Quantitative Research Lesson 1: Relevant Literature ...
Transcript of Quantitative Research Lesson 1: Relevant Literature ...
Unit 4: Writing the Review of Related Literature Lesson 1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Contents
Engage 1 Introduction 1 Objectives 2
Explore 2
Explain and Elaborate 4 Differentiating Primary and Secondary Sources of Data 4
Primary Sources of Data 4 Secondary Sources of Data 5
Selecting Relevant Literature for Quantitative Study 7
Extend 10 Activity 1 10
Evaluate 11
Wrap Up 13
Bibliography 14
Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Fig. 1. Traditional and digital books
One of the technologies we have developed in the 21st century is digital technology. With so
many texts, articles, and readings to choose online, it is difficult to select relevant readings
related to your research topic.
In doing research, especially in creating your literature review, you have to use technology
wisely. Painstakingly creating, searching, and citing valid sources of information are crucial
to your study. Not only does it make the results of your study more credible—the data that
you will review from relevant and related sources of information will serve as venues to
explore deeper into the topic of your study. This leads us to question why there is a need to
look into different sources of information when researching? What kind of research are you
supposed to look for? How will you be able to know if it is relevant and important to your
study? Lastly, how will you select the correct literature?
Engage
Introduction
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
In this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Differentiate primary and secondary sources of data.
● Select relevant literature for your quantitative study.
DepEd Competency
Select relevant literature. (CS_RS12-If-j-1)
For this activity, you will select relevant literature and determine the origin of literature and
studies related to your research topic and title.
1. Select one related literature and one related study for your research topic.
2. Identify whether the chosen material is local or foreign in origin. Explain how they
are considered foreign or local in origin.
Objectives
Explore
15 minutes
Title of Quantitative Research
Title and Author/s Is the material local or foreign in origin? Explain.
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Guide Questions
1. What are the bases of your selection listed above?
2. How are the selected articles and studies relevant to your quantitative study?
3. For you, what are the important characteristics of related and relevant literature or
study?
4. What process did you do in selecting relevant literature and studies?
5. For your quantitative study, are you allowed to use and cite qualitative literature and
studies? Provide an explanation for your answer.
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Differentiating Primary and Secondary Sources of Data In quantitative research, statistical findings are key elements of a good literature review,
which are originally found in primary sources of data, while secondary sources of data offer
summaries of these findings that serve as useful quick references for your study.
Primary Sources of Data Primary sources of data include first-hand evidence of the literature. Hence, these
materials include published research on academic journals. These are also original copies
of theses and dissertations. This also includes original sources of textual, tabular, graphical,
or statistical data and mathematical models (Georgia State University 2020).
Researchers use primary sources of data to explore specific details and other findings
that were not wholly reflected on secondary sources of data. Primary sources of data can
give authoritative and credible support for the findings of your study.
Fig. 2. Statistical findings from a primary source of data
Explain and Elaborate
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Here are some examples in selecting relevant primary sources of data for quantitative
research:
● Supposing your study is about the relationship between the income of sari-sari
stores and the motivation of sari-sari store vendors. You need to borrow the journal
of accounts of the sari-sari store vendors in order to get first-hand evidence of their
income. Take note that it is a confidential document, so you may need to have a
written permission or waiver allowing you to extract information from these
documents. Also, some sari-sari stores do not necessarily have a journal of accounts.
● If your study is about the difference between your proposed fertilizer and
commercial fertilizer, you need to look for a related observation sheet that shows
the growth of different types of plants using two different fertilizers.
● In such studies like the perception of students on using e-Books as opposed to
traditional books, you need to search for research papers, theses, or dissertations
about student preferences on the use of a learning material.
Secondary Sources of Data Secondary sources of data are interpretations of pertinent information from primary
sources . These interpretations may be in the form of syntheses and summaries from
academic books, encyclopedias, or synopses and descriptions of works of art (Streefkerk
2019).
Fig. 3. Statistical findings from a secondary source of data
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Secondary sources of information are necessary for having a wide background of
knowledge of the topic that you are studying. Secondary sources of data also help
researchers access primary sources of data that are not available to the general public or
are difficult to examine due to the proximity of the origin of the primary source from the
researcher.
Here are some examples in selecting relevant secondary sources of data for quantitative
research:
● Supposing your topic is about the difference between the perception of respondents
regarding the removal of the Filipino subject from the college curriculum. You must
be able to find articles with summarized survey results, to use as one of the bases
for your study.
● If you are looking at the customer satisfaction rating of respondents regarding your
own recipe of “Gourmet Salted Egg Tahong,” you need to search for books regarding
customer service or online food reviews to learn more about people's perspective
on product satisfaction.
● Another study that you may come across as your topic is about the awareness level
of Grade 12 Practical Research students on using Linux OS. You need to search for
manuals or online guides on how to use and configure Linux OS.
Choosing the appropriate primary and secondary sources of data should be done carefully
to minimize errors and mistakes in your research. Determining the right source is a vital skill
for you as a researcher, and doing so will give you an advantage in producing a well-written
study. Here are some more examples of primary and secondary sources in quantitative
research.
What are the primary and secondary sources you need in your study?
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Table 1. Examples of primary and secondary sources of data in quantitative research
Selecting Relevant Literature for Quantitative Study The main purpose of a literature review in research is to provide a detailed overview of the
topics that you have explored. This shows the readers that you have used all means to
access relevant literature for your study and educates them on how your study fits into
the larger body of research (Fink 2014).
Since there are numerous online and offline readings, articles, and studies that you will
need to review, you will have to select literature that is relevant to your study. Here are
important guidelines to help you choose relevant literature for your quantitative study:
1. Select literature based on your Statement of the Problem (SOP).
Analyze your study’s problem in order to determine the subject of your research
questions. Use the subjects of your research questions as keywords for your search of
related articles and studies for your topic (Vanderstoep, and Johnston 2009).
Primary Sources in Quantitative Research
Secondary Sources in Quantitative Research
1. Original publications of research, thesis and dissertation
2. Journals of scientists 3. Field notes of field researchers 4. Observation sheets 5. Printed spreadsheets with raw data 6. Research in academic journals 7. Statistical results in academic
journals 8. Experimental results
1. Textbooks 2. Encyclopedia 3. Atlas 4. Magazine 5. Newspaper clippings 6. Summarized article 7. Interpretation of results of surveys
and polls 8. Manuals 9. Biographies
Why do you need to read many relevant articles and studies to write your literature review?
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
2. Select literature that is related to your specific topic and field of interest or field of
specialization.
As a general rule, search for articles related to your specific topic and field of interest or
specialization (Creswell 2013). For example, if your topic is about management strategies
of small-scale store owners, search for books, articles, and topics related to
management strategies of small-scale store owners.
On rare occasions when there are few books, articles, and studies related to your
specific topic, both online and offline, you can search for a less-specific topic, or a
general topic related to your study. This must be rarely done since general topics can
give you too many articles or studies that may not be related to your research topic.
Using the same example we have under the specific topic, what you can search online
and offline is:
Specific topic : Management strategies of small-scale store owners
Less-specific topic : Management strategies of store owners
General topic : Management strategies
3. Select literature that uses evidence.
Select literature that has credible sources on their bibliography or references. It would
mean that they have followed reliable research that could also give you trustworthy
results. Look at the statistical findings of the literature; it must be validated, and based
on other studies.
Primary sources of data should act as the base of your study. This gives your study
credibility and foundation (Ridley 2012). Secondary sources of data should link their
summaries to the primary sources.
Why must you avoid using general topics when looking for literature sources?
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
4. Select literature and studies that are current.
Your research adviser or research teacher will set the exact range of year of
publication allowed for your study. As a general rule, literature within five years or 10
years from the date of your research paper writing is acceptable. There are literature
sources published decades ago that are still relevant today. However, it is best to consult
your research adviser regarding this literature, whether they may be included in your
review or not.
5. Select literature published locally and internationally.
Locally published literature allows you to understand the current situation of the
problem you are studying in your immediate setting. Selecting foreign literature gives
you the idea that it can be applied in different settings or different contexts (Neuman
2007). Hence, this enriches the findings of your study.
Why is it important to look for and choose only new and recent literature?
Review ● Primary sources of data contain first-hand evidence or raw
experimental or survey data from different studies.
● Secondary sources of data contain summaries of literature,
articles, and studies related to your topic. They are mostly found in
an encyclopedia, textbooks, and review articles.
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Activity 1
Look for five related studies to your research topic. Then, classify whether it is a primary or
a secondary source of data. Apply the correct reference or bibliographic format when
accomplishing the second column.
Extend
Type of Source of Data Related Studies
Guide
● When choosing literature or study to include in your review of related literature you
choose the articles or studies related to your research title.
● The title usually contains the delimitations of the content of an article or study.
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
1. The review of related literature and studies are composed of ____________ and
____________ as the sources of data.
2. Literature and studies are different from each other. Literatures are mostly books
while studies are mostly ____________.
3. Current literature means the material is published ____________ years at the latest.
Evaluate
A. Read and analyze the statement then supply the
missing words.
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
1. Jazzy Genre: A Study on the Effectiveness of Jazz Music on the Emotional Well-Being
of Graduating College Students
Selected related literature/study excerpt:
Lago’s (2010) study on the relationship on the cognitive effects of music coincides
with the other authors mentioned before, wherein the different musical genres
that students prefer can motivate them to concentrate on their task, thus, leading
to better academic performance.
2. The Influence of Peers on the Academic Performance of Selected Senior High School
Students
Selected related literature/study excerpt:
The effect of the peers to the educational climate of the learners depends on the
amount of support that they receive from their peers, and is determined by
factors such as the deepness of the bond between peers, broad communication
mediums and long-lasting relationships (Temitope, and Ogunsakin 2015).
3. Saltwater as an Alternative Source of Electricity
Selected related literature/study excerpt:
Researchers at Stanford University developed a new device that consists of
electrodes that attract positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions; when the
electrodes were submerged in saltwater, the electrodes draw the ions from the
water, and the movements of ions, created by the process, produce electric
current (McKenna 2011).
B. Determine the relevance of the selected literature or
study based on the given research title. Write R if the
material is relevant; otherwise, write IR.
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Wrap Up ___________________________________________________________________________________________
● Primary sources of data contain first-hand evidence, raw experimental results or
survey data from different studies.
● Secondary sources of data contain summaries of literature, articles, and studies
related to your topic.
● Selecting relevant literature sources is guided by the statement of the problem,
related to the specific topic, backed by evidence, published currently, and published
locally and internationally.
Fig. 4. Guidelines for selecting relevant literature
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Unit 4.1: Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Creswell, John. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.
California: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2013.
Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. 4th ed.
California: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2014.
Georgia State University (GSU). Literature Reviews: Types of Literature. Identify Databases &
Resources to Search . Last modified March 10, 2020. https://research.library.gsu.edu/
c.php?g=115595&p=1940435
Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology: A Step-By-Step Guide for Beginners . 3rd ed. California:
SAGE Publications Ltd., 2011.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
India: Pearson Education Inc., 2007.
Ridley, Diana. The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students . 2nd ed. California: SAGE
Publications Ltd., 2012.
Shi, Shufang. Literature Review: An Overview . 2006. https://web.cortland.edu/shis/651/
LitRevOverview.pdf
Streefkerk, Raimo. Primary and Secondary Sources. Last modified September 23, 2019.
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/primary-and-secondary-sources/
Vanderstoep, Scott, and Deirdre Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending
Qualitative: Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches . California: Jossey-Bass,
2009.
Bibliography
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