QUALITY OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF RAW MATERIALSRAW …

QUALITY OVERVIEW AND

ANALYSIS OF RAW MATERIALSRAW MATERIALS

by aivan priyadarshiy y

Overview of Raw MaterialsOverview of Raw Materials

DDGSCORNSBM

DDGSFSR O CRRB

DORB

BROKEN RICEWHEAT BRAN

RSMMBM

FISH MEALDLN-2MBM

LSPCGM

MOLASSES

CGM

Checking criteria of R.M.Physical checking of Maize Physical checking of other R M

1) Moist. (%)2) Fungus(%)

1) Color 2) Texture

Physical checking of Maize Physical checking of other R.M.

3) Moldy (%)4) Weevils holes (%)5) Dead seeds (%)

3) Smell/ Odor4) Hotness 5) Wetness

6) Immaturity Seeds(%)7) Broken Seeds (%)8) FM / Adulterant(%)

Li il

5) Wetness 6) Temp. (°C) 7) Lumps (%) 8) Adulterant9) Live weevils

10) Smell /Odor11) Hotness12) W t

8) Adulterant 9) Live Weevils 10) Husks (%)

12) Wetness13) Temp.14) Lumps15) Thir m

11) FM (%) 12) Over Toasted13) Under Toasted

15) Thirum16) Toxin (ppb)

Spot analysis of RM Proximate analysis of RM

1) Fungus (%)

2) Bulk Density

1) Moisture

2) Total Ash

3) Presence of Urea

4) Presence of Hulls

3) Acid Insoluble Ash/Sand

Silica

5) Non Protein Nitrogen - NPN

6) Decomposition

4) Crude Protein

5) Crude Fiber

7) Presence of Hair & Wool

8) Presence of Mahua

6) Crude Fat/Ether extraction

7) Calcium

9) Presence of Leather Meal -LM

10) Presence of Plant CP

8) Total Phosphorous

9) Salt11) Presence of Tanin

12) Presence of Rancidity

10) Free Fatty Acid

CORN-Yellow

Predominant feed grain

used in animal feeds

worldwide .

This is mainly because its

energy source is starchenergy source is starch,

which is highly digestible.

F f ti t iti l Free of anti-nutritional

factors.

CORN-YellowCORN Yellow Moisture = 12- 14 %

F 3 % Fugues = < 3 %

Mold seed= <5 %

Broken Seed = <4 % Broken Seed = <4 %

Dead Seed = <4 %

Immaturity Seed= <5 % Immaturity Seed= <5 %

Small Seed = < 5%

Weevils Holes= <3% Weevils Holes <3%

Live weevils=Nil

Energy = 3400 kcal/kg

Good Quality Maize Specification

Energy 3400 kcal/kg

CORNCORN

Moisture = >14 %

Fungus = > 3 %

Energy = 3050 kcl/kg

Fungus Specification

CORNCORN Moisture = >14 %

Mold seed = > 5 %

Energy = 3200 kcal /kg

Mold Seed Specification

CORNCORN Moisture = >14 %Moisture 14 %

Immaturities seed=>5 %

Energy = 2900 kcal / kggy g

Immaturities Seed Specification


Broken Seed = > 4 %

Energy = 3200 kcl /kg

Broken Seed Specification

CORNCORN

Moisture = >14 % Moisture = >14 %

Weevils Hole = >3 % Weevils Hole = >3 %

Energy = 2500 kcal /kg Energy = 2500 kcal /kg

Weevils Hole Specification


Dead Seed = > 4 %

Energy = 2200 kcal / kg

Dead Seed Specification

Comparison Data

Energy of Maize kcal / kg

Good Quality= 3400

Fungal Seed = 3050

Mold Seed = 3200

Immaturities Seed = 2900

Broken Seed = 3200

Weevils hole = 2500

D d S d 2200 Dead Seed = 2200

Small Seed = 3050

Category of Maize Energy Details

SBM – Soya Bean Meal

S b l i th d t i i ftSoybean meal is the product remaining after

extracting most of the oil from whole soybeans.extracting most of the oil from whole soybeans.

Soybean meal is high in protein and energy.

It is a palatable feedstuff and used as the major

protein supplement in rations for poultry and cattle.

SBM Soya docSBM – Soya doc. Moisture = 10 -12 %

Total Ash = 5 -7 %

AIA/SS = 1.5 – 2.5 %

Fiber= 6 – 8 %

Fat = 0.5 – 1 %

P t i 44 46 % Protein= 44 – 46 %

Urease Activity = 0.03 – 0.3

PSI = 75 – 85 % PSI 75 85 %

TI =

Energy = 2150 – 2250 k/cal

Good Quality Soya Specification

SBMCategory of PSD Summary

Sl No

Standard Sieve

PSD %

Moisture %

CP % T. Ash %

AIA/SS %

Fiber %

Standard 10‐12 44‐46 5‐7 1.5‐2.5 6‐8

1 > 2mm 30 > 11.5 > 45.0 < 5.0 >1.0 < 4.0

2 > 1mm 40 > 11.0 > 45.5 < 5.5 > 1.5 < 4.0

3 > 0.5 mm 20 > 11.0 < 44.5 > 6.0 > 2.0 > 5.0

4 < 0.5 mm 10 > 10.5 < 44.0 > 6.5 > 2.5 > 5.5

Specification

SBMSBM Moisture = > 12 %

Protein = < 44 %


SBMSBM Moisture = > 12 %Moisture 12 %

Protein = < 40 %

AIA/SS = > 8 %

Adulteration Specification

SBMSBM Standard sieve

> 2mm = 30 %

Moisture = >11.5 %

Protein = < 45 %

Ash = < 5 %

AIA/SS = > 1 % AIA/SS = > 1 %

Fiber = < 4 %

Above 2mm sieve Specification


> 1mm = 40 %

M i 11 % Moisture = >11 %

Protein = > 45.5 %

Ash = < 5.5 %

AIA/SS = > 1 5 % AIA/SS = > 1.5 %

Fiber = < 4 %

Above 1 mm Specification


> 0.5mm = 20 %

M i 11 % Moisture = >11 %

Protein = < 44.5 %

Ash = > 6 %

AIA/SS > 2 % AIA/SS = > 2 %

Fiber = > 5 %

Above 0.5 mm Specification


< 0.5mm = 10 %

M i 10 % Moisture = >10.5 %

Protein = < 44.5 %

Ash = > 6.5 %

AIA/SS > 2 5 % AIA/SS = > 2.5 %

Fiber = > 5.5 %

Below 0.5 mm Specification

RRB – Raw Rice Bran

Rice bran is a by-product of the y p

milling of rice.

It consists mostly of the bran It consists mostly of the bran

layer and germ of the rice with

some fragments of hull andsome fragments of hull and

broken rice.

It is a palatable feedstuff used

as a fiber and energy source in

both poultry and cattle.

RRB – Rice PolishRRB Rice Polish Moisture = 10 -12

Total Ash = 12 - 14

AIA/SS = 8 - 12

Fiber= 8 -14

Fat = 14 -16

Protein 12 14 Protein= 12 - 14

FFA = 10 -12

Rancidity = -ve Rancidity ve

Energy = 2400 - 2600

Good Quality Specification

Category of PSD>1mm < 0.5 mm>0.5 mmGood quality

Sl No. Standard Sieve

PSD % Moisture % CP % T. Ash % AIA/SS % Fiber % Fat %

Standard 10‐12 12‐14 8‐12 0.5‐1.0 8‐14 14‐16

1 > 2mm 0

2 > 1mm 5 > 10 5 < 8 < 12 > 1 5 >14 < 82 > 1mm 5 > 10.5 < 8 < 12 > 1.5 >14 < 8

3 > 0.5 mm 15 > 10.5 < 10 < 14 > 1.0 < 12 < 13

4 < 0.5 mm 80 > 11.0 < 13 < 10 > 0.5 < 10 > 16

RRBRRB Moisture = > 12 %Moisture 12 %

Total Ash = > 12 %

AIA/SS = > 1 5 % AIA/SS = > 1.5 %

Fiber= < 12 %

Fat = < 6 % Fat = < 6 %

Protein= < 6 %

FFA > 12 % FFA = > 12 %

Rancidity = +ve

Lumps Specification

RRBRRB Standard sieve

> 1mm = 5 %

Moisture = > 10 5 % Moisture = > 10.5 %

Protein = < 8 %

Fat = < 10 % Fat = < 10 %

Fiber = > 14 %

A h 12 % Ash = < 12 %

AIA/SS = > 1.5 %

Husk above 1 mm Specification

RRBStandard sieve

> 0.5mm = 15 %

Moisture = > 10.5 %

Protein = < 10 %

Fat = < 13 %

Fiber = < 12 %

Ash = < 14 %

AIA/SS = > 1.0 %


RRBRRB Standard sieve

< 0.5mm = 80 %

Moisture = > 11 %

Protein = < 13 %

Fat = > 16 %

Fiber = < 10 %

Ash = < 10 %

AIA/SS = > 0.5 %


DORB De Oiled Rice BranDORB – De Oiled Rice Bran

Used in poultry Used in poultry and cattle feed as a protein and as a protein and fiber source.

DORBDORB Moisture = 10 12 % Moisture = 10 - 12 %

Ash = 10 -12 %

AIA = 2.5 – 5.0 %

Protein = 15 – 16 %Protein 15 16 %

Fiber = 18 – 22 %

Energy = 1700 – 1800

kcal/kg


Category of PSD>1mm> 2mm >0.5 mm <0.5 mm


PSD % Moisture % CP % T. Ash % AIA/SS % Fiber % Energy kcal/kg

Standard 10‐12 15‐16 10‐12 2.5‐5.0 16‐18 1700 ‐18001800

1 > 2 mm 20 >10 < 15 >11 > 2.5 >13

2 > 1 mm 10 > 10 < 14 >12 > 3 5 > 172 > 1 mm 10 > 10 < 14 >12 > 3.5 > 17

3 > 0.5 mm 10 < 11 < 15 >11 > 4.0 > 17

4 < 0.5 mm 60 < 11 < 16 >10 >3.0 >14

DORBStandard sieve

> 2 mm = 20 %

Moisture = > 10 %

Protein = < 15 %

Fiber = > 13 %

Ash = > 11 %

AIA/SS = > 2 5 %

Ab 2 S ifi ti

AIA/SS = > 2.5 %

Above 2mm Specification

DORBDORBStandard sieve

> 1 mm = 10 %

Moisture = > 10 %Moisture > 10 %

Protein = < 14 %

Fiber = > 17 % Fiber = > 17 %

Ash = > 12 %

AIA/SS = > 3 5 %

Ab 1 S ifi ti

AIA/SS = > 3.5 %



> 0.5 mm = 10 %

M i t < 11 % Moisture = < 11 %

Protein = < 15 %

Fiber = > 17 %

Ash = > 11 %

AIA/SS = > 4 %



< 0.5 mm = 60 %

Moisture = < 11 % Moisture < 11 %

Protein = < 16 %

Fiber > 14 % Fiber = > 14 %

Ash = > 10 %

AIA/SS = > 3 %


RSM Rape Seed MealRSM – Rape Seed Meal

Rapeseed is Rapeseed is considered a good replacement forreplacement for soybean meal in cattle and poultry feed.p y

Its also the protein psource.

RSM

Moisture = 10 -12 %

Ash = 5 – 7 %

AIA = 1 0 2 5 % AIA = 1.0 – 2.5 %

Protein = 35 – 37 %

Fiber = 8 -10 %

Energy = 1900 - 2100 Energy 1900 2100


Category of PSD

> 2mm > 0.5mm> 1mm < 0.5mm


PSD % Moisture % CP % T. Ash % AIA/SS % Fiber % Energy kcal/kg

Standard 10‐12 35‐37 5‐7 1.0‐2.5 8‐10 1900 ‐21002100

1 > 2 mm 40 >11 >35 < 5 > 1.5 < 8

2 > 1 mm 20 > 11 <35 >6 < 2 5 < 82 > 1 mm 20 > 11 <35 >6 < 2.5 < 8

3 > 0.5 mm 30 < 11 < 36 >6 > 2.0 >10

4 < 0.5 mm 10 < 10 < 35 <6 >2.0 >9

RSMRSM Moisture = > 12 % Moisture = > 12 %

Ash = > 7 %

AIA = > 3 %

Protein = < 33 % Protein = < 33 %

Fiber = >10 %


RSMRSM Moisture = > 12 %Moisture > 12 %

Ash = > 7 %

AIA = > 3 % AIA = > 3 %

Protein = < 33 %

Fiber = >10 %

Lumps Specification

RSMRSMStandard sieve

> 2 mm = 40 %

M i t > 11 % Moisture = > 11 %

Protein = > 35 %

Fiber = < 8 %

Ash = < 5 %

AIA/SS = > 1.5 %



> 1 mm = 20 %

Moisture = > 11 % Moisture = > 11 %

Protein = < 35 %

Fiber = < 8 %

Ash = > 6 %

AIA/SS = < 2.5 %



> 0.5 mm = 30 %

M i t < 11 % Moisture = < 11 %

Protein = < 36 %

Fiber = > 10 %

Ash = > 6 %

AIA/SS = >2 %



< 0.5 mm = 10 %

Moisture = < 10 % Moisture = < 10 %

Protein = < 35 %

Fib > 9 % Fiber = > 9 %

Ash = < 6 %

AIA/SS = > 2 %


MBM – Meat & Bone Meal

Sterilized Meat & Bone Meal.

This can partially replace Soya doc for proteins &Soya doc for proteins & completely replace DCP for phosphorus.

Proteins with better amino acid profile and easy digestibility calciumeasy digestibility, calcium and phosphorus with better bio availability.

MBM Moisture = 8-10 %

Protein = 43 – 45 %

Fat = 8 -10 %

Ash = 30 – 35 %

AIA/SS = 1.0 – 2.5 %

Calcium =11 -12 %

Phosphorous = 5-6 %

Pepsin Digestibility= 78-88 %


Category of PSD

> 2mm > 1mm > 0.5mm < 0.5mm

Sl No.

Standard Sieve

PSD % Moisture %

CP % T. Ash %

AIA/SS %

Fat % Ca % Phos. %

Energy kcal/kg

Standard 8‐10 43‐45 30‐35 1.0‐2.5 8‐10 11‐12 5‐6 2200‐2400

1 > 2 mm 5 >11 < 35 < 40 > 1.0 < 7 < 14 < 8

2 > 1 mm 10 > 10 < 40 >35 < 2.0 < 8 < 13 < 8

3> 0.5mm

20 > 9 < 43 >30 > 2.0 >10 < 10 < 5mm

4< 0.5 mm

65 < 9 < 46 < 30 >1.5 >11 < 9 < 5

MBMMBM Moisture = < 10 %

Protein = < 40 %

Fat = < 8 % Fat < 8 %

Ash = > 35 %

AIA/SS > 2 5 % AIA/SS = > 2.5 %

Calcium = > 13 %

Phosphorous = > 5 %

More Bones Specification

MBMMBM Moisture = > 10 % Moisture = > 10 %

Protein = < 25 %

Fat = < 3 %

Ash = > 40 %

AIA/SS = > 8 %

Calcium = < 5 %

Phosphorous = < 1 %


MBMStandard sieve

> 2 5 % > 2 mm = 5 %

Moisture = > 11 %

Protein = < 35 %

Fat = < 7 %

Ash = < 40 %

AIA/SS = > 1.0 %

Calcium = < 14 %

Phosphorous = < 8 %


osp o ous 8 %

MBMMBMStandard sieve

> 1 mm = 10 %

Moisture = > 10 %

Protein = < 40 %

Fat = < 8 %

Ash = > 35 %

AIA/SS = < 2.0 %

Calcium = < 13 %

Phosphorous = < 8 %


MBMMBMStandard sieve

> 0.5 mm = 20 %

Moisture = > 9 %

Protein = < 43 %

Fat = > 10 %

Ash = > 30 %

AIA/SS = > 2.0 %

Calcium = < 10 %

Phosphorous = < 5 %


MBMStandard sieve

< 0.5 mm = 65 %

Moisture =< 9 %

Protein = < 45 .5 %

Fat = > 11 %

Ash = < 30 %

AIA/SS = > 1.5 %

Calcium = < 9 %

Phosphorous = < 5 %

Below 0.5 mm

Phosphorous = < 5 %

Specification

LSP-Lime Stone Powder

Limestone is a

sedimentary rock y

composed primarily of

calcium carbonatecalcium carbonate

(CaCO3) in the form of the

mineral calcitemineral calcite.

Use as a calcium source

f ttl d ltfor cattle and poultry.

It contains 36 % calcium

and up 5-6 % SS.

LSP GranulesLSP-Granules Moisture = 5-8 %

Ash = >95 %

AIA/SS 2 3 % AIA/SS = 2 – 3 %

Calcium = 36 - 37 %

Magnesium = < 0.3 %

Good Quality LSP Specification

Category of PSD

> 2mm > 1mm > 0.5 mm < 0.5 mm

Sl No.

Standard Sieve

PSD % Moisture %

T. Ash % AIA/SS % Ca % Mg %

Standard 5 8 > 95 2 3 36 38 < 0 30Standard 5 ‐ 8 > 95 2 ‐ 3 36 ‐ 38 < 0.30

1 > 2 mm 50 >1 < 95 < 2.0 < 38.5 < 0.30

2 > 1 mm 30 > 1 >95 < 2.0 < 38.0 < 0.25

3 > 0.5 mm 10 >1 >95 <2.0 < 36.5 < 0.25

4 < 0.5 mm 10 >1 < 94 <2.5 < 36.0 < 0.20

LSPLSPStandard Sieve

> 2 mm = 50 %

Moisture = > 1 %

Ash = < 95 %

AIA/SS = < 2 %

Calcium = < 38.5 %

Magnesium = < 0.3 %



> 1 mm = 30 %

Moisture = > 1 %

Ash = > 95 %

AIA/SS = < 2 %

Calcium = < 38 %

Magnesium = < 0.25 %


LSPStandard Sieve

> 0.5 mm = 10 %

Moisture = >1 %

Ash = > 95 %

AIA/SS = < 2 %

Calcium = < 36 5 % Calcium = < 36.5 %

Magnesium = < 0.25 %



< 0.5 mm = 10 %

Moisture = >1 %

Ash = < 94 % Ash = < 94 %

AIA/SS = < 2.5 %

C l i < 36 % Calcium = < 36 %

Magnesium = < 0.2 %


CGM-Corn Gluten Meal Corn gluten meal is a by-

product from theproduct from the manufacture of corn starch and corn syrup.

It is very high in protein supplement in feeds for livestock poultrylivestock, poultry .

It contains slightly more TDN than corn.

The protein in corn gluten is degraded relatively slowly in the rumenslowly in the rumen.

CGM

Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 55-60 %

F 2 3 % Fat = 2-3 %

Ash = 2-3 %

AIA/SS = 1.0-1.5 %

Fiber= 1 2 % Fiber= 1-2 %

Energy =5000 kcal/kg


CGMStandard sieve

> 1 mm = 10 %

Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 10-12 %

Fat = 1-2 %

Ash = 1-2 %

AIA/SS = 1-3 %

Fiber= 1-2 %


CGM

Standard sieve

> 0.5 mm = 10 %

Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 35-45 %

Fat = 1-2 %

Ash = 1-2 %

AIA/SS = 1-3 %

Fiber= 1-2 %


CGMStandard sieve

< 0.5 mm = 80 %

Moisture = 8-10 %

Protein = 60-65 %

Fat = 4-6 %

Ash = 2-3 %

AIA/SS = <4 %AIA/SS 4 %

Fiber= <3 %


DDGS- Distiller's Dried Grain Soluble

Distillers Grains are a l b d t fcereal byproduct of

the distillation process.

Used in cattle and poultry as a protein and energy source.

DDGSDDGS Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 25-27 %

F 8 9 % Fat = 8-9 %

Ash = 5-7 %

AIA/SS = <3 %

Fiber= 6 8 % Fiber= 6-8 %

Energy =3800 kcal/kg


DDGSDDGSStandard sieve

> 2 mm = 0 %

Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 18-20 %

Fat = 5-7 %

Ash = 5-7 %

AIA/SS = <2 %

Fiber= 4-6 %



> 1 mm = 25 %

Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 20-22 %

Fat = 6-8 %

Ash = 5-7 %

AIA/SS = <4 %

Fiber= 6-8 %



> 0.5 mm = 40 %

Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 18-20 %

Fat = 4 %

Ash = 7-9 %

AIA/SS = <5 %

Fiber= 8-10 %



< 0.5 mm = 30 %

Moisture = 10-12 %

Protein = 18-20 %

Fat = 4 %

Ash = 7-9 %

AIA/SS = <7 %

Fiber= 8-10 %


Full Fat Soya(Raw)y ( )

Moisture = 11- 13 %

Protein = 34 – 36 %

Ash = 4- 6 % Ash 4 6 %

AIA/SS = 0.5 – 1.0 %

Fat 16 18 % Fat = 16 – 18 %

Fiber = 7 – 9 %

UA = 0.03 – 0.3

PSI = 75 – 85 %

Good Quality FFSR Specification

Full Fat Soya(Raw)Full Fat Soya(Raw) Moisture = < 13 %

Fungus = < 4 %

Broken = < 10 %

Husks = < 5 %

Adulteration/FM = <5 % Adulteration/FM <5 %

Over toasted = < 10 %

Good Quality FFSR Specification

Full Fat Soya(Raw)y ( ) Moisture = >13 %

Fungus = > 5 %

Protein = < 32 %

Ash = >4.5 %

AIA/SS = 0.5 – 1.0 %

Fat = <13 %

Fiber = <6 %

UA = 0.03 – 0.3

PSI = 75 – 85 %


Full Fat Soya(Raw)Full Fat Soya(Raw)

Broken & Damaged Seed Moisture = >13 %Broken & Damaged Seed Moisture 13 %

Broken = > 10 %

Protein = < 20 % Protein = < 20 %

Ash = < 5 %

AIA/SS = < 4 %

Fat = <10 %

Fiber =< 8 %

SpecificationDamaged seed

Full Fat Soya(Raw)y ( )

Husk Moisture = >13 %

Husk Husk = > 8 %

Protein = < 20 %

Ash = >10 %

AIA/SS = >8.0 %

Fat = < 2 %

Fiber = > 10 % Fiber = > 10 %


Broken Rice

Broken rice is a grade of rice Broken rice is a grade of rice

consisting of grains broken in

the milling processthe milling process.

Similar energy content to

intact rice.

Mechanical separators are

used to separate the broken

grains from the whole grains.

Broken RiceBroken Rice

Moisture = 10- 12 %

Protein = 6-8 %

Ash = 1- 3 %

AIA/SS = 1-2 %

Fat = 1-3 %

Fiber = < 2.5 %


Good quality Specification

Broken RiceBroken Rice

Moisture = 10- 12 %

Protein = 4-6 %

Ash = 4-6 %

AIA/SS = 5-7 %

Fat = <1 %

Fiber = 5-8 %


Husk mix broken rice Specification

Wheat Bran

Sl Nutrients %

1 Crude protein 10-12

2 Fat 1-3

3 Crude fiber 10-12

4 Sand silica <1

5 Energy 3050 kcal/kg

It is a palatable feedstuff used as a fiber in cattle feed.Not used in poultry feed.

Fish Meal

Fish Meal Sl Nutrients %

Fish meal is a commercial

Sl Nutrients %

1 Moisture 8-10

2 Crude protein 40-46

product made from fish and

the bones and offal from

2 Crude protein 40 46

3 Fat 8-10

4 Crude fiber <1

processed fish.

Fishmeal is a nutrient-rich

4 Crude fiber <1

5 Total Ash 30-35

6 Sand silica <5 Fishmeal is a nutrient rich

and high protein supplement

feed ingredient that stores

6 Sand silica 5

7 Salt <5

8 Calcium 10 12feed ingredient that stores

well, and is used primarily in

diets for poultry feed

8 Calcium 10-12

9 T. Phosphorous <5

10 P i Di tibilit 78 88diets for poultry feed. 10 Pepsin Digestibility 78-88

DLN-2/Bergafat/Biofat/BrofatDLN 2/Bergafat/Biofat/Brofat

Liquid form dark colour oil.q

Derivatives of fatty acids

used in poultry feedused in poultry feed.

For better development and

energy source.

FFA = 20- 25 %

PV = < 3

MolassesMolasses is a term applied

t i t f b d tto a variety of by-product feeds derived from sugar-rich crops.p

The molasses is standardized to feed grade molasses maintaining amolasses maintaining a minimum 79.5° Brix and 74% dry matter.

Used as a instant energy source.

Molasses

QUALITY OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF RAW MATERIALSRAW …

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