made by both ATLAS

and CMS. In 4.7 fb−1 of data, ATLAS measures the product

of the leptonic spin-analyzing power (αℓ) and the top quark

polarization. The measurement is made in one or two lep-

ton final states, assuming that the polarization is introduced

818818818818Quark Parti le Listingstby a CP-conserving (CPC) or maximally CP-violating (CPV)

process. The results are αℓPCPC = −0.035 ± 0.014± 0.037 and

αℓPCPV = 0.020±0.016+0.013−0.017 [174], where the uncertainties are

statistical and systematic, respectively. The CMS measurement

is made with 5.0 fb−1 of dilepton events. The polarization is ex-

tracted through an asymmetry, AP , in the angular distribution

of the two leptons, AP , defined as

AP =N(cos θ∗ℓ > 0) − N(cos θ∗ℓ < 0)

N(cos θ∗ℓ > 0) + N(cos θ∗ℓ < 0),(7)

where θ∗ is the angle of the charged lepton in the rest frame

of its parent top quark or antiquark. The polarization, P in

the helicity basis is given by P = 2AP . After unfolding to the

parton level, the measurement yields AP = 0.005 ± 0.013 ±0.014 ± 0.008 [171], where the uncertainties are, respectively,

statistical, systematic, and from top-quark pT reweighting.

Both the ATLAS and CMS results are consistent with the SM

expectation of negligible polarization.

Observation of top-quark spin correlations requires a top-

quark lifetime less than the spin decorrelation timescale [175].

The top-quark width, inversely proportional to its lifetime,

is expected to be of order 1 GeV/c2 (Eq. 1). The sensitivity

of current experiments does not approach this level in direct

measurements. Nevertheless, several measurements have been

made.

CDF presents a direct measurement of the top-quark width

in the lepton+jets decay channel of tt events from a data

sample corresponding to 8.7 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. The

top-quark mass and the mass of the hadronically decaying W

boson that comes from the top-quark decay are reconstructed

for each event and compared with templates of different top-

quark widths (Γt) and deviations from nominal jet energy scale

(∆JES) to perform a simultaneous fit for both parameters,

where ∆JES is used for the in situ calibration of the jet energy

scale. By applying a Feldman-Cousins approach, they establish

an upper limit at 95% C.L. of Γt < 6.38 GeV and a two-sided

68% C.L. interval of 1.10 GeV < Γt < 4.05 GeV, corresponding

to a lifetime interval of 1.6 × 10−15 < τtop < 6.0 × 10−25 [176],

consistent with the SM prediction. For comparison, a typical

hadronization timescale is an order of magnitude larger than

these limits.

The total width of the top-quark can also be determined

from the partial decay width Γ(t → Wb) and the branching frac-

tion B(t → Wb). DØ obtains Γ(t → Wb) from the measured t-

channel cross section for single top-quark production in 5.4 fb−1,

and B(t → Wb) is extracted from a measurement of the ra-

tio R = B(t → Wb)/B(t → Wq) in tt events in lepton+jets

channels with 0, 1 and 2 b-tags. Assuming B(t → Wq) = 1,

where q includes any kinematically accessible quark, the result

is: Γt = 2.00+0.47−0.43 GeV which translates to a top-quark lifetime

of τt = (3.29+0.90−0.63) × 10−25 s. Assuming a high mass fourth

generation b′ quark and unitarity of the four-generation quark-

mixing matrix, they set the first upper limit on |Vtb′| < 0.59 at

95% C.L. [177]. A similar analysis has performed by CMS in

19.7 fb−1 of√

s = 8 TeV data. It provides a better determina-

tion of the total width with respect to the measurement by DØ

giving Γt = 1.36 ± 0.02(stat.)+0.14−0.11(syst.) GeV [178].

C.2.3 W-Boson Helicity in Top-Quark Decay: The Stan-

dard Model dictates that the top quark has the same vector-

minus-axial-vector (V − A) charged-current weak interactions(−i

g√2Vtbγ

µ1

2(1 − γ5)

)as all the other fermions. In the SM,

the fraction of top-quark decays to longitudinally polarized

W bosons is similar to its Yukawa coupling and hence en-

hanced with respect to the weak coupling. It is expected to

be [179] FSM0 ≈ x/(1 + x), x = m2

t /2M2W (FSM

0 ∼ 70% for

mt = 175 GeV/c2). Fractions of left-handed, right-handed, or

longitudinal W bosons are denoted as F−, F+, and F0 respec-

tively. In the SM, F− is expected to be ≈ 30% and F+ ≈ 0%.

Predictions for the W polarization fractions at NNLO in QCD

are available [180].

The Tevatron and the LHC experiments use various tech-

niques to measure the helicity of the W boson in top-quark

decays, in both the lepton+jets and in dilepton channels in tt

production.

The first method uses a kinematic fit, similar to that used

in the lepton+jets mass analyses, but with the top-quark mass

constrained to a fixed value, to improve the reconstruction of

final-state observables, and render the under-constrained dilep-

ton channel solvable. Alternatively, in the dilepton channel the

final-state momenta can also be obtained through an algebraic

solution of the kinematics. The distribution of the helicity an-

gle (cos θ∗) between the lepton and the b quark in the W rest

frame provides the most direct measure of the W helicity. In

a simplified version of this approach, the cos θ∗ distribution is

reduced to a forward-backward asymmetry.

The second method (pℓT ) uses the different lepton pT spec-

tra from longitudinally or transversely polarized W -decays to

determine the relative contributions.

A third method uses the invariant mass of the lepton and

the b-quark in top-quark decays (M2ℓb) as an observable, which

is directly related to cos θ∗.

At the LHC, top-quark pairs in the dilepton channels

are reconstructed by solving a set of six independent kine-

matic equations on the missing transverse energy in x- and

in y-direction, two W -masses, and the two top/antitop-quark

masses. In addition, the two jets with the largest pT in the

event are interpreted as b-jets. The pairing of the jets to the

charged leptons is based on the minimization of the sum of

invariant masses Mmin. Simulations show that this criterion

gives the correct pairing in 68% of the events.

Finally, the Matrix Element method (ME) has also been

used, in which a likelihood is formed from a product of event

probabilities calculated from the ME for a given set of mea-

sured kinematic variables and assumed W -helicity fractions.

The results of recent CDF, DØ, ATLAS, and CMS analyses are

summarized in Table 2.

819819819819See key on page 601 Quark Parti le ListingstTable 2: Measurement and 95% C.L. upper limitsof the W helicity in top-quark decays. The tableincludes both preliminary, as of August 2015, andpublished results. A full set of published results isgiven in the Listings.

W Helicity Source∫Ldt Ref. Method

(fb−1)

F0 = 0.722 ± 0.081 CDF+DØ Run II 2.7-5.4 [181] cos θ∗ 2-par.

F0 = 0.682 ± 0.057 CDF+DØ Run II 2.7-5.4 [181] cos θ∗ 1-par.

F0 = 0.726 ± 0.094 CDF Run II 8.7 [182] ME 2-param

F0 = 0.67 ± 0.07 ATLAS (7 TeV) 1.0 [183] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F0 = 0.682 ± 0.045 CMS (7 TeV) 5.0 [184] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F0 = 0.626 ± 0.059 ATLAS+CMS (7 TeV) 2.2 [185] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F0 = 0.659 ± 0.027 CMS (8 TeV) 19.6 [186] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F0 = 0.720 ± 0.054 CMS (8 TeV) 19.7 [187] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F0 = 0.653 ± 0.029 CMS (8 TeV) 19.7 [188] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F+ = −0.033 ± 0.046 CDF+DØ Run II 2.7-5.4 [181] cos θ∗ 2-par.

F+ = −0.015 ± 0.035 CDF+DØ Run II 2.7-5.4 [181] cos θ∗ 1-par.

F+ = −0.045 ± 0.073 CDF Run II 8.7 [182] ME 2-par.

F+ = 0.01 ± 0.05 ATLAS (7 TeV) 1.0 [183] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F+ = 0.008 ± 0.018 CMS (7 TeV) 5.0 [184] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F+ = 0.015 ± 0.034 ATLAS+CMS (7 TeV) 2.2 [185] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F+ = −0.009 ± 0.021 CMS (8 TeV) 19.6 [186] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F+ = −0.018 ± 0.022 CMS (8 TeV) 19.7 [187] cos θ∗ 3-par.

F+ = 0.018 ± 0.027 CMS (8 TeV) 19.7 [188] cos θ∗ 3-par.

The datasets are now large enough to allow for a simul-

taneous fit of F0, F− and F+, which we denote by ‘3-param’

or F0 and F+, which we denote by ‘2-param’ in the table.

Results with either F0 or F+ fixed at its SM value are denoted

‘1-param’. For the simultaneous fits, the correlation coefficient

between the two values is about −0.8. A complete set of pub-

lished results can be found in the Listings. All results are in

agreement with the SM expectation.

CDF and DØ combined their results based on 2.7−5.4 fb−1

[181] for a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV/c2. ATLAS presents

results from 1.04 fb−1 of√

s = 7 TeV data using a template

method for the cos θ∗ distribution and angular asymmetries

from the unfolded cos θ∗ distribution in the lepton+jets and the

dilepton channel [183]. CMS performs a similar measurement

based on template fits to the cos θ∗ distribution with 5.0 fb−1

of 7 TeV data in the lepton+jets final state [184]. As the

polarization of the W bosons in top-quark decays is sensitive

to the Wtb vertex Lorentz structure and anomalous couplings,

both experiments also derive limits on anomalous contributions

to the Wtb couplings. Recently, both experiments also combined

their results from 7 TeV data to obtain values on the helicity

fractions as well as limits on anomalous couplings [185].

CMS came out with a measurement of the W -helicity frac-

tions in 19.6 fb−1 of muon+jets events recorded at 8 TeV [186].

Also, using the same dataset a first measurement of the W -

boson helicity in top-quark decays was made in electroweak

single top production [187], yielding similarly precise and

consistent results.

C.2.4 Top-Quark Electroweak Charges: The top quark is

the only quark whose electric charge has not been measured

through production at threshold in e+e− collisions. Further-

more, it is the only quark whose electromagnetic coupling has

not been observed and studied until recently. Since the CDF

and DØ analyses on top-quark production did not associate the

b, b, and W± uniquely to the top or antitop, decays such as

t → W+b, t → W−b were not excluded. A charge 4/3 quark of

this kind is consistent with current electroweak precision data.

The Z → ℓ+ℓ− and Z → bb data, in particular the discrepancy

between ALR from SLC at SLAC and A0,bFB of b-quarks and A0,ℓ

FB

of leptons from LEP at CERN, can be fitted with a top quark of

mass mt = 270 GeV/c2, provided that the right-handed b quark

mixes with the isospin +1/2 component of an exotic doublet of

charge −1/3 and −4/3 quarks, (Q1, Q4)R [189,190].

DØ studies the top-quark charge in double-tagged lep-

ton+jets events, CDF does it in single tagged lepton+jets and

dilepton events. Assuming the top- and antitop-quarks have

equal but opposite electric charge, then reconstructing the

charge of the b-quark through jet charge discrimination tech-

niques, the |Qtop| = 4/3 and |Qtop| = 2/3 scenarios can be

differentiated. For the exotic model of Chang et al. [190] with

a top-quark charge |Qtop| = 4/3, DØ excludes the exotic model

at 91.2% C.L.% [191] using 370 pb−1, while CDF excludes the

model at 99% C.L. [192] in 5.6 fb−1. Recently, DØ excluded the

model at a significance greater than 5 standard deviations using

5.3 fb−1 and set an upper limit of 0.46 on the fraction of such

quarks in the selected sample [193]. All those results indicate

that the observed particle is indeed consistent with being a SM

|Qtop| = 2/3 quark.

In 2.05 fb−1 at√

s = 7 TeV, ATLAS performed a similar

analysis, reconstructing the b-quark charge either via a jet-

charge technique or via the lepton charge in soft muon decays

in combination with a kinematic likelihood fit. They measure

the top-quark charge to be 0.64±0.02(stat.)±0.08(syst.)e from

the charges of the top-quark decay products in single lepton tt

events, and hence exclude the exotic scenario with charge −4/3

at more than 8σ [194].

In 4.6 fb−1 at√

s = 7 TeV, CMS discriminates between the

Standard Model and the exotic top-quark charge scenario in

the muon+jets final states in tt events. They exploit the charge

correlation between high-pt muons from W -boson decays and

soft muons from B-hadron decays in b-jets. Using an asymmetry

technique, where A = −1 represent the exotic q = −4/3 scenario

and A = +1 the Standard Model q = +2/3 scenario, they find

Ameas = 0.97 ± 0.12(stat.) ± 0.31(sys.), which agrees with the

Standard Model expectation and excludes the exotic scenario

at 99.9% C.L. [195].

The electromagnetic or the weak coupling of the top quark

can be probed directly by investigating tt events with an

additional gauge boson, like ttγ and ttZ events.

CDF performs a search for events containing a lepton,

a photon, significant missing transverse momentum, and a

jet identified as containing a b-quark and at least three jets

and large total transverse energy in 6.0 fb−1. They reported

evidence for the observation of ttγ production with a cross

820820820820Quark Parti le Listingstsection σttγ = 0.18 ± 0.08 pb and a ratio of σttγ/σtt = 0.024 ±0.009 [196].

ATLAS performed a first measurement of the ttγ cross

section in pp collisions at√

s = 7 TeV using 4.6 fb−1 of data.

Events are selected that contain a large transverse momentum

electron or muon and a large transverse momentum photon,

yielding 140 and 222 events in the electron and muon samples,

respectively. The production of ttγ events is observed with a

significance of 5.3% standard deviations. The resulting cross

section times branching ratio into the single lepton channel

for ttγ production with a photon with transverse momentum

above 20 GeV is σfid.(ttγ) × Br = 63 ± 8(stat.)+17−13(syst.) ±

1(lumi.) pb per lepton flavour [198], which is consistent

with leading-order theoretical calculations. Using 19.7 fb−1 of

data at 8 TeV, CMS performs a similar measurement of the

ttγ production cross section in the muon+jets decay mode

with a photon transverse momentum above 20 GeV and a

separation ∆R(γ, b/b) > 0.1. They obtain a normalized cross

section R = σtt+γ/σtt = (1.07±0.07(stat.)±0.27(syst.))×10−2

and a cross section σtt+γ = 2.4±0.2(stat.)±0.6(syst.) pb [199],

consistent with the Standard Model expectations. A real test,

however, of the vector and axial vector couplings in ttγ events or

searches for possible tensor couplings of top-quarks to photons

will only be feasible with an integrated luminosity of several

hundred fb−1 in the future.

ATLAS and CMS also studied the associate production

of top-antitop quark pairs along with an electroweak gauge

boson, where in the Standard Model the W -boson is expected

to be produced via initial state radiation, while the Z-boson

can also be radiated from a final-state top-quark and hence

provides sensitivity to the top-quark neutral current weak gauge

coupling, which implies a sensitivity to the third component of

the top-quark’s weak isospin.

CMS performed measurements of the ttW and ttZ produc-

tion cross section at√

s = 7 TeV with 5 fb−1, yielding results

at about 3 standard deviations significance [200]. ATLAS per-

formed a similar analysis with 4.7 fb−1 in the three-lepton

channel and set an upper limit of 0.71 pb at 95% C.L. [201].

Using 20.3 fb−1 of 8 TeV data, ATLAS performs a si-

multaneous measurement of the ttW and ttZ cross section.

They observe the ttW and ttZ production at the 5.0σ

and 4.2σ level, respectively, yielding σttW = 369+100−91 fb and

σttZ = 176+58−52 fb [202]. CMS performs an analysis where sig-

nal events are identified by matching reconstructed objects

in the detector to specific final state particles from ttW

and ttZ decays. using 19.5 fb−1 of 8 TeV data. They obtain

σttW = 382+117−102 fb and σttZ = 242+65

−55 fb, yielding a significance

of 4.8 and 6.4 standard, respectively [203]. These measure-

ments are used to set bounds on five anomalous dimension-six

operators that would affect the ttW and ttZ cross sections.

C.3 Searches for Physics Beyond the Standard Model

The top quark plays a special role in the SM. Being the

only quark with a coupling to the Higgs boson of order one,

it provides the most important contributions to the quadratic

radiative corrections to the Higgs mass raising the question of

the naturalness of the SM. It is therefore very common for

models where the naturalness problem is addressed to have new

physics associated with the top quark. In SUSY, for instance,

naturalness predicts the scalar top partners to be the lightest

among the squarks and to be accessible at the LHC energies

(see the review ”Supersymmetry: Theory”). In models where

the Higgs is a pseudo-Goldstone boson, such as Little Higgs

models, naturalness predicts the existence of partners of the

top quarks with the same spin and color, but with different

electroweak couplings, the so-called vectorial t′. Stops and t′’s

are expected to have sizable branching ratios to top quarks.

Another intriguing prediction of SUSY models with universal

couplings at the unification scale is that for a top-quark mass

close to the measured value, the running of the Yukawa coupling

down to 1 TeV naturally leads to the radiative breaking of the

electroweak symmetry [204]. In fact, the top quark plays a role

in the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking in many

models. One example is topcolor [205], where a large top-quark

mass can be generated through the formation of a dynamic

tt condensate, X , which is formed by a new strong gauge

force coupling preferentially to the third generation. Another

example is topcolor-assisted technicolor [206], predicting the

existence of a heavy Z ′ boson that couples preferentially to the

third generation of quarks. If light enough such a state might

be directly accessible at the present hadron collider energies, or

if too heavy, lead to four-top interactions possibly visible in the

tttt final state, for which limits on production cross sections at

the LHC√

s = 8 TeV exist [207,208].

Current strategies to search for new physics in top-quark

events at hadron colliders are either tailored to the discovery

of specific models or model independent. They can be broadly

divided in two classes. In the first class new resonant states are

looked for through decay processes involving the top quarks.

Current searches for bosonic resonances in tt final states, or

for direct stop and t′ production, or for a charged Higgs in

H+ → tb fall in the category. On the other hand, if new states

are too heavy to be directly produced, they might still give

rise to deviations from the SM predictions for the strength and

Lorentz form of the top-quark couplings to other SM particles.

Accurate predictions and measurements are therefore needed

and the results be efficiently systematized in the framework of

an effective field theory [210,211]. For instance, the on-going

efforts to constrain the structure of the top couplings to vector

bosons (g, γ, Z, W ) and to the Higgs boson, including flavor-

changing neutral currents involving the top quark [212], fall in

this second category.

C.3.1 New Physics in Top-Quark Production: Theoreti-

cal [213–215] and experimental efforts have been devoted to the

searches of tt resonances.

At the Tevatron, both the CDF and DØ collaborations have

searched for resonant production of tt pairs in the lepton+jets

821821821821See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingstchannel [216,217]. In both analyses, the data indicate no evi-

dence of resonant production of tt pairs. They place upper limits

on the production cross section times branching fraction to tt

in comparison to the prediction for a narrow (ΓZ′ = 0.012MZ′)

leptophobic topcolor Z ′ boson. Within this model, they exclude

Z ′ bosons with masses below 915 (CDF-full data set) and 835

(DØ, 5 fb−1) GeV/c2 at the 95% C.L. These limits turn out to

be independent of couplings of the tt resonance (pure vector,

pure axial-vector, or SM-like Z ′). A similar analysis has been

performed by CDF in the all-jets channel using 2.8 fb−1 of

data [218].

At the LHC, both the CMS and ATLAS collaborations have

searched for resonant production of tt pairs, employing differ-

ent techniques and final-state signatures (all-jets, lepton+jets,

dilepton) at√

s = 7 and 8 TeV. In the low mass range, from

the tt threshold to about one TeV, standard techniques based

on the reconstruction of each of the decay objects (lepton, jets

and b-jets, missing ET ) are used to identify the top quarks,

while at higher invariant mass, the top quarks are boosted

and the decay products more collimated and can appear as

large-radius jets with substructure. Dedicated reconstruction

techniques have been developed in recent years for boosted top

quarks [219] that are currently employed at the LHC. Most of

the analyses are model-independent (i.e., no assumption on the

quantum numbers of the resonance is made) yet they assume a

small width and no signal-background interference.

Using dilepton and lepton+jets signatures in a data set

corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb−1, the CMS

collaboration finds no significant deviations from the SM back-

ground. In the dilepton analysis, upper limits are presented

for the production cross section times branching fraction of

top quark-antiquark resonances for masses from 750 to 3000

GeV/c2. In particular, the existence of a leptophobic topcolor

particle Z ′ is excluded at the 95% confidence level for resonance

masses MZ′ < 1.3 (1.9) TeV/c2 for ΓZ′ = 0.012(0.1)MZ′ [220].

Using a lepton+jets sample, results are obtained from the

combination of two dedicated searches optimized for boosted

production and production at threshold. In this case, topcolor

Z ′ bosons with narrow (wide) width are excluded at 95% confi-

dence level for masses below 1.49 (2.04) TeV/c2 and an upper

limit of 0.3 (1.3) pb or lower is set on the production cross

section times branching fraction for resonance masses above

1 TeV/c2. Kaluza-Klein excitations of a gluon with masses

below 1.82 TeV/c2 (at 95% confidence level) in the Randall-

Sundrum model are also excluded, and an upper limit of 0.7

pb or lower is set on the production cross section times branch-

ing fraction for resonance masses above 1 TeV/c2 [221]. In

19.7 fb−1 of 8 TeV data, CMS recently updated their measure-

ment in the lepton+jets and the all-jets channel to obtain an

exclusion of MZ′ < 2.1(2.7) TeV/c2 for ΓZ′ = 0.013(0.1)MZ′

and gluon masses below 2.5 TeV/c2 in Randall-Sundrum models

at 95% C.L. [222]. These limits have been improved in a recent

analysis which uses events with three different final states, de-

fined by the number of leptons and optimized for reconstruction

of top quarks with high Lorentz boosts [223]. For example, in

this analysis a narrow leptophobic topcolor Z’ resonance with a

mass below 2.4 TeV is excluded at 95% confidence level.

The ATLAS collaboration has performed a search for res-

onant tt production in the lepton+jets channel using 4.7 fb−1

(19.7 fb−1) of proton-proton (pp) collision data collected at a

center-of-mass energy√

s = 7(8) TeV [224,225]. The tt system

is reconstructed using both small-radius and large-radius jets,

the latter being supplemented by a jet substructure analysis.

A search for local excesses in the number of data events com-

pared to the Standard Model expectation in the tt invariant

mass spectrum is performed. No evidence for a tt resonance is

found and 95% confidence-level limits on the production rate

are determined for massive states predicted in two benchmark

models. The most stringent limits come from the sample col-

lected at 8 TeV. The upper limits on the cross section times

branching ratio of a narrow Z ′ boson decaying to top-quark

pairs range from 4.2 pb for a resonance mass of 0.4 TeV/c2 to

0.03 pb for a mass of 3 TeV/c2. A narrow leptophobic topcolor

Z ′ boson with a mass below 1.8 TeV/c2 is excluded. Upper

limits are set on the cross section times branching ratio for a

broad color-octet resonance with Γ/m = 15% decaying to tt.

These range from 2.5 pb for a mass of 0.4 TeV/c2 to 0.03 pb

for a mass of 3 TeV/c2. A Kaluza-Klein excitation of the gluon

in a Randall-Sundrum model (a slightly different model is used

compared to CMS) is excluded for masses below 2.2 TeV/c2.

ATLAS has also conducted a search in the all-jet final

state at 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of

4.7 fb−1 [226]. The tt events are reconstructed by selecting

two top quarks in their fully hadronic decay modes which are

reconstructed using the Cambridge/Aachen jet finder algorithm

with a radius parameter of 1.5. The substructure of the jets is

analysed using the HEPTopTagger algorithm [227] to separate

top-quark jets from those originating from gluons and lighter

quark jets. The invariant mass spectrum of the data is compared

to the SM prediction, and no evidence for resonant production

of top-quark pairs is found. The data are used to set upper

limits on the cross section times branching ratio for resonant tt

production in two models at 95% confidence level. Leptophobic

Z ′ bosons with masses between 700 and 1000 GeV/c2 as

well as 1280 − 1320 GeV/c2 and Kaluza-Klein-Gluons with

masses between 700 and 1620 GeV/c2 are excluded at the 95%

confidence level.

Heavy charged bosons, such as W ′ or H+, can also be

searched for in tb final states (for more information see the

review ”W ′-boson searches” and ”Higgs Bosons: theory and

searches”). Other resonances are searched for in final states

such as tZ, tj, tH, tW, bW .

For instance, ATLAS has performed a search for t-jet

resonances in the lepton+jets channel of tt+ jets events in 4.7

fb−1 at√

s = 7 TeV [228]. A heavy new particle, assumed to

be produced singly in association with a t(t) quark, decays to

a t(t) quark and a light flavor quark, leading to a color singlet

(triplet) resonance in the t(t)+jet system. The full 2011 ATLAS

822822822822Quark Parti le Listingstpp collision dataset from the LHC (4.7 fb−1) is used to select

tt events. The data are consistent with the SM expectation

and a new particle with mass below 350 (430) GeV/c2 for W

(color triplet) models is excluded with a 95% confidence level,

assuming unit right-handed coupling. ATLAS has conducted

a search for the single and pair production of a new charge

+2/3 quark (T) decaying via T → Zt (and also -1/3 quark (B)

decaying via B → Zb) in a dataset corresponding to 20.3 fb−1

luminosity at√

s = 8 TeV [229]. Selected events contain a high

transverse momentum Z-boson candidate reconstructed from a

pair of oppositely charged electrons or muons. Additionally, the

presence of at least two jets possessing properties consistent

with the decay of a b-hadron is required, as well as large

total transverse momentum of all central jets in the event.

No significant excess of events above the SM expectation is

observed, and upper limits are derived for vector-like quarks

of various masses in a two-dimensional plane of branching

ratios. Under branching ratio assumptions corresponding to a

weak-isospin singlet scenario, a T quark with mass lower than

655 GeV/c2 is excluded at the 95% confidence level. Under

branching ratio assumptions corresponding to a particular weak-

isospin doublet scenario, a T quark with mass lower than

735 GeV/c2 is excluded at the 95% confidence level.

A complementary search [208] in the lepton+jets final state

of the same dataset, characterized by an isolated electron or

muon with moderately high transverse momentum, significant

missing transverse momentum, and multiple jets is performed

to look for T (B) → Wb, Zt, Ht(Wt, Zb, Hb), decays. No sig-

nificant excess of events above the SM expectation is observed,

and upper limits are derived for vector-like quarks of various

masses under several branching ratio hypotheses. The 95% C.L.

observed lower limits on the T quark mass range between 715

GeV and 950 GeV for all possible values of the branching ratios

into the three decay modes. In addition this study provides

limits on four top-quark production and production of two

positively-charged top quarks. No significant excess of events

over the background expectation is observed. The four top-

quark production cross section must be less than 23 fb in the

SM and less than 12 fb for production via a contact interaction;

in the case of sgluon pair production decaying to tt, where a

sgluon is a scalar partner of the gluino [209], the mass of a

sgluon must be greater than 1.06 TeV/c2. Finally, limits in the

context of models featuring two extra dimensions are also set.

In many models top-quark partners preferably decay to

top quarks and weakly interacting neutral stable particles,

i.e., possibly dark matter candidates, that are not detected.

An observable especially sensitive to new physics effects in tt

production is therefore the missing momentum.

CMS has presented a differential cross section measurement

of top-quark pair production with missing transverse energy

using 20 fb−1 at 8 TeV [230]. The results are consistent with

the predictions of the SM. More recently, CMS has presented

a search for particle dark matter produced in association with

a pair of top quarks in 19.7 fb−1 of data at 8 TeV [231].

This search requires the presence of one lepton, multiple jets,

and large missing transverse energy. No excess of events is

found above the SM expectation, and upper limits are derived

on the production cross section. Cross sections larger than 20

to 55 fb are excluded at 90% C.L. for dark matter particles

with the masses ranging from 1 to 1000 GeV. Interpreting the

findings in the context of a scalar contact interaction between

fermionic dark matter particles and top quarks, lower limits on

the interaction scale are set. Assuming a dark matter particle

with a mass of 100 GeV, values of the interaction scale below

118 GeV are excluded at 90% C.L. An analogous search, at

a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV in 1.04 fb−1 of data has

been performed by ATLAS [232]. The search is carried out in

the lepton+jets channel. The results are interpreted in terms

of a model where new top-quark partners are pair-produced

and each decay to an on-shell top (or antitop) quark and a

long-lived undetected neutral particle. The data are found to

be consistent with SM expectations. A limit at 95% C.L. is set

excluding a cross-section times branching ratio of 1.1 pb for a

top-partner mass of 420 GeV/c2 and a neutral particle mass

less than 10 GeV/c2. In a model of exotic fourth generation

quarks, top-partner masses are excluded up to 420 GeV/c2 and

neutral particle masses up to 140 GeV/c2.

Flavor-changing-neutral-currents (FCNC) are hugely sup-

pressed in the SM, and non zero only due to the large mass

hierarchy between the top quark and the other quarks. Several

observables are accessible at colliders to test and constrain such

couplings.

CMS has performed several studies on the search for FCNC

in top-quark production. They have considered single top quark

production in the t-channel in 5 fb−1 integrated luminosity at

7 TeV [233]. Events with the top quark decaying into a muon,

neutrino and b-quark are selected. The upper limits on effective

coupling strength can be translated to the 95% upper limits on

the corresponding branching ratios B(t → gu) ≤ 3.55 · 10−4,

B(t → gc) ≤ 3.44 · 10−3. They have performed a search for

a single top quark produced in association with a photon in

19.1 fb−1 integrated luminosity at 8 TeV [234]. The event

selection requires the presence of one isolated muon and jets in

the final state. The upper limits on effective coupling strength

can be translated to the 95% upper limits on the corresponding

branching ratios B(t → γu) ≤ 0.0161%, B(t → γc) ≤ 0.182%.

ATLAS has presented results on the search for single top-

quark production via FCNC’s in strong interactions using data

collected at√

s=8 TeV and corresponding to an integrated

luminosity of 20.3 fb−1. Flavor-changing-neutral-current events

are searched for in which a light quark (u or c) interacts

with a gluon to produce a single top quark, either with or

without the associated production of another light quark or

gluon. Candidate events of top quarks decaying into leptons

and jets are selected and classified into signal- and background-

like events using a neural network. The observed 95% C.L. limit

is σqq→t×B(t → Wb) < 3.4 pb that can be interpreted as limits

on the branching ratios, B(t → ug) < 4 · 10−5 and B(t → cg) <

823823823823See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingst1.7 ·10−4 [235]. This result supersedes the corresponding 7 TeV

analysis in 2 fb−1 [236].

Constraints on FCNC couplings of the top quark can also

be obtained from searches for anomalous single top-quark pro-

duction in e+e− collisions, via the process e+e− → γ, Z∗ → tq

and its charge-conjugate (q = u, c), or in e±p collisions, via the

process e±u → e±t. For a leptonic W decay, the topology is at

least a high-pT lepton, a high-pT jet and missing ET , while for

a hadronic W -decay, the topology is three high-pT jets. Limits

on the cross section for this reaction have been obtained by the

LEP collaborations [237] in e+e− collisions, and by H1 [238]

and ZEUS [239] in e±p collisions. When interpreted in terms

of branching ratios in top decay [240,241], the LEP limits

lead to typical 95% C.L. upper bounds of B(t → qZ) < 0.137.

Assuming no coupling to the Z boson, the 95% C.L. limits

on the anomalous FCNC coupling κγ < 0.13 and < 0.27 by

ZEUS and H1, respectively, are stronger than the CDF limit of

κγ < 0.42, and improve over LEP sensitivity in that domain.

The H1 limit is slightly weaker than the ZEUS limit due to

an observed excess of five-candidate events over an expected

background of 3.2 ± 0.4. If this excess is attributed to FCNC

top-quark production, this leads to a total cross section of

σ(ep → e + t + X,√

s = 319 GeV) < 0.25 pb [238,242].

C.3.2 New Physics in Top-Quark decays: The large

sample of top quarks produced at the Tevatron and the LHC

allows to measure or set stringent limits on the branching

ratios of rare top-quark decays. For example, the existence

of a light H+ can be constrained by looking for t → H+b

decay, in particular with tau-leptons in the final state (for

more information see the review ”Higgs Bosons: theory and

searches”).

A first class of searches for new physics focuses on the

structure of the Wtb vertex. Using up to 2.7 fb−1 of data,

DØ has measured the Wtb coupling form factors by combining

information from the W -boson helicity in top-quark decays in

tt events and single top-quark production, allowing to place

limits on the left-handed and right-handed vector and tensor

couplings [243–245].

ATLAS has published the results of a search for CP viola-

tion in the decay of single top quarks produced in the t-channel

where the top quarks are predicted to be highly polarized, using

the lepton+jets final state [246]. The data analyzed are from

pp collisions at√

s = 7 TeV and correspond to an integrated

luminosity of 4.7 fb−1. In the Standard Model, the couplings at

the Wtb vertex are left-handed, right-handed couplings being

absent. A forward-backward asymmetry with respect to the

normal to the plane defined by the W -momentum and the top-

quark polarization has been used to probe the complex phase of

a possibly non-zero value of the right-handed coupling, signaling

a source of CP -violation beyond the SM. The measured value

of the asymmetry is 0.031 ± 0.065(stat.)+0.029−0.031(syst.) in good

agreement with the Standard Model.

A second class of searches focuses on FCNC’s in the top-

quark decays. Both, CDF and DØ, have provided the first

limits for FCNC’s in Run I and II. The most recent results

from CDF give B(t → qZ) < 3.7% and B(t → qγ) < 3.2% at

the 95% C.L. [247] while DØ [248,249] sets B(t → qZ)(q = u, c

quarks ) < 3.2%) at 95% C.L., B(t → gu) < 2.0 · 10−4, and

B(t → gc) < 3.9 · 10−3 at the 95% C.L.

At the LHC, CMS has used a sample at a center-of-mass

energy of 8 TeV corresponding to 19.7 fb−1 of integrated lumi-

nosity to perform a search for flavor changing neutral current

top-quark decay t → Zq. Events with a topology compatible

with the decay chain tt → Wb + Zq → ℓν b + ℓℓq are searched

for. There is no excess seen in the observed number of events

relative to the SM prediction; thus no evidence for flavor chang-

ing neutral current in top-quark decays is found. A combination

with a previous search at 7 TeV excludes a t → Zq branching

fraction greater than 0.05% at the 95% confidence level [250].

The ATLAS collaboration has also searched for FCNC processes

in 20.3 fb−1 of tt events with one top quark decaying through

FCNC (t → qZ) and the other through the SM dominant mode

(t → bW ). Only the decays of the Z boson to charged leptons

and leptonic W boson decays were considered as signal, leading

to a final state topology characterized by the presence of three

isolated leptons, at least two jets and missing transverse energy

from the undetected neutrino. No evidence for an FCNC signal

was found. An upper limit on the t → qZ branching ratio of

B(t → qZ) < 7 × 10−4 is set at the 95% confidence level [251],

which supersedes previous results [252].

Another search for FCNCs is in the decay of a top-quark

to a Higgs boson plus a light parton, t → qH , q = u, c. The

CMS collaboration has performed two searches using a sample

at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV corresponding to 19.7 fb−1

of integrated luminosity, one in a multi-lepton final state [253]

and the other with the Higgs boson decaying to γγ [254]. The

first analysis sets an upper limit on the t → cH branching

ratio of B(t → cH) < 0.93% at 95% confidence level, while

the second sets an upper limit on the t → c(u)H branching

ratios of B(t → c(u)H) < 0.71(0.65)% at 95% confidence level.

The ATLAS collaboration considers t → qH , q = u, c with

4.7 fb−1 of tt events at√

s = 7 TeV and 20.3 fb−1 of tt events

at√

s = 8 TeV. A combined measurement including H → γγ

and H → WW∗, ττ modes yields a 95% C.L. upper limit of

0.46% and 0.45% on the branching ratios of B(t → cH) and

B(t → uH), respectively [255].

D. Outlook

Top-quark physics at hadron colliders has developed into

precision physics. Various properties of the top quark have

been measured with high precision, where the LHC is about

to or has already reached the precision of the Tevatron. Sev-

eral√

s-dependent physics quantities, such as the production

cross-section, have been measured at several energies at the

Tevatron and the LHC. Up to now, all measurements are

consistent with the SM predictions and allow stringent tests

of the underlying production mechanisms by strong and weak

interactions. Given the very large event samples available at

824824824824Quark Parti le Listingstthe LHC, top-quark properties will be further determined in

tt as well as in electroweak single top-quark production. At

the Tevatron, the t− and s−channels for electroweak single

top-quark production have been measured separately. At the

LHC, significant progress has been achieved and all the three

relevant channels are expected to be independently accessible

in the near future. Furthermore, ttγ, ttZ, and ttW together

with ttH associated production will provide further informa-

tion on the top-quark electroweak couplings. At the same time

various models of physics beyond the SM involving top-quark

production are being constrained. With the first results from

LHC Run-II at a higher center-of-mass energy and much higher

luminosity starting to be released, top-quark physics has the

potential to shed light on open questions and new aspects of

physics at the TeV scale.

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255. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.), J. High EnergyPhys.1512,061(2015).t-QUARK MASSt-QUARK MASSt-QUARK MASSt-QUARK MASSWe �rst list the dire t measurements of the top quark mass whi h employthe event kinemati s and then list the measurements whi h extra t a topquark mass from the measured t t ross-se tion using theory al ulations.A dis ussion of the de�nition of the top quark mass in these measurements an be found in the review \The Top Quark."OUR EVALUATION of 173.21±0.51±0.71 GeV is an average of publishedtop mass measurements from Tevatron Runs. The �rst ombination of thetop-quark mass measurements, in luding some unpublished data, has beenperformed by the CDF and D0 experiments at the Tevatron and ATLASand CMS experiments at the LHC. The resulting ombined top-quark massis 173.34 ± 0.27 ± 0.71 GeV, onsistent with Tevatron average. Thelatest Tevatron average, 174.34 ± 0.37 ± 0.52 GeV, was provided by theTevatron Ele troweak Working Group (TEVEWWG). It takes orrelatedun ertainties into a ount and has a χ2 of 10.8 for 11 degrees of freedom.For earlier sear h limits see PDG 96, Physi al Review D54D54D54D54 1 (1996). Weno longer in lude a ompilation of indire t top mass determinations fromStandard Model Ele troweak �ts in the Listings (our last ompilation anbe found in the Listings of the 2007 partial update). For a dis ussion of urrent results see the reviews "The Top Quark" and "Ele troweak Modeland Constraints on New Physi s."t-Quark Mass (Dire t Measurements)t-Quark Mass (Dire t Measurements)t-Quark Mass (Dire t Measurements)t-Quark Mass (Dire t Measurements)The following measurements extra t a t-quark mass from the kinemati s of t t events.They are sensitive to the top quark mass used in the MC generator that is usuallyinterpreted as the pole mass, but the theoreti al un ertainty in this interpretation ishard to quantify. See the review \The Top Quark" and referen es therein for moreinformation.VALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT173.21± 0.51± 0.71 OUR EVALUATION173.21± 0.51± 0.71 OUR EVALUATION173.21± 0.51± 0.71 OUR EVALUATION173.21± 0.51± 0.71 OUR EVALUATION See omments in the header above.173.32± 1.36± 0.85 1 ABAZOV 16 D0 ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j ( ≥ 2b)175.1 ± 1.4 ± 1.2 2 AAD 15AWATLS small 6ET , ≥ 6 jets (2b-tag)172.99± 0.48± 0.78 3 AAD 15BF ATLS ℓ + jets and dilepton171.5 ± 1.9 ± 2.5 4 AALTONEN 15D CDF ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j175.07± 1.19+ 1.55

− 1.58 5 AALTONEN 14N CDF small 6ET , 6{8 jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)174.98± 0.58± 0.49 6 ABAZOV 14C D0 ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag)173.49± 0.69± 1.21 7 CHATRCHYAN14C CMS ≥ 6 jets ( ≥ 2 b-tag)173.93± 1.64± 0.87 8 AALTONEN 13H CDF 6ET + ≥ 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b)173.9 ± 0.9 + 1.7− 2.1 9 CHATRCHYAN13S CMS ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2b-tag (MT2(T ))172.85± 0.71± 0.85 10 AALTONEN 12AI CDF ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4j (0,1,2b) template172.7 ± 9.3 ± 3.7 11 AALTONEN 12AL CDF τh + 6ET +4j ( ≥ 1b)173.9 ± 1.9 ± 1.6 12 ABAZOV 12AB D0 ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j (νWT+MWT)

172.5 ± 0.4 ± 1.5 13 CHATRCHYAN12BA CMS ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1b), AMWT173.49± 0.43± 0.98 14 CHATRCHYAN12BP CMS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4j ( ≥ 2b)173.0 ± 1.2 15 AALTONEN 10AE CDF ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag),ME method170.7 ± 6.3 ± 2.6 16 AALTONEN 10D CDF ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets (b-tag)180.1 ± 3.6 ± 3.9 17,18 ABAZOV 04G D0 lepton + jets176.1 ± 5.1 ± 5.3 19 AFFOLDER 01 CDF lepton + jets167.4 ±10.3 ± 4.8 20,21 ABE 99B CDF dilepton168.4 ±12.3 ± 3.6 18 ABBOTT 98D D0 dilepton186 ±10 ± 5.7 20,22 ABE 97R CDF 6 or more jets• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •174.5 ± 0.6 ± 2.3 23 AAD 12I ATLS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b), MT173.18± 0.56± 0.75 24 AALTONEN 12AP TEVA CDF, D0 ombination172.5 ± 1.4 ± 1.5 25 AALTONEN 12G CDF 6{8 jets with ≥ 1 b173.7 ± 2.8 ± 1.5 26 ABAZOV 12AB D0 ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2 j (νWT)172.4 ± 1.4 ± 1.3 27 AALTONEN 11AC CDF ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag)172.3 ± 2.4 ± 1.0 28 AALTONEN 11AK CDF Repl. by AALTONEN 13H172.1 ± 1.1 ± 0.9 29 AALTONEN 11E CDF ℓ + jets and dilepton176.9 ± 8.0 ± 2.7 30 AALTONEN 11T CDF ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag),pT (ℓ) shape174.94± 0.83± 1.24 31 ABAZOV 11P D0 ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag)174.0 ± 1.8 ± 2.4 32 ABAZOV 11R D0 dilepton + 6ET + ≥ 2 jets175.5 ± 4.6 ± 4.6 33 CHATRCHYAN11F CMS dilepton + 6ET + jets169.3 ± 2.7 ± 3.2 34 AALTONEN 10C CDF dilepton + b-tag (MT2+NWA)174.8 ± 2.4 + 1.2

− 1.0 35 AALTONEN 10E CDF ≥ 6 jets, vtx b-tag180.5 ±12.0 ± 3.6 36 AALTONEN 09AK CDF ℓ + 6ET + jets (soft µ b-tag)172.7 ± 1.8 ± 1.2 37 AALTONEN 09J CDF ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets (b-tag)171.1 ± 3.7 ± 2.1 38 AALTONEN 09K CDF 6 jets, vtx b-tag171.9 ± 1.7 ± 1.1 39 AALTONEN 09L CDF ℓ + jets, ℓℓ + jets171.2 ± 2.7 ± 2.9 40 AALTONEN 09O CDF dilepton165.5 + 3.4− 3.3 ± 3.1 41 AALTONEN 09X CDF ℓℓ + 6ET (νφ weighting)174.7 ± 4.4 ± 2.0 42 ABAZOV 09AH D0 dilepton + b-tag (νWT+MWT)170.7 + 4.2− 3.9 ± 3.5 43,44 AALTONEN 08C CDF dilepton, σt t onstrained171.5 ± 1.8 ± 1.1 45 ABAZOV 08AH D0 ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets177.1 ± 4.9 ± 4.7 46,47 AALTONEN 07 CDF 6 jets with ≥ 1 b vtx172.3 +10.8− 9.6 ±10.8 48 AALTONEN 07B CDF ≥ 4 jets (b-tag)174.0 ± 2.2 ± 4.8 49 AALTONEN 07D CDF ≥ 6 jets, vtx b-tag170.8 ± 2.2 ± 1.4 50,51 AALTONEN 07I CDF lepton + jets (b-tag)173.7 ± 4.4 + 2.1

− 2.0 47,52 ABAZOV 07F D0 lepton + jets176.2 ± 9.2 ± 3.9 53 ABAZOV 07W D0 dilepton (MWT)179.5 ± 7.4 ± 5.6 53 ABAZOV 07W D0 dilepton (νWT)164.5 ± 3.9 ± 3.9 51,54 ABULENCIA 07D CDF dilepton180.7 +15.5−13.4 ± 8.6 55 ABULENCIA 07J CDF lepton + jets170.3 + 4.1− 4.5 + 1.2

− 1.8 51,56 ABAZOV 06U D0 lepton + jets (b-tag)173.2 + 2.6− 2.4 ± 3.2 57,58 ABULENCIA 06D CDF lepton + jets173.5 + 3.7− 3.6 ± 1.3 44,57 ABULENCIA 06D CDF lepton + jets165.2 ± 6.1 ± 3.4 51,59 ABULENCIA 06G CDF dilepton170.1 ± 6.0 ± 4.1 44,60 ABULENCIA 06V CDF dilepton178.5 ±13.7 ± 7.7 61,62 ABAZOV 05 D0 6 or more jets176.1 ± 6.6 63 AFFOLDER 01 CDF dilepton, lepton+jets, all-jets172.1 ± 5.2 ± 4.9 64 ABBOTT 99G D0 di-lepton, lepton+jets176.0 ± 6.5 21,65 ABE 99B CDF dilepton, lepton+jets, all-jets173.3 ± 5.6 ± 5.5 18,66 ABBOTT 98F D0 lepton + jets175.9 ± 4.8 ± 5.3 20,67 ABE 98E CDF lepton + jets161 ±17 ±10 20 ABE 98F CDF dilepton172.1 ± 5.2 ± 4.9 68 BHAT 98B RVUE dilepton and lepton+jets173.8 ± 5.0 69 BHAT 98B RVUE dilepton, lepton+jets, all-jets173.3 ± 5.6 ± 6.2 18 ABACHI 97E D0 lepton + jets199 +19−21 ±22 ABACHI 95 D0 lepton + jets176 ± 8 ±10 ABE 95F CDF lepton + b-jet174 ±10 +13

−12 ABE 94E CDF lepton + b-jet1ABAZOV 16 based on 9.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Employs im-proved �t to minimize statisti al errors and improved jet energy alibration, using lepton+ jets mode, whi h redu es error of jet energy s ale. Based on previous determination inABAZOV 12AB with in reased integrated luminosity and improved �t and alibrations.2AAD 15AW based on 4.6 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. Uses template �ts to the ratioof the masses of three-jets (from t andidate) and dijets (from W andidate). Largeba kground from multijet produ tion is modeled with data-driven methods.3AAD 15BF based on 4.6 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 7 TeV. Using a three-dimensionaltemplate likelihood te hnique the lepton plus jets ( ≥ 1b-tagged) hannel gives 172.33±0.75 ± 1.02 GeV, while exploiting a one dimensional template method using mℓb thedilepton hannel (1 or 2b-tags) gives 173.79±0.54±1.30 GeV. The results are ombined.4AALTONEN 15D based on 9.1 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Uses a templatete hnique to �t a distribution of a variable de�ned by a linear ombination of variablessensitive and insensitive to jet energy s ale to optimize redu tion of systemati errors.b-tagged and non-b-tagged events are separately analyzed and ombined.5Based on 9.3 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 1.96 TeV. Multivariate algorithm is used todis riminate signal from ba kgrounds, and templates are used to measure mt .6Based on 9.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 1.96 TeV. A matrix element method is usedto al ulate the probability of an event to be signal or ba kground, and the overall jetenergy s ale is onstrained in situ by mW . See ABAZOV 15G for further details.

829829829829See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingst7Based on 3.54 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. The mass is re onstru ted for ea hevent employing a kinemati �t of the jets to a ttbar hypothesis. The ombinationwith the pervious CMS measurements in the dilepton and the lepton+jets hannels gives173.54 ± 0.33 ± 0.96 GeV.8Based on 8.7 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Events with an identi�ed hargedlepton or small 6ET are reje ted from the event sample, so that the measurement isstatisti ally independent from those in the ℓ + jets and all hadroni hannels while beingsensitive to those events with a τ lepton in the �nal state.9Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 13S studied events withdi-lepton + 6ET + ≥ 2 b-jets, and looked for kinemati al endpoints of MT2, MT2T ,and subsystem variables.10Based on 8.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. The JES is alibrated by usingthe dijet mass from the W boson de ay.11Use the ME method based on 2.2 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV.12Combination with the result in 1 fb−1 of pre eding data reported in ABAZOV 09AH aswell as the MWT result of ABAZOV 11R with a statisti al orrelation of 60%.13Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 7 TeV. Uses an analyti al matrix weightingte hnique (AMWT) and full kinemati analysis (KIN).14Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. The �rst error is statisti al and JES ombined, and the se ond is systemati . Ideogram method is used to obtain 2D liklihoodfor the kinemati al �t with two parameters mtop and JES.15Based on 5.6 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. The likelihood al ulated usinga matrix element method gives mt = 173.0 ± 0.7(stat)±0.6(JES)±0.9(syst) GeV, fora total un ertainty of 1.2 GeV.16Based on 1.9 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √

s = 1.96 TeV. The result is from the mea-surement using the transverse de ay length of b-hadrons and that using the transversemomentum of the W de ay muons, whi h are both insensitive to the JES (jet energys ale) un ertainty. OUR EVALUATION uses only the measurement exploiting the de- ay length signi� an e whi h yields 166.9+9.5−8.5(stat)±2.9 (syst) GeV. The measurementthat uses the lepton transverse momentum is ex luded from the average be ause of astatisti al orrelation with other samples.17Obtained by re-analysis of the lepton + jets andidate events that led to ABBOTT 98F.It is based upon the maximum likelihood method whi h makes use of the leading ordermatrix elements.18Based on 125 ± 7 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.8 TeV.19Based on ∼ 106 pb−1 of data at √s= 1.8 TeV.20Based on 109 ± 7 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.8 TeV.21 See AFFOLDER 01 for details of systemati error re-evaluation.22Based on the �rst observation of all hadroni de ays of t t pairs. Single b-quark taggingwith jet-shape variable onstraints was used to sele t signal enri hed multi-jet events.The updated systemati error is listed. See AFFOLDER 01, appendix C.23AAD 12I based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 7 TeV. Uses 2d-template analysis(MT) with mt and jet energy s ale fa tor (JSF) from mW mass �t.24Combination based on up to 5.8 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV.25Based on 5.8 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. The quoted systemati error is thesum of JES(±1.0) and systemati (±1.1) un ertainties. The measurement is performedwith a liklihood �t te hnique whi h simultaneously determines mt and JES.26Based on 4.3 fb−1 of data in p-pbar ollisions at 1.96 TeV. The measurement redu esthe JES un ertainty by using the single lepton hannel study of ABAZOV 11P.27Based on 3.2 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error is from statisti sand JES ombined, and the latter is from the other systemati un ertainties. The resultis obtained using an unbinned maximum likelihood method where the top quark massand the JES are measured simultaneously, with �JES = 0.3 ± 0.3(stat).28Based on 5.7 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Events with an identi�ed hargedlepton or small 6ET are reje ted from the event sample, so that the measurement isstatisti ally independent from those in the ℓ + jets and all hadroni hannels while beingsensitive to those events with a τ lepton in the �nal state. Supersedes AALTONEN 07B.29AALTONEN 11E based on 5.6 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Employs a multi-dimensional template likelihood te hnique where the lepton plus jets (one or two b-tags) hannel gives 172.2 ± 1.2 ± 0.9 GeV while the dilepton hannel yields 170.3 ± 2.0 ± 3.1GeV. The results are ombined. OUR EVALUATION in ludes the measurement in thedilepton hannel only.30Uses a likelihood �t of the lepton pT distribution based on 2.7 fb−1 in pp ollisions at√s = 1.96 TeV.31Based on 3.6 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. ABAZOV 11P reports 174.94 ±0.83±0.78±0.96 GeV, where the �rst un ertainty is from statisti s, the se ond from JES,and the last from other systemati un ertainties. We ombine the JES and systemati un ertainties. A matrix-element method is used where the JES un ertainty is onstrainedby the W mass. ABAZOV 11P des ribes a measurement based on 2.6 fb−1 that is ombined with ABAZOV 08AH, whi h employs an independent 1 fb−1 of data.32Based on a matrix-element method whi h employs 5.4 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √

s =1.96 TeV. Superseded by ABAZOV 12AB.33Based on 36 pb−1 of pp ollisions at √s = 7 TeV. A Kinemati Method using b-taggingand an analyti al Matrix Weighting Te hnique give onsistent results and are ombined.Superseded by CHATRCHYAN 12BA.34Based on 3.4 fb−1 of pp ollisions at√s = 1.96 TeV. The result is obtained by ombiningthe MT2 variable method and the NWA (Neutrino Weighting Algorithm). The MT2method alone gives mt = 168.0+4.8−4.0(stat)±2.9(syst) GeV with smaller systemati errordue to small JES un ertainty.35Based on 2.9 fb−1 of pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error is from statisti sand JES un ertainty, and the latter is from the other systemati s. Neural-network-basedkinemati al sele tion of 6 highest ET jets with a vtx b-tag is used to distinguish signalfrom ba kground. Superseded by AALTONEN 12G.36Based on 2 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The top mass is obtained from the mea-surement of the invariant mass of the lepton (e or µ) from W de ays and the soft µ inb-jet. The result is insensitive to jet energy s aling.37Based on 1.9 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error is from statisti s and jetenergy s ale un ertainty, and the latter is from the other systemati s. Matrix elementmethod with e�e tive propagators.38Based on 943 pb−1 of data at √

s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error is from statisti al andjet-energy-s ale un ertainties, and the latter is from other systemati s. AALTONEN 09Ksele ted 6 jet events with one or more vertex b-tags and used the tree-level matrix elementto onstru t template models of signal and ba kground.

39Based on 1.9 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error is from statisti al andjet-energy-s ale (JES) un ertainties, and the se ond is from other systemati s. Eventswith lepton + jets and those with dilepton + jets were simultaneously �t to onstrainmt and JES. Lepton + jets data only give mt = 171.8 ± 2.2 GeV, and dilepton dataonly give mt = 171.2+5.3

−5.1 GeV.40Based on 2 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Matrix Element method. Optimal sele tion riteria for andidate events with two high pT leptons, high 6ET , and two or more jetswith and without b-tag are obtained by neural network with neuroevolution te hnique tominimize the statisti al error of mt .41Based on 2.9 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Mass mt is estimated from the likelihoodfor the eight-fold kinemati al solutions in the plane of the azimuthal angles of the twoneutrino momenta.42Based on 1 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Events with two identi�ed leptons, andthose with one lepton plus one isolated tra k and a b-tag were used to onstrain mt . Theresult is a ombination of the νWT (ν Weighting Te hnique) result of 176.2 ± 4.8 ± 2.1GeV and the MWT (Matrix-element Weighting Te hnique) result of 173.2 ± 4.9 ± 2.0GeV.43Reports measurement of 170.7+4.2−3.9 ± 2.6 ± 2.4 GeV based on 1.2 fb−1 of data at √s= 1.96 TeV. The last error is due to the theoreti al un ertainty on σt t . Without the ross-se tion onstraint a top mass of 169.7+5.2

−4.9 ± 3.1 GeV is obtained.44Template method.45Result is based on 1 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error is from statisti sand jet energy s ale un ertainty, and the latter is from the other systemati s.46Based on 310 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.47 Ideogram method.48Based on 311 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Events with 4 or more jets with ET >15 GeV, signi� ant missing ET , and se ondary vertex b-tag are used in the �t. About44% of the signal a eptan e is from τ ν + 4 jets. Events with identi�ed e or µ arevetoed to provide a statisti ally independent measurement.49Based on 1.02 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Superseded by AALTONEN 12G.50Based on 955 pb−1 of data √s = 1.96 TeV. mt and JES (Jet Energy S ale) are �ttedsimultaneously, and the �rst error ontains the JES ontribution of 1.5 GeV.51Matrix element method.52Based on 425 pb−1 of data at√s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error is a ombination of statisti sand JES (Jet Energy S ale) un ertainty, whi h has been measured simultaneously to giveJES = 0.989 ± 0.029(stat).53Based on 370 pb−1 of data at √

s = 1.96 TeV. Combined result of MWT (Matrix-element Weighting Te hnique) and νWT (ν Weighting Te hnique) analyses is 178.1 ±6.7 ± 4.8 GeV.54Based on 1.0 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. ABULENCIA 07D improves the matrixelement des ription by in luding the e�e ts of initial-state radiation.55Based on 695 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The transverse de ay length of the bhadron is used to determine mt , and the result is free from the JES (jet energy s ale)un ertainty.56Based on ∼ 400 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error in ludes statisti al andsystemati jet energy s ale un ertainties, the se ond error is from the other systemati s.The result is obtained with the b-tagging information. The result without b-tagging is169.2+5.0

−7.4+1.5−1.4 GeV. Superseded by ABAZOV 08AH.57Based on 318 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.58Dynami al likelihood method.59Based on 340 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.60Based on 360 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.61Based on 110.2 ± 5.8 pb−1 at √s = 1.8 TeV.62Based on the all hadroni de ays of t t pairs. Single b-quark tagging via the de ay hainb → → µ was used to sele t signal enri hed multijet events. The result was obtainedby the maximum likelihood method after bias orre tion.63Obtained by ombining the measurements in the lepton + jets [AFFOLDER 01℄, all-jets[ABE 97R, ABE 99B℄, and dilepton [ABE 99B℄ de ay topologies.64Obtained by ombining the D0 result mt (GeV) = 168.4 ± 12.3 ± 3.6 from 6 di-leptonevents (see also ABBOTT 98D) and mt (GeV) = 173.3 ± 5.6 ± 5.5 from lepton+jetevents (ABBOTT 98F).65Obtained by ombining the CDF results of mt (GeV)=167.4± 10.3± 4.8 from 8 dileptonevents, mt (GeV)=175.9 ± 4.8 ± 5.3 from lepton+jet events (ABE 98E), and mt(GeV)=186.0 ± 10.0 ± 5.7 from all-jet events (ABE 97R). The systemati errors inthe latter two measurements are hanged in this paper.66 See ABAZOV 04G.67The updated systemati error is listed. See AFFOLDER 01, appendix C.68Obtained by ombining the D� results of mt (GeV)=168.4± 12.3± 3.6 from 6 dileptonevents and mt (GeV)=173.3 ± 5.6 ± 5.5 from 77 lepton+jet events.69Obtained by ombining the D� results from dilepton and lepton+jet events, and theCDF results (ABE 99B) from dilepton, lepton+jet events, and all-jet events.t-Quark MS Mass from Cross-Se tion Measurementst-Quark MS Mass from Cross-Se tion Measurementst-Quark MS Mass from Cross-Se tion Measurementst-Quark MS Mass from Cross-Se tion MeasurementsThe top quark MS or pole mass an be extra ted from a measurement of σ(t t) byusing theory al ulations. We quote below the MS mass. See the review \The TopQuark" and referen es therein for more information.VALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT160.0+4.8

−4.3160.0+4.8−4.3160.0+4.8−4.3160.0+4.8−4.3 1 ABAZOV 11S D0 σ(t t) + theory

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •2 ABAZOV 09AG D0 ross se ts, theory + exp3 ABAZOV 09R D0 ross se ts, theory + exp

830830830830Quark Parti le Listingst 1Based on 5.3 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. ABAZOV 11S uses the measuredt t produ tion ross se tion of 8.13+1.02−0.90 pb [ABAZOV 11E℄ in the lepton plus jets hannel to obtain the top quark MS mass by using an approximate NNLO omputation(MOCH 08, LANGENFELD 09). The orresponding top quark pole mass is 167.5+5.4

−4.9GeV. A di�erent theory al ulation (AHRENS 10, AHRENS 10A) is also used and yieldsmMSt = 154.5+5.0

−4.3 GeV.2Based on 1 fb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Uses the ℓ + jets, ℓℓ, and ℓτ + jets hannels. ABAZOV 09AG extra t the pole mass of the top quark using two di�erent al ulations that yield 169.1+5.9

−5.2 GeV (MOCH 08, LANGENFELD 09) and 168.2+5.9−5.4GeV (KIDONAKIS 08).3Based on 1 fb−1 of data at √

s = 1.96 TeV. Uses the ℓℓ and ℓτ + jets hannels.ABAZOV 09R extra t the pole mass of the top quark using two di�erent al ulationsthat yield 173.3+9.8−8.6 GeV (MOCH 08, LANGENFELD 09) and 171.5+9.9

−8.8 GeV (CAC-CIARI 08).t-Quark Pole Mass from Cross-Se tion Measurementst-Quark Pole Mass from Cross-Se tion Measurementst-Quark Pole Mass from Cross-Se tion Measurementst-Quark Pole Mass from Cross-Se tion MeasurementsVALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT174.2±1.4 OUR AVERAGE174.2±1.4 OUR AVERAGE174.2±1.4 OUR AVERAGE174.2±1.4 OUR AVERAGE173.7+2.3−2.1 1 AAD 15BWATLS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 5j (2b-tag)172.9+2.5−2.6 2 AAD 14AY ATLS pp at √s = 7, 8 TeV176.7+3.0−2.8 3 CHATRCHYAN14 CMS pp at √s = 7 TeV1AAD 15BW based on 4.6 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. Uses normalized di�erential ross se tion for t t + 1 jet as a fun tion of the inverse of the invariant mass of the t t+ 1 jet system. The measured ross se tion is orre ted to the parton level. Then a �tto the data using NLO + parton shower predi tion is performed.2Used σ(t t) for e µ events. The result is a ombination of the measurements mt =171.4 ± 2.6 GeV based on 4.6 fb−1 of data at 7 TeV and mt = 174.1 ± 2.6 GeV basedon 20.3 fb−1 of data at 8 TeV.3Used σ(t t) from pp ollisions at √

s = 7 TeV measured in CHATRCHYAN 12AX toobtain mt(pole) for αs (mZ ) = 0.1184 ± 0.0007. The errors have been orre ted inKHACHATRYAN 14K. mt − mtmt − mtmt − mtmt − mtTest of CPT onservation. OUR AVERAGE assumes that the systemati un ertainties are un orrelated.VALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT−0.2 ±0.5 OUR AVERAGE−0.2 ±0.5 OUR AVERAGE−0.2 ±0.5 OUR AVERAGE−0.2 ±0.5 OUR AVERAGE Error in ludes s ale fa tor of 1.1.0.67±0.61±0.41 1 AAD 14 ATLS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j ( ≥ 2 b-tags)−1.95±1.11±0.59 2 AALTONEN 13E CDF ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j (0,1,2 b-tags)−0.44±0.46±0.27 3 CHATRCHYAN12Y CMS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j0.8 ±1.8 ±0.5 4 ABAZOV 11T D0 ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag)• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •−3.3 ±1.4 ±1.0 5 AALTONEN 11K CDF Repl. by AALTONEN 13E3.8 ±3.4 ±1.2 6 ABAZOV 09AA D0 ℓ + 6ET + 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag)1Based on 4.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV and an average top mass of 172.5 GeV/ 2.2Based on 8.7 fb−1 of pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV and an average top mass of 172.5GeV/ 2.3Based on 4.96 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. Based on the �tted mt for ℓ+ and ℓ−events using the Ideogram method.4Based on a matrix-element method whi h employs 3.6 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √

s =1.96 TeV.5Based on a template likelihood te hnique whi h employs 5.6 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s= 1.96 TeV.6Based on 1 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV.t-quark DECAY WIDTHt-quark DECAY WIDTHt-quark DECAY WIDTHt-quark DECAY WIDTHVALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT1.41+0.19−0.15 OUR AVERAGE1.41+0.19−0.15 OUR AVERAGE1.41+0.19−0.15 OUR AVERAGE1.41+0.19−0.15 OUR AVERAGE Error in ludes s ale fa tor of 1.4.1.36±0.02+0.14

−0.11 1 KHACHATRY...14E CMS ℓℓ+ 6ET+2-4jets (0-2b-tag)2.00+0.47−0.43 2 ABAZOV 12T D0 �(t → bW )/B(t → bW )

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •< 6.38 95 3 AALTONEN 13Z CDF ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4j ( ≥ 0 b),dire t1.99+0.69

−0.55 4 ABAZOV 11B D0 Repl. by ABAZOV 12T> 1.21 95 4 ABAZOV 11B D0 � (t → W b)< 7.6 95 5 AALTONEN 10AC CDF ℓ + jets, dire t<13.1 95 6 AALTONEN 09M CDF mt (re ) distribution1Based on 19.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. The result is obtained by ombining themeasurement of R = � (t → W b)/� (t → W q (q=b,s ,d)) and a previous CMS mea-surement of the t- hannel single top produ tion ross se tion of CHATRCHYAN 12BQ,by using the theoreti al al ulation of � (t → W b) for mt = 172.5 GeV.2Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. �(t → bW ) = 1.87+0.44

−0.40GeV is obtained from the observed t- hannel single top quark produ tion ross se tion,whereas B(t → bW ) = 0.90 ± 0.04 is used assuming ∑qB(t → qW ) = 1. The resultis valid for mt = 172.5 GeV. See the paper for the values for mt = 170 or 175 GeV.3Based on 8.7 fb−1 of data. The two sided 68% CL interval is 1.10 GeV < �t < 4.05GeV for mt = 172.5 GeV.

4Based on 2.3 fb−1 in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. ABAZOV 11B extra ted�t from the partial width � (t → W b) = 1.92+0.58

−0.51 GeV measured using the t- hannel single top produ tion ross se tion, and the bran hing fra tion brt → W b =0.962+0.068−0.066(stat)+0.064

−0.052(syst). The � (t → W b) measurement gives the 95% CLlowerbound of � (t → W b) and hen e that of �t .5 Results are based on 4.3 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. The top quarkmass and the hadroni ally de aying W boson mass are re onstru ted for ea h andidateevents and ompared with templates of di�erent top quark width. The two sided 68%CL interval is 0.3 GeV< �t < 4.4 GeV for mt = 172.5 GeV.6Based on 955 pb−1 of pp ollision data at √s = 1.96 TeV. AALTONEN 09M sele tedt t andidate events for the ℓ + 6ET + jets hannel with one or two b-tags, and examinethe de ay width dependen e of the re onstru ted mt distribution. The result is for mt=175 GeV, whereas the upper limit is lower for smaller mt .t DECAY MODESt DECAY MODESt DECAY MODESt DECAY MODESMode Fra tion (�i /�) Con�den e level�1 t → W q (q = b, s , d)�2 t → W b�3 t → ℓνℓ anything [a,b℄ ( 9.4±2.4) %�4 t → e νe b (13.3±0.6) %�5 t → µνµb (13.4±0.6) %�6 t → τ ντ b�7 t → qq b (66.5±1.4) %�8 t → γ q (q=u, ) [ ℄ < 5.9 × 10−3 95%�T = 1 weak neutral urrent (T1) modes�T = 1 weak neutral urrent (T1) modes�T = 1 weak neutral urrent (T1) modes�T = 1 weak neutral urrent (T1) modes�9 t → Z q (q=u, ) T1 [d℄ < 5 × 10−4 95%�10 t → Hq�11 t → ℓ+qq′ (q=d ,s ,b; q′=u, ) < 1.6 × 10−3 95%[a℄ ℓ means e or µ de ay mode, not the sum over them.[b℄ Assumes lepton universality and W -de ay a eptan e.[ ℄ This limit is for �(t → γ q)/�(t → W b).[d ℄ This limit is for �(t → Z q)/�(t → W b).t BRANCHING RATIOSt BRANCHING RATIOSt BRANCHING RATIOSt BRANCHING RATIOS�(W b)/�(W q (q = b, s , d)) �2/�1�(W b)/�(W q (q = b, s , d)) �2/�1�(W b)/�(W q (q = b, s , d)) �2/�1�(W b)/�(W q (q = b, s , d)) �2/�1OUR AVERAGE assumes that the systemati un ertainties are un orrelated.VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.957±0.034 OUR AVERAGE0.957±0.034 OUR AVERAGE0.957±0.034 OUR AVERAGE0.957±0.034 OUR AVERAGE Error in ludes s ale fa tor of 1.5. See the ideogram below.0.87 ±0.07 1 AALTONEN 14G CDF ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j (0,1,2 b-tag)1.014±0.003±0.032 2 KHACHATRY...14E CMS ℓℓ+ 6ET + 2,3,4j (0{2b-tag)0.94 ±0.09 3 AALTONEN 13G CDF ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 3jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)0.90 ±0.04 4 ABAZOV 11X D0• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •0.97 +0.09

−0.08 5 ABAZOV 08M D0 ℓ + n jets with 0,1,2 b-tag1.03 +0.19−0.17 6 ABAZOV 06K D01.12 +0.21−0.19 +0.17

−0.13 7 ACOSTA 05A CDF Repl. by AALTONEN 13G0.94 +0.26−0.21 +0.17

−0.12 8 AFFOLDER 01C CDF1Based on 8.7 fb−1 of data. This measurement gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 0.93 ± 0.04 and ∣∣V tb ∣∣ >0.85 (95% CL) in the SM.2Based on 19.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. The result is obtained by ounting thenumber of b jets per t t signal events in the dilepton hannel. The t t produ tion rossse tion is measured to be σ(t t) = 238 ± 1 ± 15 pb, in good agreement with the SMpredi tion and the latest CMS measurement of CHATRCHYAN 14F. The measurementgives R > 0.995 (95% CL), or ∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.975 (95% CL) in the SM, requiring R ≤ 1.3Based on 8.7 fb−1 of pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Measure the fra tion of t →W b de ays simultaneously with the t t ross se tion. The orrelation oeÆ ient betweenthose two measurements is −0.434. Assume unitarity of the 3×3 CKM matrix and set∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.89 at 95% CL.4Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data. The error is statisti al and systemati ombined. The resultis a ombination of 0.95 ± 0.07 from ℓ + jets hannel and 0.86 ± 0.05 from ℓℓ hannel.∣∣Vtb∣∣ = 0.95± 0.02 follows from the result by assuming unitarity of the 3x3 CKM matrix.5Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data. The 95% CL lower bound R > 0.79 gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ >0.89 (95% CL).6ABAZOV 06K result is from the analysis of t t → ℓν + ≥ 3 jets with 230 pb−1 ofdata at √s = 1.96 TeV. It gives R > 0.61 and ∣∣V tb ∣∣ >0.78 at 95% CL. Superseded byABAZOV 08M.7ACOSTA 05A result is from the analysis of lepton + jets and di-lepton + jets �nal statesof t t andidate events with ∼ 162 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The �rst error isstatisti al and the se ond systemati . It gives R > 0.61, or ∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.78 at 95% CL.8AFFOLDER 01C measures the top-quark de ay width ratio R= �(W b)/�(W q), whereq is a d , s , or b quark, by using the number of events with multiple b tags. The �rsterror is statisti al and the se ond systemati . A numeri al integration of the likelihoodfun tion gives R> 0.61 (0.56) at 90% (95%) CL. By assuming three generation unitarity,∣∣Vt b ∣∣= 0.97+0.16

−0.12 or ∣∣Vt b ∣∣ > 0.78 (0.75) at 90% (95%) CL is obtained. The resultis based on 109 pb−1 of data at √s= 1.8 TeV.

831831831831See key on page 601 Quark Parti le ListingstWEIGHTED AVERAGE0.957±0.034 (Error scaled by 1.5)

ABAZOV 11X D0 2.0AALTONEN 13G CDF 0.0KHACHATRY... 14E CMS 3.2AALTONEN 14G CDF 1.5

χ2


0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3�(W b)/�(W q (q = b, s , d))�(ℓνℓ anything)/�total �3/��(ℓνℓ anything)/�total �3/��(ℓνℓ anything)/�total �3/��(ℓνℓ anything)/�total �3/�VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN0.094±0.0240.094±0.0240.094±0.0240.094±0.024 1 ABE 98X CDF1 ℓ means e or µ de ay mode, not the sum. Assumes lepton universality and W -de aya eptan e.�(e νe b)/�total �4/��(e νe b)/�total �4/��(e νe b)/�total �4/��(e νe b)/�total �4/�VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.133±0.004±0.0050.133±0.004±0.0050.133±0.004±0.0050.133±0.004±0.005 1 AAD 15CC ATLS ℓ+jets, ℓℓ+jets, ℓτh+jets1AAD 15CC based on 4.6 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. It is assumed that the topbran hing ratios to leptons and jets add up to one and that only SM pro esses ontributeto the ba kground. The event sele tion riteria are optimized for the ℓτh + jets hannel.�(µνµb)/�total �5/��(µνµb)/�total �5/��(µνµb)/�total �5/��(µνµb)/�total �5/�VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.134±0.003±0.0050.134±0.003±0.0050.134±0.003±0.0050.134±0.003±0.005 1 AAD 15CC ATLS ℓ+jets, ℓℓ+jets, ℓτh+jets1AAD 15CC based on 4.6 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. It is assumed that the topbran hing ratios to leptons and jets add up to one and that only SM pro esses ontributeto the ba kground. The event sele tion riteria are optimized for the ℓτh + jets hannel.�(τ ντ b)/�total �6/��(τ ντ b)/�total �6/��(τ ντ b)/�total �6/��(τ ντ b)/�total �6/�VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.071±0.006 OUR AVERAGE0.071±0.006 OUR AVERAGE0.071±0.006 OUR AVERAGE0.071±0.006 OUR AVERAGE0.070±0.003±0.005 1 AAD 15CC ATLS ℓ+jets, ℓℓ+jets, ℓτh+jets0.096±0.028 2 AALTONEN 14A CDF ℓ+τh+ ≥ 2jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •3 ABULENCIA 06R CDF ℓτ + jets4 ABE 97V CDF ℓτ + jets1AAD 15CC based on 4.6 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. It is assumed that the topbran hing ratios to leptons and jets add up to one and that only SM pro esses ontributeto the ba kground. The event sele tion riteria are optimized for the ℓτh + jets hannel.2Based on 9 fb−1 of data. The measurement is in the hannel t t → (b ℓν)(b τ ν), where

τ de ays into hadrons (τh), and ℓ (e or µ) in lude ℓ from τ de ays (τℓ). The result is onsistent with lepton universality.3ABULENCIA 06R looked for t t → (ℓνℓ ) (τ ντ )bb events in 194 pb−1 of pp ollisions at√s = 1.96 TeV. 2 events are found where 1.00± 0.17 signal and 1.29± 0.25 ba kgroundevents are expe ted, giving a 95% CL upper bound for the partial width ratio �(t →

τ ν q) / �SM (t → τ ν q) < 5.2.4ABE 97V sear hed for t t → (ℓνℓ ) (τ ντ )bb events in 109 pb−1 of pp ollisions at√s = 1.8 TeV. They observed 4 andidate events where one expe ts ∼ 1 signal and ∼ 2ba kground events. Three of the four observed events have jets identi�ed as b andidates.�(qq b)/�total �7/��(qq b)/�total �7/��(qq b)/�total �7/��(qq b)/�total �7/�VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.665±0.004±0.0130.665±0.004±0.0130.665±0.004±0.0130.665±0.004±0.013 1 AAD 15CC ATLS ℓ+jets, ℓℓ+jets, ℓτh+jets1AAD 15CC based on 4.6 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. Bran hing ratio of top quarkinto b and jets. It is assumed that the top bran hing ratios to leptons and jets add upto one and that only SM pro esses ontribute to the ba kground. The event sele tion riteria are optimized for the ℓτh + jets hannel.�(γ q (q=u, ))/�total �8/��(γ q (q=u, ))/�total �8/��(γ q (q=u, ))/�total �8/��(γ q (q=u, ))/�total �8/�VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT<0.0059<0.0059<0.0059<0.0059 95 1 CHEKANOV 03 ZEUS B(t → γ u)• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<0.0064 95 2 AARON 09A H1 t → γ u<0.0465 95 3 ABDALLAH 04C DLPH B(γ or γ u)<0.0132 95 4 AKTAS 04 H1 B(t → γ u)<0.041 95 5 ACHARD 02J L3 B(t → γ or γ u)<0.032 95 6 ABE 98G CDF t t → (W b) (γ or γ u)

1CHEKANOV 03 looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e± p → e±(t or t) X in 130.1 pb−1 of data at √s=300{318 GeV. No eviden e for top produ -tion and its de ay into bW was found. The result is obtained for mt=175 GeV whenB(γ )=B(Z q)=0, where q is a u or quark. Bounds on the e�e tive t-u-γ and t-u-Z ouplings are found in their Fig. 4. The onversion to the onstraint listed is from private ommuni ation, E. Gallo, January 2004.2AARON 09A looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in e± p ollisions at HERA with474 pb−1. The upper bound of the ross se tion gives the bound on the FCNC ouplingκt uγ/� < 1.03 TeV−1, whi h orresponds to the result for mt = 175 GeV.3ABDALLAH 04C looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e+ e− →t or t u in 541 pb−1 of data at √s=189{208 GeV. No deviation from the SM is found,whi h leads to the bound on B(t → γ q), where q is a u or a quark, for mt =175 GeV when B(t → Z q)=0 is assumed. The onversion to the listed bound is fromprivate ommuni ation, O. Yush henko, April 2005. The bounds on the e�e tive t-q-γand t-q-Z ouplings are given in their Fig. 7 and Table 4, for mt = 170{180 GeV, wheremost onservative bounds are found by hoosing the hiral ouplings to maximize thenegative interferen e between the virtual γ and Z ex hange amplitudes.4AKTAS 04 looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in e± ollisions at HERA with118.3 pb−1, and found 5 events in the e or µ hannels. By assuming that they are dueto statisti al u tuation, the upper bound on the t uγ oupling κt uγ < 0.27 (95% CL)is obtained. The onversion to the partial width limit, when B(γ ) = B(Z u) = B(Z )= 0, is from private ommuni ation, E. Perez, May 2005.5ACHARD 02J looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e+ e− → t or t u in 634 pb−1 of data at √s= 189{209 GeV. No deviation from the SM is found,whi h leads to a bound on the top-quark de ay bran hing fra tion B(γ q), where q is a uor quark. The bound assumes B(Z q)=0 and is for mt= 175 GeV; bounds for mt=170GeV and 180 GeV and B(Z q) 6= 0 are given in Fig. 5 and Table 7.6ABE 98G looked for t t events where one t de ays into qγ while the other de ays intobW . The quoted bound is for �(γ q)/�(W b).�(Z q (q=u, ))/�total �9/��(Z q (q=u, ))/�total �9/��(Z q (q=u, ))/�total �9/��(Z q (q=u, ))/�total �9/�Test for �T=1 weak neutral urrent. Allowed by higher-order ele troweak intera tion.VALUE (units 10−3) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

< 0.7 95 1 AAD 16D ATLS t → Z q (q = u, )< 0.5< 0.5< 0.5< 0.5 95 2 CHATRCHYAN14S CMS t → Z q (q = u, )• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •< 0.6 95 3 CHATRCHYAN14S CMS t → Z q (q = u, )< 2.1 95 4 CHATRCHYAN13F CMS t → Z q (q = u, )< 7.3 95 5 AAD 12BT ATLS t t → ℓ+ ℓ− ℓ′± + 6ET + jets<32 95 6 ABAZOV 11M D0 t → Z q (q = u, )<83 95 7 AALTONEN 09AL CDF t → Z q (q= )<37 95 8 AALTONEN 08AD CDF t → Z q (q = u, )< 1.59× 102 95 9 ABDALLAH 04C DLPH e+ e− → t or t u< 1.37× 102 95 10 ACHARD 02J L3 e+ e− → t or t u< 1.4 × 102 95 11 HEISTER 02Q ALEP e+ e− → t or t u< 1.37× 102 95 12 ABBIENDI 01T OPAL e+ e− → t or t u< 1.7 × 102 95 13 BARATE 00S ALEP e+ e− → t or t u< 3.3 × 102 95 14 ABE 98G CDF t t → (W b) (Z or Z u)1AAD 16D based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. The FCNC de ay is sear hedfor in t t events in the �nal state (bW )(qZ ) when both W and Z de ay leptoni ally,giving 3 harged leptons.2CHATRCHYAN 14S ombined sear h limit from this and CHATRCHYAN 13F data.3Based on 19.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. The avor hanging de ay is sear hedfor in t t events in the �nal state (bW )(qZ ) when both W and Z de ay leptoi ally,giving 3 harged leptons.4Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. Sear h for FCNC de ays of the top quarkin t t → ℓ+ ℓ− ℓ′± ν + jets (ℓ, ℓ′ = e, µ) �nal states found no ex ess of signal events.5Based on 2.1 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV.6Based on 4.1 fb−1 of data. ABAZOV 11M sear hed for FCNC de ays of the top quarkin t t → ℓ+ ℓ− ℓ′± ν + jets (ℓ, ℓ′ = e, µ) �nal states, and absen e of the signal givesthe bound.7Based on pp data of 1.52 fb−1. AALTONEN 09AL ompared t t → W bW b → ℓν b j j band t t → Z W b → ℓℓ j j b de ay hains, and absen e of the latter signal gives thebound. The result is for 100% longitudinally polarized Z boson and the theoreti al t tprodu tion ross se tion The results for di�erent Z polarizations and those without the ross se tion assumption are given in their Table XII.8Result is based on 1.9 fb−1 of data at √

s = 1.96 TeV. t t → W bZ q or Z qZ qpro esses have been looked for in Z + ≥ 4 jet events with and without b-tag. No signalleads to the bound B(t → Z q) < 0.037 (0.041) for mt = 175 (170) GeV.9ABDALLAH 04C looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e+ e− →t or t u in 541 pb−1 of data at √s=189{208 GeV. No deviation from the SM is found,whi h leads to the bound on B(t → Z q), where q is a u or a quark, for mt =175 GeV when B(t → γ q)=0 is assumed. The onversion to the listed bound is fromprivate ommuni ation, O. Yush henko, April 2005. The bounds on the e�e tive t-q-γand t-q-Z ouplings are given in their Fig. 7 and Table 4, for mt = 170{180 GeV, wheremost onservative bounds are found by hoosing the hiral ouplings to maximize thenegative interferen e between the virtual γ and Z ex hange amplitudes.10ACHARD 02J looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e+ e− → t or t u in 634 pb−1 of data at √s= 189{209 GeV. No deviation from the SM is found,whi h leads to a bound on the top-quark de ay bran hing fra tion B(Z q), where q isa u or quark. The bound assumes B(γ q)=0 and is for mt= 175 GeV; bounds formt=170 GeV and 180 GeV and B(γ q) 6=0 are given in Fig. 5 and Table 7. Table 6 gives onstraints on t- -e-e four-fermi onta t intera tions.11HEISTER 02Q looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e+ e− → t or t u in 214 pb−1 of data at √s= 204{209 GeV. No deviation from the SM is found,whi h leads to a bound on the bran hing fra tion B(Z q), where q is a u or quark. Thebound assumes B(γ q)=0 and is for mt= 174 GeV. Bounds on the e�e tive t- ( or u)-γ and t- ( or u)- Z ouplings are given in their Fig. 2.12ABBIENDI 01T looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e+ e− → t or t u in 600 pb−1 of data at √s= 189{209 GeV. No deviation from the SM is found,whi h leads to bounds on the bran hing fra tions B(Z q) and B(γ q), where q is a u

832832832832Quark Parti le Listingst or quark. The result is obtained for mt= 174 GeV. The upper bound be omes 9.7%(20.6%) for mt= 169 (179) GeV. Bounds on the e�e tive t- ( or u)-γ and t- ( oru)-Z ouplings are given in their Fig. 4.13BARATE 00S looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in the rea tion e+ e− → t ort u in 411 pb−1 of data at .m. energies between 189 and 202 GeV. No deviation fromthe SM is found, whi h leads to a bound on the bran hing fra tion. The bound assumesB(γ q)=0. Bounds on the e�e tive t- ( or u)-γ and t- ( or u)-Z ouplings are givenin their Fig. 4.14ABE 98G looked for t t events where one t de ays into three jets and the other de aysinto qZ with Z → ℓℓ. The quoted bound is for �(Z q)/�(W b).�(Hq)/�total �10/��(Hq)/�total �10/��(Hq)/�total �10/��(Hq)/�total �10/�VALUE (units 10−3) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT< 5.6 95 1 AAD 15CO ATLS t → H (H → bb)< 6.1 95 1 AAD 15CO ATLS t → Hu(H → bb)< 5.6 95 2 KHACHATRY...14Q CMS t → H (H → γ γ or lep-tons)• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •< 7.9 95 3 AAD 14AA ATLS t → Hq (q=u, ; H → γ γ)<13 95 4 CHATRCHYAN14R CMS t → H (H → ≥ 2 ℓ)1AAD 15CO based on 20.3 fb−1 at √

s = 8 TeV of pp data. Sear hes for t t events,where the other top quark de ays semi-leptoni ally. Exploits high multipli ity of b-jetsand uses a likelihood dis riminant. Combining with other ATLAS sear hes for di�erentHiggs de ay modes, B(t → H ) < 0.46% and B(t → Hu) < 0.45% are obtained.2KHACHATRYAN 14Q based on 19.5 fb−1 at √s = 8 TeV of pp data. Sear h for �nalstates with ≥ 3 isolated harged leptons or with a photon pair a ompanied by ≥ 1lepton(s).3AAD 14AA based on 4.7 fb−1 at √s = 7 TeV and 20.3 fb−1 at √

s = 8 TeV of ppdata. The upper-bound is for the sum of Br(t → H ) and Br(t → Hu). Sear h for t tevents, where the other top quark de ays hadroni ally or semi-leptoni ally. The upperbound onstrains the H-t- Yukawa ouplings √∣∣YHt L ∣∣2 + ∣∣YHt R ∣∣2 < 0.17 (95% CL).4Based on 19.5 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Sear h for �nal states with 3 or moreisolated high ET harged leptons (ℓ = e, µ) bounds the t → H de ay in t t eventswhen H de ays ontain a pair of leptons. The upper bound onstrains the H-t- Yukawa ouplings √∣∣YHt L ∣∣2 + ∣∣YHt R ∣∣2 < 0.21 (95% CL).�(ℓ+qq′ (q=d ,s ,b; q′=u, ))/�total �11/��(ℓ+qq′ (q=d ,s ,b; q′=u, ))/�total �11/��(ℓ+qq′ (q=d ,s ,b; q′=u, ))/�total �11/��(ℓ+qq′ (q=d ,s ,b; q′=u, ))/�total �11/�VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT<1.6× 10−3<1.6× 10−3<1.6× 10−3<1.6× 10−3 95 1 CHATRCHYAN14O CMS µ + dijets• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<1.7× 10−3 95 1 CHATRCHYAN14O CMS e + dijets1Based on 19.5 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Baryon number violating de ays of thetop quark are sear hed for in t t produ tion events where one of the pair de ays intohadroni three jets. t-quark EW Couplingst-quark EW Couplingst-quark EW Couplingst-quark EW CouplingsW heli ity fra tions in top de ays. F0 is the fra tion of longitudinal andF+ the fra tion of right-handed W bosons. FV +A is the fra tion of V+A urrent in top de ays. The e�e tive Lagrangian ( ited by ABAZOV 08AI)has terms fL1 and fR1 for V−A and V+A ouplings, fL2 and fR2 for tensor ouplings with bR and bL respe tively.F0F0F0F0VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.690±0.030 OUR AVERAGE0.690±0.030 OUR AVERAGE0.690±0.030 OUR AVERAGE0.690±0.030 OUR AVERAGE0.726±0.066±0.067 1 AALTONEN 13D CDF F0 = B(t → W0 b)0.682±0.030±0.033 2 CHATRCHYAN13BH CMS F0 = B(t → W0 b)0.67 ±0.07 3 AAD 12BG ATLS F0 = B(t → W0 b)0.722±0.062±0.052 4 AALTONEN 12Z TEVA F0 = B(t → W0 b)0.669±0.078±0.065 5 ABAZOV 11C D0 F0 = B(t → W0 b)0.91 ±0.37 ±0.13 6 AFFOLDER 00B CDF F0 = B(t → W0 b)• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •0.70 ±0.07 ±0.04 7 AALTONEN 10Q CDF Repl. by AALTONEN 12Z0.62 ±0.10 ±0.05 8 AALTONEN 09Q CDF Repl. by AALTONEN 10Q0.425±0.166±0.102 9 ABAZOV 08B D0 Repl. by ABAZOV 11C0.85 +0.15

−0.22 ±0.06 10 ABULENCIA 07I CDF F0 = B(t → W0 b)0.74 +0.22−0.34 11 ABULENCIA 06U CDF F0 = B(t → W0 b)0.56 ±0.31 12 ABAZOV 05G D0 F0 = B(t → W0 b)1Based on 8.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV using t t events with ℓ +

6ET + ≥ 4 jets( ≥ 1 b), and under the onstraint F0 + F+ + F− = 1. The statsti alerrors of F0 and F+ are orrelated with orrelation oeÆ ient ρ(F0,F+) = −0.69.2Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 13BH studied tt eventswith large 6ET and ℓ + ≥ 4 jets using a onstrained kinemati �t.3Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. AAD 12BG studied tt events with large6ET and either ℓ + ≥ 4j or ℓℓ + ≥ 2j. The un ertainties are not independent, ρ(F0,F−)= −0.96.4Based on 2.7 and 5.1 fb−1 of CDF data in ℓ + jets and dilepton hannels, and 5.4 fb−1of D0 data in ℓ + jets and dilepton hannels. F0 = 0.682 ± 0.035 ± 0.046 if F+ =0.0017(1), while F+ = −0.015 ± 0.018 ± 0.030 if F0 = 0.688(4), where the assumed�xed values are the SM predi tion for mt = 173.3± 1.1 GeV and mW = 80.399± 0.023GeV.

5Results are based on 5.4 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV, in luding those ofABAZOV 08B. Under the SM onstraint of f0 = 0.698 (for mt = 173.3 GeV, mW =80.399 GeV), f+ = 0.010 ± 0.022 ± 0.030 is obtained.6AFFOLDER 00B studied the angular distribution of leptoni de ays of W bosons in t →W b events. The ratio F0 is the fra tion of the heli ity zero (longitudinal) W bosonsin the de aying top quark rest frame. B(t → W+ b) is the fra tion of positive heli ity(right-handed) positive harge W bosons in the top quark de ays. It is obtained byassuming the Standard Model value of F0.7Results are based on 2.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. F0 result isobtained by assuming F+ = 0, while F+ result is obtained for F0 = 0.70, the SM value.Model independent �ts for the two fra tions give F0 = 0.88 ± 0.11 ± 0.06 and F+ =−0.15 ± 0.07 ± 0.06 with orrelation oeÆ ient of −0.59. The results are for mt =175 GeV.8Results are based on 1.9 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. F0 result isobtained assuming F+ = 0, while F+ result is obtained for F0 = 0.70, the SM values.Model independent �ts for the two fra tions give F0 = 0.66 ± 0.16 ± 0.05 and F+ =−0.03 ± 0.06 ± 0.03.9Based on 1 fb−1 at √s = 1.96 TeV.10Based on 318 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.11Based on 200 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. t → W b → ℓν b (ℓ = e or µ). Theerrors are stat + syst.12ABAZOV 05G studied the angular distribution of leptoni de ays of W bosons in t t andidate events with lepton + jets �nal states, and obtained the fra tion of longitudinallypolarized W under the onstraint of no right-handed urrent, F+ = 0. Based on 125pb−1 of data at √s = 1.8 TeV.F−F−F−F−VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.314±0.025 OUR AVERAGE0.314±0.025 OUR AVERAGE0.314±0.025 OUR AVERAGE0.314±0.025 OUR AVERAGE0.310±0.022±0.022 1 CHATRCHYAN13BH CMS F− = B(t → W− b)0.32 ±0.04 2 AAD 12BG ATLS F− = B(t → W− b)1Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 13BH studied tt eventswith large 6ET and ℓ + ≥ 4 jets using a onstrained kinemati �t.2Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. AAD 12BG studied tt events with large6ET and either ℓ + ≥ 4j or ℓℓ + ≥ 2j. The un ertainties are not independent, ρ(F0,F−)= −0.96.F+F+F+F+VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.008±0.016 OUR AVERAGE0.008±0.016 OUR AVERAGE0.008±0.016 OUR AVERAGE0.008±0.016 OUR AVERAGE

−0.045±0.044±0.058 1 AALTONEN 13D CDF F+ = B(t → W+ b)0.008±0.012±0.014 2 CHATRCHYAN13BH CMS F+ = B(t → W+ b)0.01 ±0.05 3 AAD 12BG ATLS F+ = B(t → W+ b)0.023±0.041±0.034 4 ABAZOV 11C D0 F+ = B(t → W+ b)0.11 ±0.15 5 AFFOLDER 00B CDF F+ = B(t → W+ b)• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •

−0.033±0.034±0.031 6 AALTONEN 12Z TEVA F+ = B(t → W+ b)−0.01 ±0.02 ±0.05 7 AALTONEN 10Q CDF Repl. by AALTO-NEN 13D−0.04 ±0.04 ±0.03 8 AALTONEN 09Q CDF Repl. by AALTO-NEN 10Q0.119±0.090±0.053 9 ABAZOV 08B D0 Repl. by ABAZOV 11C0.056±0.080±0.057 10 ABAZOV 07D D0 F+ = B(t → W+ b)0.05 +0.11

−0.05 ±0.03 11 ABULENCIA 07I CDF F+ = B(t → W+ b)< 0.26 95 11 ABULENCIA 07I CDF F+ = B(t → W+ b)< 0.27 95 12 ABULENCIA 06U CDF F+ = B(t → W+ b)0.00 ±0.13 ±0.07 13 ABAZOV 05L D0 F+ = B(t → W+ b)< 0.25 95 13 ABAZOV 05L D0 F+ = B(t → W+ b)< 0.24 95 14 ACOSTA 05D CDF F+ = B(t → W+ b)1Based on 8.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV using t t events with ℓ +

6ET + ≥ 4 jets( ≥ 1 b), and under the onstraint F0 + F+ + F− = 1. The statsti alerrors of F0 and F+ are orrelated with orrelation oeÆ ient ρ(F0,F+) = −0.69.2Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 13BH studied tt eventswith large 6ET and ℓ + ≥ 4 jets using a onstrained kinemati �t.3Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. AAD 12BG studied tt events with large6ET and either ℓ + ≥ 4j or ℓℓ + ≥ 2j.4Results are based on 5.4 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV, in luding those ofABAZOV 08B. Under the SM onstraint of f0 = 0.698 (for mt = 173.3 GeV, mW =80.399 GeV), f+ = 0.010 ± 0.022 ± 0.030 is obtained.5AFFOLDER 00B studied the angular distribution of leptoni de ays of W bosons in t →W b events. The ratio F0 is the fra tion of the heli ity zero (longitudinal) W bosonsin the de aying top quark rest frame. B(t → W+ b) is the fra tion of positive heli ity(right-handed) positive harge W bosons in the top quark de ays. It is obtained byassuming the Standard Model value of F0.6Based on 2.7 and 5.1 fb−1 of CDF data in ℓ + jets and dilepton hannels, and 5.4 fb−1of D0 data in ℓ + jets and dilepton hannels. F0 = 0.682 ± 0.035 ± 0.046 if F+ =0.0017(1), while F+ = −0.015 ± 0.018 ± 0.030 if F0 = 0.688(4), where the assumed�xed values are the SM predi tion for mt = 173.3± 1.1 GeV and mW = 80.399± 0.023GeV.7Results are based on 2.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. F0 result isobtained by assuming F+ = 0, while F+ result is obtained for F0 = 0.70, the SM value.Model independent �ts for the two fra tions give F0 = 0.88 ± 0.11 ± 0.06 and F+ =−0.15 ± 0.07 ± 0.06 with orrelation oeÆ ient of −0.59. The results are for mt =175 GeV.

833833833833See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingst8Results are based on 1.9 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. F0 result isobtained assuming F+ = 0, while F+ result is obtained for F0 = 0.70, the SM values.Model independent �ts for the two fra tions give F0 = 0.66 ± 0.16 ± 0.05 and F+ =−0.03 ± 0.06 ± 0.03.9Based on 1 fb−1 at √s = 1.96 TeV.10Based on 370 pb−1 of data at √

s = 1.96 TeV, using the ℓ + jets and dilepton de ay hannels. The result assumes F0 = 0.70, and it gives F+ < 0.23 at 95% CL.11Based on 318 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.12Based on 200 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. t → W b → ℓν b (ℓ = e or µ). Theerrors are stat + syst.13ABAZOV 05L studied the angular distribution of leptoni de ays of W bosons in t tevents, where one of the W 's from t or t de ays into e or µ and the other de ayshadroni ally. The fra tion of the \+" heli ity W boson is obtained by assuming F0= 0.7, whi h is the generi predi tion for any linear ombination of V and A urrents.Based on 230 ± 15 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.14ACOSTA 05D measures the m2ℓ +b distribution in t t produ tion events where one orboth W 's de ay leptoni ally to ℓ = e or µ, and �nds a bound on the V+A oupling ofthe t bW vertex. By assuming the SM value of the longitudinal W fra tion F0 = B(t →W0 b) = 0.70, the bound on F+ is obtained. If the results are ombined with those ofAFFOLDER 00B, the bounds be ome FV +A < 0.61 (95% CL) and F+ < 0.18 (95%CL), respe tively. Based on 109 ± 7 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.8 TeV (run I).FV +AFV +AFV +AFV +AVALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

< 0.29< 0.29< 0.29< 0.29 95 1 ABULENCIA 07G CDF FV +A = B(t → W bR )• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •

−0.06±0.22±0.12 1 ABULENCIA 07G CDF FV +A = B(t → W bR )< 0.80 95 2 ACOSTA 05D CDF FV +A = B(t → W bR )1Based on 700 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.2ACOSTA 05D measures the m2

ℓ +b distribution in t t produ tion events where one orboth W 's de ay leptoni ally to ℓ = e or µ, and �nds a bound on the V+A oupling ofthe t bW vertex. By assuming the SM value of the longitudinal W fra tion F0 = B(t →W0 b) = 0.70, the bound on F+ is obtained. If the results are ombined with those ofAFFOLDER 00B, the bounds be ome FV +A < 0.61 (95% CL) and F+ < 0.18 (95%CL), respe tively. Based on 109 ± 7 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.8 TeV (run I).fR1fR1fR1fR1VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •−0.20 <Re(Vtb fR1 )<0.23 95 1 AAD 12BG ATLS Constr. on W t b vtx(V tb fR1 )2 < 0.93 95 2 ABAZOV 12E D0 Single-top∣∣fR1 ∣∣2 < 0.30 95 3 ABAZOV 12I D0 single-t + W heli ity∣∣fR1 ∣∣2 < 1.01 95 4 ABAZOV 09J D0 ∣∣fL1 ∣∣ = 1, ∣∣fL2 ∣∣=∣∣fR2 ∣∣=0∣∣fR1 ∣∣2 < 2.5 95 5 ABAZOV 08AI D0 ∣∣fL1 ∣∣2 = 1.8+1.0

−1.31Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. AAD 12BG studied tt events with large6ET and either ℓ + ≥ 4j or ℓℓ + ≥ 2j.2Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data. For ea h value of the form fa tor quoted the other twoare assumed to have their SM value. Their Fig. 4 shows two-dimensional posteriorprobability density distributions for the anomalous ouplings.3Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. Results are obtained by om-bining the limits from the W heli ity measurements and those from the single top quarkprodu tion.4Based on 1 fb−1 of data at pp ollisions √

s = 1.96 TeV. Combined result of the Wheli ity measurement in t t events (ABAZOV 08B) and the sear h for anomalous t bW ouplings in the single top produ tion (ABAZOV 08AI). Constraints when fL1 and one ofthe anomalous ouplings are simultaneously allowed to vary are given in their Fig. 1 andTable 1.5Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data at√s = 1.96 TeV. Single top quark produ tion eventsare used to measure the Lorentz stru ture of the t bW oupling. The upper bounds onthe non-standard ouplings are obtained when only one non-standard oupling is allowedto be present together with the SM one, fL1 = V∗t b .fL2fL2fL2fL2VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •−0.14 < Re(fL2 )< 0.11 95 1 AAD 12BG ATLS Constr. on W t b vtx(V tb fL2 )2 < 0.13 95 2 ABAZOV 12E D0 Single-top∣∣fL2 ∣∣2 < 0.05 95 3 ABAZOV 12I D0 single-t + W heli ity∣∣fL2 ∣∣2 < 0.28 95 4 ABAZOV 09J D0 ∣∣fL1 ∣∣ = 1, ∣∣fR1 ∣∣=∣∣fR2 ∣∣=0∣∣fL2 ∣∣2 < 0.5 95 5 ABAZOV 08AI D0 ∣∣fL1 ∣∣2 = 1.4+0.6


s = 1.96 TeV. Combined result of the Wheli ity measurement in t t events (ABAZOV 08B) and the sear h for anomalous t bW ouplings in the single top produ tion (ABAZOV 08AI). Constraints when fL1 and one ofthe anomalous ouplings are simultaneously allowed to vary are given in their Fig. 1 andTable 1.5Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data at√s = 1.96 TeV. Single top quark produ tion eventsare used to measure the Lorentz stru ture of the t bW oupling. The upper bounds onthe non-standard ouplings are obtained when only one non-standard oupling is allowedto be present together with the SM one, fL1 = V∗t b .

fR2fR2fR2fR2VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •−0.08 < Re(fR2 )< 0.04 95 1 AAD 12BG ATLS Constr. on W t b vtx(V tb fR2 )2 < 0.06 95 2 ABAZOV 12E D0 Single-top∣∣fR2 ∣∣2 < 0.12 95 3 ABAZOV 12I D0 single-t + W heli ity∣∣fR2 ∣∣2 < 0.23 95 4 ABAZOV 09J D0 ∣∣fL1 ∣∣ = 1, ∣∣fR1 ∣∣=∣∣fL2 ∣∣=0∣∣fR2 ∣∣2 < 0.3 95 5 ABAZOV 08AI D0 ∣∣fL1 ∣∣2 = 1.4+0.9


s = 1.96 TeV. Combined result of the Wheli ity measurement in t t events (ABAZOV 08B) and the sear h for anomalous t bW ouplings in the single top produ tion (ABAZOV 08AI). Constraints when fL1 and one ofthe anomalous ouplings are simultaneously allowed to vary are given in their Fig. 1 andTable 1.5Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data at√s = 1.96 TeV. Single top quark produ tion eventsare used to measure the Lorentz stru ture of the t bW oupling. The upper bounds onthe non-standard ouplings are obtained when only one non-standard oupling is allowedto be present together with the SM one, fL1 = V∗t b .Spin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsSpin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsSpin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsSpin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsC is the orrelation strength parameter, f is the ratio of events with orrelated t and tspins (SM predi tion: f = 1), and κ is the spin orrelation oeÆ ient. See "The TopQuark" review for more information.VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •0.85±0.29 1 ABAZOV 12B D0 f (ℓℓ + ≥ 2 jets, ℓ + ≥ 4 jets)1.15+0.42

−0.43 2 ABAZOV 12B D0 f (ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4 jets)0.60+0.50−0.16 3 AALTONEN 11AR CDF κ (ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4 jets)0.74+0.40−0.41 4 ABAZOV 11AE D0 f (ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2 jets)0.10±0.45 5 ABAZOV 11AF D0 C (ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2 jets)1This is a ombination of the lepton + jets analysis presented in ABAZOV 12B and thedilepton measurement of ABAZOV 11AE. It provides a 3.1 σ eviden e for the t t spin orrelation.2Based on 5.3 fb−1 of data. The error is statisti al and systemati ombined. A matrixelement method is used.3Based on 4.3 fb−1 of data. The measurement is based on the angular study of the topquark de ay produ ts in the heli ity basis.The theory predi tion is κ ≈ 0.40.4Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data using a matrix element method. The error is statisti al andsystemati ombined. The no- orrelation hypothesis is ex luded at the 97.7% CL.5Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data. The error is statisti al and systemati ombined. TheNLO QCD predi tion is C = 0.78 ± 0.03. The neutrino weighting method is used forre onstru tion of kinemati s.Spin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsSpin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsSpin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsSpin Correlation in t t Produ tion in pp CollisionsSpin orrelation, fSM , measures the strength of the orrelation between the spins ofthe pair produ ed tt . fSM =1 for the SM, while fSM =0 for no spin orrelation.VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •1.20±0.05±0.13 1 AAD 15J ATLS �φ(ℓℓ) in ℓℓ+ ≥ 2j( ≥ 1b)1.19±0.09±0.18 2 AAD 14BB ATLS �φ(ℓℓ) in ℓℓ + ≥ 2j events1.12±0.11±0.22 2 AAD 14BB ATLS �φ(ℓ j) in ℓ + ≥ 4j events0.87±0.11±0.14 2,3 AAD 14BB ATLS S-ratio in ℓℓ + ≥ 2j events0.75±0.19±0.23 2,4 AAD 14BB ATLS osθ(ℓ+) osθ(ℓ−) in ℓℓ +≥ 2j events0.83±0.14±0.18 2,5 AAD 14BB ATLS osθ(ℓ+) osθ(ℓ−) in ℓℓ +≥ 2j events1AAD 15J based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Uses a �t in luding a linearsuperposition of �φ distribution from the SM NLO simulation with oeÆ ient fSM andfrom t t simulation without spin orrelation with oeÆ ient (1 − fSM ).2Based on 4.6 fb−1 of pp data at √s =7 TeV. The results are for mt = 172.5 GeV.3The S-ratio is de�ned as the SM spin orrelation in the like-heli ity gluon-gluon ollisionsnormalized to the no spin orrelation ase; see eq.(6) for the LO expression.4The polar angle orrelation along the heli ity axis.5The polar angle orrelation along the dire tion whi h maximizes the orrelation.t-quark FCNC Couplings κutg/� and κctg/�t-quark FCNC Couplings κutg/� and κctg/�t-quark FCNC Couplings κutg/� and κctg/�t-quark FCNC Couplings κutg/� and κctg/�VALUE (TeV−1) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<0.0069 95 1 AAD 12BP ATLS ttug/� (ttcg = 0)<0.016 95 1 AAD 12BP ATLS ttcg/� (ttug = 0)<0.013 95 2 ABAZOV 10K D0 κtug/�<0.057 95 2 ABAZOV 10K D0 κtcg/�<0.018 95 3 AALTONEN 09N CDF κtug/� (κtcg = 0)<0.069 95 3 AALTONEN 09N CDF κtcg/� (κtug = 0)<0.037 95 4 ABAZOV 07V D0 κutg/�<0.15 95 4 ABAZOV 07V D0 κctg/�

834834834834Quark Parti le Listingst 1Based on 2.05 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. The results are obtained from the 95%CL upper limit on the single top-quark produ tion σ(qg → t)·B(t → bW ) < 3.9 pb,for q=u or q= , B(t → ug) < 5.7× 10−5 and B(t → ug) < 2.7× 10−4.2Based on 2.3 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Upper limit of single topquark produ tion ross se tion 0.20 pb and 0.27 pb via FCNC t-u-g and t- -g ouplings,respe tively, lead to the bounds without assuming the absen e of the other oupling.B(t → u + g) < 2.0× 10−4 and B(t → + g) < 3.9× 10−3 follow.3Based on 2.2 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Upper limit of single topquark produ tion ross se tion σ(u( ) + g → t) < 1.8 pb (95% CL) via FCNC t-u-gand t- -g ouplings lead to the bounds. B(t → u + g) < 3.9 × 10−4 and B(t → + g) < 5.7× 10−3 follow.4Result is based on 230 pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV. Absen e of single top quarkprodu tion events via FCNC t-u-g and t- -g ouplings lead to the upper bounds on thedimensioned ouplings, κutg/� and κctg/�, respe tively.

σ(H t t) /σ(H t t)SMσ(H t t) /σ(H t t)SMσ(H t t) /σ(H t t)SMσ(H t t) /σ(H t t)SMVALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<6.7 95 1 AAD 15 ATLS H t t ; H → γ γ2.8±1.0 2 KHACHATRY...14H CMS H → bb, τh τh , γ γ,WW /Z Z(leptons)1Based on 4.5 fb−1 of data at 7 TeV and 20.3 fb−1 at 8 TeV. The result is for mH= 125.4 GeV. The measurement onstrains the top quark Yukawa oupling strengthparameter κt = Yt/YSMt to be −1.3 < κt < 8.0 (95% CL).2Based on 5.1 fb−1 of pp data at 7 TeV and 19.7 fb−1 at 8 TeV. The results are obtainedby assuming the SM de ay bran hing fra tions for the Higgs boson of mass 125.6 GeV.The signal strength for individual Higgs de ay hannels are given in Fig. 13, and thepreferred region in the (κV , κf ) spa e is given in Fig. 14.Single t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVDire t probe of the t bW oupling and possible new physi s at √s = 1.8 TeV.VALUE (pb) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<24 95 1 ACOSTA 04H CDF pp → t b + X , t q b + X<18 95 2 ACOSTA 02 CDF pp → t b + X<13 95 3 ACOSTA 02 CDF pp → t q b + X1ACOSTA 04H bounds single top-quark produ tion from the s- hannel W -ex hange pro- ess, q′ q → t b, and the t- hannel W -ex hange pro ess, q′ g → q t b. Based on

∼ 106 pb−1 of data.2ACOSTA 02 bounds the ross se tion for single top-quark produ tion via the s- hannelW -ex hange pro ess, q′ q → t b. Based on ∼ 106 pb−1 of data.3ACOSTA 02 bounds the ross se tion for single top-quark produ tion via the t- hannelW -ex hange pro ess, q′ g → q t b. Based on ∼ 106 pb−1 of data.Single t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVDire t probes of the t bW oupling and possible new physi s at √s = 1.96 TeV.OUR AVERAGE assumes that the systemati un ertainties are un orrelated.VALUE (pb) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •2.25+0.29

−0.31 1 AALTONEN 15H TEVA t- hannel3.30+0.52−0.40 1,2 AALTONEN 15H TEVA s- + t- hannels1.12+0.61−0.57 3 AALTONEN 14K CDF s- hannel (0ℓ+ 6ET+2,3j( ≥ 1b-tag))1.41+0.44−0.42 4 AALTONEN 14L CDF s- hannel (ℓ+ 6ET+2j ( ≥1b-tag))1.29+0.26−0.24 5 AALTONEN 14M TEVA s- hannel (CDF + D0)3.04+0.57−0.53 6 AALTONEN 14O CDF s + t + Wt (ℓ + 6ET +2 or 3 jets ( ≥ 1b-tag))1.10+0.33−0.31 7 ABAZOV 13O D0 s- hannel3.07+0.54−0.49 7 ABAZOV 13O D0 t- hannel4.11+0.60−0.55 7 ABAZOV 13O D0 s- + t- hannels0.98±0.63 8 ABAZOV 11AA D0 s- hannel2.90±0.59 8 ABAZOV 11AA D0 t- hannel3.43+0.73−0.74 9 ABAZOV 11ADD0 s- + t- hannels1.8 +0.7−0.5 10 AALTONEN 10AB CDF s- hannel0.8 ±0.4 10 AALTONEN 10AB CDF t- hannel4.9 +2.5−2.2 11 AALTONEN 10U CDF 6ET + jets de ay3.14+0.94−0.80 12 ABAZOV 10 D0 t- hannel1.05±0.81 12 ABAZOV 10 D0 s- hannel

< 7.3 95 13 ABAZOV 10J D0 τ + jets de ay2.3 +0.6−0.5 14 AALTONEN 09AT CDF s- + t- hannel3.94±0.88 15 ABAZOV 09Z D0 s- + t- hannel2.2 +0.7−0.6 16 AALTONEN 08AH CDF s- + t- hannel4.7 ±1.3 17 ABAZOV 08I D0 s- + t- hannel4.9 ±1.4 18 ABAZOV 07H D0 s- + t- hannel

< 6.4 95 19 ABAZOV 05P D0 pp → t b + X< 5.0 95 19 ABAZOV 05P D0 pp → t q b + X<10.1 95 20 ACOSTA 05N CDF pp → t q b + X<13.6 95 20 ACOSTA 05N CDF pp → t b + X<17.8 95 20 ACOSTA 05N CDF pp → t b + X , t q b + X

1AALTONEN 15H based on 9.7 fb−1 of data per experiment. The result is for mt= 172.5 GeV, and is a ombination of the CDF measurements (AALTONEN 16) andthe D0 measurements (ABAZOV 13O) on the t- hannel single t-quark produ tion rossse tion. The result is onsistent with the NLO+NNLL SM predi tion and gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ =1.02+0.06−0.05 and ∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.92 (95% CL).2AALTONEN 15H is a ombined measurement of s- hannel single top ross se tion byCDF + D0. AALTONEN 14M is not in luded.3Based on 9.45 fb−1 of data, using neural networks to separate signal from ba kgrounds.The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV. Combination of this result with the CDF measurementin the 1 lepton hannel AALTONEN 14L gives 1.36+0.37

−0.32 pb, onsistent with the SMpredi tion, and is 4.2 sigma away from the ba kground only hypothesis.4Based on 9.4 fb−1 of data, using neural networks to separate signal from ba kgrounds.The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV. The result is 3.8 sigma away from the ba kgroundonly hypothesis.5Based on 9.7 fb−1 of data per experiment. The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV, and is a ombination of the CDF measurements AALTONEN 14L, AALTONEN 14K and the D0measurement ABAZOV 13O on the s- hannel single t-quark produ tion ross se tion.The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion of 1.05 ± 0.06 pb and the signi� an eof the observation is of 6.3 standard deviations.6Based on 7.5 fb−1 of data. Neural network is used to dis riminate signals (s-, t- andWt- hannel single top produ tion) from ba kgrounds. The result is onsistent with theSM predi tion, and gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 0.95 ± 0.09(stat + syst)±0.05(theory) and ∣∣V tb ∣∣ >0.78 (95% CL). The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV.7Based on 9.7 fb−1 of data. Events with ℓ + 6ET + 2 or 3 jets (1 or 2 b-tag) are analysed,assuming mt = 172.5 GeV. The ombined s- + t- hannel ross se tion gives ∣∣Vtb f L1 ∣∣= 1.12+0.09−0.08, or ∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.92 at 95% CL for fL1 = 1 and a at prior within 0 ≤

∣∣Vtb∣∣2 ≤ 1.8Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data. The error is statisti al + systemati ombined. The re-sults are for mt = 172.5 GeV. Results for other mt values are given in Table 2 ofABAZOV 11AA.9Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data and for mt = 172.5 GeV. The error is statisti al + systemati ombined. Results for other mt values are given in Table III of ABAZOV 11AD. Theresult is obtained by assuming the SM ratio between t b (s- hannel) and t q b (t- hannel)produ tions, and gives ∣∣Vtb fL1 ∣∣ = 1.02+0.10

−0.11, or ∣∣Vtb∣∣ > 0.79 at 95% CL for a atprior within 0 <

∣∣Vtb∣∣2 < 1.10Based on 3.2 fb−1 of data. For ombined s- + t- hannel result see AALTONEN 09AT.11Result is based on 2.1 fb−1 of data. Events with large missing ET and jets with atleast one b-jet without identi�ed ele tron or muon are sele ted. Result is obtained whenobserved 2.1 σ ex ess over the ba kground originates from the signal for mt = 175 GeV,giving ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 1.24+0.34

−0.29 ± 0.07(theory).12Result is based on 2.3 fb−1 of data. Events with isolated ℓ + 6ET + 2 ,3, 4 jets withone or two b-tags are sele ted. The analysis assumes mt = 170 GeV.13Result is based on 4.8 fb−1 of data. Events with an isolated re onstru ted tau lepton,missing ET + 2, 3 jets with one or two b-tags are sele ted. When ombined withABAZOV 09Z result for e + µ hannels, the s- and t- hannels ombined ross se tionis 3.84+0.89−0.83 pb.14Based on 3.2 fb−1 of data. Events with isolated ℓ + 6ET + jets with at least oneb-tag are analyzed and s- and t- hannel single top events are sele ted by using thelikelihood fun tion, matrix element, neural-network, boosted de ision tree, likelihoodfun tion optimized for s- hannel pro ess, and neural-networked based analysis of eventswith 6ET that has sensitivity for W → τ ν de ays. The result is for mt = 175 GeV,and the mean value de reases by 0.02 pb/GeV for smaller mt . The signal has 5.0sigma signi� an e. The result gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 0.91 ± 0.11 (stat+syst)±0.07 (theory), or∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.71 at 95% CL.15Based on 2.3 fb−1 of data. Events with isolated ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2 jets with 1 or 2 b-tagsare analyzed and s- and t- hannel single top events are sele ted by using boosted de isiontree, Bayesian neural networks and the matrix element method. The signal has 5.0 sigmasigni� an e. The result gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 1.07 ± 0.12 , or ∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.78 at 95% CL. Theanalysis assumes mt = 170 GeV.16Result is based on 2.2 fb−1 of data. Events with isolated ℓ + 6ET + 2, 3 jets withat least one b-tag are sele ted, and s- and t- hannel single top events are sele ted byusing likelihood, matrix element, and neural network dis riminants. The result an beinterpreted as ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 0.88+0.13

−0.12(stat + syst)±0.07(theory), and ∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.66 (95%CL) under the ∣∣V tb ∣∣ < 1 onstraint.17Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data. Events with isolated ℓ + 6ET + 2, 3, 4 jets withone or two b-vertex-tag are sele ted, and ontributions from W + jets, t t , s- and t- hannel single top events are identi�ed by using boosted de ision trees, Bayesian neuralnetworks, and matrix element analysis. The result an be interpreted as the measurementof the CKM matrix element ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 1.31+0.25−0.21, or ∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.68 (95% CL) under the

∣∣V tb ∣∣ < 1 onstraint.18Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data. This result onstrains V tb to 0.68 <∣∣V tb ∣∣ ≤ 1at 95% CL.19ABAZOV 05P bounds single top-quark produ tion from either the s- hannelW -ex hangepro ess, q′ q → t b, or the t- hannel W -ex hange pro ess, q′ g → q t b, based on

∼ 230 pb−1 of data.20ACOSTA 05N bounds single top-quark produ tion from the t- hannel W -ex hange pro- ess (q′ g → q t b), the s- hannel W -ex hange pro ess (q′ q → t b), and from the ombined ross se tion of t- and s- hannel. Based on ∼ 162 pb−1 of data.t- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVDire t probe of the t bW oupling and possible new physi s at √s = 7 TeV.VALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •68 ± 2 ± 8 1 AAD 14BI ATLS ℓ + 6ET + 2j or 3j83 ± 4 +20

−19 2 AAD 12CH ATLS t- hannel ℓ+ 6ET+ (2,3)j (1b)67.2± 6.1 3 CHATRCHYAN12BQ CMS t- hannel ℓ + 6ET+ ≥ 2j (1b)83.6±29.8± 3.3 4 CHATRCHYAN11R CMS t- hannel

835835835835See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingst1Based on 4.59 fb−1 of data, using neural networks for signal and ba kground separation.σ(t q) = 46 ± 1 ± 6 pb and σ(t q) = 23 ± 1 ± 3 pb are separately measured, as wellas their ratio R = σ(t q)/σ(t q) = 2.04 ± 0.13 ± 0.12. The results are for mt = 172.5GeV, and those for other mt values are given by eq.(4) and Table IV. The measurementsgive ∣∣Vtb

∣∣ = 1.02 ± 0.07 or ∣∣Vtb∣∣ > 0.88 (95% CL).2Based on 1.04 fb−1 of data. The result gives ∣∣Vtb

∣∣ = 1.13+0.14−0.13 from the ratio

σ(exp)/σ(th), where σ(th) is the SM predi tion for ∣∣Vtb∣∣ = 1. The 95% CL lowerbound of ∣∣Vtb

∣∣ > 0.75 is found if ∣∣Vtb∣∣ < 1 is assumed. σ(t) = 59+18

−16 pb andσ(t) = 33+13

−12 pb are found for the separate single t and t produ tion ross se tions,respe tively. The results assume mt = 172.5 GeV for the a eptan e.3Based on 1.17 fb−1 of data for ℓ = µ, 1.56 fb−1 of data for ℓ = e at 7 TeV olle tedduring 2011. The result gives ∣∣Vtb∣∣ = 1.020 ± 0.046(meas)±0.017(th). The 95% CLlower bound of ∣∣Vtb

∣∣ > 0.92 is found if ∣∣Vtb∣∣ < 1 is assumed. The results assume mt= 172.5 GeV for the a eptan e.4Based on 36 pb−1 of data. The �rst error is statisti al + systemati ombined, these ond is luminosity. The result gives ∣∣Vtb

∣∣ = 1.114 ± 0.22(exp)±0.02(th) from theratio σ(exp)/σ(th), where σ(th) is the SM predi tion for ∣∣Vtb∣∣ = 1. The 95% CL lowerbound of ∣∣Vtb

∣∣ > 0.62 (0.68) is found from the 2D (BDT) analysis under the onstraint0 <∣∣Vtb

∣∣2 < 1.W t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVW t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVW t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVW t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVVALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •16+5

−4 1 CHATRCHYAN13C CMS t+W hannel, 2ℓ+ 6ET+1b1Based on 4.9 fb−1 of data. The result gives Vtb = 1.01+0.16−0.13(exp)+0.03

−0.04(th). Vtb >0.79 (95% CL) if Vtb < 1 is assumed. The results assume mt = 172.5 GeV for thea eptan e.t- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVVALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •83.6±2.3±7.4 1 KHACHATRY...14F CMS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2 j (1,2 b, 1 forward j)1Based on 19.7 fb−1 of data. The t and t produ tion ross se tions are measuredseparately as σt−ch.(t) = 53.8 ± 1.5 ± 4.4 pb and σt−ch.(t) = 27.6 ± 1.3 ± 3.7 pb,respe tively, as well as their ratio Rt−ch = σt−ch.(t)/σt−ch.(t) = 1.95 ± 0.10 ± 0.19,in agreement with the SM predi tions. Combination with a previous CMS result at √s= 7 TeV [CHATRCHYAN 12BQ℄ gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 0.998 ± 0.038 ± 0.016. Also obtainedis the ratio R8/7 = σt−ch.(8TeV)/σt−ch.(7TeV) = 1.24 ± 0.08 ± 0.12.s- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVs- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVs- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVs- hannel Single t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVVALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •5.0±4.3 1 AAD 15A ATLS ℓ + 6ET + 2b1Based on 20.3 fb−1 of data, using a multivariate analysis to separate signal and ba k-grounds. The 95% CL upper bound of the ross se tion is 14.6 pb. The results are onsistent with the SM predi tion of 5.61 ± 0.22 pb at approximate NNLO.W t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVW t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVW t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVW t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVVALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •23.0±1.3+3.2

−3.5±1.1 1 AAD 16B ATLS 2ℓ+ 6ET+1b23.4±5.4 2 CHATRCHYAN14AC CMS t+W hannel, 2ℓ+ 6ET+1b1AAD 16B based on 20.3 fb−1 of data. The result gives ∣∣V tb ∣∣ = 1.01±0.10 and ∣∣V tb ∣∣ >0.80 (95% CL) without assuming unitarity of the CKM matrix. The results assume mt= 172.5 GeV for the a eptan e.2Based on 12.2 fb−1 of data. Events with two oppositely harged leptons, large 6ETand a b-tagged jet are sele ted, and a multivariate analysis is used to separate thesignal from the ba kgrounds. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion of 22.2 ±0.6(s ale)±1.4(PDF) pb at approximate NNLO.Single t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in e p CollisionsSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in e p CollisionsSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in e p CollisionsSingle t-Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion in e p CollisionsVALUE (pb) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<0.25 95 1 AARON 09A H1 e± p → e± t X<0.55 95 2 AKTAS 04 H1 e± p → e± t X<0.225 95 3 CHEKANOV 03 ZEUS e± p → e± t X1AARON 09A looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in e± p ollisions at HERA with474 pb−1 of data at √s = 301{319 GeV. The result supersedes that of AKTAS 04.2AKTAS 04 looked for single top produ tion via FCNC in e± ollisions at HERA with118.3 pb−1, and found 5 events in the e or µ hannels while 1.31 ± 0.22 events areexpe ted from the Standard Model ba kground. No ex ess was found for the hadroni hannel. The observed ross se tion of σ(e p → e t X ) = 0.29+0.15

−0.14 pb at √s =319 GeV gives the quoted upper bound if the observed events are due to statisti al u tuation.3CHEKANOV 03 looked in 130.1 pb−1 of data at √s = 301 and 318 GeV. The limit isfor √s = 318 GeV and assumes mt = 175 GeV.

t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.8 TeVOnly the �nal ombined t t produ tion ross se tions obtained from Tevatron Run I bythe CDF and D0 experiments are quoted below.VALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •5.69±1.21±1.04 1 ABAZOV 03A D0 Combined Run I data6.5 +1.7

−1.4 2 AFFOLDER 01A CDF Combined Run I data1Combined result from 110 pb−1 of Tevatron Run I data. Assume mt = 172.1 GeV.2Combined result from 105 pb−1 of Tevatron Run I data. Assume mt = 175 GeV.t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVUnless otherwise noted the �rst quoted error is from statisti s, the se ond from sys-temati un ertainties, and the third from luminosity. If only two errors are quoted theluminosity is in luded in the systemati un ertainties.VALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •8.1 ±2.1 1 AALTONEN 14A CDF ℓ + τh + ≥ 2jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)7.60±0.20±0.29±0.21 2 AALTONEN 14H TEVA ℓℓ, ℓ+jets, all-jets hannels8.0 ±0.7 ±0.6 ±0.5 3 ABAZOV 14K D0 ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4 jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)7.09±0.84 4 AALTONEN 13AB CDF ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2 jets7.5 ±1.0 5 AALTONEN 13G CDF ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 3jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)8.8 ±3.3 ±2.2 6 AALTONEN 12AL CDF τh + 6ET +4j ( ≥ 1b)8.5 ±0.6 ±0.7 7 AALTONEN 11D CDF ℓ + 6ET + jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)7.64±0.57±0.45 8 AALTONEN 11W CDF ℓ + 6ET + jets ( ≥ 1b-tag)7.99±0.55±0.76±0.46 9 AALTONEN 11Y CDF 6ET + ≥ 4jets (0,1,2 b-tag)7.78+0.77

−0.64 10 ABAZOV 11E D0 ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2 jets7.56+0.63−0.56 11 ABAZOV 11Z D0 Combination6.27±0.73±0.63±0.39 12 AALTONEN 10AA CDF Repl. by AALTONEN 13AB7.2 ±0.5 ±1.0 ±0.4 13 AALTONEN 10E CDF ≥ 6 jets, vtx b-tag7.8 ±2.4 ±1.6 ±0.5 14 AALTONEN 10V CDF ℓ + ≥ 3 jets, soft-e b-tag7.70±0.52 15 AALTONEN 10W CDF ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 3 jets + b-tag,norm. to σ(Z → ℓℓ)TH6.9 ±2.0 16 ABAZOV 10I D0 ≥ 6 jets with 2 b-tags6.9 ±1.2 +0.8

−0.7 ±0.4 17 ABAZOV 10Q D0 τh + jets9.6 ±1.2 +0.6−0.5 ±0.6 18 AALTONEN 09AD CDF ℓℓ + 6ET / vtx b-tag9.1 ±1.1 +1.0−0.9 ±0.6 19 AALTONEN 09H CDF ℓ + ≥ 3 jets+ 6ET /soft µ b-tag8.18+0.98

−0.87 20 ABAZOV 09AG D0 ℓ + jets, ℓℓ and ℓτ + jets7.5 ±1.0 +0.7−0.6 +0.6

−0.5 21 ABAZOV 09R D0 ℓℓ and ℓτ + jets8.18+0.90−0.84±0.50 22 ABAZOV 08M D0 ℓ + n jets with 0,1,2 b-tag7.62±0.85 23 ABAZOV 08N D0 ℓ + n jets + b-tag or kinemati s8.5 +2.7−2.2 24 ABULENCIA 08 CDF ℓ+ ℓ− (ℓ = e, µ)8.3 ±1.0 +2.0

−1.5 ±0.5 25 AALTONEN 07D CDF ≥ 6 jets, vtx b-tag7.4 ±1.4 ±1.0 26 ABAZOV 07O D0 ℓℓ + jets, vtx b-tag4.5 +2.0−1.9 +1.4

−1.1 ±0.3 27 ABAZOV 07P D0 ≥ 6 jets, vtx b-tag6.4 +1.3−1.2 ±0.7 ±0.4 28 ABAZOV 07R D0 ℓ + ≥ 4 jets6.6 ±0.9 ±0.4 29 ABAZOV 06X D0 ℓ + jets, vtx b-tag8.7 ±0.9 +1.1

−0.9 30 ABULENCIA 06Z CDF ℓ + jets, vtx b-tag5.8 ±1.2 +0.9−0.7 31 ABULENCIA,A 06C CDF missing ET + jets, vtx b-tag7.5 ±2.1 +3.3−2.2 +0.5

−0.4 32 ABULENCIA,A 06E CDF 6{8 jets, b-tag8.9 ±1.0 +1.1−1.0 33 ABULENCIA,A 06F CDF ℓ + ≥ 3 jets, b-tag8.6 +1.6

−1.5 ±0.6 34 ABAZOV 05Q D0 ℓ + n jets8.6+3.2−2.7 ± 1.1 ± 0.6 35 ABAZOV 05R D0 di-lepton + n jets6.7 +1.4−1.3 +1.6

−1.1 ±0.4 36 ABAZOV 05X D0 ℓ + jets / kinemati s5.3 ±3.3 +1.3−1.0 37 ACOSTA 05S CDF ℓ + jets / soft µ b-tag6.6 ±1.1 ±1.5 38 ACOSTA 05T CDF ℓ + jets / kinemati s6.0 +1.5

−1.6 +1.2−1.3 39 ACOSTA 05U CDF ℓ + jets/kinemati s + vtx b-tag5.6 +1.2

−1.1 +0.9−0.6 40 ACOSTA 05V CDF ℓ + n jets7.0 +2.4

−2.1 +1.6−1.1 ±0.4 41 ACOSTA 04I CDF di-lepton + jets + missing ET1Based on 9 fb−1 of data. The measurement is in the hannel t t → (b ℓν)(b τ ν), where

τ de ays into hadrons (τh), and ℓ (e or µ) in lude ℓ from τ de ays (τℓ). The result isfor mt = 173 GeV.2Based on 8.8 fb−1 of data. Combination of CDF and D0 measurements given, respe -tively, by σ(tt ; CDF) = 7.63± 0.31± 0.36± 0.16 pb, σ(tt ; D0) = 7.56± 0.20± 0.32±0.46 pb. All the results are for mt = 172.5 GeV. The mt dependen e of the mean valueis parametrized in eq. (1) and shown in Fig. 2.3Based on 9.7 fb−1 of data. Di�erential ross se tions with respe t to mtt, ∣∣y(top)∣∣,ET (top) are shown in Figs. 9, 10, 11, respe tively, and are ompared to the predi tionsof MC models.4Based on 8.8 fb−1 of pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV.5Based on 8.7 fb−1 of pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Measure the t t ross se tionsimultaneously with the fra tion of t → W b de ays. The orrelation oeÆ ient between

836836836836Quark Parti le Listingst those two measurements is −0.434. Assume unitarity of the 3×3 CKM matrix and set∣∣V tb ∣∣ > 0.89 at 95% CL.6Based on 2.2 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. The result assumes the a ep-tan e for mt = 172.5 GeV.7Based on 1.12 fb−1 and assumes mt = 175 GeV, where the ross se tion hanges by±0.1 pb for every ∓1 GeV shift in mt . AALTONEN 11D �ts simultaneously the t tprodu tion ross se tion and the b-tagging eÆ ien y and �nd improvements in bothmeasurements.8Based on 2.7 fb−1. The �rst error is from statisti s and systemati s, the se ond is fromluminosity. The result is for mt = 175 GeV. AALTONEN 11W �ts simultaneously a jet avor dis riminator between b-, -, and light-quarks, and �nd signi� ant redu tion inthe systemati error.9Based on 2.2 fb−1. The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV. AALTONEN 11Y sele ts multi-jetevents with large 6ET , and vetoes identi�ed ele trons and muons.10Based on 5.3 fb−1. The error is statisti al + systemati + luminosity ombined. Theresult is for mt = 172.5 GeV. The results for other mt values are given in Table XII andeq.(10) of ABAZOV 11E.11Combination of a dilepton measurement presented in ABAZOV 11Z (based on 5.4fb−1), whi h yields 7.36+0.90

−0.79 (stat+syst) pb, and the lepton + jets measurementof ABAZOV 11E. The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV. The results for other mt values isgiven by eq.(5) of ABAZOV 11A.12Based on 2.8 fb−1. The result is for mt = 175 GeV.13Based on 2.9 fb−1. Result is obtained from the fra tion of signal events in the top quarkmass measurement in the all hadroni de ay hannel.14Based on 1.7 fb−1. The result is for mt = 175 GeV. AALTONEN 10V uses soft ele tronsfrom b-hadron de ays to suppress W+jets ba kground events.15Based on 4.6 fb−1. The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV. The ratio σ(t t → ℓ+jets) /σ(Z /γ∗ → ℓℓ) is measured and then multiplied by the theoreti al Z /γ∗ → ℓℓ rossse tion of σ(Z /γ∗ → ℓℓ) = 251.3 ± 5.0 pb, whi h is free from the luminosity error.16Based on 1 fb−1. The result is for mt = 175 GeV. 7.9 ± 2.3 pb is found for mt =170 GeV. ABAZOV 10I uses a likelihood dis riminant to separate signal from ba kground,where the ba kground model was reated from lower jet-multipli ity data.17Based on 1 fb−1. The result is for mt = 170 GeV. For mt = 175 GeV, the resultis 6.3+1.2

−1.1(stat)±0.7(syst)±0.4(lumi) pb. Cross se tion of t t produ tion has beenmeasured in the t t → τh + jets topology, where τh denotes hadroni ally de aying τleptons. The result for the ross se tion times the bran hing ratio is σ(t t) · B(t t →τh + jets) = 0.60+0.23

−0.22+0.15−0.14 ± 0.04 pb for mt = 170 GeV.18Based on 1.1 fb−1. The result is for B(W → ℓν) = 10.8% and mt = 175 GeV; themean value is 9.8 for mt = 172.5 GeV and 10.1 for mt = 170 GeV. AALTONEN 09ADused high pT e or µ with an isolated tra k to sele t t t de ays into dileptons in luding ℓ= τ . The result is based on the andidate event samples with and without vertex b-tag.19Based on 2 fb−1. The result is for mt = 175 GeV; the mean value is 3% higher for mt= 170 GeV and 4% lower for mt = 180 GeV.20Result is based on 1 fb−1 of data. The result is for mt = 170 GeV, and the mean valuede reases with in reasing mt ; see their Fig. 2. The result is obtained after ombining ℓ+ jets, ℓℓ, and ℓτ �nal states, and the ratios of the extra ted ross se tions are Rℓℓ/ℓ j= 0.86+0.19

−0.17 and Rℓτ /ℓℓ−ℓ j = 0.97+0.32−0.29, onsistent with the SM expe tation of R= 1. This leads to the upper bound of B(t → bH+) as a fun tion of mH+ . Results areshown in their Fig. 1 for B(H+ → τ ν) = 1 and B(H+ → s) = 1 ases. Comparisonof the mt dependen e of the extra ted ross se tion and a partial NNLO predi tion givesmt = 169.1+5.9

−5.2 GeV.21Result is based on 1 fb−1 of data. The result is for mt = 170 GeV, and the mean value hanges by −0.07 [mt(GeV)−170℄ pb near the referen e mt value. Comparison of themt dependen e of the extra ted ross se tion and a partial NNLO QCD predi tion givesmt = 171.5+9.9−8.8 GeV. The ℓτ hannel alone gives 7.6+4.9

−4.3+3.5−3.4+1.4

−0.9 pb and the ℓℓ hannel gives 7.5+1.2−1.1+0.7

−0.6+0.7−0.5 pb.22Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data. The �rst error is from stat + syst, while the lattererror is from luminosity. The result is for mt=175 GeV, and the mean value hanges by

−0.09 pb·[mt (GeV)−175℄.23Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data. The ross se tion is obtained from the ℓ + ≥ 3 jetevent rates with 1 or 2 b-tag, and also from the kinemati al likelihood analysis of theℓ+ 3, 4 jet events. The result is for mt= 172.6 GeV, and its mt dependen e shown inFig. 3 leads to the onstraint mt = 170 ± 7 GeV when ompared to the SM predi tion.24Result is based on 360 pb−1 of data. Events with high pT oppositely harged dileptonsℓ+ ℓ− (ℓ = e, µ) are used to obtain ross se tions for t t , W+W−, and Z → τ+ τ−produ tion pro esses simultaneously. The other ross se tions are given in Table IV.25Based on 1.02 fb−1 of data. Result is for mt = 175 GeV. Se ondary vertex b-tag andneural network sele tions are used to a hieve a signal-to-ba kground ratio of about 1/2.26Based on 425 pb−1 of data. Result is for mt = 175 GeV. For mt = 170.9 GeV,7.8 ± 1.8(stat + syst) pb is obtained.27Based on 405 ± 25 pb−1 of data. Result is for mt = 175 GeV. The last error is forluminosity. Se ondary vertex b-tag and neural network are used to separate the signalevents from the ba kground.28Based on 425 pb−1 of data. Assumes mt = 175 GeV.29Based on ∼ 425 pb−1. Assuming mt = 175 GeV. The �rst error is ombined statisti aland systemati , the se ond one is luminosity.30Based on ∼ 318 pb−1. Assuming mt = 178 GeV. The ross se tion hanges by ±0.08pb for ea h ∓ GeV hange in the assumed mt . Result is for at least one b-tag. For atleast two b-tagged jets, t t signal of signi� an e greater than 5σ is found, and the rossse tion is 10.1+1.6

−1.4+2.0−1.3 pb for mt = 178 GeV.31Based on ∼ 311 pb−1. Assuming mt = 178 GeV. For mt = 175 GeV, the result is6.0 ± 1.2+0.9

−0.7. This is the �rst CDF measurement without lepton identi� ation, andhen e it has sensitivity to the W → τ ν mode.32ABULENCIA,A 06E measures the t t produ tion ross se tion in the all hadroni de aymode by sele ting events with 6 to 8 jets and at least one b-jet. S/B = 1/5 has beena hieved. Based on 311 pb−1. Assuming mt = 178 GeV.

33Based on ∼ 318 pb−1. Assuming mt = 178 GeV. Result is for at least one b-tag. Forat least two b-tagged jets, the ross se tion is 11.1+2.3−1.9+2.5

−1.9 pb.34ABAZOV 05Q measures the top-quark pair produ tion ross se tion with ∼ 230 pb−1of data, based on the analysis of W plus n-jet events where W de ays into e or µplus neutrino, and at least one of the jets is b-jet like. The �rst error is statisti al andsystemati , and the se ond a ounts for the luminosity un ertainty. The result assumesmt = 175 GeV; the mean value hanges by (175−mt (GeV)) × 0.06 pb in the massrange 160 to 190 GeV.35ABAZOV 05R measures the top-quark pair produ tion ross se tion with 224{243 pb−1of data, based on the analysis of events with two harged leptons in the �nal state. Theresult assumes mt = 175 GeV; the mean value hanges by (175−mt (GeV)) × 0.08 pbin the mass range 160 to 190 GeV.36Based on 230 pb−1. Assuming mt = 175 GeV.37Based on 194 pb−1. Assuming mt = 175 GeV.38Based on 194 ± 11 pb−1. Assuming mt = 175 GeV.39Based on 162 ± 10 pb−1. Assuming mt = 175 GeV.40ACOSTA 05V measures the top-quark pair produ tion ross se tion with ∼ 162 pb−1data, based on the analysis of W plus n-jet events where W de ays into e or µ plusneutrino, and at least one of the jets is b-jet like. Assumes mt = 175 GeV.41ACOSTA 04I measures the top-quark pair produ tion ross se tion with 197 ± 12 pb−1data, based on the analysis of events with two harged leptons in the �nal state. Assumesmt = 175 GeV.Ratio of the Produ tion Cross Se tions of t t γ to t t at √s = 1.96 TeVRatio of the Produ tion Cross Se tions of t t γ to t t at √s = 1.96 TeVRatio of the Produ tion Cross Se tions of t t γ to t t at √s = 1.96 TeVRatio of the Produ tion Cross Se tions of t t γ to t t at √s = 1.96 TeVVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •0.024±0.009 1 AALTONEN 11Z CDF ET (γ) > 10 GeV, ∣∣η(γ)∣∣ <1.01Based on 6.0 fb−1 of data. The error is statisti al and systemati ombined. Eventswith lepton + 6ET + ≥ 3 jets( ≥ 1b) with and without entral, high ET photon aremeasured. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion of 0.024±0.005. The absoluteprodu tion ross se tion is measured to be 0.18 ± 0.08 fb. The statisti al signi� an e is3.0 standard deviations.t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVUnless otherwise noted the �rst quoted error is from statisti s, the se ond from sys-temati un ertainties, and the third from luminosity. If only two errors are quoted theluminosity is in luded in the systemati un ertainties.VALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •181.2± 2.8+10.8

−10.6 1 AAD 15BO ATLS e + µ + 6ET + ≥ 0j178 ± 3 ±16 ± 3 2 AAD 15CC ATLS ℓ+jets, ℓℓ+jets, ℓτh+jets3 AAIJ 15R LHCB µ+ ≥ 1j(b-tag) forward re-gion182.9± 3.1± 6.4 4 AAD 14AY ATLS e + µ + 1 or 2b jets194 ±18 ±46 5 AAD 13X ATLS τh + 6ET + ≥ 5j ( ≥ 2b)139 ±10 ±26 6 CHATRCHYAN13AY CMS ≥ 6 jets with 2 b-tags158.1± 2.1±10.8 7 CHATRCHYAN13BB CMS ℓ + 6ET + jets( ≥ 1 b-tag)152 ±12 ±32 8 CHATRCHYAN13BE CMS τh+ 6ET+ ≥ 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b)177 ±20 ±14 ± 7 9 AAD 12B ATLS Repl. by AAD 12BF176 ± 5 +14−11 ± 8 10 AAD 12BF ATLS ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j187 ±11 +18−17 ± 6 11 AAD 12BO ATLS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 3j with b-tag186 ±13 ±20 ± 7 12 AAD 12CG ATLS ℓ + τh+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1b)143 ±14 ±22 ± 3 13 CHATRCHYAN12AC CMS ℓ + τh+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1b)161.9± 2.5+ 5.1− 5.0± 3.6 14 CHATRCHYAN12AX CMS ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2b145 ±31 +42−27 15 AAD 11A ATLS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4j, ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j173 +39

−32 ± 7 16 CHATRCHYAN11AA CMS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 3 jets168 ±18 ±14 ± 7 17 CHATRCHYAN11F CMS ℓℓ + 6ET + jets154 ±17 ± 6 18 CHATRCHYAN11Z CMS Combination194 ±72 ±24 ±21 19 KHACHATRY...11A CMS ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2 jets1Based on 4.6 fb−1 of data. Uses a template �t to distributions of 6ET and jet multipli itiesto measure simultaneously t t , WW , and Z/γ∗ → τ τ ross se tions, assuming mt =172.5 GeV.2AAD 15CC based on 4.6 fb−1 of data. The event sele tion riteria are optimized for theℓτh + jets hannel. Using only this hannel 183 ± 9 ± 23 ± 3 pb is derived for the rossse tion.3AAIJ 15R, based on 1.0 fb−1 of data, reports 0.239 ± 0.053 ± 0.033 ± 0.024 pb rossse tion for the forward �du ial region pT (µ) > 25 GeV, 2.0 < η(µ) < 4.5, 50 GeV <pT (b) < 100 GeV, 2.2 < η(b) < 4.2, �R(µ,b) > 0.5, and pT (µ+b) > 20 GeV. Thethree errors are from statisti s, systemati s, and theory. The result agrees with the SMNLO predi tion.4AAD 14AY reports 182.9 ± 3.1 ± 4.2 ± 3.6 ± 3.3 pb value based on 4.6 fb−1 ofdata. The four errors are from statisti s, systemati , luminosity, and the 0.66% beamenergy un ertainty. We have ombined the systemati un ertainties in quadrature. Theresult is for mt = 172.5GeV; for other mt , σ(mt ) = σ(172.5GeV)×[1−0.0028×(mt −172.5GeV)℄. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion at NNLO.5Based on 1.67 fb−1 of data. The result uses the a eptan e for mt = 172.5 GeV.6Based on 3.54 fb−1 of data.7Based on 2.3 fb−1 of data.8Based on 3.9 fb−1 of data.9Based on 35 pb−1 of data for an assumed top quark mass of mt = 172.5 GeV.10Based on 0.70 fb−1 of data. The 3 errors are from statisti s, systemati s, and luminosity.The result uses the a eptan e for mt = 172.5 GeV.11Based on 35 pb−1 of data. The 3 errors are from statisti s, systemati s, and luminosity.The result uses the a eptan e for mt = 172.5 GeV and 173 ± 17+18

−16 ± 6 pb is foundwithout the b-tag.

837837837837See key on page 601 QuarkParti le Listingst12Based on 2.05 fb−1 of data. The hadroni τ andidates are sele ted using a BDTte hnique. The 3 errors are from statisti s, systemati s, and luminosity. The result usesthe a eptan e for mt = 172.5 GeV.13Based on 2.0 fb−1 and 2.2 fb−1 of data for ℓ = e and ℓ = µ, respe tively. The 3 errorsare from statisti s, systemati s, and luminosity. The result uses the a eptan e for mt= 172.5 GeV.14Based on 2.3 fb−1 of data. The 3 errors are from statisti s, systemati s, and luminosity.The result uses the pro�le likelihood-ratio (PLB) method and an assumed mt of 172.5GeV.15Based on 2.9 pb−1 of data. The result for single lepton hannels is 142 ± 34+50−31 pb,while for the dilepton hannels is 151+78

−62+37−24 pb.16Result is based on 36 pb−1 of data. The �rst un ertainty orresponds to the statisti aland systemati un ertainties, and the se ond orresponds to the luminosity.17Based on 36 pb−1 of data. The ratio of t t and Z/γ∗ ross se tions is measured as

σ(pp → t t)/σ(pp → Z/γ∗ → e+ e−/µ+µ−) = 0.175 ± 0.018(stat)±0.015(syst)for 60 < mℓℓ < 120 GeV, for whi h they use an NNLO predi tion for the denominator ross se tion of 972 ± 42 pb.18Result is based on 36 pb−1 of data. The �rst error is from statisti al and systemati un ertainties, and the se ond from luminosity. This is a ombination of a measurement inthe dilepton hannel (CHATRCHYAN 11F) and the measurement in the ℓ + jets hannel(CHATRCHYAN 11Z) whi h yields 150 ± 9 ± 17 ± 6 pb.19Result is based on 3.1 ± 0.3 pb−1 of data.t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVUnless otherwise noted the �rst quoted error is from statisti s, the se ond from sys-temati un ertainties, and the third from luminosity. If only two errors are quoted theluminosity is in luded in the systemati un ertainties.VALUE (pb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •260 ±1 +24

−25 1 AAD 15BP ATLS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 3j ( ≥ 1b)2 AAIJ 15R LHCB µ+ ≥ 1j(b-tag) forward region242.4±1.7±10.2 3 AAD 14AY ATLS e + µ + 1 or 2b jets239 ±2 ±11 ±6 4 CHATRCHYAN14F CMS ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1 b-tag)257 ±3 ±24 ±7 5 KHACHATRY...14S CMS ℓ+τh+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1b)1AAD 15BP based on 20.3 fb−1 of data. The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV and inagreement with the SM predi tion 253+13−15 pb at NNLO+NNLL.2AAIJ 15R, based on 2.0 fb−1 of data, reports 0.289 ± 0.043 ± 0.040 ± 0.029 pb rossse tion for the forward �du ial region pT (µ) > 25 GeV, 2.0 < η(µ) < 4.5, 50 GeV <pT (b) < 100 GeV, 2.2 < η(b) < 4.2, �R(µ,b) > 0.5, and pT (µ+b) > 20 GeV. Thethree errors are from statisti s, systemati s, and theory. The result agrees with the SMNLO predi tion.3AAD 14AY reports 242.4 ± 1.7 ± 5.5 ± 7.5 ± 4.2 pb value based on 20.3 fb−1 ofdata. The four errors are from statisti s, systemati , luminosity, and the 0.66% beamenergy un ertainty. We have ombined the systemati un ertainties in quadrature. Theresult is for mt = 172.5GeV; for other mt , σ(mt ) = σ(172.5GeV)×[1−0.0028×(mt −172.5GeV)℄. Also measured is the ratio σ(t t; 8TeV)/σ(t t ; 7TeV) = 1.326 ± 0.024 ±0.015 ± 0.049 ± 0.001. The results are onsistent with the SM predi tions at NNLO.4Based on 5.3 fb−1 of data. The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV, and a parametrizationis given in eq.(6.1) for the mean value at other mt values. The result is in agreementwith the SM predi tion 252.9+6.4

−8.6 pb at NNLO.5Based on 19.6 fb−1 of data. The measurement is in the hannel t t → (b ℓν)(b τ ν),where τ de ays into hadrons (τh). The result is for mt = 172.5 GeV. For mt = 173.3GeV, the ross se tion is lower by 3.1 pb.t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVVALUE (pb) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<1.7 95 1 AAD 12BE ATLS ℓ+ℓ++ 6ET+ ≥ 2j +HT1Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. The upper bounds are the same for LL,LR and RR hiral omponents of the two top quarks.t t t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t t t Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVVALUE (fb) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<23 95 1 AAD 15AR ATLS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 5j ( ≥ 2 b)<70 95 2 AAD 15BY ATLS ≥ 2ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1 b)<32 95 3 KHACHATRY...14R CMS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 6j ( ≥ 2 b)1AAD 15AR based on 20.3 fb−1 of data. A �t to HT distributions in multi- hannels lassi�ed by the number of jets and of b-tagged jets is performed.2AAD 15BY based on 20.3 fb−1 of data. A same-sign lepton pair is required. An ex essover the SM predi tion rea hes 2.5σ for hypotheses involving heavy resonan es de ayinginto t t t t .3Based on 19.6 fb−1 of data, using a multivariate analysis to separate signal from ba k-grounds. About σ(t t t t) = 1 fb is expe ted in the SM.t tW Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt tW Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt tW Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt tW Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVVALUE (fb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •170+90

−80±70 1 KHACHATRY...14N CMS t tW → same sign dilepton+ 6ET + jets1Based on 19.5 fb−1 of data. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion of σ(t tW )= 206+21−23 fb.

t t Z Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t Z Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t Z Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVt t Z Produ tion Cross Se tion in pp Collisions at √s = 8 TeVVALUE (fb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •200+80

−70+40−30 1 KHACHATRY...14N CMS t t Z → 3,4 ℓ + 6ET + jets1Based on 19.5 fb−1 of data. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion of σ(t t Z)= 197+22−25 fb.f(Q0): t t Fra tion of Events with a Veto on Additional Central Jet A tivityf(Q0): t t Fra tion of Events with a Veto on Additional Central Jet A tivityf(Q0): t t Fra tion of Events with a Veto on Additional Central Jet A tivityf(Q0): t t Fra tion of Events with a Veto on Additional Central Jet A tivityin pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVin pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVin pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVin pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVQ0 denotes the threshold of the additional jet pT .VALUE (%) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •80.0±1.1±1.6 1 CHATRCHYAN14AE CMS Q0 = 75 GeV (∣∣y∣∣ <2.4)92.0±0.7±0.8 1 CHATRCHYAN14AE CMS Q0= 150 GeV (∣∣y∣∣ <2.4)98.0±0.3±0.3 1 CHATRCHYAN14AE CMS Q0= 300 GeV (∣∣y∣∣ <2.4)56.4±1.3+2.6−2.8 2 AAD 12BL ATLS Q0 = 25 GeV (∣∣y∣∣ <2.1)84.7±0.9±1.0 2 AAD 12BL ATLS Q0 = 75 GeV (∣∣y∣∣ <2.1)95.2+0.5

−0.6±0.4 2 AAD 12BL ATLS Q0= 150 GeV (∣∣y∣∣ <2.1)1CHATRCHYAN 15 based on 5.0 fb−1 of data. The t t events are sele ted in the dileptonand lepton + jets de ay hannels. For other values of Q0 see Table 5.2Based on 2.05 fb−1 of data. The t t events are sele ted in the dilepton de ay hannelwith two identi�ed b-jets.Fra tion of t t + multi-jet Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVFra tion of t t + multi-jet Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVFra tion of t t + multi-jet Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVFra tion of t t + multi-jet Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •1 AAD 15D ATLS ℓ+ 6ET + nj (n=3 to 8)0.332±0.090 2 CHATRCHYAN14AE CMS t t(ℓℓ) + 0 jet (ET > 30GeV)0.436±0.098 2 CHATRCHYAN14AE CMS t t(ℓℓ) + 1 jet (ET > 30GeV)0.232±0.125 2 CHATRCHYAN14AE CMS t t(ℓℓ) + ≥ 2 jet (ET > 30GeV)1Based on 4.6 fb−1 of data. Fidu ial t t produ tion ross se tion is presented as a fun tionof the jet multipli ity for up to eight jets with the jet pT threshold of 25, 40, 60, and 80GeV, and as a fun tion of jet pT up to the 5th jet. MC models an be dis riminated byusing data for high jet multipli ity and by pT distributions of the leading and 5th jet.2Based on 5.0 fb−1 of data. Events with two oppositely harged leptons, large 6ET andjets with at least 1 b-tag are used to measure the fra tion of t t plus additional jets. Thegap fra tion (n=0 jet rate) as a fun tion of the jet pT and that of HT , the s alar sumof the pT 's of additional jets, is shown in Fig. 8.t t Charge Asymmetry (AC ) in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Charge Asymmetry (AC ) in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Charge Asymmetry (AC ) in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt t Charge Asymmetry (AC ) in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVAC = (N(�∣∣y∣∣ >0) − N(�∣∣y∣∣ <0) ) / (N(�∣∣y∣∣ >0) + N(�∣∣y∣∣ <0) ) where �∣∣y∣∣= ∣∣yt ∣∣ −

∣∣yt ∣∣ is the di�eren e between the absolute values of the top and antitoprapidities and N is the number of events with �∣∣y∣∣ positive or negative.VALUE (%) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •2.1±2.5±1.7 1 AAD 15AJ ATLS ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j0.6±1.0 2 AAD 14I ATLS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j ( ≥ 1b)−1.0±1.7±0.8 3 CHATRCHYAN14D CMS ℓℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1b)−1.9±2.8±2.4 4 AAD 12BK ATLS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j ( ≥ 1b)0.4±1.0±1.1 5 CHATRCHYAN12BB CMS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j ( ≥ 1b)−1.3±2.8+2.9

−3.1 6 CHATRCHYAN12BS CMS ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j ( ≥ 1b)1AAD 15AJ based on 4.6 fb−1 of data. After kinemati re onstru tion the top quarkmomenta are orre ted for dete tor resolution and a eptan e e�e ts by unfolding, usingparton level information of the MC generators. The lepton harge asymmetry is measuredas AℓC = 0.024 ± 0.015 ± 0.009. All the measurements are onsistent with the SMpredi tions.2Based on 4.7 fb−1 of data. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion of AC =0.0123 ± 0.0005. The asymmetry is 0.011 ± 0.018 if restri ted to those events where

βZ (t t) > 0.6, whi h is also onsistent with the SM predi tion of 0.020+0.006−0.007.3Based on 5.0 fb−1 of data. The lepton harge asymmetry is measured as Aℓ

C = 0.009±0.0010 ± 0.006. AℓC

dependen es on mt t , ∣∣y(t t)∣∣, and pT (t t) are given in Fig. 5. Allmeasurements are onsistent with the SM predi tions.4Based on 1.04 fb−1 of data. The result is onsistent with AC = 0.006 ± 0.002 (MC atNLO). No signi� ant dependen e of AC on mt t is observed.5Based on 5.0 fb−1 of data at 7 TeV.6Based on 1.09 fb−1 of data. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tions.t-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVt-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVt-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVt-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •0.113±0.091±0.019 1 ABAZOV 15K D0 Aℓ

FB in ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j( ≥ 1b)1ABAZOV 15K based on 9.7 fb−1 of data. The value is top quark polarization times spinanalyzing power in the beam basis. The result is onsistent with the SM predi tion of−0.0019 ± 0.0005.

838838838838QuarkParti le Listingstt-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVt-quark Polarization in t t Events in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeVThe double di�erential distribution in polar angles, θ1 (θ2) of the de ay parti le of thetop (anti-top) de ay produ ts, is parametrized as (1/σ)dσ/(d osθ1 d osθ2) = (1/4) (1 + At osθ1 + At osθ2 − C osθ1 osθ2 ). The harged lepton is used to tag t or t .The oeÆ ient At and At measure the average heli ity of t and t , respe tively. ACPCassumes CP onservation, whereas ACPV orresponds to maximal CP violation.VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •−0.035±0.014±0.037 1 AAD 13BE ATLS ACPC = At = At0.020±0.016+0.013

−0.017 1 AAD 13BE ATLS ACPV = At = −At1Based on 4.7 fb−1 of data using the �nal states ontaining one or two isolated ele tronsor muons and jets with at least one b-tag.g g → t t Fra tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVg g → t t Fra tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVg g → t t Fra tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVg g → t t Fra tion in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVVALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<0.33 68 1 AALTONEN 09F CDF t t orrelations0.07±0.14±0.07 2 AALTONEN 08AG CDF low pT number of tra ks1Based on 955 pb−1. AALTONEN 09F used di�eren es in the t t produ tion angulardistribution and polarization orrelation to des riminate between g g → t t and qq →t t subpro esses. The ombination with the result of AALTONEN 08AG gives 0.07+0.15

−0.07.2Result is based on 0.96 fb−1 of data. The ontribution of the subpro esses g g → t tand qq → t t is distinguished by using the di�eren e between quark and gluon initiatedjets in the number of small pT (0.3 GeV < pT < 3 GeV) harged parti les in the entral region (∣∣η∣∣ < 1.1).AFB of t t in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVAFB of t t in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVAFB of t t in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVAFB of t t in pp Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeVVALUE (%) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •17.5± 5.6±3.1 1 ABAZOV 15K D0 Aℓ

FB in ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j( ≥ 1b)7.2± 6.0 2 AALTONEN 14F CDF AℓFB in dilepton hannel(ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j)7.6± 8.2 2 AALTONEN 14F CDF AℓℓFB

in dilepton hannel(ℓℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 2j)4.2± 2.3+1.7−2.0 3 ABAZOV 14G D0 Aℓ

FB (ℓ + 6ET+ ≥ 3j (0,1 ≥ 2b))10.6± 3.0 4 ABAZOV 14H D0 AFB (ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 3j ( ≥ 1b))20.1± 6.7 5 AALTONEN 13AD CDF a1/a0 in ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4j ( ≥ 1b)− 0.2± 3.1 5 AALTONEN 13AD CDF a3,a5,a7 in ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4j ( ≥ 1b)16.4± 4.7 6 AALTONEN 13S CDF ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4 jets( ≥ 1b-tag)9.4+ 3.2

− 2.9 7 AALTONEN 13X CDF ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag)11.8± 3.2 8 ABAZOV 13A D0 ℓℓ & ℓ+ jets omb.−11.6±15.3 9 AALTONEN 11F CDF mt t < 450 GeV47.5±11.4 9 AALTONEN 11F CDF mt t > 450 GeV19.6± 6.5 10 ABAZOV 11AH D0 ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4 jets( ≥ 1b-tag)17 ± 8 11 AALTONEN 08AB CDF pp frame24 ±14 11 AALTONEN 08AB CDF t t frame12 ± 8 ±1 12 ABAZOV 08L D0 ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4 jets1ABAZOV 15K based on 9.7 fb−1 of data. The result is onsistent with the SM pre-di tions. By ombining with the previous D0 measurement in the ℓ + jet hannelABAZOV 14H, Aℓ

FB= 0.118 ± 0.025 ± 0.013 is obtained.2Based on 9.1 fb−1 of data. Both results are onsistent with the SM predi tions. By ombining with the previous CDF measurement in the ℓ+jet hannel AALTONEN 13X,Aℓ

FB= 0.090+0.028

−0.026 is obtained. The ombined result is about two sigma larger thanthe SM predi tion of AℓFB = 0.038 ± 0.003.3Based on 9.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 1.96 TeV. The asymmetry is orre ted for theprodu tion level for events with ∣∣yl∣∣ < 1.5. Asymmetry as fun tions of ET (ℓ) and ∣∣yl∣∣are given in Figs. 7 and 8, respe tively. Combination with the asymmetry measured inthe dilepton hannel [ABAZOV 13P℄ gives Aℓ

FB= 4.2± 2.0± 1.4 %, in agreement withthe SM predi tion of 2.0%.4Based on 9.7 fb−1 of data of pp data at √s=1.96 TeV. The measured asymmetry is inagreement with the SM predi tions of 8.8± 0.9 % [BERNREUTHER 12℄, whi h in ludesthe EW e�e ts. The dependen es of the asymmetry on ∣∣y(t) − y(t)∣∣ and mt t are shownin Figs. 9 and 10, respe tively.5Based on 9.4 fb−1 of data. Reported AFB values ome from the determination of ai oeÆ ients of dσ/d( osθt) = �i aiPi( os(θt)) measurement. The result of a1/a0 =(40 ± 12)% seems higher than the NLO SM predi tion of (15+7

−3)%.6Based on 9.4 fb−1 of data. The quoted result is the asymmetry at the parton level.7Based on 9.4 fb−1 of data. The observed asymmetry is to be ompared with the SMpredi tion of AℓFB = 0.038 ± 0.003.8Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data. ABAZOV 13A studied the dilepton hannel of the t t eventsand measured the leptoni forward-ba kward asymmetry to be Aℓ

FB = 5.8± 5.1± 1.3%,whi h is onsistent with the SM (QCD+EW) predi tion of 4.7 ± 0.1%. The resultis obtained after ombining the measurement (15.2 ± 4.0%) in the ℓ + jets hannelABAZOV 11AH. The top quark heli ity is measured by using the neutrino weightingmethod to be onsistent with zero in both dilepton and ℓ + jets hannels.9Based on 5.3 fb−1 of data. The error is statisti al and systemati ombined. Eventswith lepton + 6ET + ≥ 4jets( ≥ 1b) are used. AALTONEN 11F also measures theasymmetry as a fun tion of the rapidity di�eren e ∣∣yt − yt ∣∣. The NLO QCD predi tions[MCFM℄ are (4.0± 0.6)% and (8.8± 1.3)% for mt t < 450 and > 450 GeV, respe tively.

10Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data. The error is statisti al and systemati ombined. The quotedasymmetry is obtained after unfolding to be ompared with the MC�NLO predi tion of(5.0 ± 0.1)%. No signi� ant di�eren e between the mt t < 450 and > 450 GeV datasamples is found. A orre ted asymmetry based on the lepton from a top quark de ay of(15.2 ± 4.0)% is measured to be ompared to the MC�NLO predi tion of (2.1 ± 0.1)%.11Result is based on 1.9 fb−1 of data. The FB asymmetry in the t t events has beenmeasured in the ℓ + jets mode, where the lepton harge is used as the avor tag. Theasymmetry in the pp frame is de�ned in terms of os(θ) of hadroni ally de aying t-quarkmomentum, whereas that in the t t frame is de�ned in terms of the t and t rapiditydi�eren e. The results are onsistent ( ≤ 2 σ) with the SM predi tions.12Result is based on 0.9 fb−1 of data. The asymmetry in the number of t t events withyt > yt and those with yt < yt has been measured in the lepton + jets �nal state.The observed value is onsistent with the SM predi tion of 0.8% by MC�NLO, and anupper bound on the Z ′ → t t ontribution for the SM Z -like ouplings is given in in Fig.2 for 350 GeV < mZ ′ < 1 TeV.t-Quark Ele tri Charget-Quark Ele tri Charget-Quark Ele tri Charget-Quark Ele tri ChargeVALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT0.64±0.02±0.080.64±0.02±0.080.64±0.02±0.080.64±0.02±0.08 1 AAD 13AY ATLS ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4 jets ( ≥ 1 b)• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •2 ABAZOV 14D D0 ℓ+ 6ET+ ≥ 4 jets ( ≥ 2 b)3 AALTONEN 13J CDF pp at 1.96 TeV4 AALTONEN 10S CDF Repl. by AALTONEN 13J5 ABAZOV 07C D0 fra tion of ∣∣q∣∣=4e/3 pair1AAD 13AY result is based on 2.05 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV, the result is obtainedby re onstru ting t t events in the lepton + jets �nal state, where b-jet harges are taggedby the jet- harge algorithm. This measurement ex ludes the harge −4/3 assignment tothe top quark at more than 8 standard deviations.2ABAZOV 14D result is based on 5.3 fb−1 of pp data at √

s=1.96 TeV. The ele tri harge of b + W system in tt andidate events is measured from the harges of theleptons from W de ay and in b jets. Under the assumption that the b + W system onsists of the sum of the top quark and the harge −4/3 quark b′(-4/3) of the samemass, the top quark fra tion is found to be f = 0.88 ± 0.13 (stat)±0.11 (syst), or theupper bound for the b′(-4/3) ontamination of 1 − f < 0.46 (95% CL).3AALTONEN 13J ex ludes the harge −4/3 assignment to the top quark at 99% CL, using5.6 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Result is obtained by re onstru tingt t events in the lepton + jets �nal state, where b-jet harges are tagged by the jet- hargealgorithm.4AALTONEN 10S ex ludes the harge −4/3 assignment for the top quark [CHANG 99℄ at95%CL, using 2.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. Result is obtained byre onstru ting t t events in the lepton + jets �nal state, where b-jet harges are taggedby the SLT (soft lepton tag) algorithm.5ABAZOV 07C reports an upper limit ρ < 0.80 (90% CL) on the fra tion ρ of exoti quark pairs QQ with ele tri harge ∣∣q∣∣ = 4e/3 in t t andidate events with high pTlepton, missing ET and ≥ 4 jets. The result is obtained by measuring the fra tion ofevents in whi h the quark pair de ays into W− + b and W+ + b, where b and b jetsare dis riminated by using the harge and momenta of tra ks within the jet ones. Themaximum CL at whi h the model of CHANG 99 an be ex luded is 92%. Based on 370pb−1 of data at √s = 1.96 TeV.t-Quark REFERENCESt-Quark REFERENCESt-Quark REFERENCESt-Quark REFERENCESAAD 16B JHEP 1601 064 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 16D EPJ C76 12 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AALTONEN 16 PR D93 032011 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 16 PL B752 18 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)AAD 15 PL B740 222 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15A PL B740 118 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15AJ JHEP 1505 061 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15AR JHEP 1508 105 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15AW EPJ C75 158 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15BF EPJ C75 330 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15BO PR D91 052005 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15BP PR D91 112013 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15BW JHEP 1510 121 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15BY JHEP 1510 150 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15CC PR D92 072005 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15CO JHEP 1512 061 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15D JHEP 1501 020 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15J PRL 114 142001 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAIJ 15R PRL 115 112001 R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collab.)AALTONEN 15D PR D92 032003 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 15H PRL 115 152003 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF, D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 15G PR D91 112003 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 15K PR D92 052007 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 15 EPJ C75 216 (errat.) S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)AAD 14 PL B728 363 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 14AA JHEP 1406 008 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 14AY EPJ C74 3109 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 14BB PR D90 112016 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 14BI PR D90 112006 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 14I JHEP 1402 107 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AALTONEN 14A PR D89 091101 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 14F PRL 113 042001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 14G PRL 112 221801 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 14H PR D89 072001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF, D0 Collab.)AALTONEN 14K PRL 112 231805 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 14L PRL 112 231804 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 14M PRL 112 231803 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF, D0 Collab.)AALTONEN 14N PR D90 091101 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 14O PRL 113 261804 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 14C PRL 113 032002 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)Also PR D91 112003 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 14D PR D90 051101 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 14G PR D90 072001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 14H PR D90 072011 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 14K PR D90 092006 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 14 PL B728 496 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 14AC PRL 112 231802 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)

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(D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11AA PL B705 313 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11AD PR D84 112001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11AE PRL 107 032001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11AF PL B702 16 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11AH PR D84 112005 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11B PRL 106 022001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11C PR D83 032009 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11E PR D84 012008 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11M PL B701 313 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11P PR D84 032004 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11R PRL 107 082004 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11S PL B703 422 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11T PR D84 052005 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11X PRL 107 121802 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11Z PL B704 403 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 11AA EPJ C71 1721 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 11F JHEP 1107 049 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 11R PRL 107 091802 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 11Z PR D84 092004 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)KHACHATRY... 11A PL B695 424 V. Kha hatryan et al. (CMS Collab.)AALTONEN 10AA PR D82 052002 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10AB PR D82 112005 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10AC PRL 105 232003 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10AE PRL 105 252001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10C PR D81 031102 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10D PR D81 032002 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10E PR D81 052011 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10Q PRL 105 042002 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10S PRL 105 101801 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10U PR D81 072003 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10V PR D81 092002 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 10W PRL 105 012001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 10 PL B682 363 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 10I PR D82 032002 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 10J PL B690 5 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 10K PL B693 81 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 10Q PR D82 071102 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)AHRENS 10 JHEP 1009 097 V. Ahrens et al. (MANZ, HEIDH)AHRENS 10A NPBPS 205-206 48 V. Ahrens et al. (MANZ, HEIDH)

AALTONEN 09AD PR D79 112007 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09AK PR D80 051104 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09AL PR D80 052001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09AT PRL 103 092002 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09F PR D79 031101 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09H PR D79 052007 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09J PR D79 072001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09K PR D79 072010 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09L PR D79 092005 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09M PRL 102 042001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09N PRL 102 151801 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09O PRL 102 152001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09Q PL B674 160 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 09X PR D79 072005 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AARON 09A PL B678 450 F.D. Aaron et al. (H1 Collab.)ABAZOV 09AA PRL 103 132001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 09AG PR D80 071102 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 09AH PR D80 092006 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 09J PRL 102 092002 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 09R PL B679 177 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 09Z PRL 103 092001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)LANGENFELD 09 PR D80 054009 U. Langenfeld, S. Mo h, P. UwerAALTONEN 08AB PRL 101 202001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 08AD PRL 101 192002 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 08AG PR D78 111101 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 08AH PRL 101 252001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 08C PRL 100 062005 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 08AH PRL 101 182001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 08AI PRL 101 221801 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 08B PRL 100 062004 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 08I PR D78 012005 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 08L PRL 100 142002 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 08M PRL 100 192003 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 08N PRL 100 192004 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABULENCIA 08 PR D78 012003 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)CACCIARI 08 JHEP 0809 127 M. Ca iari et al.KIDONAKIS 08 PR D78 074005 N. Kidonakis, R. VogtMOCH 08 PR D78 034003 S. Mo h, P. Uwer (BERL, KARLE)AALTONEN 07 PRL 98 142001 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 07B PR D75 111103 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 07D PR D76 072009 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 07I PRL 99 182002 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 07C PRL 98 041801 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07D PR D75 031102 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07F PR D75 092001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07H PRL 98 181802 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07O PR D76 052006 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07P PR D76 072007 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07R PR D76 092007 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07V PRL 99 191802 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 07W PL B655 7 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABULENCIA 07D PR D75 031105 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 07G PRL 98 072001 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 07I PR D75 052001 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 07J PR D75 071102 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 06K PL B639 616 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 06U PR D74 092005 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 06X PR D74 112004 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABULENCIA 06D PRL 96 022004 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)Also PR D73 032003 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)Also PR D73 092002 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 06G PRL 96 152002 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)Also PR D74 032009 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 06R PL B639 172 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 06U PR D73 111103 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 06V PR D73 112006 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA 06Z PRL 97 082004 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA,A 06C PRL 96 202002 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA,A 06E PR D74 072005 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABULENCIA,A 06F PR D74 072006 A. Abulen ia et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 05 PL B606 25 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 05G PL B617 1 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 05L PR D72 011104 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 05P PL B622 265 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)Also PL B517 282 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)Also PR D63 031101 B. Abbott et al. (D0 Collab.)Also PR D75 092007 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 05Q PL B626 35 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 05R PL B626 55 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 05X PL B626 45 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ACOSTA 05A PRL 95 102002 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ACOSTA 05D PR D71 031101 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ACOSTA 05N PR D71 012005 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ACOSTA 05S PR D72 032002 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ACOSTA 05T PR D72 052003 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ACOSTA 05U PR D71 072005 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ACOSTA 05V PR D71 052003 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 04G NAT 429 638 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABDALLAH 04C PL B590 21 J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI Collab.)ACOSTA 04H PR D69 052003 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)ACOSTA 04I PRL 93 142001 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)AKTAS 04 EPJ C33 9 A. Aktas et al. (H1 Collab.)ABAZOV 03A PR D67 012004 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)CHEKANOV 03 PL B559 153 S. Chekanov et al. (ZEUS Collab.)ACHARD 02J PL B549 290 P. A hard et al. (L3 Collab.)ACOSTA 02 PR D65 091102 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)HEISTER 02Q PL B543 173 A. Heister et al. (ALEPH Collab.)ABBIENDI 01T PL B521 181 G. Abbiendi et al. (OPAL Collab.)AFFOLDER 01 PR D63 032003 T. A�older et al. (CDF Collab.)AFFOLDER 01A PR D64 032002 T. A�older et al. (CDF Collab.)AFFOLDER 01C PRL 86 3233 T. A�older et al. (CDF Collab.)AFFOLDER 00B PRL 84 216 T. A�older et al. (CDF Collab.)BARATE 00S PL B494 33 S. Barate et al. (ALEPH Collab.)ABBOTT 99G PR D60 052001 B. Abbott et al. (D0 Collab.)ABE 99B PRL 82 271 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)Also PRL 82 2808 (erratum) F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)CHANG 99 PR D59 091503 D. Chang, W. Chang, E. MaABBOTT 98D PRL 80 2063 B. Abbott et al. (D0 Collab.)ABBOTT 98F PR D58 052001 B. Abbott et al. (D0 Collab.)ABE 98E PRL 80 2767 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 98F PRL 80 2779 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 98G PRL 80 2525 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 98X PRL 80 2773 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)BHAT 98B IJMP A13 5113 P.C. Bhat, H.B. Prosper, S.S. SnyderABACHI 97E PRL 79 1197 S. Aba hi et al. (D0 Collab.)ABE 97R PRL 79 1992 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 97V PRL 79 3585 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)PDG 96 PR D54 1 R. M. Barnett et al. (PDG Collab.)ABACHI 95 PRL 74 2632 S. Aba hi et al. (D0 Collab.)

840840840840Quark Parti le Listingst, b′ (Fourth Generation) QuarkABE 95F PRL 74 2626 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 94E PR D50 2966 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)Also PRL 73 225 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)b′ (4th Generation) Quark, Sear hes forb′(−1/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionsb′(−1/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionsb′(−1/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionsb′(−1/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionsVALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT>620 95 1 AAD 15BY ATLS W t, Z b, hb modes>730 95 2 AAD 15BY ATLS B(b′ → W t) = 1>810 95 3 AAD 15Z ATLS>755>755>755>755 95 4 AAD 14AZ ATLS>675>675>675>675 95 5 CHATRCHYAN13I CMS B(b′ → W t) = 1>190>190>190>190 95 6 ABAZOV 08X D0 τ= 200mm>190>190>190>190 95 7 ACOSTA 03 CDF quasi-stable b′• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •<350, 580{635, >700 95 8 AAD 15AR ATLS B(b′ → H b) = 1>690 95 9 AAD 15CN ATLS B(b′ → W q) = 1 (q=u)>480 95 10 AAD 12AT ATLS B(b′ → W t) = 1>400 95 11 AAD 12AU ATLS B(b′ → Z b) = 1>350 95 12 AAD 12BC ATLS B(b′ → W q) = 1(q=u, )>450 95 13 AAD 12BE ATLS B(b′ → W t) = 1>685 95 14 CHATRCHYAN12BH CMS mt ′ = mb′>611 95 15 CHATRCHYAN12X CMS B(b′ → W t) = 1>372 95 16 AALTONEN 11J CDF b′ → W t>361 95 17 CHATRCHYAN11L CMS Repl. by CHA-TRCHYAN 12X>338 95 18 AALTONEN 10H CDF b′ → W t> 380{430 95 19 FLACCO 10 RVUE mb′ > mt ′>268 95 20,21 AALTONEN 07C CDF B(b′ → Zb) = 1>199 95 22 AFFOLDER 00 CDF NC: b′ → Z b>148 95 23 ABE 98N CDF NC: b′ → Z b + vertex> 96 95 24 ABACHI 97D D0 NC: b′ → bγ

>128 95 25 ABACHI 95F D0 ℓℓ + jets, ℓ + jets> 75 95 26 MUKHOPAD... 93 RVUE NC: b′ → b ℓℓ

> 85 95 27 ABE 92 CDF CC: ℓℓ

> 72 95 28 ABE 90B CDF CC: e + µ

> 54 95 29 AKESSON 90 UA2 CC: e + jets + 6ET> 43 95 30 ALBAJAR 90B UA1 CC: µ + jets> 34 95 31 ALBAJAR 88 UA1 CC: e or µ + jets1AAD 15BY based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 8 TeV. Limit on pair-produ edve tor-like b′ assuming the bran hing fra tions to W , Z , and h modes of the singletmodel. Used events ontaining ≥ 2ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1 b) and in luding a same-signlepton pair.2AAD 15BY based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Limit on pair-produ ed hiral b′-quark. Used events ontaining ≥ 2ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1 b) and in luding asame-sign lepton pair.3AAD 15Z based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Used events with ℓ + 6ET +

≥ 6j ( ≥ 1 b) and at least one pair of jets from weak boson de ay, primarily designed tosele t the signature b′ b′ → WW t t → WWWW bb. This is a limit on pair-produ edve tor-like b′. The lower mass limit is 640 GeV for a ve tor-like singlet b′.4Based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at√s = 8 TeV. No signi� ant ex ess over SM expe tationis found in the sear h for pair produ tion or single produ tion of b′ in the events withdilepton from a high pT Z and additional jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag). If instead of B(b′ → W t)= 1 an ele troweak singlet with B(b′ → W t) ∼ 0.45 is assumed, the limit redu es to685 GeV.5Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 13I looked for eventswith one isolated ele tron or muon, large 6ET , and at least four jets with large transversemomenta, where one jet is likely to originate from the de ay of a bottom quark.6Result is based on 1.1 fb−1 of data. No signal is found for the sear h of long-livedparti les whi h de ay into �nal states with two ele trons or photons, and upper boundon the ross se tion times bran hing fra tion is obtained for 2 < τ < 7000 mm; see Fig.3. 95% CL ex luded region of b′ lifetime and mass is shown in Fig. 4.7ACOSTA 03 looked for long-lived fourth generation quarks in the data sample of 90pb−1 of √s=1.8 TeV pp ollisions by using the muon-like penetration and anomalouslyhigh ionization energy loss signature. The orresponding lower mass bound for the harge(2/3)e quark (t′) is 220 GeV. The t′ bound is higher than the b′ bound be ause t′ ismore likely to produ e harged hadrons than b′. The 95% CL upper bounds for theprodu tion ross se tions are given in their Fig. 3.8AAD 15AR based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Used lepton-plus-jets �nalstate. See Fig. 24 for mass limits in the plane of B(b′ → W t) vs. B(b′ → Hb) fromb′ b′ → Hb + X sear hes.9AAD 15CN based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Limit on pair-produ tion of hiral b′-quark. Used events with ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 4j (non-b-tagged). Limits on a heavyve tor-like quark, whi h de ays into W q, Z q, hq, are presented in the plane B(Q →W q) vs. B(Q → hq) in Fig. 12.10Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. No signal is found for the sear h ofheavy quark pair produ tion that de ay into W and a t quark in the events with a highpT isolated lepton, large 6ET , and at least 6 jets in whi h one, two or more dijets arefrom W .11Based on 2.0 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 7 TeV. No b′ → Z b invariant mass peak isfound in the sear h of heavy quark pair produ tion that de ay into Z and a b quark inevents with Z → e+ e− and at least one b-jet. The lower mass limit is 358 GeV for ave tor-like singlet b′ mixing solely with the third SM generation.

12Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. No signal is found for the sear h ofheavy quark pair produ tion that de ay into W and a quark in the events with dileptons,large 6ET , and ≥ 2 jets.13Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. AAD 12BE looked for events with twoisolated like-sign leptons and at least 2 jets, large 6ET and HT > 350 GeV.14Based on 5 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 12BH sear hed for QCDand EW produ tion of single and pair of degenerate 4'th generation quarks that de ayto bW or tW . Absen e of signal in events with one lepton, same-sign dileptons or tri-leptons gives the bound. With a mass di�eren e of 25 GeV/ 2 between mt ′ and mb′ ,the orresponding limit shifts by about ±20 GeV/ 2.15Based on 4.9 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 12X looked for eventswith trileptons or same-sign dileptons and at least one b jet.16Based on 4.8 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. AALTONEN 11J looked forevents with ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 5j ( ≥ 1 b or ). No signal is observed and the bound σ(b′ b′)< 30 fb for mb′ > 375 GeV is found for B(b′ → W t) = 1.17Based on 34 pb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 11L looked for multi-jet events with trileptons or same-sign dileptons. No ex ess above the SM ba kgroundex ludes mb′ between 255 and 361 GeV at 95% CL for B(b′ → W t) = 1.18Based on 2.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at √s = 1.96 TeV. AALTONEN 10H lookedfor pair produ tion of heavy quarks whi h de ay into tW− or tW+, in events withsame sign dileptons (e or µ), several jets and large missing ET . The result is obtainedfor b′ whi h de ays into tW−. For the harge 5/3 quark (T5/3) whi h de ays intotW+, mT5/3 > 365 GeV (95% CL) is found when it has the harge −1/3 partner Bof the same mass.19 FLACCO 10 result is obtained from AALTONEN 10H result of mb′ > 338 GeV, byrelaxing the ondition B(b′ → W t) = 100% when mb′ > mt ′ .20Result is based on 1.06 fb−1 of data. No ex ess from the SM Z+jet events is foundwhen Z de ays into e e or µµ. The mb′ bound is found by omparing the resulting upperbound on σ(b′ b′) [1-(1-B(b′ → Z b))2℄ and the LO estimate of the b′ pair produ tion ross se tion shown in Fig. 38 of the arti le.21HUANG 08 reexamined the b′ mass lower bound of 268 GeV obtained in AALTONEN 07Cthat assumes B(b′ → Z b) = 1, whi h does not hold for mb′ > 255 GeV. The lowermass bound is given in the plane of sin2(θt b′ ) and mb′ .22AFFOLDER 00 looked for b′ that de ays in to b+Z . The signal sear hed for is bbZ Zevents where one Z de ays into e+ e− or µ+µ− and the other Z de ays hadroni ally.The bound assumes B(b′ → Z b)= 100%. Between 100 GeV and 199 GeV, the 95%CLupper bound on σ(b′ → b′)×B2(b′ → Z b) is also given (see their Fig. 2).23ABE 98N looked for Z → e+ e− de ays with displa ed verti es. Quoted limit assumesB(b′ → Z b)=1 and τ

b′=1 m. The limit is lower than mZ+mb (∼ 96 GeV) if τ> 22 m or τ< 0.009 m. See their Fig. 4.24ABACHI 97D sear hed for b′ that de ays mainly via FCNC. They obtained 95%CL upperbounds on B(b′ b′ → γ+ 3 jets) and B(b′ b′ → 2γ+ 2 jets), whi h an be interpretedas the lower mass bound mb′ >mZ+mb .25ABACHI 95F bound on the top-quark also applies to b′ and t′ quarks that de ay pre-dominantly into W . See FROGGATT 97.26MUKHOPADHYAYA 93 analyze CDF dilepton data of ABE 92G in terms of a newquark de aying via avor- hanging neutral urrent. The above limit assumes B(b′ →b ℓ+ ℓ−)=1%. For an exoti quark de aying only via virtual Z [B(b ℓ+ ℓ−) = 3%℄, thelimit is 85 GeV.27ABE 92 dilepton analysis limit of >85 GeV at CL=95% also applies to b′ quarks, asdis ussed in ABE 90B.28ABE 90B ex lude the region 28{72 GeV.29AKESSON 90 sear hed for events having an ele tron with pT > 12 GeV, missingmomentum > 15 GeV, and a jet with ET > 10 GeV, ∣∣η∣∣ < 2.2, and ex luded mb′between 30 and 69 GeV.30 For the redu tion of the limit due to non- harged- urrent de ay modes, see Fig. 19 ofALBAJAR 90B.31ALBAJAR 88 study events at E m = 546 and 630 GeV with a muon or isolated ele tron,a ompanied by one or more jets and �nd agreement with Monte Carlo predi tions forthe produ tion of harm and bottom, without the need for a new quark. The lower masslimit is obtained by using a onservative estimate for the b′ b′ produ tion ross se tionand by assuming that it annot be produ ed in W de ays. The value quoted here isrevised using the full O(α3s ) ross se tion of ALTARELLI 88.b′(−1/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionsb′(−1/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionsb′(−1/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionsb′(−1/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionsVALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

>1390>1390>1390>1390 95 1 KHACHATRY...16I CMS g b → b′→ tW , B(b′ →tW )=1>1430>1430>1430>1430 95 2 KHACHATRY...16I CMS g b → b′ → tW , B(b′ →tW )=1>1530>1530>1530>1530 95 3 KHACHATRY...16I CMS g b → b′ → tW , B(b′ →tW )=1> 693> 693> 693> 693 95 4 ABAZOV 11F D0 qu → q′ b′ → q′(W u)

κub′=1, B(b′ → W u)=1> 430> 430> 430> 430 95 4 ABAZOV 11F D0 qd → qb′ → q(Z d)

κd b′=√2, B(b′ → Z d)=11Based on 19.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 8 TeV. Limit on left-handed b′ assuming100% de ay to tW and using all-hadroni , lepton + jets, and dilepton �nal states.2Based on 19.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 8 TeV. Limit on right-handed b′ assuming100% de ay to tW and using all-hadroni , lepton + jets, and dilepton �nal states.3Based on 19.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 8 TeV. Limit on ve tor-like b′ assuming100% de ay to tW and using all-hadroni , lepton+jets, and dilepton �nal states.4Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data in ppbar ollisions at 1.96 TeV. ABAZOV 11F looked forsingle produ tion of b′ via the W or Z oupling to the �rst generation up or downquarks, respe tively. Model independent ross se tion limits for the single produ tionpro esses pp → b′ q → W uq, and pp → b′ q → Z d q are given in Figs. 3 and 4,

841841841841See key on page 601 Quark Parti le Listingsb′ (Fourth Generation) Quark, t ′ (Fourth Generation) Quarkrespe tively, and the mass limits are obtained for the model of ATRE 09 with degeneratebi-doublets of ve tor-like quarks.MASS LIMITS for b′ (4th Generation) Quark or Hadron in e+ e− CollisionsMASS LIMITS for b′ (4th Generation) Quark or Hadron in e+ e− CollisionsMASS LIMITS for b′ (4th Generation) Quark or Hadron in e+ e− CollisionsMASS LIMITS for b′ (4th Generation) Quark or Hadron in e+ e− CollisionsSear h for hadrons ontaining a fourth-generation −1/3 quark denoted b′.The last olumn spe i�es the assumption for the de ay mode (C C denotes the on-ventional harged- urrent de ay) and the event signature whi h is looked for.VALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT>46.0>46.0>46.0>46.0 95 1 DECAMP 90F ALEP any de ay• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •none 96{103 95 2 ABDALLAH 07 DLPH b′ → bZ , W3 ADRIANI 93G L3 Quarkonium>44.7 95 ADRIANI 93M L3 �(Z)>45 95 ABREU 91F DLPH �(Z)none 19.4{28.2 95 ABE 90D VNS Any de ay; event shape>45.0 95 ABREU 90D DLPH B(C C ) = 1; eventshape>44.5 95 4 ABREU 90D DLPH b′ → H−, H− → s , τ− ν>40.5 95 5 ABREU 90D DLPH �(Z → hadrons)>28.3 95 ADACHI 90 TOPZ B(FCNC)=100%; isol.

γ or 4 jets>41.4 95 6 AKRAWY 90B OPAL Any de ay; a oplanarity>45.2 95 6 AKRAWY 90B OPAL B(C C ) = 1; a opla-narity>46 95 7 AKRAWY 90J OPAL b′ → γ + any>27.5 95 8 ABE 89E VNS B(C C ) =1; µ, enone 11.4{27.3 95 9 ABE 89G VNS B(b′ → bγ) > 10%;isolated γ>44.7 95 10 ABRAMS 89C MRK2 B(C C )= 100%; isol.tra k>42.7 95 10 ABRAMS 89C MRK2 B(bg )= 100%; eventshape>42.0 95 10 ABRAMS 89C MRK2 Any de ay; event shape>28.4 95 11,12 ADACHI 89C TOPZ B(C C ) =1; µ

>28.8 95 13 ENO 89 AMY B(C C ) & 90%; µ, e>27.2 95 13,14 ENO 89 AMY any de ay; event shape>29.0 95 13 ENO 89 AMY B(b′ → bg) & 85%;event shape>24.4 95 15 IGARASHI 88 AMY µ,e>23.8 95 16 SAGAWA 88 AMY event shape>22.7 95 17 ADEVA 86 MRKJ µ

>21 18 ALTHOFF 84C TASS R, event shape>19 19 ALTHOFF 84I TASS Aplanarity1DECAMP 90F looked for isolated harged parti les, for isolated photons, and for four-jet�nal states. The modes b′ → bg for B(b′ → bg) > 65% b′ → bγ for B(b′ → bγ)

> 5% are ex luded. Charged Higgs de ay were not dis ussed.2ABDALLAH 07 sear hed for b′ pair produ tion at E m=196{209 GeV, with 420 pb−1.No signal leads to the 95% CL upper limits on B(b′ → bZ) and B(b′ → W ) for mb′= 96 to 103 GeV.3ADRIANI 93G sear h for ve tor quarkonium states near Z and give limit on quarkonium-Z mixing parameter δm2 <(10{30) GeV2 (95%CL) for the mass 88{94.5 GeV. UsingRi hardson potential, a 1S (b′ b′) state is ex luded for the mass range 87.7{94.7 GeV.This range depends on the potential hoi e.4ABREU 90D assumed mH− < mb′ − 3 GeV.5 Superseded by ABREU 91F.6AKRAWY 90B sear h was restri ted to data near the Z peak at E m = 91.26 GeV atLEP. The ex luded region is between 23.6 and 41.4 GeV if no H+ de ays exist. For harged Higgs de ays the ex luded regions are between (mH+ + 1.5 GeV) and 45.5GeV.7AKRAWY 90J sear h for isolated photons in hadroni Z de ay and deriveB(Z → b′ b′)·B(b′ → γX)/B(Z → hadrons) < 2.2× 10−3. Mass limit assumesB(b′ → γX) > 10%.8ABE 89E sear h at E m = 56{57 GeV at TRISTAN for multihadron events with aspheri al shape (using thrust and a oplanarity) or ontaining isolated leptons.9ABE 89G sear h was at E m = 55{60.8 GeV at TRISTAN.10 If the photoni de ay mode is large (B(b′ → bγ) > 25%), the ABRAMS 89C limit is45.4 GeV. The limit for for Higgs de ay (b′ → H−, H− → s) is 45.2 GeV.11ADACHI 89C sear h was at E m = 56.5{60.8 GeV at TRISTAN using multi-hadronevents a ompanying muons.12ADACHI 89C also gives limits for any mixture of C C and bg de ays.13ENO 89 sear h at E m = 50{60.8 at TRISTAN.14ENO 89 onsiders arbitrary mixture of the harged urrent, bg , and bγ de ays.15 IGARASHI 88 sear hes for leptons in low-thrust events and gives �R(b′) < 0.26 (95%CL) assuming harged urrent de ay, whi h translates to mb′ > 24.4 GeV.16 SAGAWA 88 set limit σ(top) < 6.1 pb at CL=95% for top- avored hadron produ tionfrom event shape analyses at E m = 52 GeV. By using the quark parton model ross-se tion formula near threshold, the above limit leads to lower mass bounds of 23.8 GeVfor harge −1/3 quarks.17ADEVA 86 give 95%CL upper bound on an ex ess of the normalized ross se tion, �R,as a fun tion of the minimum .m. energy (see their �gure 3). Produ tion of a pair of1/3 harge quarks is ex luded up to E m = 45.4 GeV.18ALTHOFF 84C narrow state sear h sets limit �(e+ e−)B(hadrons) <2.4 keV CL = 95%and heavy harge 1/3 quark pair produ tion m >21 GeV, CL = 95%.19ALTHOFF 84I ex lude heavy quark pair produ tion for 7 <m <19 GeV (1/3 harge)using aplanarity distributions (CL = 95%).

REFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) b′ QuarkREFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) b′ QuarkREFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) b′ QuarkREFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) b′ QuarkKHACHATRY... 16I JHEP 1601 166 V. Kha hatryan et al. (CMS Collab.)AAD 15AR JHEP 1508 105 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15BY JHEP 1510 150 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15CN PR D92 112007 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15Z PR D91 112011 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 14AZ JHEP 1411 104 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 13I JHEP 1301 154 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)AAD 12AT PRL 109 032001 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 12AU PRL 109 071801 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 12BC PR D86 012007 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 12BE JHEP 1204 069 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 12BH PR D86 112003 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 12X JHEP 1205 123 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)AALTONEN 11J PRL 106 141803 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 11F PRL 106 081801 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 11L PL B701 204 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)AALTONEN 10H PRL 104 091801 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)FLACCO 10 PRL 105 111801 C.J. Fla o et al. (UCI, HAIF)ATRE 09 PR D79 054018 A. Atre et al.ABAZOV 08X PRL 101 111802 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)HUANG 08 PR D77 037302 P.Q. Hung, M. Sher (UVA, WILL)AALTONEN 07C PR D76 072006 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABDALLAH 07 EPJ C50 507 J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI Collab.)ACOSTA 03 PRL 90 131801 D. A osta et al. (CDF Collab.)AFFOLDER 00 PRL 84 835 A. A�older et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 98N PR D58 051102 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABACHI 97D PRL 78 3818 S. Aba hi et al. (D0 Collab.)FROGGATT 97 ZPHY C73 333 C.D. Froggatt, D.J. Smith, H.B. Nielsen (GLAS+)ABACHI 95F PR D52 4877 S. Aba hi et al. (D0 Collab.)ADRIANI 93G PL B313 326 O. Adriani et al. (L3 Collab.)ADRIANI 93M PRPL 236 1 O. Adriani et al. (L3 Collab.)MUKHOPAD... 93 PR D48 2105 B. Mukhopadhyaya, D.P. Roy (TATA)ABE 92 PRL 68 447 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)Also PR D45 3921 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 92G PR D45 3921 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABREU 91F NP B367 511 P. Abreu et al. (DELPHI Collab.)ABE 90B PRL 64 147 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)ABE 90D PL B234 382 K. Abe et al. (VENUS Collab.)ABREU 90D PL B242 536 P. Abreu et al. (DELPHI Collab.)ADACHI 90 PL B234 197 I. Ada hi et al. (TOPAZ Collab.)AKESSON 90 ZPHY C46 179 T. Akesson et al. (UA2 Collab.)AKRAWY 90B PL B236 364 M.Z. Akrawy et al. (OPAL Collab.)AKRAWY 90J PL B246 285 M.Z. Akrawy et al. (OPAL Collab.)ALBAJAR 90B ZPHY C48 1 C. Albajar et al. (UA1 Collab.)DECAMP 90F PL B236 511 D. De amp et al. (ALEPH Collab.)ABE 89E PR D39 3524 K. Abe et al. (VENUS Collab.)ABE 89G PRL 63 1776 K. Abe et al. (VENUS Collab.)ABRAMS 89C PRL 63 2447 G.S. Abrams et al. (Mark II Collab.)ADACHI 89C PL B229 427 I. Ada hi et al. (TOPAZ Collab.)ENO 89 PRL 63 1910 S. Eno et al. (AMY Collab.)ALBAJAR 88 ZPHY C37 505 C. Albajar et al. (UA1 Collab.)ALTARELLI 88 NP B308 724 G. Altarelli et al. (CERN, ROMA, ETH)IGARASHI 88 PRL 60 2359 S. Igarashi et al. (AMY Collab.)SAGAWA 88 PRL 60 93 H. Sagawa et al. (AMY Collab.)ADEVA 86 PR D34 681 B. Adeva et al. (Mark-J Collab.)ALTHOFF 84C PL 138B 441 M. Altho� et al. (TASSO Collab.)ALTHOFF 84I ZPHY C22 307 M. Altho� et al. (TASSO Collab.)t ′ (4th Generation) Quark, Sear hes fort ′(2/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionst ′(2/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionst ′(2/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionst ′(2/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionsVALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT>770 95 1 AAD 15AR ATLS B(t′ → W b) = 1>590 95 2 AAD 15BY ATLS W b, Z t, ht modes>745 95 3 KHACHATRY...15AI CMS B(t′ → ht) = 1>735 95 4 AAD 14AZ ATLS>700>700>700>700 95 5 CHATRCHYAN14A CMS B(t′ → W b) = 1>706>706>706>706 95 5 CHATRCHYAN14A CMS B(t′ → Z t) = 1>782>782>782>782 95 5 CHATRCHYAN14A CMS B(t′ → ht) = 1>350>350>350>350 95 6 AAD 12BC ATLS B(t′ → W q)=1 (q=d ,s ,b)>420>420>420>420 95 7 AAD 12C ATLS t′ → X t (mX < 140 GeV)>685>685>685>685 95 8 CHATRCHYAN12BH CMS mb′ = mt ′>557>557>557>557 95 9 CHATRCHYAN12P CMS t′ t ′ → W+ bW−b →b ℓ+ν b ℓ− ν• • • We do not use the following data for averages, �ts, limits, et . • • •>656 95 10 AAD 13F ATLS B(t′ → W b) = 1>625 95 11 CHATRCHYAN13I CMS B(t′ → Z t) = 1>404 95 12 AAD 12AR ATLS B(t′ → W b) = 1>570 95 13 CHATRCHYAN12BC CMS t′ t ′ → W+ bW−b>400 95 14 AALTONEN 11AH CDF t′ → X t (mX < 70 GeV)>358 95 15 AALTONEN 11AL CDF t′ → W b>340 95 15 AALTONEN 11AL CDF t′ → W q (q=d ,s ,b)>360 95 16 AALTONEN 11O CDF t′ → X t (mX < 100 GeV)>285 95 17 ABAZOV 11Q D0 t′ → W q (q=d ,s ,b)>256 95 18,19 AALTONEN 08H CDF t′ → W q1AAD 15AR based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Used lepton-plus-jets �nalstate. See Fig. 20 for mass limits in the plane of B(t′ → H t) vs. B(t′ → W b) from a ombination of t′ t ′ → W b + X and t′ t ′ → H t + X sear hes. Any bran hing ratios enario is ex luded for mass below 715 GeV.2AAD 15BY based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 8 TeV. Limit on pair-produ edve tor-like t′ assuming the bran hing fra tions to W , Z , and h modes of the singletmodel. Used events ontaining ≥ 2ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1 b) and in luding a same-signlepton pair.3KHACHATRYAN 15AI based on 19.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. The sear hexploits all-hadroni �nal states by tagging boosted Higgs boson using jet substru tureand b-tagging.

842842842842QuarkParti le Listingst ′ (Fourth Generation)Quark, FreeQuark Sear hes4Based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at√s = 8 TeV. No signi� ant ex ess over SM expe tationis found in the sear h for pair produ tion or single produ tion of t′ in the events withdilepton from a high pT Z and additional jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag). If instead of B(b′ → W t)= 1 an ele troweak singlet with B(b′ → W t) ∼ 0.45 is assumed, the limit redu es to685 GeV.5Based on 19.5 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8TeV. The t′ quark is pair produ ed and isassumed to de ay into three di�erent �nal states of bW , tZ, and th. The sear h is arried out using events with at least one isolated lepton.6Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. No signal is found for the sear h ofheavy quark pair produ tion that de ay into W and a quark in the events with dileptons,large 6ET , and ≥ 2 jets.7Based on 1.04 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 7 TeV. AAD 12C looked for t′ t ′ produ tionfollowed by t′ de aying into a top quark and X , an invisible parti le, in a �nal state withan isolated high-PT lepton, four or more jets, and a large missing transverse energy. Noex ess over the SM t t produ tion gives the upper limit on t′ t ′ produ tion ross se tionas a fun tion of mt ′ and mX . The result is obtained for B(t′ → W t) = 1.8Based on 5 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 12BH sear hed for QCDand EW produ tion of single and pair of degenerate 4'th generation quarks that de ayto W b or W t. Absen e of signal in events with one lepton, same-sign dileptons or tri-leptons gives the bound. With a mass di�eren e of 25 GeV/ 2 between mt ′ and mb′ ,the orresponding limit shifts by about ±20 GeV/ 2.9Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 12P looked for t′ t ′produ tion events with two isolated high pT leptons, large 6ET , and 2 high pT jets withb-tag. The absen e of signal above the SM ba kground gives the limit for B(t′ → W b)= 1.10Based on 4.7 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. No signal is found for the sear h of heavyquark pair produ tion that de ay into W and a b quark in the events with a high pTisolated lepton, large 6ET and at least 3 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag). Ve tor-like quark of harge2/3 with 400 < mt ′ < 550 GeV and B(t′ → W b) > 0.63 is ex luded at 95% CL.11Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 13I looked for eventswith one isolated ele tron or muon, large 6ET , and at least four jets with large transversemomenta, where one jet is likely to originate from the de ay of a bottom quark.12Based on 1.04 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 7 TeV. No signal is found in the sear h forpair produ ed heavy quarks that de ay into W boson and a b quark in the events witha high pT isolated lepton, large 6ET and at least 3 jets ( ≥ 1 b-tag).13Based on 5.0 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 7 TeV. CHATRCHYAN 12BC looked for t′ t ′produ tion events with a single isolated high pT lepton, large 6ET and at least 4 highpT jets with a b-tag. The absen e of signal above the SM ba kground gives the limitfor B(t′ → W b) = 1.14Based on 5.7 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. AALTONEN 11AH looked fort′ t ′ produ tion followed by t′ de aying into a top quark and X , an invisible parti le,in the all hadroni de ay mode of t t . No ex ess over the SM t t produ tion gives theupper limit on t′ t ′ produ tion ross se tion as a fun tion of mt ′ and mX . The result isobtained for B(t′ → X t) = 1.15Based on 5.6 fb−1 of data in ppbar ollisions at 1.96 TeV. AALTONEN 11AL looked forℓ + ≥ 4j events and set upper limits on σ(t′ t ′) as fun tions of mt ′ .16Based on 4.8 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. AALTONEN 11O looked fort′ t ′ produ tion signal when t′ de ays into a top quark and X , an invisible parti le, in ℓ+ 6ET + jets hannel. No ex ess over the SM t t produ tion gives the upper limit ont′ t ′ produ tion ross se tion as a fun tion of mt ′ and mX . The result is obtained forB(t′ → X t) = 1.17Based on 5.3 fb−1 of data in pp ollisions at 1.96 TeV. ABAZOV 11Q looked for ℓ +6ET + ≥ 4j events and set upper limits on σ(t′ t ′) as fun tions of mt ′ .18 Sear hes for pair produ tion of a new heavy top-like quark t′ de aying to a W bo-son and another quark by �tting the observed spe trum of total transverse energy andre onstru ted t′ mass in the lepton + jets events.19HUANG 08 reexamined the t′ mass lower bound of 256 GeV obtained in AALTONEN 08Hthat assumes B(b′ → qZ) = 1 for q = u, whi h does not hold when mb′ <mt ′−mWor the mixing sin2(θb t ′ ) is so tiny that the de ay o urs outside of the vertex dete tor.Fig. 1 gives that lower bound on mt ′ in the plane of sin2(θb t ′ ) and mb′ .t ′(5/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionst ′(5/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionst ′(5/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionst ′(5/3)-quark/hadron mass limits in pp and pp ollisionsVALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

>750 95 1 AAD 15BY ATLS t′(5/3) → tW+>840 95 2 AAD 15Z ATLS t′(5/3) → tW+>800>800>800>800 95 3 CHATRCHYAN14T CMS t′(5/3) → tW+1AAD 15BY based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Limit on t′(5/3) in pair andsingle produ tion assuming its oupling to W t is equal to one. Used events ontaining

≥ 2ℓ + 6ET + ≥ 2j ( ≥ 1 b) and in luding a same-sign lepton pair.2AAD 15Z based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp data at √s = 8 TeV. Used events with ℓ + 6ET +≥ 6j ( ≥ 1 b) and at least one pair of jets from weak boson de ay, sensitive to the �nalstate bbW+W−W+W−.3Based on 19.5 fb−1 of pp data at √

s = 8 TeV. Non-observation of anomaly inHT distribution in the same sign dilepton events leads to the limit when pair pro-du ed t′(5/3) quark de ays ex lusively into t and W+, resulting in the �nal state withbbW+W−W+W−.t ′(2/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionst ′(2/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionst ′(2/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionst ′(2/3) mass limits from single produ tion in pp and pp ollisionsVALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT>403>403>403>403 95 1 ABAZOV 11F D0 qd → q′ t′ → q′(W d)

κd t ′=1, B(t′ → W d)=1>551>551>551>551 95 1 ABAZOV 11F D0 qu → q t′ → q(Z u)

κu t ′=√2, B(t′ → Z u)=1

1Based on 5.4 fb−1 of data in ppbar ollisions at 1.96 TeV. ABAZOV 11F looked forsingle produ tion of t′ via the Z or E oupling to the �rst generation up or down quarks,respe tively. Model independent ross se tion limits for the single produ tion pro essespp → t′ q → (W d)q, and pp → t′ q → (Z d)q are given in Figs. 3 and 4, respe tively,and the mass limits are obtained for the model of ATRE 09 with degenerate bi-doubletsof ve tor-like quarks.REFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) t ′ QuarkREFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) t ′ QuarkREFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) t ′ QuarkREFERENCES FOR Sear hes for (Fourth Generation) t ′ QuarkAAD 15AR JHEP 1508 105 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15BY JHEP 1510 150 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 15Z PR D91 112011 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)KHACHATRY... 15AI JHEP 1506 080 V. Kha hatryan et al. (CMS Collab.)AAD 14AZ JHEP 1411 104 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 14A PL B729 149 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 14T PRL 112 171801 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)AAD 13F PL B718 1284 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 13I JHEP 1301 154 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)AAD 12AR PRL 108 261802 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 12BC PR D86 012007 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)AAD 12C PRL 108 041805 G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 12BC PL B718 307 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 12BH PR D86 112003 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 12P PL B716 103 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)AALTONEN 11AH PRL 107 191803 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 11AL PRL 107 261801 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)AALTONEN 11O PRL 106 191801 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)ABAZOV 11F PRL 106 081801 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ABAZOV 11Q PRL 107 082001 V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collab.)ATRE 09 PR D79 054018 A. Atre et al.AALTONEN 08H PRL 100 161803 T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collab.)HUANG 08 PR D77 037302 P.Q. Hung, M. Sher (UVA, WILL)Free Quark Sear hesFREE QUARK SEARCHES

The basis for much of the theory of particle scattering and

hadron spectroscopy is the construction of the hadrons from a

set of fractionally charged constituents (quarks). A central but

unproven hypothesis of this theory, Quantum Chromodynamics,

is that quarks cannot be observed as free particles but are

confined to mesons and baryons.

Experiments show that it is at best difficult to “unglue”

quarks. Accelerator searches at increasing energies have pro-

duced no evidence for free quarks, while only a few cosmic-ray

and matter searches have produced uncorroborated events.

This compilation is only a guide to the literature, since the

quoted experimental limits are often only indicative. Reviews

can be found in Refs. 1–4.

References

1. M.L. Perl, E.R. Lee, and D. Lomba, Mod. Phys. Lett. A19,2595 (2004).

2. P.F. Smith, Ann. Rev. Nucl. and Part. Sci. 39, 73 (1989).

3. L. Lyons, Phys. Reports 129, 225 (1985).

4. M. Marinelli and G. Morpurgo, Phys. Reports 85, 161(1982).Quark Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesQuark Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesQuark Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesQuark Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesX-SECT CHG MASS ENERGY( m2) (e/3) (GeV) (GeV) BEAM EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN

<1.7-2.3E−39 ±2 100{600 7000 pp 0 1 CHATRCHYAN13AR CMS<14-5.4E−39 ±1 100{600 7000 pp 0 1 CHATRCHYAN13AR CMS<1.3E−36 ±2 45{84 130{172 e+ e− 0 ABREU 97D DLPH<2.E−35 +2 250 1800 pp 0 2 ABE 92J CDF<1.E−35 +4 250 1800 pp 0 2 ABE 92J CDF<3.8E−28 14.5A 28Si{Pb 0 3 HE 91 PLAS<3.2E−28 14.5A 28Si{Cu 0 3 HE 91 PLAS<1.E−40 ±1,2 <10 p,ν,ν 0 BERGSMA 84B CHRM<1.E−36 ±1,2 <9 200 µ 0 AUBERT 83C SPEC<2.E−10 ±2,4 1{3 200 p 0 4 BUSSIERE 80 CNTR<5.E−38 +1,2 >5 300 p 0 5,6 STEVENSON 79 CNTR<1.E−33 ±1 <20 52 pp 0 BASILE 78 SPEC<9.E−39 ±1,2 <6 400 p 0 5 ANTREASYAN 77 SPEC<8.E−35 +1,2 <20 52 pp 0 7 FABJAN 75 CNTR<5.E−38 −1,2 4{9 200 p 0 NASH 74 CNTR

843843843843See key on page 601 QuarkParti le ListingsFreeQuark Sear hes<1.E−32 +2,4 4{24 52 pp 0 ALPER 73 SPEC<5.E−31 +1,2,4 <12 300 p 0 LEIPUNER 73 CNTR<6.E−34 ±1,2 <13 52 pp 0 BOTT 72 CNTR<1.E−36 −4 4 70 p 0 ANTIPOV 71 CNTR<1.E−35 ±1,2 2 28 p 0 8 ALLABY 69B CNTR<4.E−37 −2 <5 70 p 0 4 ANTIPOV 69 CNTR<3.E−37 −1,2 2{5 70 p 0 8 ANTIPOV 69B CNTR<1.E−35 +1,2 <7 30 p 0 DORFAN 65 CNTR<2.E−35 −2 < 2.5{5 30 p 0 9 FRANZINI 65B CNTR<5.E−35 +1,2 <2.2 21 p 0 BINGHAM 64 HLBC<1.E−32 +1,2 <4.0 28 p 0 BLUM 64 HBC<1.E−35 +1,2 <2.5 31 p 0 9 HAGOPIAN 64 HBC<1.E−34 +1 <2 28 p 0 LEIPUNER 64 CNTR<1.E−33 +1,2 <2.4 24 p 0 MORRISON 64 HBC1CHATRCHYAN 13AR limits assume pair-produ ed long-lived spin-1/2 parti les neutralunder SU(3)C and SU(2)L.2ABE 92J ux limits de rease as the mass in reases from 50 to 500 GeV.3HE 91 limits are for harges of the form N±1/3 from 23/3 to 38/3.4Hadroni or leptoni quarks.5Cross se tion m2/GeV2.6 3× 10−5 <lifetime < 1× 10−3 s.7 In ludes BOTT 72 results.8Assumes isotropi m produ tion.9Cross se tion inferred from ux.Quark Di�erential Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesQuark Di�erential Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesQuark Di�erential Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesQuark Di�erential Produ tion Cross Se tion | A elerator Sear hesX-SECT CHG MASS ENERGY( m2sr−1GeV−1) e/3 (GeV) (GeV) BEAM EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN<4.E−36 −2,4 1.5{6 70 p 0 BALDIN 76 CNTR<2.E−33 ±4 5{20 52 pp 0 ALBROW 75 SPEC<5.E−34 <7 7{15 44 pp 0 JOVANOV... 75 CNTR<5.E−35 20 γ 0 1 GALIK 74 CNTR<9.E−35 −1,2 200 p 0 NASH 74 CNTR<4.E−36 −4 2.3{2.7 70 p 0 ANTIPOV 71 CNTR<3.E−35 ±1,2 <2.7 27 p 0 ALLABY 69B CNTR<7.E−38 −1,2 <2.5 70 p 0 ANTIPOV 69B CNTR1Cross se tion in m2/sr/equivalent quanta.Quark Flux | A elerator Sear hesQuark Flux | A elerator Sear hesQuark Flux | A elerator Sear hesQuark Flux | A elerator Sear hesThe de�nition of FLUX depends on the experiment(a) is the ratio of measured free quarks to predi ted free quarks if there is no \ on-�nement."(b) is the probability of fra tional harge on nu lear fragments. Energy is inGeV/nu leon.( ) is the 90%CL upper limit on fra tionally- harged parti les produ ed per intera -tion.(d) is quarks per ollision.(e) is in lusive quark-produ tion ross-se tion ratio to σ(e+ e− → µ+µ−).(f) is quark ux per harged parti le.(g) is the ux per ν-event.(h) is quark yield per π− yield.(i) is 2-body ex lusive quark-produ tion ross-se tion ratio to σ(e+ e− →

µ+µ−).CHG MASS ENRGYFLUX (e/3) (GeV) (GeV) BEAM EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN<1.6E−3 b see note 200 32S{Pb 0 1 HUENTRUP 96 PLAS<6.2E−4 b see note 10.6 32S{Pb 0 1 HUENTRUP 96 PLAS<0.94E−4 e ±2 2{30 88{94 e+ e− 0 AKERS 95R OPAL<1.7E−4 e ±2 30{40 88{94 e+ e− 0 AKERS 95R OPAL<3.6E−4 e ±4 5{30 88{94 e+ e− 0 AKERS 95R OPAL<1.9E−4 e ±4 30{45 88{94 e+ e− 0 AKERS 95R OPAL<2.E−3 e +1 5{40 88{94 e+ e− 0 2 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<6.E−4 e +2 5{30 88{94 e+ e− 0 2 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<1.2E−3 e +4 15{40 88{94 e+ e− 0 2 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<3.6E−4 i +4 5.0{10.2 88{94 e+ e− 0 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<3.6E−4 i +4 16.5{26.0 88{94 e+ e− 0 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<6.9E−4 i +4 26.0{33.3 88{94 e+ e− 0 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<9.1E−4 i +4 33.3{38.6 88{94 e+ e− 0 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<1.1E−3 i +4 38.6{44.9 88{94 e+ e− 0 BUSKULIC 93C ALEP<1.6E−4 b see note see note 0 3 CECCHINI 93 PLASb 4,5,7,8 2.1A 16O 0,2,0,6 4 GHOSH 92 EMUL<6.4E−5 g 1 ν,ν 1 5 BASILE 91 CNTR<3.7E−5 g 2 ν,ν 0 5 BASILE 91 CNTR<3.9E−5 g 1 ν,ν 1 6 BASILE 91 CNTR<2.8E−5 g 2 ν,ν 0 6 BASILE 91 CNTR<1.9E−4 14.5A 28Si{Pb 0 7 HE 91 PLAS<3.9E−4 14.5A 28Si{Cu 0 7 HE 91 PLAS<1.E−9 ±1,2,4 14.5A 16O{Ar 0 MATIS 91 MDRP<5.1E−10 ±1,2,4 14.5A 16O{Hg 0 MATIS 91 MDRP<8.1E−9 ±1,2,4 14.5A Si{Hg 0 MATIS 91 MDRP<1.7E−6 ±1,2,4 60A 16O{Hg 0 MATIS 91 MDRP<3.5E−7 ±1,2,4 200A 16O{Hg 0 MATIS 91 MDRP<1.3E−6 ±1,2,4 200A S{Hg 0 MATIS 91 MDRP<5E−2 e 2 19{27 52{60 e+ e− 0 ADACHI 90C TOPZ

<5E−2 e 4 <24 52{60 e+ e− 0 ADACHI 90C TOPZ<1.E−4 e +2 <3.5 10 e+ e− 0 BOWCOCK 89B CLEO<1.E−6 d ±1,2 60 16O{Hg 0 CALLOWAY 89 MDRP<3.5E−7 d ±1,2 200 16O{Hg 0 CALLOWAY 89 MDRP<1.3E−6 d ±1,2 200 S{Hg 0 CALLOWAY 89 MDRP<1.2E−10 d ±1 1 800 p{Hg 0 MATIS 89 MDRP<1.1E−10 d ±2 1 800 p{Hg 0 MATIS 89 MDRP<1.2E−10 d ±1 1 800 p{N2 0 MATIS 89 MDRP<7.7E−11 d ±2 1 800 p{N2 0 MATIS 89 MDRP<6.E−9 h −5 0.9{2.3 12 p 0 NAKAMURA 89 SPEC<5.E−5 g 1,2 <0.5 ν,ν d 0 ALLASIA 88 BEBC<3.E−4 b See note 14.5 16O{Pb 0 8 HOFFMANN 88 PLAS<2.E−4 b See note 200 16O{Pb 0 9 HOFFMANN 88 PLAS<8E−5 b 19,20,22,23 200A GERBIER 87 PLAS<2.E−4 a ±1,2 <300 320 p p 0 LYONS 87 MLEV<1.E−9 ±1,2,4,5 14.5 16O{Hg 0 SHAW 87 MDRP<3.E−3 d −1,2,3,4,6 <5 2 Si{Si 0 10 ABACHI 86C CNTR<1.E−4 e ±1,2,4 <4 10 e+ e− 0 ALBRECHT 85G ARG<6.E−5 b ±1,2 1 540 pp 0 BANNER 85 UA2<5.E−3 e −4 1{8 29 e+ e− 0 AIHARA 84 TPC<1.E−2 e ±1,2 1{13 29 e+ e− 0 AIHARA 84B TPC<2.E−4 b ±1 72 40Ar 0 11 BARWICK 84 CNTR<1.E−4 e ±2 <0.4 1.4 e+ e− 0 BONDAR 84 OLYA<5.E−1 e ±1,2 <13 29 e+ e− 0 GURYN 84 CNTR<3.E−3 b ±1,2 <2 540 pp 0 BANNER 83 CNTR<1.E−4 b ±1,2 106 56Fe 0 LINDGREN 83 CNTR<3.E−3 b >

∣∣ ± 0.1∣∣ 74 40Ar 0 11 PRICE 83 PLAS<1.E−2 e ±1,2 <14 29 e+ e− 0 MARINI 82B CNTR<8.E−2 e ±1,2 <12 29 e+ e− 0 ROSS 82 CNTR<3.E−4 e ±2 1.8{2 7 e+ e− 0 WEISS 81 MRK2<5.E−2 e +1,2,4,5 2{12 27 e+ e− 0 BARTEL 80 JADE<2.E−5 g 1,2 ν 0 5,6 BASILE 80 CNTR<3.E−10 f ±2,4 1{3 200 p 0 12 BOZZOLI 79 CNTR<6.E−11 f ±1 <21 52 pp 0 BASILE 78 SPEC<5.E−3 g νµ 0 BASILE 78B CNTR<2.E−9 f ±1 <26 62 pp 0 BASILE 77 SPEC<7.E−10 f +1,2 <20 52 p 0 13 FABJAN 75 CNTR+1,2 >4.5 γ 0 5,6 GALIK 74 CNTR+1,2 >1.5 12 e− 0 5,6 BELLAMY 68 CNTR+1,2 >0.9 γ 0 6 BATHOW 67 CNTR+1,2 >0.9 6 γ 0 6 FOSS 67 CNTR1HUENTRUP 96 quote 95% CL limits for produ tion of fragments with harge di�eringby as mu h as ±1/3 (in units of e) for harge 6 ≤ Z ≤ 10.2BUSKULIC 93C limits for in lusive quark produ tion are more onservative if the ALEPHhadroni fragmentation fun tion is assumed.3CECCHINI 93 limit at 90%CL for 23/3 ≤ Z ≤ 40/3, for 16A GeV O, 14.5A Si, and200A S in ident on Cu target. Other limits are 2.3 × 10−4 for 17/3 ≤ Z ≤ 20/3 and1.2× 10−4 for 20/3 ≤ Z ≤ 23/3.4GHOSH 92 reports measurement of spallation fragment harge based on ionization inemulsion. Out of 650 measured tra ks, 2 were onsistent with harge 5e/3, and 4 with7e/3.5Hadroni quark.6 Leptoni quark.7HE 91 limits are for harges of the form N±1/3 from 23/3 to 38/3, and orrespond to ross-se tion limits of 380µb (Pb) and 320µb (Cu).8The limits apply to proje tile fragment harges of 17, 19, 20, 22, 23 in units of e/3.9The limits apply to proje tile fragment harges of 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23 in units of e/3.10 Flux limits and mass range depend on harge.11Bound to nu lei.12Quark lifetimes > 1× 10−8 s.13One andidate m <0.17 GeV.Quark Flux | Cosmi Ray Sear hesQuark Flux | Cosmi Ray Sear hesQuark Flux | Cosmi Ray Sear hesQuark Flux | Cosmi Ray Sear hesShielding values followed with an asterisk indi ate altitude in km. Shielding values notfollowed with an asterisk indi ate sea level in kg/ m2.FLUX CHG MASS( m−2sr−1s−1) (e/3) (GeV) SHIELDING DOCUMENT ID TECN< 1.E−8 ±1/6{1/10 1 AGNESE 15 CDMS< 9.2E−15 ±1 3800 2 AMBROSIO 00C MCRO<2.1E−15 ±1 MORI 91 KAM2<2.3E−15 ±2 MORI 91 KAM2<2.E−10 ±1, 2 0.3 WADA 88 CNTR

±4 0.3 3 WADA 88 CNTR±4 0.3 4 WADA 86 CNTR

<1.E−12 ±2,3/2 −70. 5 KAWAGOE 84B PLAS<9.E−10 ±1,2 0.3 WADA 84B CNTR<4.E−9 ±4 0.3 WADA 84B CNTR<2.E−12 ±1,2,3 −0.3 ∗ MASHIMO 83 CNTR<3.E−10 ±1,2 0.3 MARINI 82 CNTR<2.E−11 ±1,2 MASHIMO 82 CNTR<8.E−10 ±1,2 0.3 5 NAPOLITANO 82 CNTR6 YOCK 78 CNTR<1.E−9 7 BRIATORE 76 ELEC<2.E−11 +1 8 HAZEN 75 CC<2.E−10 +1,2 KRISOR 75 CNTR<1.E−7 +1,2 8,9 CLARK 74B CC<3.E−10 +1 >20 KIFUNE 74 CNTR

844844844844QuarkParti le ListingsFree Quark Sear hes<8.E−11 +1 8 ASHTON 73 CNTR<2.E−8 +1,2 HICKS 73B CNTR<5.E−10 +4 2.8 ∗ BEAUCHAMP 72 CNTR<1.E−10 +1,2 8 BOHM 72B CNTR<1.E−10 +1,2 2.8 ∗ COX 72 ELEC<3.E−10 +2 CROUCH 72 CNTR<3.E−8 7 7 DARDO 72 CNTR<4.E−9 +1 8 EVANS 72 CC<2.E−9 >10 7 TONWAR 72 CNTR<2.E−10 +1 2.8 ∗ CHIN 71 CNTR<3.E−10 +1,2 8 CLARK 71B CC<1.E−10 +1,2 8 HAZEN 71 CC<5.E−10 +1,2 3.5 ∗ BOSIA 70 CNTR+1,2 <6.5 8 CHU 70 HLBC<2.E−9 +1 FAISSNER 70B CNTR<2.E−10 +1,2 0.8 ∗ KRIDER 70 CNTR<5.E−11 +2 CAIRNS 69 CC<8.E−10 +1,2 <10 FUKUSHIMA 69 CNTR+2 8,10 MCCUSKER 69 CC<1.E−10 >5 1.7,3.6 7 BJORNBOE 68 CNTR<1.E−8 ±1,2,4 6.3,.2 ∗ 5 BRIATORE 68 CNTR<3.E−8 >2 FRANZINI 68 CNTR<9.E−11 ±1,2 GARMIRE 68 CNTR<4.E−10 ±1 HANAYAMA 68 CNTR<3.E−8 >15 KASHA 68 OSPK<2.E−10 +2 KASHA 68B CNTR<2.E−10 +4 KASHA 68C CNTR<2.E−10 +2 6 BARTON 67 CNTR<2.E−7 +4 0.008,0.5 ∗ BUHLER 67 CNTR<5.E−10 1,2 0.008,0.5 ∗ BUHLER 67B CNTR<4.E−10 +1,2 GOMEZ 67 CNTR<2.E−9 +2 KASHA 67 CNTR<2.E−10 +2 220 BARTON 66 CNTR<2.E−9 +1,2 0.5 ∗ BUHLER 66 CNTR<3.E−9 +1,2 KASHA 66 CNTR<2.E−9 +1,2 LAMB 66 CNTR<2.E−8 +1,2 >7 2.8 ∗ DELISE 65 CNTR<5.E−8 +2 >2.5 0.5 ∗ MASSAM 65 CNTR<2.E−8 +1 2.5 ∗ BOWEN 64 CNTR<2.E−7 +1 0.8 SUNYAR 64 CNTR1See AGNESE 15 Fig.6 for limits on verti al density as fun tion of harge extending to∣∣q∣∣/e < 1/10.2AMBROSIO 00C limit is below 11× 10−15 for 0.25 <q/e< 0.5, and is hanging rapidlynear q/e=2/3, where it is 2× 10−14.3Distribution in elestial sphere was des ribed as anisotropi .4With teles ope axis at zenith angle 40◦ to the south.5 Leptoni quarks.6 Lifetime > 10−8 s; harge ±0.70, 0.68, 0.42; and mass >4.4, 4.8, and 20 GeV, respe -tively.7Time delayed air shower sear h.8Prompt air shower sear h.9Also e/4 and e/6 harges.10No events in subsequent experiments.Quark Density | Matter Sear hesQuark Density | Matter Sear hesQuark Density | Matter Sear hesQuark Density | Matter Sear hesQUARKS/ CHG MASSNUCLEON (e/3) (GeV) MATERIAL/METHOD EVTS DOCUMENT ID<1.17E−22 sili one oil drops 0 1 LEE 02<4.71E−22 sili one oil drops 1 2 HALYO 00<4.7E−21 ±1,2 sili one oil drops 0 MAR 96<8.E−22 +2 Si/infrared photoionization 0 PERERA 93<5.E−27 ±1,2 sea water/levitation 0 HOMER 92<4.E−20 ±1,2 meteorites/mag. levitation 0 JONES 89<1.E−19 ±1,2 various/spe trometer 0 MILNER 87<5.E−22 ±1,2 W/levitation 0 SMITH 87<3.E−20 +1,2 org liq/droplet tower 0 VANPOLEN 87<6.E−20 −1,2 org liq/droplet tower 0 VANPOLEN 87<3.E−21 ±1 Hg drops-untreated 0 SAVAGE 86<3.E−22 ±1,2 levitated niobium 0 SMITH 86<2.E−26 ±1,2 4He/levitation 0 SMITH 86B<2.E−20 >±1 0.2{250 niobium+tungs/ion 0 MILNER 85<1.E−21 ±1 levitated niobium 0 SMITH 85+1,2 <100 niobium/mass spe 0 KUTSCHERA 84<5.E−22 levitated steel 0 MARINELLI 84<9.E−20 ± <13 water/oil drop 0 JOYCE 83<2.E−21 >

∣∣ ± 1/2∣∣ levitated steel 0 LIEBOWITZ 83<1.E−19 ±1,2 photo ion spe 0 VANDESTEEG 83<2.E−20 mer ury/oil drop 0 3 HODGES 811.E−20 +1 levitated niobium 4 4 LARUE 811.E−20 −1 levitated niobium 4 4 LARUE 81<1.E−21 levitated steel 0 MARINELLI 80B<6.E−16 helium/mass spe 0 BOYD 791.E−20 +1 levitated niobium 2 4 LARUE 79<4.E−28 earth+/ion beam 0 OGOROD... 79<5.E−15 +1 tungs./mass spe 0 BOYD 78<5.E−16 +3 <1.7 hydrogen/mass spe 0 BOYD 78B

<1.E−21 ±2,4 water/ion beam 0 LUND 78<6.E−15 >1/2 levitated tungsten 0 PUTT 78<1.E−22 metals/mass spe 0 SCHIFFER 78<5.E−15 levitated tungsten ox 0 BLAND 77<3.E−21 levitated iron 0 GALLINARO 772.E−21 −1 levitated niobium 1 4 LARUE 774.E−21 +1 levitated niobium 2 4 LARUE 77<1.E−13 +3 <7.7 hydrogen/mass spe 0 MULLER 77<5.E−27 water+/ion beam 0 OGOROD... 77<1.E−21 lunar+/ion spe 0 STEVENS 76<1.E−15 +1 <60 oxygen+/ion spe 0 ELBERT 70<5.E−19 levitated graphite 0 MORPURGO 70<5.E−23 water+/atom beam 0 COOK 69<1.E−17 ±1,2 levitated graphite 0 BRAGINSK 68<1.E−17 water+/uv spe 0 RANK 68<3.E−19 ±1 levitated iron 0 STOVER 67<1.E−10 sun/uv spe 0 5 BENNETT 66<1.E−17 +1,2 meteorites+/ion beam 0 CHUPKA 66<1.E−16 ±1 levitated graphite 0 GALLINARO 66<1.E−22 argon/ele trometer 0 HILLAS 59

−2 levitated oil 0 MILLIKAN 101 95% CL limit for fra tional harge parti les with 0.18e ≤∣∣Qresidual

∣∣ ≤ 0.82e in totalof 70.1 mg of sili one oil.2 95% CL limit for parti les with fra tional harge ∣∣Qresidual∣∣ >0.16e in total of 17.4 mgof sili one oil.3Also set limits for Q = ±e/6.4Note that in PHILLIPS 88 these authors report a subtle magneti e�e t whi h oulda ount for the apparent fra tional harges.5 Limit inferred by JONES 77B.REFERENCES FOR Free Quark Sear hesREFERENCES FOR Free Quark Sear hesREFERENCES FOR Free Quark Sear hesREFERENCES FOR Free Quark Sear hesAGNESE 15 PRL 114 111302 R. Agnese et al. (CDMS Collab.)CHATRCHYAN 13AR PR D87 092008 S. Chatr hyan et al. (CMS Collab.)LEE 02 PR D66 012002 I.T. Lee et al.AMBROSIO 00C PR D62 052003 M. Ambrosio et al. (MACRO Collab.)HALYO 00 PRL 84 2576 V. Halyo et al.ABREU 97D PL B396 315 P. Abreu et al. (DELPHI Collab.)HUENTRUP 96 PR C53 358 G. Huentrup et al. (SIEG)MAR 96 PR D53 6017 N.M. Mar et al. (SLAC, SCHAF, LANL, UCI)AKERS 95R ZPHY C67 203 R. Akers et al. (OPAL Collab.)BUSKULIC 93C PL B303 198 D. Buskuli et al. (ALEPH Collab.)CECCHINI 93 ASP 1 369 S. Ce hini et al.PERERA 93 PRL 70 1053 A.G.U. Perera et al. (PITT)ABE 92J PR D46 R1889 F. Abe et al. (CDF Collab.)GHOSH 92 NC 105A 99 D. Ghosh et al. (JADA, BANGB)HOMER 92 ZPHY C55 549 G.J. Homer et al. (RAL, SHMP, LOQM)BASILE 91 NC 104A 405 M. Basile et al. (BGNA, INFN, CERN, PLRM+)HE 91 PR C44 1672 Y.B. He, P.B. Pri e (UCB)MATIS 91 NP A525 513 H.S. Matis et al. (LBL, SFSU, UCI+)MORI 91 PR D43 2843 M. Mori et al. (Kamiokande II Collab.)ADACHI 90C PL B244 352 I. Ada hi et al. (TOPAZ Collab.)BOWCOCK 89B PR D40 263 T.J.V. Bow o k et al. (CLEO Collab.)CALLOWAY 89 PL B232 549 D. Calloway et al. (SFSU, UCI, LBL+)JONES 89 ZPHY C43 349 W.G. Jones et al. (LOIC, RAL)MATIS 89 PR D39 1851 H.S. Matis et al. (LBL, SFSU, UCI+)NAKAMURA 89 PR D39 1261 T.T. Nakamura et al. (KYOT, TMTC)ALLASIA 88 PR D37 219 D. Allasia et al. (WA25 Collab.)HOFFMANN 88 PL B200 583 A. Hofmann et al. (SIEG, USF)PHILLIPS 88 NIM A264 125 J.D. Phillips, W.M. Fairbank, J. Navarro (STAN)WADA 88 NC 11C 229 T. Wada, Y. Yamashita, I. Yamamoto (OKAY)GERBIER 87 PRL 59 2535 G. Gerbier et al. (UCB, CERN)LYONS 87 ZPHY C36 363 L. Lyons et al. (OXF, RAL, LOIC)MILNER 87 PR D36 37 R.E. Milner et al. (CIT)SHAW 87 PR D36 3533 G.L. Shaw et al. (UCI, LBL, LANL, SFSU)SMITH 87 PL B197 447 P.F. Smith et al. (RAL, LOIC)VANPOLEN 87 PR D36 1983 J. van Polen, R.T. Hagstrom, G. Hirs h (ANL+)ABACHI 86C PR D33 2733 S. Aba hi et al. (UCLA, LBL, UCD)SAVAGE 86 PL 167B 481 M.L. Savage et al. (SFSU)SMITH 86 PL B171 129 P.F. Smith et al. (RAL, LOIC)SMITH 86B PL B181 407 P.F. Smith et al. (RAL, LOIC)WADA 86 NC 9C 358 T. Wada (OKAY)ALBRECHT 85G PL 156B 134 H. Albre ht et al. (ARGUS Collab.)BANNER 85 PL 156B 129 M. Banner et al. (UA2 Collab.)MILNER 85 PRL 54 1472 R.E. Milner et al. (CIT)SMITH 85 PL 153B 188 P.F. Smith et al. (RAL, LOIC)AIHARA 84 PRL 52 168 H. Aihara et al. (TPC Collab.)AIHARA 84B PRL 52 2332 H. Aihara et al. (TPC Collab.)BARWICK 84 PR D30 691 S.W. Barwi k, J.A. Musser, J.D. Stevenson (UCB)BERGSMA 84B ZPHY C24 217 F. Bergsma et al. (CHARM Collab.)BONDAR 84 JETPL 40 1265 A.E. Bondar et al. (NOVO)Translated from ZETFP 40 440.GURYN 84 PL 139B 313 W. Guryn et al. (FRAS, LBL, NWES, STAN+)KAWAGOE 84B LNC 41 604 K. Kawagoe et al. (TOKY)KUTSCHERA 84 PR D29 791 W. Kuts hera et al. (ANL, FNAL)MARINELLI 84 PL 137B 439 M. Marinelli, G. Morpurgo (GENO)WADA 84B LNC 40 329 T. Wada, Y. Yamashita, I. Yamamoto (OKAY)AUBERT 83C PL 133B 461 J.J. Aubert et al. (EMC Collab.)BANNER 83 PL 121B 187 M. Banner et al. (UA2 Collab.)JOYCE 83 PRL 51 731 D.C. Joy e et al. (SFSU)LIEBOWITZ 83 PRL 50 1640 D. Liebowitz, M. Binder, K.O.H. Zio k (UVA)LINDGREN 83 PRL 51 1621 M.A. Lindgren et al. (SFSU, UCR, UCI+)MASHIMO 83 PL 128B 327 T. Mashimo et al. (ICEPP)PRICE 83 PRL 50 566 P.B. Pri e et al. (UCB)VANDESTEEG 83 PRL 50 1234 M.J.H. van de Steeg, H.W.H.M. Jongbloets, P. WyderMARINI 82 PR D26 1777 A. Marini et al. (FRAS, LBL, NWES, STAN+)MARINI 82B PRL 48 1649 A. Marini et al. (FRAS, LBL, NWES, STAN+)MASHIMO 82 JPSJ 51 3067 T. Mashimo, K. Kawagoe, M. Koshiba (INUS)NAPOLITANO 82 PR D25 2837 J. Napolitano et al. (STAN, FRAS, LBL+)ROSS 82 PL 118B 199 M.C. Ross et al. (FRAS, LBL, NWES, STAN+)HODGES 81 PRL 47 1651 C.L. Hodges et al. (UCR, SFSU)LARUE 81 PRL 46 967 G.S. Larue, J.D. Phillips, W.M. Fairbank (STAN)WEISS 81 PL 101B 439 J.M. Weiss et al. (SLAC, LBL, UCB)BARTEL 80 ZPHY C6 295 W. Bartel et al. (JADE Collab.)BASILE 80 LNC 29 251 M. Basile et al. (BGNA, CERN, FRAS, ROMA+)BUSSIERE 80 NP B174 1 A. Bussiere et al. (BGNA, SACL, LAPP)MARINELLI 80B PL 94B 433 M. Marinelli, G. Morpurgo (GENO)Also PL 94B 427 M. Marinelli, G. Morpurgo (GENO)BOYD 79 PRL 43 1288 R.N. Boyd et al. (OSU)BOZZOLI 79 NP B159 363 W. Bozzoli et al. (BGNA, LAPP, SACL+)

845845845845See key on page 601 QuarkParti le ListingsFree Quark Sear hesLARUE 79 PRL 42 142 G.S. Larue, W.M. Fairbank, J.D. Phillips (STAN)Also PRL 42 1019 G.S. Larue, W.M. Fairbank, J.D. PhillipsOGOROD... 79 JETP 49 953 D.D. Ogorodnikov, I.M. Samoilov, A.M. SolntsevTranslated from ZETF 76 1881.STEVENSON 79 PR D20 82 M.L. Stevenson (LBL)BASILE 78 NC 45A 171 M. Basile et al. (CERN, BGNA)BASILE 78B NC 45A 281 M. Basile et al. (CERN, BGNA)BOYD 78 PRL 40 216 R.N. Boyd et al. (ROCH)BOYD 78B PL 72B 484 R.N. Boyd et al. (ROCH)LUND 78 RA 25 75 T. Lund, R. Brandt, Y. Fares (MARB)PUTT 78 PR D17 1466 G.D. Putt, P.C.M. Yo k (AUCK)SCHIFFER 78 PR D17 2241 J.P. S hi�er et al. (CHIC, ANL)YOCK 78 PR D18 641 P.C.M. Yo k (AUCK)ANTREASYAN 77 PRL 39 513 D. Antreasyan et al. (EFI, PRIN)BASILE 77 NC 40A 41 M. Basile et al. (CERN, BGNA)BLAND 77 PRL 39 369 R.W. Bland et al. (SFSU)GALLINARO 77 PRL 38 1255 G. Gallinaro, M. Marinelli, G. Morpurgo (GENO)JONES 77B RMP 49 717 L.W. JonesLARUE 77 PRL 38 1011 G.S. Larue, W.M. Fairbank, A.F. Hebard (STAN)MULLER 77 SCI 196 521 R.A. Muller et al. (LBL)OGOROD... 77 JETP 45 857 D.D. Ogorodnikov, I.M. Samoilov, A.M. SolntsevTranslated from ZETF 72 1633.BALDIN 76 SJNP 22 264 B.Y. Baldin et al. (JINR)Translated from YAF 22 512.BRIATORE 76 NC 31A 553 L. Briatore et al. (LCGT, FRAS, FREIB)STEVENS 76 PR D14 716 C.M. Stevens, J.P. S hi�er, W. Chupka (ANL)ALBROW 75 NP B97 189 M.G. Albrow et al. (CERN, DARE, FOM+)FABJAN 75 NP B101 349 C.W. Fabjan et al. (CERN, MPIM)HAZEN 75 NP B95 189 W.E. Hazen et al. (MICH, LEED)JOVANOV... 75 PL 56B 105 J.V. Jovanovi h et al. (MANI, AACH, CERN+)KRISOR 75 NC 27A 132 K. Krisor (AACH3)CLARK 74B PR D10 2721 A.F. Clark et al. (LLL)GALIK 74 PR D9 1856 R.S. Galik et al. (SLAC, FNAL)KIFUNE 74 JPSJ 36 629 T. Kifune et al. (TOKY, KEK)NASH 74 PRL 32 858 T. Nash et al. (FNAL, CORN, NYU)ALPER 73 PL 46B 265 B. Alper et al. (CERN, LIVP, LUND, BOHR+)ASHTON 73 JP A6 577 F. Ashton et al. (DURH)HICKS 73B NC 14A 65 R.B. Hi ks, R.W. Flint, S. Standil (MANI)LEIPUNER 73 PRL 31 1226 L.B. Leipuner et al. (BNL, YALE)BEAUCHAMP 72 PR D6 1211 W.T. Beau hamp et al. (ARIZ)BOHM 72B PRL 28 326 A. Bohm et al. (AACH)BOTT 72 PL 40B 693 M. Bott-Bodenhausen et al. (CERN, MPIM)COX 72 PR D6 1203 A.J. Cox et al. (ARIZ)CROUCH 72 PR D5 2667 M.F. Crou h, K. Mori, G.R. Smith (CASE)DARDO 72 NC 9A 319 M. Dardo et al. (TORI)EVANS 72 PRSE A70 143 G.R. Evans et al. (EDIN, LEED)TONWAR 72 JP A5 569 S.C. Tonwar, S. Naranan, B.V. Sreekantan (TATA)ANTIPOV 71 NP B29 374 Y.M. Antipov et al. (SERP)CHIN 71 NC 2A 419 S. Chin et al. (OSAK)CLARK 71B PRL 27 51 A.F. Clark et al. (LLL, LBL)HAZEN 71 PRL 26 582 W.E. Hazen (MICH)BOSIA 70 NC 66A 167 G.F. Bosia, L. Briatore (TORI)CHU 70 PRL 24 917 W.T. Chu et al. (OSU, ROSE, KANS)Also PRL 25 550 W.W.M. Allison et al. (ANL)ELBERT 70 NP B20 217 J.W. Elbert et al. (WISC)FAISSNER 70B PRL 24 1357 H. Faissner et al. (AACH3)KRIDER 70 PR D1 835 E.P. Krider, T. Bowen, R.M. Kalba h (ARIZ)

MORPURGO 70 NIM 79 95 G. Morpurgo, G. Gallinaro, G. Palmieri (GENO)ALLABY 69B NC 64A 75 J.V. Allaby et al. (CERN)ANTIPOV 69 PL 29B 245 Y.M. Antipov et al. (SERP)ANTIPOV 69B PL 30B 576 Y.M. Antipov et al. (SERP)CAIRNS 69 PR 186 1394 I. Cairns et al. (SYDN)COOK 69 PR 188 2092 D.D. Cook et al. (ILL)FUKUSHIMA 69 PR 178 2058 Y. Fukushima et al. (TOKY)MCCUSKER 69 PRL 23 658 C.B.A. M Cusker, I. Cairns (SYDN)BELLAMY 68 PR 166 1391 E.H. Bellamy et al. (STAN, SLAC)BJORNBOE 68 NC B53 241 J. Bjornboe et al. (BOHR, TATA, BERN+)BRAGINSK 68 JETP 27 51 V.B. Braginsky et al. (MOSU)Translated from ZETF 54 91.BRIATORE 68 NC 57A 850 L. Briatore et al. (TORI, CERN, BGNA)FRANZINI 68 PRL 21 1013 P. Franzini, S. Shulman (COLU)GARMIRE 68 PR 166 1280 G. Garmire, C. Leong, V. Sreekantan (MIT)HANAYAMA 68 CJP 46 S734 Y. Hanayama et al. (OSAK)KASHA 68 PR 172 1297 H. Kasha, R.J. Stefanski (BNL, YALE)KASHA 68B PRL 20 217 H. Kasha et al. (BNL, YALE)KASHA 68C CJP 46 S730 H. Kasha et al. (BNL, YALE)RANK 68 PR 176 1635 D. Rank (MICH)BARTON 67 PRSL 90 87 J.C. Barton (NPOL)BATHOW 67 PL 25B 163 G. Bathow et al. (DESY)BUHLER 67 NC 49A 209 A. Buhler-Broglin et al. (CERN, BGNA)BUHLER 67B NC 51A 837 A. Buhler-Broglin et al. (CERN, BGNA+)FOSS 67 PL 25B 166 J. Foss et al. (MIT)GOMEZ 67 PRL 18 1022 R. Gomez et al. (CIT)KASHA 67 PR 154 1263 H. Kasha et al. (BNL, YALE)STOVER 67 PR 164 1599 R.W. Stover, T.I. Moran, J.W. Tris hka (SYRA)BARTON 66 PL 21 360 J.C. Barton, C.T. Sto kel (NPOL)BENNETT 66 PRL 17 1196 W.R. Bennett (YALE)BUHLER 66 NC 45A 520 A. Buhler-Broglin et al. (CERN, BGNA+)CHUPKA 66 PRL 17 60 W.A. Chupka, J.P. S hi�er, C.M. Stevens (ANL)GALLINARO 66 PL 23 609 G. Gallinaro, G. Morpurgo (GENO)KASHA 66 PR 150 1140 H. Kasha, L.B. Leipuner, R.K. Adair (BNL, YALE)LAMB 66 PRL 17 1068 R.C. Lamb et al. (ANL)DELISE 65 PR 140B 458 D.A. de Lise, T. Bowen (ARIZ)DORFAN 65 PRL 14 999 D.E. Dorfan et al. (COLU)FRANZINI 65B PRL 14 196 P. Franzini et al. (BNL, COLU)MASSAM 65 NC 40A 589 T. Massam, T. Muller, A. Zi hi hi (CERN)BINGHAM 64 PL 9 201 H.H. Bingham et al. (CERN, EPOL)BLUM 64 PRL 13 353A W. Blum et al. (CERN)BOWEN 64 PRL 13 728 T. Bowen et al. (ARIZ)HAGOPIAN 64 PRL 13 280 V. Hagopian et al. (PENN, BNL)LEIPUNER 64 PRL 12 423 L.B. Leipuner et al. (BNL, YALE)MORRISON 64 PL 9 199 D.R.O. Morrison (CERN)SUNYAR 64 PR 136 B1157 A.W. Sunyar, A.Z. S hwarzs hild, P.I. Connors (BNL)HILLAS 59 NAT 184 B92 A.M. Hillas, T.E. Cranshaw (AERE)MILLIKAN 10 Phil Mag 19 209 R.A. Millikan (CHIC)OTHER RELATED PAPERSOTHER RELATED PAPERSOTHER RELATED PAPERSOTHER RELATED PAPERSLYONS 85 PRPL C129 225 L. Lyons (OXF)ReviewMARINELLI 82 PRPL 85 161 M. Marinelli, G. Morpurgo (GENO)Review

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