Quantum-Pi_Cairo-09

Brave new world of (nano)-sensing: the next technological revolution

and Quantum-Pi’s sensors

Marek T. Michalewicz, PhDFounder and Chief Scientific AdvisorCairo, 5 December 2009 Quantum Precision Instruments

Asia Private Limited, Singapore

Quantum-π – sensing the future

“Each civilisation leaves behind the pyramid fit to its greatness. Examples abound: Egypt, Aztec and Maya civilisations the Pompidou Centre Paris the Parliment House in Canberra, Australia. Huge and monumental things were done and do not pose the original challenge. XXI century has to be celebrated with Very Small Pyramids. It is chemically and aestetically convincing that the best building block for tiny pyramids would be C60 molecule commonly known as Buckyball. ..........”

“.......... The race of nations to dominate the World so beneficial in bringing about Space exploration, landing of humans on the Moon, or collapse of Communism and the end of The Cold War, is still on. The nation that wins in microscopic world might very well be the nation to win the Globe.”

(mtm 1998)

Déjà vu ....


1. Sharing the vision of sensors revolution2. Presentation of quantum tunneling sensing

devices from Quantum-Pi 3. Sharing experiences of running nanotech

early stage company for 10 years4. Invitation to engage in joint research or

development5. Seeking investments

Motivation:


Vision

Future:

In few years from now sensor networks will be as ubiquitous and pervasive as cellular phones are today.

Vision:

Prepare, position and grow Quantum-π to become global company, “the powerhouse” in this market.

10 years rule:

So-called “overnight success” takes ~10 years.


From idea to reality to common use

Electromagnetic induction: Michael Faraday - 1831street lights using this principle ~75 years later

MASER/LASERBasov, Prokhorov - 1952/54Townes, Gordon, Zeigler - 1953LASER demonstrated by Maiman - 1960

Airplanes:Wright brothers 1905


Sonobuoys and sonars: Navy, environment and biology

Displacement and tremor sensors in security perimeter systems, border protection, cargo monitoring, seismology, mining, geology, tectonics and nuclear test monitoring

High precision mask alignment systems, wafer flatness profilers and stepper accelerometers in microelectronic industry

Accelerometers: manufacturing, aviation, defense, aeronautics and automotive

Sensors - some applications


University of California, Berkeley: “Smart Dust project”

HP’s CeNSE project: “Create the mathematical and physical foundations for the technologies that will form a new information ecosystem, the Central Nervous System for the Earth (CeNSE), consisting of a trillion nanoscale sensors and actuators embedded in the environment and connected via an array of networks with computing systems, software and services to exchange their information among analysis engines, storage systems and end users.”

Foresight Institute: Open Source Sensing Initiative

The University of Washington Pacific Ocean floor remote sensing using optical fibre cables and swarms of autonomous vessels laced with sensors and observation devices.

More examples of the trend:


Brave new world of (nano)-sensing• Sensing methods to effectively help de-mine unexploded

land-mines and shells in Egypt• “ultra-sound” scans of Pyramids and other structures• 24/7 real-time monitoring of health of water dams, bridges, roads, railway

tracks• Continuos sensing and control of environmental conditions “at very small

granularity” - localised scale• Point-of-delivery (plant) moisture sensing and watering systems• Bio-medical diagnostics applications• Environmental sensors embedded in mobile phones • Oil & Gas: seismic, reservoir, well, “Smart” Oil Fields (Shell, Schlumberger,

Baker Hughes)


A high-tech company founded in 1999 and developing Nano Electro-Mechanical (NEMS) sensors, wireless sensor networks and atomic precision metrology nanoTrek® devices especially useful in:

oil and gas industry, security, defense and military, medicine and biotechnology, aviation, maritime and navigation, precision manufacturing and microelectronics fabrication equipment, nanotechnology and scientific industries, and in consumer products.

Quantum-Pi received the 2009 Frost & Sullivan Award for Technology Innovation in Integrated Nano-Sensing

Quantum Precision Instruments Asia Private Limited


Devices, Patents and Concepts:

1. nanoTrek® - a quantum tunneling based linear encoder of position, motion and alignment

2. dynamic nanoTrek® – Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) sensors for measurements of vibration, acceleration, pressure, flow, etc.

3. new designs for the AFM cantilevers that do not require optical metrology to measure bending and torsions but utilize quantum tunnelling

4. 2-D tuneable diffraction gratings for atom beams, or a new type of an atom optics chip

5. quantum tunneling photo-detector cross-grid arrays


Collaborators:Piotr Glowacki1

Piotr Slodowy1

Dr Miroslaw Walkiewicz1

Dr Ewa Radlinska1,2

Dr Nancy Lumpkin1,3

Dr Steven Bremner1,3

Dr Frederic Green4

Prof Zygmunt Rymuza5

N. Singh6

Dr S. Balakumar6 N. N. Gosvami7

Prof Dr. Herbert O. Moser8

Dr Ao Chen8

Dr Linke Jian8

Dr Shahrain bin Mahmood8

Dr Jong Ren Kong8

Dr A. B. T. Saw8

Dr Zhang Jun9

Dr Chen Wenjie10

Tsung-Chi Chen11

Prof. Arvind Raman11

Prof. Ron Reifenberger11

1: Quantum-π2: Australian National University, Canberra, Australia3: Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK4: University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia5: Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw6: Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore7: Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore and Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore8: Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore9: Data Storage Institute, Singapore10: Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore 11: Birck Nanotechnology Laboratory, Purdue University, USA


Scientific Advisers:Prof. James Gimzewski Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,

University of California Los Angeles, USA

Prof. Harold G. Craighead Charles W. Lake Professor of Engineering, Professor of Applied and Engineering Physics, Director, Nanobiotechnology Center, Cornell University, NY, USA

Prof. Boleslaw K. Szymanski Professor of Computer Science, Director, Center for Pervasive Computing and Networking, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

Prof. Zygmunt Rymuza Professor at the Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Prof. Derek Y C Chan Personal Chair in Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Australia

Dr Anthony Sasse M.B.B.S. (Uni of Melb), F.R.A.C.P.

Dr Halit Eren Senior Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia

Dr Nancy Lumpkin ex-Research Fellow, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK


Quantum-π facilities in Singapore

A*STAR Agency for Science Technology & ResearchIMRE Institute of Materials Research & EngineeringIME Institute of MicroelectronicsDSI Data Storage InstituteSIMTech Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology

Collaborations: SSLS: Singapore Synchrotron Light Source


Tunneling of particles (electrons, protons, alpha particles) is an exclusively quantum phenomena arising out of the particle-wave duality. It can only be explained by laws of quantum physics. In the quantum realm particles like an electron can penetrate energy barriers higher then the energy of a particle, and appear on the “other side” in a “ghost-like” manner. Quantum tunneling is a very well established natural phenomenon observed for example in energy production in the Sun and stars, alpha decay of heavy nucleus and used in many modern day devices such an Esaki tunnel diode, SQUID and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope.

Several Nobel Prizes in Physics were awarded for discoveries and contributions related to quantum tunneling effect:

L.-V. de Broglie (1927, particle-wave duality)

H.A. Bethe (1967, energy production in the Sun and stars)

B. D. Josephson (1973, theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through tunnel barrier, Josephson effects)

L. Esaki and I. Giaever (1973, experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively)

G. Binnig and H. Rohrer (1986, design of the scanning tunneling microscope).

Quantum tunneling

Title : Carbon Monoxide Man Media : Carbon Monoxide on

Platinum (111)Zeppenfeld & Eigler (IBM)

06 November 2003: NOAA's Space Environment Center (SEC) has classified this flare as an X28, making it in fact the strongest ever recorded.

...The Sun’s core temp is ~13.6 MK. For hydrogen nuclei the Coulomb barrier is roughly 0.1 MeV.

This corresponds to a temperature in excess of 1 GK! Luckily, tunneling and the distribution of

speeds among nuclei lower the actual temperature required. So without tunneling even the Sun’s core

isn’t hot enough for fusion.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical

activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices such as

superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)

Quantum tunneling: examplesScanning Tunneling Microscope Energy production in stars

Magnetoencephalography


Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, IBM Zurich LabScanning Tunneling Microscope, Nobel Prize in Physics 1986


Chingwen YehA Low-VoltageTunneling-Based Silicon Microaccelerometer

The general structure of the low-voltage tunneling-based accelerometer

The SEM photograph of a tunneling microaccelerometer fabricated using silicon-wafer-dissolved process and glass bonding. The picture shows the top electrode, and the perforated proof mass partially visible under this electrode


Tom Kenny, Stanford UniversityTunneling Infrared Sensor


Demo 1

nanoTrek ®: Principle of operation


Market – product matrixOil & Gas Buildings,

Roads, Utilities, Dams

Microelectronics

Manufacturing & Mining

Automotive & Aviation

Medicine Defence & Security

Vibration sensors

Seismometers

Accelerometers

Microphones

Flow, pressure meters

Positional metrology


Technology differentiators


8’ wafer fabricated at IME Singapore


nanoTrek ® one plate set in a holder

Quantum-π – sensing the futureMeta

l strip

connect

ing nan

owires

Prototype nanoTrek® devices fabricated at IME

Cross section of nanowires

90 nanometers

~80-100 micrometers

Electron Microscope Image of human hair

Each nanowire is ~1/1000th width of of human hair!


nanoTrek® devices - scale analogy

Imagine a straight path 1 meter wide running the entire length of 50 km, and another one, separated by 2 meters, and another one… Imagine 12,000 such 1m wide and 50 km long paths!Now, shrink this picture ten million times and you get an image of one of the hundreds of nanoTrek® devices

50 km

43 km

12,000 X

Product 1: Quantum Tunneling Linear Encoder of Position

Current vs. X-axis translation

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

effective translation [nm]

curr

ent [

uA]

Unique metrology:

Target range: 20 cm

Target resolution: 0.1 pm (with interpolation)

Quantum-π experimental set-up at SIMTech

Quantum-π experimental set-up at Purdue U.

Moire interference patterns


Dynamic nanoTrek® devices


Cleland & Roukes, UCSB & CalTech

Proven Fabrication Processes


Proven Fabrication Processes

Institute of Microelectronics have confirmed all process steps.The detailed process has been documented in IME-Quantum-Pi project plan. Quantum-Pi POC is to build functional devices using these established processes.

Greatest challenges: Cutting the quantum tunneling gap. But it’s been done! Transfer of knowledge to Singapore from Cornell U. USA, Prof. H. Craighead

H. Craighead et. al. Cornell University

Focussed Ion Beam milling:

example from University of Wales


nanoTrek® sensors technical issues:

• Sensing mechanism: quantum tunneling

• Fabrication

• Signal processing

• Communication: wired or wireless

• Power:

✴ power harvesting

✴ super-capacitors

✴ nano-batteries

✴ piezoelectric

✴ micro-mechanical power harvestin

• Packaging

• Integration


It started as a sheer scientific joke:

"Nano-cars: Enabling Technology for building Buckyball Pyramids", M.T. Michalewicz, Annals of Improbable Research, Vol. IV, No. 3 March/April 1998

Table of Contents for Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar/Apr 1998Annual Swimsuit issueResearch: The History of the Universe in 200 Words or Less Translated Ten Times or More Nano-Cars and Buckyball Pyramids Penises in the Plant Kingdom Cat Tunneling Does It Rain More Often on the Weekends?

earlier also presented at:

"Nano-cars: Feynman's dream fulfilled or the ultimate challenge to Automotive Industry" Publication abstract: M T Michalewicz, The Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology, Palo Alto (1997) Nov 5-8

Post Script: Nanocar or “Where fantasy stops and reality begins?”


Post Script: Nanocar or “Where fantasy stops and reality begins?”

BUT..... 8 years later !!!10/20/2005

CONTACT: Jade BoydPHONE: (713) 348-6778E-MAIL: [email protected]

“Rice scientists build world's first single-molecule car 'Nanocar' with buckyball wheels paves way for other molecular machines.

Rice University scientists have constructed the world's smallest car -- a single molecule "nanocar" that contains a chassis, axles and four buckyball wheels.

The "nanocar" is described in a research paper that is available online and due to appear in an upcoming issue of the journal Nano Letters. ......”

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Company location and contact information

Dr Marek T. Michalewicz, Founder

Business conducted at: 36A Hong Kong Street, Singapore 059675

Telephone: +65 6236 2160 +65 9777 9599 (cell)URL: http://www.quantum-pi.com e-mail: [email protected]

Business Registered: Quantum Precision Instruments Asia, Pte. Ltd.Company Registration No. 200415706Z 10 Anson Road, #09-24, International Plaza, Singapore 079903


1984-1987 - studies of the tunnelling potential in the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM)1986 April - visit to H. Rohrer’s group at the IBM Laboratory in Zurich

Studies of surface plasmons on metallic quantum dots of 20-600 nm radius on buckyball C60.

Theoretical identification of four molecular surface plasmons on C60Extensive experience with Cray–2, Cray Y–MP, Cray C90, Cray J90, NEC SX-4 and SX-5 vector-parallel supercomputers and Cray T3D, MasPar and Compaq alpha massively parallel supercomputers.

Massively parallel algorithm in the study of disordered condensed matter: O(1) parallel scaling, electronic structure solved for a sample of ~500,000 atoms (TiO2) on SIMD computer (MasPar 16,000 Processors)

1995 - defined the Grand Challenge problem in Computational Nanoelectronics at the 1st Asian Supercomputer Conference in Taipei, Taiwan1996 - honorable mention - the Bell prize for supercomputing research 1998 - the fastest application on SX-4 with 32 CPU in the World: created program that scaled linearly, O(N), run with a speed of

43 GFLOPS/s on NEC SX-4 vector -parallel supercomputer with 32 processors (~67% theoretical peak speed) and computed electronic densities of states for multi-million atom samples in minutes. The largest test computation performed was for the electronic density of states (DOS) for the TiO2 sample consisting of 7,623,000 atoms.

Mathematically, this was equivalent to obtaining a spectrum of an n x n Hermitian operator (Hamiltonian) where n = 38,115,0001990 –2000 investigated morphology and size dependent electronic properties of nanoparticles of rutile (TiO2). The largest sample studied had dimensions of 48nm x 50nm x 32nm.

Dr Marek T. MichalewiczPhysics, Computation and Nanotechnology research record


PhD (Physics), Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra MSc (Physics), LaTrobe University, MelbourneUniversity of Wroclaw, Poland (4 years, Physics) University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA (Research Associate, 2 years) 22 years research experience following a PhD degree27 years experience of scientific and commercial computing Scientific consultant in the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation (CSIRO) Supercomputing and High Performance Computing (10 y)1997-2000 Principal Research Scientist at the CSIRO Mathematical and Information Sciences High

Performance Computing2009 - present Director, A*STAR Computational Resource Centre, Singapore

Edited two books on Computational Life Sciences & Medicine and authored over 35 scientific

papers and book chapters and some 60 conference presentations in more than 12 countries Fellow of The Australian Institute of Physics Member of The American Physical SocietySenior Associate Foresight Institute (for Nanotechnology)

Dr Marek T. Michalewicz, Founder

Quantum-Pi_Cairo-09

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