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![Page 1: Quantifying and Estimating Assessing NOAC in routine clinical Laboratory Robert C Gosselin, CLS UC Davis Health System Department of Pathology and Laboratory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649efe5503460f94c13c68/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Quantifying and Estimating Assessing NOAC in
routine clinical Laboratory
Robert C Gosselin, CLSUC Davis Health System
Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineSacramento, CA
[email protected]: 916-612-7086
DOACs
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Objectives
• Describe the effect of oral anticoagulants on laboratory screening tests
• Review the recommendations on assessing these drugs– General concepts– Specific recommendations
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Disclosures
North American Advisory Committee Instrumentation LaboratorySpeaker honoraria Diagnostica Stago Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics
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What’s in a name?
New or Novel oral anticoagulants - NOACsTarget specific oral anticoagulants – TSOACsNon-vitamin K oral anticoagulants - NOACs
Direct oral anticoagulants - DOACs
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Dabigatran (Boehringer Ingelheim)
Apixaban (Karen Rossi Bristol-Myers Squibb)
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FXI
FIX
FXII
FX
FVII
FII Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
FVIII
FV
APTTPT
TT
“Waterfall” Coagulation Cascade:
Direct Anti-Xa
FXa
Direct Anti-IIa
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Expected DOAC levels
1Hawes E, et al. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:1493-1502. 2Francart S, et al. Thromb Haemost 2014 doi 10.116-0/TH13-10-0871
Dose Median Cmax ng/mL [SD]1Dabigatran 150mg 110 [24]
1Rivaroxaban 10mg 141 [17]
1Apixaban 2mg 460 [23]2Edoxaban 60mg 300 [34]
In healthy adults:
1Mueck et al Thromb J 2013:11:10 2Ogata, et al J Clin Pharmacology 2010:50:743-53.
Dose Mean Trough level, ng/mL
(SD)
Mean Peak level, ng/mL
(SD)
1Dabigatran (n=35) 150mg bid 85 (48) 179 (104)2Rivaroxaban (n=29) 20mg qd 45 (38) 335 (174)3Apixaban (n=26) 2.5mg bid 57 (37) 68 (32)4Edoxaban (N=1,691) 60mg qd ~25 (15) ~175 (50)
3Becker , et al. Thromb Haemost 2010;104:976-983
In treated patients
4Weitz, et al. Thromb Haemost 2010;104:633-641
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DOACs and the clinical laboratory
• Questions “they” ask of us– What do these drugs do to lab tests?– What do these results mean?
• Question we should be asking “them”– What do you want to know?
• Question we ask of us?– How sensitivity is my stuff?– What else can I use to assess drug effect?
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General concepts
1. Not all reagents respond the same2. APTT more sensitive to Dabigatran3. PT more sensitive to anti-Xa DOACs4. Thrombin time useful for excluding presence
of dabigatran5. If the drug has effects on coagulation in-vivo,
may likely affect on coagulation ex-vivo
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Measuring Recommendations• Scientific and Standardization Subcommittee on the Control
of Anticoagulation of the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (April 2013) recommendations:
In emergent situations the use of an easily performed assay(s) that to provide semiquantitative results but these assays are not to be used to determine drug concentration – PT, APTT, TT
Assay(s) that provides quantitative results should be used to determine concentration of drug in serum or plasma – drug calibrated methods (ecarin, dTT, anti-Xa, LC-MS/MS)
Baglin T, Hillarp A, Tripodi A, et al, J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:756-60.
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ISTH Subcommittee:Control of Anticoagulation
• For Dabigatran, thrombin time can be used to exclude presence of drug
• For Rivaroxaban– Use of calibrated anti-Xa measurements
• For Apixaban– PT less sensitive than with rivaroxaban– Use of calibrated anti-Xa measurements
• Use of spiked samples to estimate sensitivity
Harenberg et al J Thromb Haemost 2012:10:1433-6
Harenberg et al J Thromb Haemost 2014: epub
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Concept #1:
Not all reagents respond the same…
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Modified from Hawes E, et al. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:1493-1502
0 100 200 300 400 500 60020.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Actin FS Linear (Actin FS) Actin Linear ( Actin )Actin FSL Linear (Actin FSL)
Dabigatran, ng/mL
APTT
, s
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Modified from Francart S, et al. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111(5) Epub
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0Stago Neoplastin CI+Linear (Stago Neoplastin CI+)Recombiplastin 2GLinear (Recombiplastin 2G)
Rivaroxaban by LC-MS/MS, ng/mL
Prot
hrom
bin
times
, s
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7001.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
Neoplastin CI+Polynomial (Neoplastin CI+)Recombiplastin 2GPolynomial (Recombiplastin 2G)InnovinLinear (Innovin)
Apixaban, ng/mL
Prot
hrom
bin
time
ratio
Gouin-Thibault, et al Thromb Haemost 2014: 240-248
Neoplastin CI+: Riva > ApixR2G: Apix > RivaInnovin Riva ~ Apix
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
f(x) = 0.0143634408602151 x + 10.9732795698925R² = 0.997533081868792
f(x) = 0.0373514486291931 x + 11.2917735371845R² = 0.998587894716841
f(x) = 0.0140208837930796 x + 10.1433430816155R² = 0.992306993572355
Anti-Xa DOAC, ng/mL
R2 G
Pro
thro
mbi
n tim
e, s
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
f(x) = 0.0103204301075269 x + 10.4281182795699R² = 0.998489545307138
f(x) = 0.00147838770251062 x + 10.1185170434444R² = 0.709036248121753
f(x) = 0.0148701637391704 x + 10.8793913135633R² = 0.997291519152309
Anti-Xa DOAC, ng/mL
Inno
vin
Prot
hrom
bin
time,
s
Previous slide with clinicial samples indicated:
R2G: Apix > RivaInnovin Riva ~ Apix
RG Unpublished data using drug enriched plasma
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Concepts #2 and #3:
2. The APTT is more sensitive to Dabigatran3. Then PT is more sensitive to anti-Xa DOACs
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Rivaroxaban = 0.026x + 27.914R2 = 0.6977
Dabigatran = 0.0632x + 32.788R2 = 0.6745
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Actin
FSL
Drug concentration, ng/ml
Dabigatran v Rivaroxaban: APTT
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Dabigatran = 0.0099x + 11.102R2 = 0.7022
Rivaroxaban = 0.0079x + 10.962R2 = 0.6788
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Innovin
Drug concentration, ng/ml
Dabigatran v Rivaroxaban: PT
Similar
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Dabigatran = 0.011x + 11.577R2 = 0.5346
Rivaroxaban = 0.024x + 10.91R2 = 0.872
10.012.014.016.018.020.022.024.026.028.030.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
R2G
Drug concentration, ng/ml
Dabigatran v Rivaroxaban: PT
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
f(x) = 0.00168704711355155 x + 1.10603243585401R² = 0.610356175864619f(x) = 0.00118316085841073 x + 1.07401415612445R² = 0.656188747820327
Rivaroxaban, ng/mL
Ratio
DOACs concepts not always true…Rivaroxaban: Actin APTT > Innovin PT
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Concept #4:
Thrombin time useful for excluding presence of dabigatran
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0.025.050.075.0
100.0125.0150.0175.0200.0225.0250.0275.0300.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Dabigatran level, ng/ml
Thro
mbi
n tim
e, s
Dager, et al Ann Pharmacotherapy 2012; 46:1627-36
3 reagent manufacturersfor 11 results at 10 sites
25ng/mL
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Concept #5:
If it effects coagulation in-vivo, more than likely affects coagulation testing ex-vivo
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Assay NOAC Anti-IIa NOAC Anti-Xa
TCT Markedly No effect
Clauss Fibrinogen No effect or falsely No effect
APTT Mixing Study Incomplete correction Incomplete correction
PT Mixing Study# Incomplete correction Incomplete correction
Bethesda assay Falsely present Not tested
APTT- based factor assays, one stage Possibly Falsely Possibly Falsely
PT- based factor assays, one stage# Possibly Falsely Possibly Falsely
Chromogenic FVIII activity No effect Possibly Falsely
AT Activity
a. FXa based a. No effect a. Falsely
b. FIIa based b. Falsely b. No effect
PC Activity
a. Clot based a. Falsely a. Falsely
b. Chromogenic b. No effect b. No effect
PS Activity
a. Clot based a. Markedly a. Falsely
b. ELISA or LIA based b. No effect b. No effect
LA Tests Possible to misclassify as LA Possible to misclassify as LA
APCR Falsely ratio Falsely ratio
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
f(x) = 0.00013393973973595 x + 0.957375009522393
f(x) = 0.000566827218325118 x + 1.11945263097683
Apixaban, ng/mL
LA1/
LA2
ratio
DRVVT formulations and DOAC interference
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So what about the SSC recommendations for using drug
calibrators for determining reagent sensitivity to DOACs?
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0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
5
10
15
20
25
f(x) = 0.0184433549053029 x + 10.1390200259407R² = 0.973969079429466
f(x) = 0.00986439115702643 x + 11.1015012389874R² = 0.702223448282168
Dabigatran, ng/mL
Inno
vin
PT
, s
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
f(x) = 0.0856698062597193 x + 37.706639662092R² = 0.996230231585745
f(x) = 0.0632364021746181 x + 32.7884003285407R² = 0.674514388010614
Dabigatran, ng/mL
Act
in F
SL
AP
TT
, s
PT Doubling time:Calibrators – 395ng/mLPatient samples – 636ng/mL
APTT Doubling time:Calibrators – 268ng/mLPatient samples – 431ng/mL
Gosselin, et al Thromb Haemost 2015; 113(1):77-84
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
f(x) = 0.0742741469057258 x + 34.0932909196067R² = 0.996394570620228
f(x) = 0.0205080099322491 x + 29.0011196001673R² = 0.438992676051146
Rivaroxaban, ng/mL
Act
in F
SL
AP
TT
, s
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
f(x) = 0.0173192596876807 x + 10.7523134759977R² = 0.995633003162987
f(x) = 0.00597102629741967 x + 11.3485333226763R² = 0.39286747602895
Rivaroxaban, ng/mL
Inno
vin
PT
, s
Gosselin, et al Thromb Haemost 2015; 113(1):77-84
PT Doubling time:Calibrators – 384ng/mLPatient samples – 1007ng/mL
APTT Doubling time:Calibrators – 349ng/mLPatient samples – 1512ng/mL
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Is in-vitro drug enrichment providing truth?
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0 100 200 300 400 500 6000.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
f(x) = 0.110632558565371 x + 34.1558906158074R² = 0.98228370880693
f(x) = 0.0762825256247874 x + 32.902319783104R² = 0.6998822138277
f(x) = NaN x + NaNR² = 0
Dabigatran, ng/mL
Acti
n FS
APT
T, s
Dabigatran: Comparison between sample types
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• Theory versus reality– In theory, since DOACs have direct inhibition,
plasma enrichment should be acceptable– Reality is that not all patients have 100% factor
levels so perhaps we are seeing that variation with patient samples
• Plausible causes for calibrator discrepancy:– Higher citrate concentration– Lyophilization process
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Quantifying DOAC levels
WHY?
Suspicion of overdoseBleeding patient Emergency surgery or traumaAcute stroke – candidate for thrombolysisRenal insufficiency and possibly the elderly
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Quantifying DOACs
Direct IIa classMass spectrophotometry
Accurate, but not timelyDilute TT
Easy, no FDA approved methodsLDT possible using TT reagents
Ecarin Clotting timeEasy, no FDA approved kits
Ecarin Chromogenic assay Easy, no FDA approved kits
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LAB B = 0.9238x - 2.4958
R2 = 0.9842
LAB A = 0.8453x + 11.77
R2 = 0.9475
LAB C = 0.7845x - 4.1644
R2 = 0.9794
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
BI-MS Dabigatran, ng/ml
Dab
igat
ran
, n
g/m
l
Lab D = 0.8106x - 5.5632R2 = 0.9367
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
BI-MS Dabigatran, ng/ml
Lab
D D
ab
igatr
an
, n
g/m
l
LAB E = 1.0633x + 8.2818R2 = 0.9771
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
BI-MS Dabigatran, ng/ml
Dab
igatr
an
, n
g/m
l
LAB A ECT = 0.3112x + 27.999R2 = 0.9702
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
BI-MS Dabigatran, ng/ml
Clo
ttin
g t
ime,
s
ECA dTT
LC-MS/MS ECT
Gosselin, et al Am J Clin Pathol 2014;141(2):262-7
X
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Quantifying DOACs
Direct Xa class of drugsMass spectrophotometry
Accurate, but not timelyChromogenic anti-Xa
Easy, fast, and cheapSame kits as UFH/LMWH
No FDA approved calibrators or controls
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COAMATICHyphen
COAMATICTechnoview Berichrome Rotachrome
BIOPHEN
LC-MS/MS
R2: 0.988m: 0.89p <0.001
R2: 0.948m: 0.85p <0.001
R2: 0.975m: 0.78p <0.001
R2: 0.978m: 0.86p<0.001
R2: 0.985m: 0.760.003
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Mean [LC-MS/MS + Anti-Xa Method/2], ng/ml
BIO
PH
EN
cal
ibra
tion
diffe
renc
e, n
g/m
l
Quantifying Rivaroxaban
Anti-Xa methods
Anti-Xa method bias
Gosselin, et al. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014 Dec;138(12):1680-4
Precision Biologics method (x) = 0.083x + 48.832R2 = 0.8011
Siemens LA2 method (∆) = 0.0734x + 36.966R2 = 0.8736
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Rivaroxaban by LC-MS/MS, ng/ml
LA C
onfir
mat
ory
reag
ent,
s
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So what happens if we run a patient on DOAC using routine Anti-Xa methods??
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Anti-Xa activity
Chromogenic substrate
plasma [heparin] + Excess FXa
[AT] - heparin-Xa complex + residual fXa
yellow color
[Antithrombin]
Peptide cleavage
DXa inhibitors -
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0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20 Berichrom UFH
STA Liquid Heparin UFH
COAMATIC UFH
Rivaroxaban, ng/ml
Ant
i-X
a le
vel
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20 Berichrom UFH
STA Liquid Heparin UFH
COAMATIC UFH
Rivaroxaban, ng/ml
Ant
i-X
a le
vel
Gosselin, Moll, Adcock Ann Pharmacotherapy 2015
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0 50 100 150 200 250 3000.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
Apixaban Rivaroxaban
DOAC level, ng/mL
LMW
H An
ti-Xa
U/m
L
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
Apixaban
Rivaroxaban
DOAC, ng/mL
UFH
Anti-
Xa U
/mL
Gosselin, Adcock unpublished data
Edoxaban will be different!
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UCDHS Consideration for DOAC
Creating an alternative screening panel for EDPTAPTTAnti-IIa screen (TT) – qualitative
present or absentAnti-Xa screen – qualitative
present or absent
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SummaryVariability in PT and APTT response
Reference literature to guesstimate sensitivityGeneral rules may not apply
PT more sensitive to anti-Xa DOACAPTT more sensitive to anti-IIa DOAC
Determining presence of drug could be done at any laboratory using existing methodsQuantifying drug levels can be done at any laboratory with clot or chromogenic based testing using LDTsRecommendations using calibrators to estimate reagent sensitivity does not appear to be viable for all drugs and reagents Perhaps drug enrichment studies should be used to suggest effects on tests in lieu of suggesting reagent sensitivityChallenges are those patients where medication history is unavailable
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????