QUALITATIVE ORIENTATION TOWARD RESEARCH
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Transcript of QUALITATIVE ORIENTATION TOWARD RESEARCH
After this course students must be able to:
Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative methods of research
Distinguish between inductive and deductive methods
Explain the different perspectives taken by positivism and interpretivism
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ORIENTATIONS TOWARD RESEARCH
Research: Collect empirical data systematicallyExamine data pattern
Differences between: Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Methods
Epistemological position Objectivism Constructivism
Relation between researcher and subject Distant/outsider Close/ insider
Relationship between theory/concepts and research Facts Meaning
Scope of findings Nomothetic Ideographic
The nature of data Data based upon numbers
Data based upon text
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVISM VERSUS CONSTRUCTIVISMQuantitative research: reality exists independently of the researches
Qualitative research: truth and meaning are constructed and interpreted by individuals
EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESEARCHER AND SUBJECT
RESEARCH FOCUS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY/CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH
SCOPE OF FINDINGS
THE NATURE OF DATA
Realitatea este o construcţie umană, care nu există în lipsa societăţii care o modelează și a înţelesurilor pe care aceasta i le atribuie (Berger, P., Luckmann, Th., 2008)
Dacă există o știinţă a societăţilor, ar fi de așteptat ca acesta să nu fie o simplă parafrază a prejudecăţilor tradiţionale, ci să ne facă să vedem lucrurile altfel decât cum le apar ele oamenilor obișnuiţi; căci obiectul oricărei știinţe este să facă descoperiri și orice descoperire zdruncină mai mult sau mai puţin opiniile primite de-a gata.
Émile Durkheim Regulile metodei sociologice 1895/2002
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DISTANT/OUTSIDER VERSUS CLOSE/INSIDER
Quantitative research: researchers keep themselves at a distance from those they are researching
Qualitative research: usually involves direct contact between researcher and those they are researching
EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESEARCHER AND SUBJECT
RESEARCH FOCUS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY/CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH
SCOPE OF FINDINGS
THE NATURE OF DATA
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
FACTS VERSUS MEANING
Quantitative research: concentrates on gathering of facts in order that truth claims can be established
Qualitative research: seek the construction of the truth
EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESEARCHER AND SUBJECT
RESEARCH FOCUS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY/CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH
SCOPE OF FINDINGS
THE NATURE OF DATA
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DEDUCTION/CONFIRMATION VERSUS INDUCTION/EMERGENT
Quantitative research: commence deductively with a theory which will subsequently be tested through the process of the research
Qualitative research: inductively build the theoryEPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESEARCHER AND SUBJECT
RESEARCH FOCUS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY/CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH
SCOPE OF FINDINGS
THE NATURE OF DATA
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
NOMOTHETIC VERSUS IDEOGRAPHIC
Quantitative research: low-like findings that hold irrespective of time or place
Qualitative research: locates its findings in specific time periods and localities
EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESEARCHER AND SUBJECT
RESEARCH FOCUS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY/CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH
SCOPE OF FINDINGS
THE NATURE OF DATA
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
NUMBERS VERSUS TEXT
Quantitative research: generate data in form of numbers
Qualitative research: generate rich or deep data, usually in form of text but sometimes in photographs, maps or visual mediaEPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESEARCHER AND SUBJECT
RESEARCH FOCUS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY/CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH
SCOPE OF FINDINGS
THE NATURE OF DATA
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
POSITIVISMReality consists of what is available to the sensesInquiry should be based upon scientific observation The natural and human sciences share common logic and methodological principles
INTERPRETIVISM Out interest in the social world tends to focus on exactly those aspects that are unique, individual and qualitative, whereas our interest in the natural world focuses on more abstract phenomena, that is, exhibiting quantifiable, empirical regularities
Crotty, 1998 apud Gray, D., p.21
INTERPRETIVIST APPROACH
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
PHENOMENOLOGY
REALISM
HERMENEUTICS
NATURALISTIC INQUIRY
Columb, descoperitorul Americii, a ignorant superb propria sa descoperire, pentru că acesta nu corespundea imaginii acceptate a lumii. O anumită geografie imaginară transmisă din Antichitate s-a dovedit mai puternică decât faptele geografice reale.
Boia, L. 1998, p.25
INTERPRETATIVIST APPROACH
People interpret the meaning of objects and action in the world and then act upon those interpretations
Meanings arise from the process of social interaction
Meanings are handled in, and are modified by, an interactive process used by people in dealing with the phenomena that are encountered
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
PHENOMENOLOGY
REALISM
HERMENEUTICS
NATURALISTIC INQUIRY
INTERPRETATIVIST APPROACH
The world is socially constructed and subjective
The observer is a party to what is being observed
The researcher must try to understand what is happening
Focus on meaning
Construct theories and models from data
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
PHENOMENOLOGY
REALISM
HERMENEUTICS
NATURALISTIC INQUIRY
HISTORY AS SOCIAL CONSTRUCTThe case of Republic Moldova’s Wikipedia history page
Wikipedia: collective construction of reality (history)
collective intelligence as the amount of individual contributions of the users, self-organization of masses of ordinary people on the Internet. These crowds emerge, define the collective problem or task by themselves, solve it, and vanish as entities (Hintikka, K.A., 2008, abstract).
Încontinuu prezentul creează trecutul. Într-adevăr, masa, nesfârșită cât nisipul oceanului, pe care o reprezintă faptele trecute, miriada de trăiri ale oamenilor de când a apărut homo sapiens nu e, cum își închipuie conștiința naivă, o masă inertă de viață latentă, fiecare atom de trăire trecută lăsând dâre, urmări , fibre din care, desigur, cele mai multe pier cu vremea, dizolvate într-un fel de uriașă magmă, dar unele s-au prelungit până în prezent, iar consecințele lor pot apărea pe neprevăzute în viața noastră, oriunde pe planetă.
Djuvara, N. 2011, p.7
APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE DESIGN
Research design sits between a set of research questions and the data
It is strongly influenced by the epistemological stance adopted by the researcher
An important feature of qualitative design is that it is emergent
Bibliography
Babbie, Earl (2007/2010) Practica cercetarii sociale [The Practice of Social Research]. Iaşi: Polirom.
Neuman, Lawrence (2011) Social Research Methods. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson.