Quality Assurance in Higher Education
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Tempus Workshop Zagreb pag. 1
Quality Assurance in Higher Education
Flanders in a European Context
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Joke Claeys
Ghent UniversityDepartment of Educational AffairsDivision of Quality Management
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Contents
- Evolution of the notion of quality- The history of Quality Assurance in higher education- First generation of external QA- Accreditation and it’s consequences
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Quality has several definitions (Green, 1994)
- Excellence-‘Fitness for purpose’: ~ the aims of the institutions- Meet some basic standars- Efficacy of realising the aims- Meet the needs and expectations of the clients
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Quality as excellence
- Popular notion amongst professors
and chancellors,…
- Quality assurance (QA) is focused
upon the input
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Quality= fitness for purpose
- The notion is less absolute- Central issue: the aims of a
program/institution- QA is focused upon the processes
realising the aims- The function of improvement is the
most important
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Quality: meeting basic standards
- Reaction upon the relativism of the
preceding
- Basic standards have to be met
- Link with accreditation
- QA is focused upon the output
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Quality : Meet the needs and expectations of the clients
-The point of reference is outside the
institutions: students, stakeholders,
society- Quality: a means of satisfying
external expectations
- QA is focused upon the output
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History
- 80ties and first half of the 90ties:
transition from ‘excellence ‘ to
‘fitness for purpose’
- Second half of the 90ties: criticism;
introduction of ‘basic standards’
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QA in European Higher Education
- Before the 80ties: individual initiatives, no real general policy- Some historic factors:
- More students in higher education- Economic crisis; less governmental financing- Governments want to control the use of financing
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QA in European Higher Education
- External factors have exercised the
strongest influence- Pioneering countries: The United
Kingdom, The Netherlands, Denmark- Countries as Belgium followed these
models (esp. The Netherlands)
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Functions of QA in Education
- Improvement and warrant of quality: ‘peers’ evaluate the program and give recommendations- Accountability towards the government and the clients (students, parents, employers)- Regulation and adaptation of the educational system: QA indicators can influence rationalisation decisions,..
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QA has different subjects
- Research: exists in the Netherlands- A study program (e.g. physics); all institutions at the same time- A cluster of similar programs (future development)- A whole institution (e.g. EUA in Macedonia)
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Internal and external QA
- Internal: for use in the institution:
e.g. student questionnaires
- External: the final judgement on a
program is made by an external
commission
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QA in Flanders
Central element in the startup:
Decree on universities (June 12th, 1991)
Art 122 Imposes a continuous monitoring of the quality of education: internal and external QA are mentioned
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Realisations:
- Internal QA: student questionnaires
- External QA: visitation (peer
review): first generation
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External QA: Visitations (peer review)
- 8 year cycle- A panel of experts judges the program- Result: - a public report on all the important issues - a related score list (comparison between institutions is possible) - recommendations for improvement
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External QA: Visitations (peer review)
Phases in the process:1 .The program writes a self assessment report. Professors, assistant professors, students, alumni,… are all involved. A manual with guidelines is strictly followed.
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External QA: Visitations (peer review)
2. - A commission of experts is composed, on the proposal of the programs involved. They act on a completely independant base. - Experts in the subject matter; 5 persons, 1 president, 1 didactical expert
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External QA: Visitations (peer review)
3. The commission reads the self assessment report. 4. - Site visit: 2,5 days - meetings with professors, assistant professors, other personnel involved in education, students, alumni, study guidance,…
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External QA: Visitations (peer review)
5. The commission writes a report containing their evaluation of the program, recommendations, good practices,… The different programs are also compared.
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External QA: Visitations (peer review)
6. - The report is published and can be consulted by future students, newspapers, other institutions,… - The Minister of Education gets a report.7. The programs react upon the recommendations and can make adaptations to the study program.
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Accreditation: a second generation of external QA
Antecedents: societal evolutions- Internationalisation: cooperation; mobility of professors and students- Globalisation: a market for research and study programs emerges- Liberalisation: commercial suppliers can can organise education- Evolution towards a knowledge society
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Accreditation: definition
A formal, public judgement made by an independant body, based upon an
evaluation of quality, guaranteeing that basic standards are met
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Internationalisation: Bologna
- BOLOGNA: (19/6/99), signed by 29 European countries- Goal: create a European space for higher education in order to enhance the employability and mobility of citizens and to increase the international competitiveness of European higher education
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Bologna: specific goals (1)
- adopt a system of easily readable and comparable degrees, (also through the implementation of the Diploma Suppl.)- adopt a system with 2 main cycles (undergraduate and graduate), with first degrees no shorter than 3 years and relevant to the labour market
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Bologna: specific goals (2)
- establish an system of credits (such as ECTS) also covering lifelong learning activities- promote European co-operation in quality assurance, (aiming at comparable criteria and methods)- promote mobility by overcoming legal recognition and administrative obstacles (for students and teachers)
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Realisations in the QA area
- ENQA: European Association for Quality
Assurance: ° 2000; www.enqa.net- Spreads information, ‘good practices’
about QA in higher education to
European quality agencies, authorities
and higher education institutions
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- EUA: European University
Association; www.eua.be/
had several projects about QA
procedures, QA culture, comparing
different countries- Accreditation is implemented in several
countries (e.g. Spain, The Netherlands,
Flanders, through new legislation)
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Functions of accreditation- Guarantee a certain basic quality of institutions or programs- Reinforce the existing forms of QA e.g. by strenghtening their sanctioning capacity- Create more standardisation of norms, procedures and criteria, to enhance comparability- Improve the public responsibility function of QA by giving transparant info to students, parents,…