Raid Al-Aomar, PhD

Professor of IE, Director of (MEM)

College of Engineering

Abu Dhabi University

Quality Methods: Sustainability Application

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Agenda

� Introduction• Quality Methods

� Sustainability Aspects• Environmental

• Economic

• Social

� QFD Method

• House of Quality

• QFD for Sustainability

• QFD Examples

� Other Methods (Lean & Six Sigma)

� Discussion

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Quality Engineering/Methods: The Know-How

of Total Quality Management

ISO Standards

PDCA-Kaizen

EFQM

TQM

Q

award

Basic Stat

Q & COPQ

Quality

Tools & Std.

QFD

Q

KH

SPC

6бEx

TQM Organization Quality Engineering

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Quality Concept

• What is Quality?• Quality is the ability of a product or service to

consistently meet or exceed customer

expectations.

• Quality Pioneers• Quality aspects

• Product• Service

• Cost of Poor Quality: Quality & Cost dilemma, TLF, competitiveness

• Quality Awards & Certifications

Q

Factors to Consider When Quantifying the Costs of Poor Quality

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Basic Quality Tools

� Quality tools for problem identification, representation, analysis, and solving:

Flow charts/Process Maps to understand the process

Seven Basic Tools

1. Check sheets

2. Histograms

3. Pareto chart

4. Cause-Effect diagram

5. Scatter Diagrams

6. Run/Control Charts

7. Stratification

ISO 9000 – TQM

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I-P-O Measurement (SIPOC chart):

• Inputs Quality: Supplies, raw material, applications, supplies, services

• Process Quality: Operations, procedures, standards, resources, etc.

• Outputs Quality: Products, services, customer relations, etc.

Examples: Cost, Time, Delivery, Rejects, Complaints, Reliability

Process & System Level: QI P O

InputMeasures

ProcessMeasures

OutputMeasures

Suppliers Customers

Quality Metrics Feedback

� The 9 criteria of SKEA Quality award.

Organizational LevelTQM (EFQM-based Excellence models)

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Sustainable & Green Design

Sustainable design is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design

Green Design and construction practices that significantly reduce, or eliminate the negative impact of buildings on the environment and its occupants.” (US Green Building Council)

Sustainability Approaches: site planning; safeguarding water use and water use efficiency; promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy; conserving materials and resources; and promoting indoor environmental quality

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Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design®

A leading-edge system for designing, constructing, operating and certifying the world’s greenest buildings.

LEED project certification -provides independent, third-party verification that a building project meets the highest green building and performance measures.

United States Green Building Council (USGBC) issued a set of LEED guidelines in 2000.

Benefits of Green Building

� Environmental benefits:

• Enhance and protect

ecosystems and

biodiversity

• Improve air and water

quality

• Reduce solid waste

• Conserve natural

resources

Benefits of Green Building …

� Economic benefits:

• Reduce operating costs

• Enhance asset value and

profits

• Improve employee

productivity and

satisfaction

• Optimize life-cycle

economic performance

Benefits of Green Building …

� Health and community benefits: • Improve air, thermal, and

acoustic environments

• Enhance occupant comfort and health

• Minimize strain on local infrastructure

• Contribute to overall quality of life

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Building Ecosystem

� In a total quality setting, customers define quality. Therefore,

customer satisfaction must be the highest priority.

� Customer satisfaction is achieved by producing high-quality

products/services that meet or exceed expectations.

� Customer needs are not static. Therefore, constant contact with

customers is essential in a total quality setting.

� QFD can be used to update customer needs (get feedback

periodically) and enhance products/services accordingly.

QFD for customer satisfaction

Quality Function Deployment(House of Quality)

� The QFD’s House of Quality (HOQ) is the heart of QFD.

� It is the set of interrelated matrices known that take on the appearance of a house.

QFD in Sustainability: SFD

� QFD can be used to consider the sustainability requirements in the design (Sustainability Function Deployment: SFD).

� It makes sustainability requirements a normal part of architectural design, thereby improving the quality of living and the quality of the environment.

� In order to implement SFD, designers must innovate. They need to identify the mechanisms/actions/technical requirements that fulfill the sustainability requirements.

� QFD/SFD is a mechanism for innovation.

� Sustainability requirements

�Interior Air Quality

�Less Energy consumption

�Less Water consumption

�Clean external air

�Natural light

�others

� Each team should come up with a list of WHATs

� Team has to agree on their importance

� Team has to benchmark them with LEED & Estidamah

WHATs in SFD

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� Technical requirements to achieve the WHATs

�Solar

�Cooling

�Recycling

�Design

�Materials

�others

� Each team should come up with a list of HOWs

� Team has to agree on their relationships with WHATs

� Team has to identify correlations within HOWs and suggest how to deal with contradictions

� Team will set design targets for the HOWs

HOWs in SFD

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DEWA, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, in AlQuz, Dubai, UAE.

In December 2012, the project was occupied and received the certification with a total LEED score of 98

out of 110 (Platinum).

Example: At the roof, they added a sky garden to further enhance the indoor and outdoor thermal

environment.

Example

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Customer Needs

( VOC )Imp.

Innovative Design 2

Energy Efficiency 5

Accessibility 4

Sustainable Material 2

Indoor Air Quality 5

Access View & Daylight 4

Natural Ventilation 4

Water Efficiency 3

Matrix #1 : Customer Needs

* Voice of Customers (VOC) its what the

customer needs and wants which is the most

important factor that the customer consider in a

sustainable building

* It was chosen based on the sustainability

factors that the customer would look to in a

sustainable building

* Customer importance is a number from a scale

1 to 5 which is estimated based on the

importance of each element to the customer

* The customers needs chosen for DEWA

building are Innovative Design, Energy

Efficiency, Accessibility, Sustainable Material,

Indoor Air Quality, View and Daylight, Natural

Ventilation and Water Efficiency

* Energy Efficiency, Natural Ventilation and

Indoor Air Quality are the most important VOC

needs

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Matrix Number #2: Planning the Improvement Strategy

DEWA Estidama LEED I. Planned IF SP. OW %

1 1 1 1 1.0 1.1 2.2 5.2

5 5 5 5 1.2 1.3 7.8 18.4

4 3 4 4 1.4 1.1 6.2 14.6

2 3 3 3 1.2 1.0 2.4 5.7

3 4 3 4 1.2 1.2 7.2 17

3 4 3 4 1.2 1.3 6.2 14.6

3 4 3 4 1.2 1.3 6.2 14.6

3 5 2 5 1.4 1.0 4.2 10

- In this matrix, it provides DEWA assessment compared to the most well known benchmarks within the

region which are Estidama and LEED

- Estidama is the green building rating tool that is used in Abu Dhabi and it consists of 5 pearl according to

each sustainability principles

- LEED is a US benchmark assessment tool used for green sustainable buildings

- With the assessment of the benchmarks and the customer importance, the improvement factor, sales

point, overall weight and total percentage of the overall weight were calculated for DEWA

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Matrix Number 3—Selecting the Technical Requirements (HOWs)

- In this matrix, we listed out the major technical requirements that would be used to meet the customer

needs in terms of sustainability

- This is the list of (HOWs) in terms of the technical solutions used within DEWA in Dubai

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High = 9

Medium = 3

Weak = 1

Matrix Number #4: Evaluating Interrelationships between the WHATs and HOWs.

- In each intersection between the technical requirement and the customer need, an interrelationship was

estimated either strong, medium, weak or none presented in different shapes

- The purpose of this matrix is to show how strong is the relationship between each technical requirement

with the customer need, this will later show which technical requirement is consider as a priority for the

customer and therefore the designer should invest more in it

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Innovative Design 2

Energy Efficiency 5

Accessibility 4

Sustainable Material 2

Indoor Air Quality 5

Access View & Daylight 4

Natural Ventilation 4

Water Efficiency 3

Matrix Number #4: Evaluating

Interrelationships between the WHATs

and HOWs.

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Matrix Number #5: Evaluates the Correlation - Within each diagonal intersection in the correlation matrix, a supportive or impeding type of relation

ship is established between the technical requirements

- These correlations exist as the roof of the HOQ ( House of Quality )

- The positive and the negative sign shows if the two technical requirement support each other or which

one of them oppose each other

Supportive

Impending

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Matrix Number #5: Evaluates the Correlation

Supportive

Impending

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Matrix Number #6: Selecting Design Targets of the Technical Requirements

- The design target matrix includes calculation of the technical priorities

- The higher the value shows the importance of implementing the technical requirement in the project design

- According to the calculation, the high efficiency HVAC, operable window and artificial light contributes greatly

in the project design

Technical Priorities 47.4 150.2 83.4 144 61.2 92.6 108 70.2 153.6 37.8 55.8 55.8 55.8 21.6 21.6 7.2 72.6

% of Total Priorities 3.8 12.1 6.7 11.6 4.9 7.5 8.72 5.7 12.4 3.1 4.5 4.5 4.5 1.74 1.74 0.6 5.9

Equations Used:

- IF = ( Plan – Current ) x 0.2 + 1.0

- OW = CI x IF x SP

- % Total W = OW / ∑��

- TP = ( Symbol Value x OW) + ( Symbol Value x OW) + ..

- % TP = TP / ∑��

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QFD For Dubai Electricity & Water Authority “DEWA”:

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Another Example: Redesign of superblock

There is a need to revitalize the inner part of the city. This is about what is needed for the city. So, Abu Dhabi

2030 Plan proposes “a program of block revitalization, undertaking one or several pilot projects”. The goals

here are the following:

•To analyze the existing situation.

•To identify the issues that may cause the blocks to deteriorate.

•To pinpoint all drawbacks and create proposals concerning the urban morphology, public space, volumes, as

well as social segregation and road/pedestrian networks.

By this, the modern concept Abu Dhabi may redefine its urban fabric in a more socially viable and sustainable way that has the potential of becoming the prime design to be followed.

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The QFD HoQ

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QFD for Estidama Requirements

The Sheikh Zayed Desert Learning Centre:

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Example: QFD Outcomes

0

5

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20

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High efficiencyfixtures

exterior watermonitoringfeatures

grey waterrecycling

water monitoringleak detecting

facilities

Onsite stormmanagement

Drought tolerantplants

Technical priorities

Technical priorities

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Other Methods for Sustainability

Lean: war on waste

� Inventory

� Transportation (material Handling)

� Delay (Waiting)

� Motions (Effort)

� Over-processing

� Over-production

� Defects

� New: Knowledge: Over-qualifications, underutilization

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Other Methods for Sustainability

Six Sigma’s Methodologies

Six Sigma

Process Management

Improve EXISTING processes so that

their outputs meet

customer

requirements

Control and manage cross-function

processes to meet business goals

Design NEW products and processes that meet customer needs

Upper Specification Limit

(USL)

Lower Specification Limit

(LSL)

x

x

Lower Specification Limit

(LSL)

Upper Specification Limit

(USL)

6σ

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Six Sigma Tools

Many familiar quality tools applied in a structured methodology

DMAIC Stage Tools DeliverablesDefine (D) Project Charter, Process

Map, QFD, benchmarking, KANO, etc.

Project objectives, CTQs, design

variables, resources, project plan, etc.

Measure (M) Data collection, sampling,

work measurements, Sigma calculator

Measured performance, Process

variation (Sigma value), process capability measures

Analyze (A) Statistical analyses, charts,

root-cause analysis, DOE and ANOVA

Defined improvement opportunity, sources of variation, action plan.

Improve (I) Design optimization,

robustness, brainstorming, validation

Select the best solutions, changes

deployment, adjustments to process variables.

Control (C) Error proofing, FMEA, SPC, Standards, PUGH analysis

Monitoring plan, maintained

performance, documentation, transfer of ownership.

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Questions?