Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Managed and Natural Soils

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INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, IMK-IFU DIVISION/Working Group… (change in master view) Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Managed and Natural Soils Klaus Butterbach-Bahl 1,2 , Björn Ole Sander 3 , David Pelster 2 , Eugenio Díaz-Pinés 1 1: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU) 2: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) , Nairobi , Kenya 3: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) , Los Baños, Philippines

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Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Managed and Natural SoilsKlaus Butterbach-Bahl1,2, Bjrn Ole Sander3, David Pelster2, Eugenio Daz-Pins1

1: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU)2: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) , Nairobi , Kenya3: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) , Los Baos, Philippines

INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, IMK-IFUDIVISION/Working Group (change in master view)

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Prof. Dr. Max Mustermann | Name of Faculty1

MotivationWorldwide, agriculture is responsible for 47 and 84 % of anthropogenic CH4 and N2O emissions, respectively (Smith et al 2007, IPCC WG III) Smallholder farms are crucial in e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa75 % of both agricultural and job production (Africa Development Bank 2010)80 % of farms in SSA are smaller than 2 ha (FAO 2010)Yields are low (ca. 1 Mg ha-1)Evidence-based data of GHG emissions in smallholder farms is scarce

Source: Rosenstock et al. 2016. D.O.I. 10.1007/978-3-319-29794-1_1

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Prof. Dr. Max Mustermann | Name of Faculty2

Chamber methods for measuring GHG fluxes in terrestrial ecosystemsPros+ Simple, no in-situ analyzers needed+ Allow for treatment-plots experiments+ Existence of protocols

Cons- Change in the soil environmental conditions- Spatial and temporal variability of fluxes- Accuracy and reliability of measurements

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Prof. Dr. Max Mustermann | Name of Faculty3

ChamberPlacementTerrainSoilVegetationManagementLogisticsDepressions/ ridges/ slope(deposition/ erosion, depth to groundwater) / aspectPaths (bulk density)Stones/ terraces (management)Color (SOC/ flooding) Texture (water/ nutrient availab.)Compaction/Plough pan (bulk density)Natural (vegetation layers/ patchiness, species, coarse woody materialnutrient/ water availability)Row crops (row/ interrownutrient/ water availability)Intercropping (nutrient/ water availability) Irrigation/ flood water inlet/outlet (soil processes)Fertilization (water/ nutrient availab.)Compaction/Plough pan (bulk density)AccessibilityChange of soil properties along access pathsInterference with management

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Prof. Dr. Max Mustermann | Name of Faculty4

GassamplingMonitorTiming & intervalVialsSamplingStorageCrop performance in/ outside chamber Animal activity (e.g. ants, termites, earthworms)Chamber seals/ maintainanceApprox. at average daily soil-T (e.g. morning 9-11)Minimize closure time (determine minimum detectable flux) to minimize chamber effects on soil environmental conditionsFlushing (min. 2x volume) or use pre-evacuated vialsOverpressurizeLogical numberingMinimize disturbance at the plot (plant cover/ soil compaction)Flush syringeEnsure headspace mixingCheck seal tightnessDetermine max. storage timeUse standards for comparisonStore vials in boxes

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Prof. Dr. Max Mustermann | Name of Faculty5

Gas analysis and data processingResponsibilityMeasurementinstrumentFluxcalculationMaintenanceReportingHierarchy of responsibility (instrument maintenance/ analysis/ data storage/ reporting)Understand principlesOptimize sensitivity in terms of accuracy & precisionCoefficient of variation for repeated concentration measurements (e.g. N =5)