Quality Control Concepts. Outline 1.Introduction 2.Quality Control 3.Quality Assurance 4.Total...
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Transcript of Quality Control Concepts. Outline 1.Introduction 2.Quality Control 3.Quality Assurance 4.Total...
Quality Control Concepts
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Quality Control
3. Quality Assurance
4. Total Quality Management
5. Quality Tools
6. Summary
History
1. Ancient time – skill craftsmen, blacksmith, etc
2. 1700 – Industrial Revolution
3. 1776 – Adam Smith – division of labour
4. 1790 – Eli Whitney – Interchangeable parts
5. Henry Ford – car industry in USA
The Development
• 1950 – Productivity• 1960 – Productivity + service• 1970 - Productivity + service + Financial Control• 1980 - Productivity + service + Financial Control
+ Quality + Technology• 1990 - Productivity + service + Financial Control
+ Quality + Technology + Direction• 2002 Productivity + service + Financial Control +
Quality + Technology + Direction + Information
Productivity
• Increase output with the same equipment
What is Quality?
1. How can we define it?
2. How can we specify it?
3. How can we measure it?
4. How can we manage it?
Defining Quality
1. English Dictionary1. Essential or distinguishing characteristic
2. Good moral, mental or aesthetic characteristic
3. Virtue – degree of goodness or value - Excellence
Defining Quality (Cont.)
2. Tradition
Conformal to specification
3. British Standard BS 4778
“The totality of features or characteristics of a product or service that bear upon its
ability to satisfy a given need”
4. Fitness for use/purpose
Defining Quality (Cont.)
5. Conformance to customer requirements
6. Continuously meeting and improving upon the agreed customer requirements
“It is the customer that defines Quality”
Reliability
1. A quality product may still fail to satisfy a customer’s expectation if it is unreliable.
2. Reliability is the ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time.
3. i.e. long term quality
Quality must be consider at all stages in the life cycle, as shown below, of a product.
Marketing &Market Research
Requirements&Specification
Design&Development
Procurement
Process Planning&Development
Production
Inspection, testing&Examination
Packaging&Storage
Sales&Distribution
Installation&operation
Technical Assistance&Maintenance
Disposal
Quality Control
• A system for programming and co-ordination the efforts of various groups to maintain or improve quality at an economical level which allows customer satisfaction.
ACTIVITY QUALITYASSESSOR
Input OutputGood
Bad
Pros and Cons of QC
Pros:1. Easy to do
2. Cheap (short term)
3. Manageable
Cons:1. Unreliable, long lead time, big lot sizes
2. Inspector takes the mistakes.
Quality Assurance
• All activities and functions concerned with the attainment of quality.
ACTIVITY QUALITYASSESSOR
Input Output
Bad
Good
Pros and Cons QA
Pros1. Easier than QC to find problems
2. Problems identify earlier
Cons1. Need skilled labours
2. High cost
Correction Cost
Cost of Quality
Total Quality
“A strategy for improving overall performance and quality
competitiveness”
1. Involves every aspect of the business
2. Involves every person
3. Requires total commitment
Implementation of Total Quality
1. The need for an overall business strategy2. Top management commitment3. Adoption of new values and putting the
customer first4. Improving the quality of work life5. Involvement, teamwork and people
empowerment6. Effective data driven problem solving7. Eliminating waste and non-value added
activities
Elements of Total Quality
1. Meeting customer requirements
2. Striving to do error free work
3. Managing by prevention
4. Measuring the cost of non-quality
5. Never ending improvement (continuous improvement)
6. Education and training
Achieving Customer Satisfaction
1. Who are your internal and external customers?
2. What are their actual needs?
3. What are their expectations and measures?
4. Do you have the necessary resources to meet their requirements?
5. How are changes in customer requirements communicated?
6. Do you continuously meet their requirements?
Concepts of Quality Control
Quality Assurance - Concepts
Total Quality - Concepts
Tools for Quality Improvement
1. FMEA – Failure modes & Effects Analysis2. QFD – Quality Function Deployment3. Capability Studies – tolerance capability of
processes4. Taguchi – minimum change/optimum solution
technique5. Poka Yoke – fool proof devices6. SPC- statistical process control
QFD
Capability Studies
Example of Poka Yoke
Correct Hole
Incorrect Hole
Example of Poka Yoke (cont.)
SPC
Summary
1. Quality is continuously meeting and improving upon the agreed customer requirements.
2. Customer defines Quality.
3. Quality Control
ACTIVITY QUALITYASSESSOR
Input OutputGood
Bad
Summary (cont.)
4. Quality Assurance
5. TQM is a strategy for improving overall performance and quality competitiveness.
ACTIVITY QUALITYASSESSOR
Input Output
Bad
Good
Summary (cont.)
6. Quality Tools: • FMEA• QFD• Capability Studies• Taguchi• Poka Yoke• SPC