Qualité de l’air intérieur - APCAS · 2016-04-12 · La modélisation 3D de la qualité de...

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Parce que chacun a droit à la qualité de l’air qu’il respire au quotidien ...Because the quality of the air we breathe is our everyday right ...

26 et 27septembre 2012

Lyon

• Qualité de l’air intérieur

• Emissions atmosphériques

Indoor air quality

Air emissions

International Conference

3e Edition

Un événement

En partenariat avec / In partnership with

L’Union des Consultants et Ingénieurs en Environnement

UCIE

Enviro-InvestRisques Environnementaux et Sécurité des Investissements

Environmental Due DiligenceEnvironmental Safety in Operations and M&A

2012

14 - 15 novembre 2012 - Paris

Programme et Inscription :

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08h30Accueil et inscription des participants / Welcome and participant’s registration

09h00Discours de bienvenue / Welcoming speech

Allocution de / Speech of: Président du Congrès / Conference President

09h20 - 09h40Matériaux d’aménagement et produits de construction : la réglementation de la qualité de l’air intérieur entre correction et anticipation des risques / Interior finishes and building materials: the regulation of indoor air quality between correction and anticipation of risks Françoise Labrousse & David Desforges, Jones Day

09h40 - 10h00La gestion des risques dans des maisons riveraines d’un site industriel – Approche juridique / Risk management in houses neighboring industrial sites – A legal approach Joëlle Herschtel, King & Spalding

10h00 - 10h20Etude de la contamination fongique de bioaérosols dans des habitations dégradées par la mérule (Serpula lacrymans) et les moisissures :

évaluation de l’exposition humaine et impact génotoxique (projet MYCOAEROTOX) / Fungal profiles of bioaerosols collected in houses damaged by Serpula lacrymans and molds: exposure and genotoxicity assessment David Garon, Université de Caen

10h20 - 10h40Mycotoxines de l’habitat et le Généraliste / Indoor mycotoxins and the General Practitioner Marcel Tony, Healthvalue

10h40 - 11h00Coffee Break

11h00 - 11h20Pollution dans l’air intérieur de logements, résultant de l’activité d’établissements de nettoyage à sec et d’établissements de manucure «ongleries» / Indoor air pollution induced by drycleaning and by manicure shops Laurence Schang, Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police

11h20 - 11h40Combined professional and residential toxicological exposure risks by VOC Frank Karg, HPC Envirotec

Mercredi 26 septembre 2012 Qualité de l’air intérieur / Indoor air quality

11h40 - 12h00Suivi temporel des niveaux de concentration en atmosphère intérieure lors de l’application d’insecticides ménagers / Monitoring of time related concentration levels in indoor air during household insecticide application Aude Vesin, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement

12h00 - 13h00 Questions - Answers - Discussion

13h00 Déjeuner / Lunch

14h00 - 15h20

Table ronde / Round table

Qualité de l’air intérieur – Formaldéhydes et COV / Indoor air quality – Formaldehyde and VOCs

Impact des émissions de matériaux sur la qualité de l’air intérieur : dosage simultané des COV et du formaldéhyde dans l’air intérieur et à l’interface air/matériau / Impact of material emissions on indoor air quality : simultaneous quantification of VOCs and formaldehyde in indoor air and at the air/material interface Delphine Bourdin, Nobatek

Development and validation of a colorimetric passive flux sampler for formaldehyde emission rate mea-surements in indoor environments Sébastien Dusanter, Ecole des Mines de Douai

Qualité de l’air intérieur : Bilan des mesures de Kudzu Science sur les COV et aldéhydes dans l’air intérieur / Indoor air quality : Review of Kudzu Science data on indoor VOCs and aldehyde measu-rementsVincent Peynet, Kudzu Science

Qualité de l’air intérieur : déter-mination des sources secondaires de formaldéhydes dans des éta-blissements scolaires de la Région Centre / Indoor air quality : deter-mination of the secondary sources of formaldehyde in educational institutions of the «Region Centre» of FranceCarole Flambard, Lig’Air

Mesure des composés nouvelle-ment réglementés dans les ERP de la ville de Nogent-sur-Marne / Measurement of newly regulated compounds in the Publicly open establishments of Nogent-sur-MarneEtienne de Vanssay, Cap Environnement


15h40 - 16h00Capteurs chimiques colorimétriques pour la détection de teneurs ppb de trichloramine / Chemical and colorimetric sensors for the detection of nitrogen trichloride at ppb level Thu-Hoa Tran-Thi, CEA

16h00 - 16h20Qualité de l’air intérieur habitacle. Application du champ des odeurs – Approche pour l’évaluation de l’odeur de pièces automobiles / Car cabin air quality: Application of the « Field Of Odors® » approach in a sensory descriptive analysis for the evaluation of car part smells Marie Verriele, Ecole des Mines de Douai

16h20 - 16h40 La modélisation 3D de la qualité de l’air en milieu confiné, un outil de conception et de diagnostic / 3D modelling of indoor air quality : a tool for design and diagnosis Lobnat Ait Hamou, Fluidyn

16h40 - 17h00Modélisation de la qualité de l’air à l’intérieur de halls industriels / Numerical modeling for indoor air quality in industrial halls Catherine Turpin & Perrine Volta, Sillages Environnement

17h00 - 17h20Projet Vaicteur Air2 / Vaicteur Air2 project Philippe Petit, CIAT

17h20 - 17h40La photocatalyse génère-t-elle du formaldéhyde lors du traitement d’air intérieur ? / Does photocatalysis increase formaldehyde production during VOC degradation under indoor air conditions? Benoît Kartheuser, Certech

17h40 - 18h00Dépollution de l¹air par photocatalyse : Etat des lieux etdéveloppements futurs. Stratégie pour progresser sur un marché émergent / Indoor air pollution removal by photocatalytic process : state of artand futur development. Strategy for this emerging market developmentDidier Chavanon, BMES & Pascal Kaluzny, Tera Environnement 18h00Fin de la première journée / End of Day One

Interior Finishes and Building Materials: the Regulations of Indoor Air Quality between Correction and Anticipation of Risks – September 26, 2012 Matériaux d’aménagement et produits de construction : la réglementation de la qualité de l’air intérieur entre correction et anticipation des risques – 26 septembre 2012 Jones Day 2 rue Saint-Florentin 75001 Paris www.jonesday.com

Françoise Labrousse Partner Certified Specialist in Environmental Law in France +33 1 56 59 39 39 [email protected] David Desforges Of Counsel +33 1 56 59 39 39 [email protected]

Abstract

Except in intensive industrial settings, indoor air quality has long been a non issue. With an ever expanding range of interior and construction materials with physical and technical properties, the issue of the health, safety and environmental impact of such materials has now become a matter of concern.

Law n° 2010-788 of July 12, 2010 added another layer to the construction of a regulatory framework aiming at ensuring safe working but also housing conditions from a materials standpoint rather than from an activities perspective only. These amendments to the French environmental code (Code de l’environnement) complement the labor code (Code du travail), the public health code (Code de la santé publique) and the housing and construction (Code de la construction et de l’habitation) each of which participate to the building of a comprehensive approach to this issue.

The 2010 law provides for a future definition of eco-materials (éco-matériaux) not yet adopted which shall take into account not only the actual health, safety and environmental properties of materials while in use but also their health, safety and environmental impact throughout their life cycle.

Interestingly, the 2010 law also enforces a labeling obligation for construction and furniture materials as well as for wall and floor paneling materials, paints and varnishes releasing substances in ambient air. This framework already includes enforceable indoor air quality limit values for formaldehyde and benzene. A list which will probably expand in the future.

Our presentation will offer a comprehensive view of the state of the law today and an outlook to foreseeable developments.

Jones Day

Today, we are one of the largest international law firms, with more than 2,400 lawyers in 37 offices around the world. Our clients - a substantial number of whom have trusted us for decades - are among the Fortune Global 500. The Paris Office opened in 1970 and counts more than 90 lawyers.

Jones Day’s Environmental, Health & Safety practice is one of the most substantial in the world. Our lawyers help clients in Europe, the U.S. and Asia comply with complex laws and regulations pertaining to solid and hazardous waste, air emissions, water quality, and employee health & safety. We have extensive experience with the full range of environmental, health & safety laws that relate to litigation, transactional and regulatory compliance matters. We also advise clients on all climate change and REACH related issues.

The Paris team is ranked among the top environmental practices in France in the guides Chambers Europe, PLC Which lawyer? and The Legal 500 - EMEA.

LA GESTION DES RISQUES DANS DES MAISONS RIVERAINES D’UN SITE INDUSTRIEL

Fondé sur des retours d’expérience, l’exposé abordera la gestion des risques liés à la qualité de l’airintérieur de maisons riveraines d’un site industriel, générés par une pollution de la nappe phréatique.

La gestion de ces risques s’articule autour de trois volets, technique, juridique et de communication quisont étroitement imbriqués, et ce tout au long des différentes étapes qu’impliquent l’identification et lamaîtrise des risques induits par une pollution de l’air intérieur d’habitations.

Ainsi, la mise en œuvre de ces phases s’intègre dans un cadre méthodologique et juridique qui seradéveloppé dans la présentation. Il convient de l’accompagner d’une étroite information del’Administration (Préfet, Inspection des Installations Classées, ARS…) ainsi que d’une communicationciblée avec les riverains concernés, de même qu’avec les différentes parties prenantes (maire,associations…).

Si la gestion des risques sanitaires est la priorité, les aspects patrimoniaux sont souvent à l’origine decontentieux initiés par les riverains qui saisissent soit les juridictions pénales soit les tribunaux civils envue d’obtenir l’indemnisation de la perte de valeur de leur maison. L’appréciation tant du principe quedu quantum d’un tel préjudice est particulièrement délicate.

RISK MANAGEMENT IN HOMES ADJACENT TO AN INDUSTRIAL SITE

Based on feedback from experience, the presentation will address risk management related to theindoor air quality of homes that are adjacent to an industrial site, and generated by the pollution ofgroundwater.

The management of these risks focuses on the technical, legal and communication components that areclosely intertwined, throughout the different steps involved by the identification and management ofrisks induced by the pollution of the indoor air quality of homes.

Thus, the implementation of theses phases is part of a legal and methodological framework which willbe developed in the presentation. It should go with a thorough information of the public authorities(Prefect, Classified Installations Inspection, ARS) as well as a targeted communication with the residentsconcerned, and with the various stakeholders (Mayors, Associations).

If the health risk management is a priority, the estate aspects are often the cause of litigation initiatedby the residents who bring claims before the criminal or civil courts to obtain compensation for the lossof value of their homes. The assessment of both the principle and quantum of such damage isparticularly sensitive.

Joëlle HERSCHTEL Avocat Associé King & Spalding LLPT +33 (1) 73 00 39 18 F +33 (1) 73 00 39 59 E [email protected] cours Albert 1er 75008 Paris, Francewww.kslaw.com

Etude de la contamination fongique de bioaérosols dans des habitations dégradées par lamérule (Serpula lacrymans) et les moisissures : évaluation de l’exposition humaine et

impact génotoxique (projet MYCOAEROTOX)

[Fungal profiles of bioaerosols collected in houses damaged by Serpula lacrymans and molds:

exposure and genotoxicity assessment]

Virginie Séguin1, Véronique André1, Jean Philippe Rioult1, Didier Pottier1, Mathieu Guibert1, Alain

Bourreau1, Rachel Picquet2, Valérie Kientz Bouchart2, Philippe Vérité3, David Garon1,*

1 Unité ABTE EA 4641 Equipe ToxEMAC, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen

Basse Normandie2 Laboratoire Frank Duncombe, Caen3 Unité ABTE EA 4641 Equipe ToxEMAC, Faculté de Médecine Pharmacie, Université de Rouen

* David Garon, Unité ABTE EA 4641 Equipe ToxEMAC, Bâtiment GRECAN Centre F. Baclesse,avenue Général Harris, BP 5026, 14076 CAEN cedex 05, [email protected].

Depuis quelques années, les cas de dégradation d’habitations par des champignons lignivores telsque la mérule (Serpula lacrymans) sont en recrudescence, en particulier dans l’Ouest de la France quiest très durement touché. Ce champignon qui possède un développement rapide dans des conditionsd’humidité importante est très sporulant. De plus, sa présence s’accompagne de la croissanced’autres espèces fongiques, en particulier de nombreuses moisissures, parmi lesquelles des espècescapables de produire des métabolites potentiellement toxiques (mycotoxines). La contaminationfongique de ces environnements intérieurs paraît donc complexe. Le manque de connaissancesconcernant la nature et les effets sanitaires de cette contamination fongique nécessite la mise enplace d’une approche transdisciplinaire. Ainsi ce projet évalue la contamination fongique debioaérosols et matériaux prélevés dans des habitations atteintes par un champignon lignivore. Lesbioaérosols sont prélevés au moyen de pompes portatives (filtres) et d’un collecteur Coriolis® (liquidestérile). Ils font l’objet d’une caractérisation fongique (identification des moisissures et champignonslignivores, recherche de mycotoxines) et toxicologique (évaluation de la mutagénicité) ; le potentieltoxinogène et mutagène des isolats fongiques collectés est également exploré.

Les données obtenues doivent permettre de mieux caractériser le risque fongique des habitationstouchées par la mérule et d’évaluer l’exposition humaine aux spores fongiques et mycotoxines ausein de ces habitations dégradées.

Projet réalisé avec le soutien financier du MEDDTL (Programme Primequal 2 : Qualité de l’air àl’intérieur des bâtiments et des transports : effets, causes, prévention et gestion.

Contact : [email protected]

Indoor Mycotoxins and the General Practitioner Tony Georges MARCEL, MD, PhD, HealthValue,1 En matière de maladies liées aux mycotoxines il est impossible en France, à l'heure actuelle, en routine médicale, de faire pratiquer une recherche dans le sang ou les urines de mycotoxines, et très difficile de demander la recherche d'un panel de mycotoxines sur les murs. Il faut au mieux, se contenter de l'une d'entre elles. Qui plus est une réputation d'usurpation flotte sur tous ceux qui se plaignent de pathologies diverses apres dégât des eaux, et les publications de l'Institute of Medicine ne sont pas faites pour dissiper cela. Quand donc le médecin doit-il évoquer le rôle pathogénique d'une mycotoxine dans l'habitat (par DDE et/ou d'origine alimentaire), et à laquelle penser? Deux attitudes d'exploration diagnostique sont possibles dans le cas de maladies humaines et de mycotoxines de l'habitat. 1/D'une part, devant certaines pathologies, il peut être raisonnable de s'enquérir d'un dégât des eaux dans les mois ou années qui ont précédé l'éclosion de cette pathologie. Si tel est le cas, la recherche de certaines mycotoxines peut être importante, dans un but d'établir un lien physiopathologique .

2/D'autre part, devant un dégât des eaux avec existence de moisissures, un bilan médical devrait être fait, ne serait-ce que pour établir l'état initial du ou des patients, car une pathologie peut s'installer après un délai. On recherchera: - Sur le plan hepato-gastroenterologique: -des douleurs épigastriques, pouvant amener à une fibroscopie (K estomac, sterigma); - une gêne à la déglutition, pouvant amener à pratiquer transit baryté oeso-gastrique, ou endoscopie (cancer de l'œsophage, fumonisine); - ballonnements abdominaux, surtout s'ils sont associés une sensation nocturne d'hypothermie (DON), ou des nausées importantes (OTA); - douleur de l'hypochondre droit, avec sd biologique de rétention, surtout si HBA et/ou HCA positif, avec ou sans à l'interrogatoire ingestion en outre d'Aflatoxine possible: cacahuètes, laitages suspects, voyage en pays endémique (riz parfois).

1 [email protected]

cancer de l'estomac sterigma Parkinson OTAcancer primitif du foie aflatoxine Alzheimer OTAcancer de l'oesophage fumonisine Ataxie Tricho, Fumo, DAScancer des voies urinaires OTA Probl mnesiques Tricho, Fumo, DAScancer spino-cellulaire cutane sterigma Anosmie d'apparition rapide roridineCancer du poumon (adeno-) ster+ DON Vertiges Tricho, Fumo, DAS

asthme Fibrillations musculairesmycobacteriose atypique nombreuses Anomalie tube neural Fumonisinehemorrhagies alveolaires satratoxine Vertige parox. benin resistant Sterigma, AflaBallonnements abdominaux, nausees OTA Aplasie medullaire DAS

DON OTABallonnement abd. et hypothermie nocturne

Glomerulosclerose focale et segmentaire

roquefortine, tremorotoxines

- Sur le plan rénal et urinaire: - hématurie, pouvant amener à vérifier l'état des voies urinaires (cancer: OTA); - protéinurie évoquant une glomerulosclerose focale et segmentaire, nécessitant une biopsie, sur laquelle l'OTA doit être recherchée. - Sur le plan neurologique: - des troubles de la marche, impressions de vertige, avec élargissement du polygone de sustentation, et impossibilité de marche de funambule (un pied devant l'autre): trichothecenes, Fumonisine, DAS. Une recherche fine d'éléments ataxiques est nécessaire: Romberg, sensibilité vibratoire au diapason. L'exploration vestibulaire peut mettre en évidence des anomalies d'autant plus intéressantes qu'elles ne régressent pas apres manœuvre de Dix et Hallpike; - des fibrillations musculaires sous-cutanées visibles, spontanées (sans chiquenaude pour les provoquer), associées à des sd. de type neuropathie périphérique, cliniquement et à l'EMG (tremorotoxines, roquefortine). - Sur le plan ORL: - Une anosmie d'apparition rapide (roridine), une hypoacousie pour les fréquences élevées (toxicité pour canaux BK) - Sur le plan hématologique: - une cytopénie (DAS); - une lymphopénie, avec en particulier chute des CD4 et/ou des CD8 peut être le fait de nombreuses mycotoxines; un phenotypage peut montrer un accroissement des TREG. - Sur le plan infectieux: - mycobacteriose atypique (image évocatrice au scanner thoracique) en dehors d'une sérologie HIV positive: plusieurs mycotoxines peuvent en être cause. - Sur le plan gyneco-obstetrical: - naissance d'un enfant avec anomalie du tube neural (Fumonisine.)

Toutes ces anomalies connues pour être liées parfois aux mycotoxines, sont observées soit dans d'autres contrées, soit chez l'animal, et dans quelques cas explorées dans l'espèce humaine. Cependant pour l'espèce humaine, outre la dénégation de ce lien, la difficulté voire l'impossibilité de faire doser les mycotoxines, fait que le lien de causalité n'est pas démontré, tout comme pour le Mal décrit par Bright quelques années avant qu'on ne dose l'urée sanguine, et le tabes dont le diagnostic reposait sur la clinique et la notion de chancre ancien, jusqu’à ce que Bordet et Wassermann grâce a la déviation du complément, permettent d'établir le lien de causalité. Des cas cliniques seront présentés pour illustrer ces éléments.

Indoor air pollution occurs by dry cleaner and manicure establishments

I. L.SCHANG, G. GOUPIL, L. PAILLAT, G. THIAULT,II. Laboratoire central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE

OBJECTIVE:

The Central Laboratory of Police headquarters (LCPP) is a public department responsible forassessing the impact of urban and industrial activities on the environment. In this context, the LCPP isregularly asked, due to problems of odor nuisances, to make measurements in dwellings near dry cleanerand manicure establishments installed in ground floor buildings. These measures aims at determine theimpact of these activities on the indoor air qualité . Air samples are carried out by passive sensor during1 to 7 days or by using active sampling during 1 to 8 hours.

DRY CLEANING

The presentation will focus on the concentration levels of tetrachlorethylene can be achieved inhomes located near the laundry and the possible pathways.

A statistical review of concentrations measured by the LCPP tetrachlorethylene (up to 120 000g.m 3) in a sample of 122 homes located near dry cleaning facilities will be presented and compared

with reference values. A special study will be detailed to illustrate the pathways of tetrachlorethylene inhousing.

This investigation concerns a building in which the LCPP was asked to odor problems.Measurements performed in emergency revealed high concentrations of tetrachlorethylene in dwellings(1600 g.m 3 on the 5th floor). The measurements were performed by passive sampling (activatedcarbon) followed by desorption solvent and a determination by GC / FID. A dry cleaner located on theground floor of the building was quickly suspected to be responsible for these emissions. The drycleaning machine was stopped pending the completion of work for compliance of the facility (installationof a mechanical ventilation system with activated carbon treatment). Following this work and beforerestarting the machine dry cleaning, new measurements of concentrations of tetrachlorethylene wereconducted in the building.

Concentrations were significantly reduced compared with the first steps, but the long termguideline value of 250 g.m 3 recommended by ANSES, which is also the benchmark of air quality set bythe HCSP is still exceeded in the accommodation and public areas. The results have shown a decrease ofconcentrations in the apartments as you go up the floors. The highest concentrations are measured inthe apartments on the first floor of the building.

MANICURE ESTABLISHMENTS

Although there are not reference value of the main chemical compounds used in theseestablishments, the LCPP realized analysis of organic volatile compounds in the indoor air of flats to

identify and measure methacrylate of methyl or ethyl and ethyl acetate, who are the main substancesused by manicure establishments.

The methacrylate of methyl or ethyl are specific compounds used to manufacture resins (formanicure establishments and teeth prosthesis), and should not be presents in indoor air or inatmosphere.

The results of these measures had to be less as detection limit value, but our investigationsrealized in 2010 and 2011 showed the presence of these compounds in indoor air of flats atconcentrations sometimes high.

Two studies will be exposed..The first one, concerns the méthyl methacrylate observed in a covered way by a glass roof, where

were installed several manicure establishments, and in flats situated just upstairs. The concentrationsobserved in the air of the way covered are between 93 μg/m3, and 380 μ/m3. The concentrationobserved in the living room of a flat just upstairs two establishments is 240 μg/m3,.

The second one concerns the ethyl methacrylate in a flat just near a manicure establishment. Wemeasured in the room adjoining the establishment 2700 μg/ m3 with active sampling on 7 hours. Thisanormaly very high result showed the impact of manicure establishment activities on the indoor airpollution. In this case our result showed a default of insulation of the party wall.

There are no references values concerning these substances in France, but for information we canfind a Canadian reference value of 52 μg/m3, for the methyl methacrylate. We found higher values in 2 of7 flats analyzed in the covered way.

We can supposed a equivalent toxicity for the ethyl methacrylate because its chemical structure isnearly the same of methyl methacrylate.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Despite compliance with the dry cleaner establishments including the installation of mechanicalventilation equipped with activated carbon filters, the activity still has an impact on indoor air qualityhousing. In spite of improvement of the air quality, the reference value are not respected. Clothes storedand manual detaching activity and ironing activity.are also emitting sources of tetrachlorethylene inaddition to emissions from the use of the dry cleaning machine.

Tetrachlorethylene in housing spreads both by the outside air, especially when the dismissal of themechanical ventilation system leads in front of the dry cleaner establishment, and the air inside thebuilding due to leakage of the walls and floors. The spread on the floors is also by the chimney effect ofthe stairwell.

Concerning the substances used in manicure establishments, methacrylate o methyl or ethyl areboth toxic irritant and sensitizing. In France, there are no regulatory reference value for thesecompounds. It is therefore difficult to recommend the facilities and necessary work that would limitnuisance to neighbors. The recommendations and advice are sometimes inadequate.

1

Combined professional and Residential Toxicological Exposure Risks by VOC Risques croisés d’exposition professionnels et dans les habitations par des COV

KARG, Frank / HPC Envirotec S.A. / France

Scientific Director of HPC-Group Germany & International 1 rue Pierre Marzin, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, CS83001, 35230 SAINT ERBLON / FRANCE

Tél : +33 (0) 299 131 450, Fax : +33 (0) 299 131 451, Email : [email protected]

Introduction:

Professional Exposure Risks are known concerning VOC, and especially in case of solvent use or in case of applications and use of hydrocarbons as BTEX, aliphatics or PAH (Poly-Aromatic-Hydrocarbons). Solvent use can include also chlorinated solvents, as TCE, PCE or polar VOC. Additional in-door residential exposure to toxic VOC can be happen if professional VOC air pollution sources are nearby housings, as in case of lots of petrol stations, dry cleaning installations (Pressings), etc.

The research work concerning “Combined professional and Residential Toxicological Exposure Risks by VOC” showed, that in some cases residential exposures and professional exposures are nearly the same, especially in case of residential spaces very close to professional spaces of Petrol Stations, etc.

The presented case studies shows exposures to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons inbuildings with professional use of three (3) Petrol Stations and nearby apartments withresidents, including children. Persons in private spaces are exposed in these cases nearly in thesame way as the professionals.

A pragmatic and transparent application of Health Risk Assessments concerning pollutant exposures was realized by Toxicological Exposure Risk Quantifications (TERQ). Results of this kind of Health Risk Assessment are used to define also Remediation Goals for corrective actions, as contamination source reduction, etc.

Ambient Air Analyses:

The first case (“A”) of investigations was a Petrol Station with private apartment living space inground & 1st floor, directly over the Petrol Station “A” (cf. Fig. 1). In door ambient air analysesresults showed about 5.9 mg/m3 of total hydrocarbons. In detail the following concentrationswere obtained (cf. Tab. 1):

Substance Conc. (mg/m3)HC6 12 5,8Benzène 0,005Toluène 0,051Ehylbenzène 0,010m &+ p Xylène 0,019o Xylène 0,011

Naphtalène 0,001

Tab. 1: residential Ambient Air Concentrations of “Case A”

2

The ambient air analysis results showed an exposure especially concerning C6 12 aliphatichydrocarbons (including n hexane), benzene and naphthalene.

The second case (“B”) of investigations was a Petrol Station with private living space in a house,directly next to a Petrol Station “B” (cf. Fig. 2). In door ambient air analyses results showedabout 10.3 mg/m3 of total hydrocarbons. In detail the following concentrations were obtained(cf. Tab. 2):

Substance Conc. (mg/m3

) HC

6 12 9,5

Benzène 0,012 Toluène 0,205 Ethylbenzène 0,079 m & p Xylène 0,171

o Xylène 0,124 Naphtalène 0,001

Tab. 2: Residential Ambient Air Concentrations of “Case B”

The ambient air analysis results showed an exposure especially concerning C6 12 aliphatichydrocarbons (including n hexane), benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes and naphthalene.

3

The third case (“C”) of investigations was a Petrol Station with private living space in a house,directly next to a Petrol Station “C” (cf. Fig. 3). In door ambient air analyses results showedabout 0.2 mg/m3 of total hydrocarbons. In detail the following concentrations were obtained(cf. Tab. 3):

Substance Conc. (mg/m3

) 2 Méthyl pentane 0,003

0,07 (C

5 12)

3 Méthyl pentane 0,004 n Héxane 0,008

Méthyl cyclopentane 0,004 2 Méthyl hexane 0,003 3 Méthyl hexane 0,004

n Héptane 0,003 4 Méthyl heptane 0,006

2,4 Diméthyl héptane 0,014 2,4 Diméthyl 1 héptene 0,013

4 Methyl octane, 0,008 alpha. Pinène 0,008

0,048 (C

10 40) D Limonène 0,025

Undécane 0,015 Benzène 0,003 Toluène 0,039

Ethylbenzène 0,006 m+p Xylène 0,020

o Xylene 0,006

Tab. 3: Residential Ambient Air Concentrations of “Case C”

4

The ambient air analysis results showed an exposure especially concerning C6 12 aliphatichydrocarbons (including n hexane) and BETEX.

TERQ: Toxicological Exposure Risk Quantification:

The TERQ: Toxicological Exposure Risk Quantification shows different Exposure Risks forresidents (adults and children), while compliance to all work space related concentration limitsexisted. A conceptual scheme (Fig. 4) shows the “co existance” of the residential exposurespace and the professional exposure space for definition of the exposure scenarios.

Fig. 4: Conceptual Scheme of the Exposure Scenario The detailed comparison between the on-site measured pollutant concentrations and limit Values for work space or residential use, shows, that Compliance to Work place related Limit Values (as for ex. concerning the French VLEP or VME) exist (cf. Tab. 4). Non-compliance exists to Limit Values for residential site use, according WHO and the French Agency for Environmental Health (ANSES: VGAI). Based on the fact, that existing Limit Values are given only for mono-pollutant exposures needs a site and pollutant cocktail specific definition of Concentration limits for acceptable risks (as the ICR: Individual Cancer Risk of 10-5 or the NCR: Non-Cancer-Risk of 1 = DED: Daily Exposure Dosis/ADI: Acceptable Daily Intake). Site and Pollutant Cocktail specific Limit Values for Residential and Professional Exposure

5

Scenarios, defined by a TERQ shows, that these values are exceeded for aliphatic hydrocarbons C6 12, benzene, ethyl benzene (in one case), ethyl benzene and xylenes in one case and naphthalene in two cases.

Paramètres European Community

Health related Limit

value

WHO

Limit Value

French recom-mendedValue for

Indoor (ANSES)

Site and Pollutant Cocktail specific

Limit value: Residential

(TERQ)

Site and Pollutant Cocktail

specific Limit value:

Professional(TERQ)

Work space related

limit Value VLEP/VMEIn France

Concentrations in (mg/m3)

Case A Case B Cas C

HC C5-C

12 - - - 0,84 3,80 1000 9,5 5,8 -

Benzène 0,005 0,0017 0,002 0,0014 0,017 3,25 0,012 0,005 0,003

Toluène - 0,26 - 5,5 24 192 0,205 0,051 0,039

Ethylbenzène - - - 0,01 0,034 88,4 0,079 0,01 0,006

m,p-Xylène - - - 0,24 1

221 0,171 0,019 0,02

o-Xylène - - - 221 0,124 0,011 0,006 Méthyl-pentane - - - - - - - - 0,003

3-Méthyl-pentane - - - - - - - - 0,004

n-Hexane - - - 0,55 2,1 72 - - 0,008 Méthyl-

cyclopentane - - - - - - - - 0,004

2-Méthyl-hexane - - - - - - - - 0,003

3-Méthyl-hexane - - - - - - - - 0,004

n-Heptane - - - - - 1668 - - 0,003 4-Méthyl-heptane - - - - - - - - 0,006

2,4-Diméthyl-heptane - - - - - - - - 0,014

2,4-Diméthyl-1-heptene - - - - - - - - 0,013

4-Méthyl-octane - - - - - - - - 0,008

alpha-Pinène - - - - - - - - 0,008

D-Limonène - - - - - - - - 0,025 Undécane - - - - - - - - 0,015

Naphtalène - - 0,01 0,00077 0,0025 50 0,001 0,001 -

Tab. 4: Analyses results of ambient air of the three case studies and comparison with different Limit values The case study concerning “Case A” showed non-acceptable Cancer Risks for the professional exposure scenario of the site specific pollutant cocktail concerning ethyl benzene and non-acceptable Non-Cancer-Risks concerning aromatic hydrocarbons C>10-12. The case study concerning “Case A” showed also non-acceptable Cancer Risks for the residential exposure scenario of the site specific pollutant cocktail concerning benzene and ethyl benzene and non-acceptable Non-Cancer-Risks concerning benzene, xylenes and aromatic hydrocarbons C>7-12.

6

PROFESSIONNEL

CASE A: Professional CASE A: Residential

ADULTS ADULTS Children AD + C

Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

risques Cancer Risk

Benzene 0,24 6,7E-06 1,11 2,9E-05 0,85 5,6E-05 8,5E-05 Toluene 0,0082 - 0,037 - 0,028 - - Xylenes 0,26 - 1,21 - 0,93 - - Ethyl benzene 0,033 2,3E-05 0,081 5,40E-05 0,12 2,1E-05 7,5E-05 Aliphatic hydrocarbons C

5-C

6 0,013 - 0,06 - 0,046 - -

Aliphatic hydrocarbons C>6

-C8 0,030 - 0,13 - 0,10 - -


-C10

0,16 - 0,730 - 0,56 - - Aliphatic hydrocarbons C

>10-C

12 0,014 - 0,064 - 0,049 - -


-C7 0,01 - 0,045 - 0,034 - -

Aromatic hydrocarbons C>7

-C8 0,61 - 2,77 - 2,14 - -


-C10

2,49 - 11,2 - 8,65 - - Aromatic hydrocarbons C

>10-C

12 0,88 - 4,00 - 3,09 - -

n-Hexane 0 - 0 - 0 - - Naphthalene 0,066 3,9E-06 0,30 9,2E-06 0,23 3,6E-06 1,29E-05 Total ICR: Individual Cancer Risk Limit: 1E-05 3,3E-05 Limit: 1E-05 9,2E-05 8,0E-05 1,7E-04 Total Non-Cancer-Risk Limit: 1 Limit : 1 Neurotoxicity (1+2+3+5+6+13+14) 0,636 - 2,86 - 2,21 - - Hepatotoxicity (2+3+4+7+8+9+10) 1,11 - 4,94 - 3,88 - - Nephrotoxicity (2+4+9+10) 0,667 - 2,93 - 2,33 - - Vesicular toxicity (1+7+8+13+14) 0,491 - 2,21 - 1,71 - - Immunotoxicity (1+2+10) 0,871 - 3,92 - 3,03 - - Pulmonary toxicity (3+13+14) 0,336 - 1,51 - 1,17 - - Body Wight effects (11+12+14) 2,56 - 11,51 - 8,89 - - Intestine toxicity (14) 0,067 - 0,301 - 0,233 - - Reprotoxicity (2+3+4) 0,311 - 1,33 - 1,09 - - Tab. 5: Cancer Risks and Non-Cancer-Risks concerning “Case A” for the site specific & pollutant cocktail specific professional and residential exposure scenarios. The case study concerning “Case B” showed no non-acceptable Cancer Risks for the professional exposure scenario but non-acceptable Non-Cancer-Risks concerning aromatic hydrocarbons C>8-10. The case study concerning “Case B” showed also non-acceptable Cancer Risks for the residential exposure scenario of the site specific pollutant cocktail concerning benzene and non-acceptable Non-Cancer-Risks concerning benzene, xylenes, aromatic hydrocarbons C>7-12.

7

PROFESSIONNEL



Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

risques Cancer Risk


5-C

6 0,0084 - 0,036 - 0,028 - -


-C8 0,018 - 0,083 - 0,064 - -


-C10


>10-C

12 0,0087 - 0,039 - 0,03 - -


-C7 0,0061 - 0,027 - 0,021 - -


-C8 0,37 - 1,69 - 1,31 - -


-C10


>10-C

12 0,54 - 2,44 - 1,89 - -

n-Hexane 0 - 0 - 0 - - Naphthalene 0,066 3,9E-06 0,301 9,2E-06 0,23 3,6E-06 1,2E-05 Total ICR: Individual Cancer Risk Limit: 1E-05 9,6E-06 Limit: 1E-05 2,8E-05 2,9E-05 5,7E-05 Total Non-Cancer-Risk Limit: 1 Limit : 1 Neurotoxicity (1+2+3+5+6+13+14) 0,22 - 1,02 - 0,78 - - Hepatotoxicity (2+3+4+7+8+9+10) 0,52 - 2,35 - 1,82 - - Nephrotoxicity (2+4+9+10) 0,38 - 1,74 - 1,35 - - Vesicular toxicity (1+7+8+13+14) 0,27 - 1,25 - 0,96 - - Immunotoxicity (1+2+10) 0,48 - 2,16 - 1,67 - - Pulmonary toxicity (3+13+14) 0,094 - 0,425 - 0,32 - - Body Wight effects (11+12+14) 1,59 - 7,14 - 5,52 - - Intestine toxicity (14) 0,067 - 0,30 - 0,23 - - Reprotoxicity (2+3+4) 0,033 - 0,143 - 0,11 - - Tab. 6: Cancer Risks and Non-Cancer-Risks concerning “Case B” for the site specific and pollutant cocktail specific professional and residential exposure scenarios.

8

The case study concerning “Case C” showed no non-acceptable Cancer Risks and Non-Cancer-Risks for the professional exposure scenario. The case study concerning “Case C” showed non-acceptable Cancer Risks for the residential exposure scenario of the site specific pollutant cocktail concerning benzene but no non-acceptable Non-Cancer-Risks.

PROFESSIONNEL



Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

Non-cancer Risks

Cancer Risk

risques Cancer Risk


5-C

6 0,00016 - 0,00074 - 0,00057 - -


-C8 0,00037 - 0,0017 - 0,0013 - -


-C10


>10-C

12 0,00017 - 0,00080 - 0,00061 - -


-C7 0,00012 - 0,00056 - 0,00043 - -


-C8 0,0076 - 0,034 - 0,026 - -


-C10


>10-C

12 0,011 - 0,049 - 0,038 - -

n-Hexane 0,0037 - 0,0091 - 0,014 - - Naphthalene 0 0,0E+00 0 0,0E+00 0 0,0E+00 0,0E+00 Total ICR: Individual Cancer Risk Limit: 1E-05 3,3E-06 Limit: 1E-05 1,1E-05 1,5E-05 2,7E-05 Total Non-Cancer-Risk Limit: 1 Limit : 1 Neurotoxicity (1+2+3+5+6+13+14) 0,091 - 0,40 - 0,31 - - Hepatotoxicity (2+3+4+7+8+9+10) 0,037 - 0,16 - 0,13 - - Nephrotoxicity (2+4+9+10) 0,011 - 0,048 - 0,042 - - Vesicular toxicity (1+7+8+13+14) 0,067 - 0,29 - 0,23 - - Immunotoxicity (1+2+10) 0,071 - 0,32 - 0,24 - - Pulmonary toxicity (3+13+14) 0,027 - 0,11 - 0,096 - - Body Wight effects (11+12+14) 0,034 - 0,14 - 0,12 - - Intestine toxicity (14) 0 - 0 - 0 - - Reprotoxicity (2+3+4) 0,027 - 0,12 - 0,097 - - Tab. 7: Cancer Risks and Non-Cancer-Risks concerning “Case C” for the site specific and pollutant cocktail specific professional and residential exposure scenarios. Conclusion: It must be concluded, that:

Professional ambient air exposure can become also residential ambient air exposure, as showed

by examples of Petrol Stations, dry cleaning installations (pressings), Car Garages, Panting Workshops, etc.,

In case of exposure to pollutant cocktails, a simply comparison of obtained ambient air concentrations with “generic Limit Values” for professional or residential scenarios is not sufficient. HRA: Health Risk Assessments, as TERQ: Toxicological Exposure Risk Quantifications should be done.

9

Fine HRA / TERQ application shows, that in case of Compliance to “mono-exposure” Limit Values for ambient air, “Pollution Cocktails” can show non-acceptable Cancer Risks and non-acceptable systemic Non-Cancer-Risks. In this case corrective actions, as for ex. Pollution Source reduction or building equipment, etc. are necessary.

References:

[1] Karg, F., Robin-Vigneron, L., Hintzen U., Grauf, TH., Olk, C. (2006): TERQ (Toxikologische

Expositionsrisiko-Quantifizierung): Die standortspezifische Gefährdungsbewertung und Sanierungszieldefinition unter Berücksichtigung der Vielstoffbetrachtung – Beispiel: Standort RAG-Rütgers Chemicals in Oberhausen: - Gefahrschwellenmanagement im Vollzug (HRA: Health Risk Assessment and site specific Remediation Goal determination at the RAG-site in Oberhausen / Germany). Handbuch Altlastensanierung und Flächenmangement: 11/2006 in Press.

[2] Karg (2007): Site investigations and Risk Assessment on Sites Polluted by Military Chemicals. Congress Handbook INTERSOL 2007, 28/03/2007, Ivry-sur-Seine.

[3] Karg, F., Hintzen, H. (2007): Umweltchemie und gesundheitliche Risiken von toxischen Aminen und heterozyklischen Stickstoffverbindungen auf belasteten Standorten. (Environmental Chemistry and Health Risks by Amines and Heterocyclic Nitrogene Compounds on Contaminated Sites). Altlastenspektrum Berlin 05/2007, p. 222 – 228.

[4] Karg, F. (2008) : Caractérisation du danger des substances sans seuil d’effet (Danger Characterization of Compounds without exposure effect-limit). Exposition aux faibles doses un défi pour l’évaluation et la gestion des risques pour l’homme et l’environnement . Colloque ARET : Association pour la Recherche en Toxicologie. Paris – Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 09 – 10/06/2008.

[5] Dor, F., Karg, F., Robin-Vigneron, L. (2009) : Recensement et identification des menaces environnementales pour la Santé Publique (Inventory and identification of Environmental Threats to Public Health). ERS, 2009.

[6] AFSSET, Karg, F. et al (2010) : Valeurs toxicologiques de référence (VTR) pour les substances cancérogènes (Toxicological Reference Values for cancerogenic Compounds) - Méthode de construction de VTR fondées sur des effets cancérogènes - Saisine n°2004/AS16. Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Environnement et du Travail, 05/2010 (aujourd’hui ANSES : Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire). http://www.afsset.fr/upload/bibliotheque/141844903203317036420911165719/VTR_cancer_methodologie_afsset_mars10.pdf

[7] Karg, F. (2010) : Recensement des menaces environnementales pour la santé publique et l’importance de la pollution de l’air ambiant. Rapport de l’INVS / Inventory of environmental threats on public health and links with ambiant air pollution. INVS report – Minutes AtmosFair, Lyon 28/09/2010. [8] Karg, F. (2011): Evaluation des risques liés aux amines aromatiques et aux composés hétérocycliques (Risk Assessment linked to Aromatic Amines and Heterocyclic Compounds. AtmosFair 21-22/06/2011. Paris : Minutes of Congress.

[9] Karg. F. (2011): TERQ: Toxicological Exposure Risk Quantification for Heterocyclic PAC and Aromatic Amine Contamination in case of DNBA Site Remediation. Book of Minutes of ISPAC: International Society for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds; Munster, Germany, 04-08/09/2011.

Evaluation of the household insecticide concentrations during and after their application inindoor atmospheres

Aude VesinDoctorante au Laboratoire Chimie Environnement

Equipe Instrumentation et Réactivité Atmosphérique (IRA)3, place Victor Hugo Case 29

13331 MARSEILLE Cedex 3

The evaluation of the exposure to environmentally significant and health relevant compounds inindoor environments becomes a growing issue of concern since people spend on average more than80% of their time indoors (Klepeis et al., 2001). In this context, the increasing application ofcommercial household insecticides in indoor environments is becoming a health concern due tohazardous properties of the active substances. On line monitoring of household insecticidalsubstances in the air compartment during and immediately after commercial insecticide applicationvia electric vaporizers or aerosol cans can provide key parameters such as peak concentration andincrease/decay rates. Due to the high time variability of the concentrations during these applications,the use of high time resolution instruments is relevant to supplement the state of the art off linemethods (Berger Preiss et al, 2009). Data on concentration levels and kinetics are actually significantinformation in a perspective of human exposure evaluation. Inhalation actually appears to be one ofthe primary routes for residential pesticide exposure in some studies (Hahn et al., 2010; Whyatt etal., 2007).

The study is specifically focused on synthetic pyrethroids, which belong to the household insecticidefamily most frequently applied today (Feo et al., 2010; French authorized biocide database). Even ifhuman health effects still remain unclear (Feo et al., 2010), insecticide application has been shown tocause some adverse effects, specifically impacting children and pregnant women (ATSDR, 2003).Thus, a European workshop on endocrine disruptors includes pyrethroids in a list of chemicalssuspected to interfere with the hormone system (European Commission, 2004). In addition, somepyrethroids were classified by the US EPA as possible human carcinogens (US EPA RED reports forpermethrin and cypermethrin, 2006).

The analytical strategy consists in the utilization of a High Sensitivity Proton Transfer Reaction MassSpectrometer (HS PTR MS) (Ionicon) for the measurement of the gaseous phase (Vesin et al., 2012)and a High Resolution Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (HR ToF AMS) (Aerodyne Research)for the measurement of aerosols. Both instruments provide high time and chemically resolvedmeasurements. Field measurements involving three electric vaporizers and four aerosol cans werecarried out under air exchange rate (AER) controlled conditions in a full scale test room, located inthe “Mechanised house for Advanced Research on Indoor Air” (MARIA) experimental house, at theScientific and Technical Centre of Building (CSTB) in Marne la Vallée, France (Vesin et al., underreview).

The concentration profile for the active ingredients obtained from the electric vaporizersexperiments shows a rapid increase as soon as the electric vaporizer is plugged in, before reaching apeak a few minutes after unplugging (up to 8.5 μg/m3). The active ingredient concentration thenstarts decreasing, to finally come down close to the initial background level in several hours. Themathematical modelling of the data shows that from a kinetic point of view, ventilation is the mainor even the exclusive elimination mechanism of transfluthrin from the room, therefore crucial tomaintain an acceptable air quality. Mass balance calculations nevertheless underline the significanceof adsorption on indoor surfaces that appears to be the major elimination process of transfluthrinfrom the gaseous phase, however acting as a temporary sink due to the reversible nature of thismechanism (Vesin et al., under review). The analysis of the vapours emitted by the commercial refills

finally highlights the qualitative and probably also quantitative significance of the additives relative tothe pesticide especially as regards the liquid refills.

Due to the known harmful health effects of the active substances present in the aerosol cans, aninnovative data treatment of the raw HR ToF AMS data is realized to dissociate the contribution ofthe pesticides alone relative to the additives. The study of the pesticide size distribution shows amean particle diameter around 6μm. The pesticide aerosol is therefore part of the inhalable fraction(PM10) and is consequently likely to have a significant health relevance. Reached a few seconds aftervaporization, the peak concentrations of pesticide are of the order of several dozens of μg/m3,followed by a rapid elimination from the air compartment (t1/2 = 22 to 39 min), primarily due to airexchange and particles deposition. Surface adsorption, coagulation, reactivity phenomena may alsooccur in the room. These high concentrations coupled to the “cocktail effect” due to thesimultaneous presence of several active ingredients result in a potentially significant exposure afterthe application of commercial aerosol cans.

The use of these innovative analytical tools having a high time resolution enables to carefully followthe pesticide concentration profiles during and after the application of household insecticides inindoor atmospheres. Consequently, such results may serve as foundations to study the exposurelevels and gives a more accurate output on the exposure doses and duration that turn out to becrucial, especially for fragile populations such as children and pregnant women.

This study is funded by the French Agency for Environmental Health Security (ANSES), the FrenchEnvironment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) and the French National Centre for ScientificResearch (CNRS). REFERENCESATSDR, 2003. Toxicological profile for pyrethrins and pyrethroids. U.S. Department of health and human

services, Public Health Service.Berger Preiss, E., Koch, W., Gerling, S., Kock, H., Appel, K.E., 2009. Use of biocidal products (insect sprays and

electro vaporizer) in indoor areas – exposure scenarios and exposure modelling. International Journal ofHygiene and Environmental Health 212, 505 518.

European Commission, 2004. Commission Staff Working Document on Implementation of the Community forEndocrine Disruptors a range of substances suspected of interfering with the hormone systems ofhumans and wildlife, SEC (2004) 1372, EC, Brussels, Belgium.

Feo, M.L., Eljarrat, E., Barcelo, D., 2010. Determination of pyrethroid insecticides in environmental samples.Trends in Analytical Chemistry 29, 692 705.

French authorized biocides database, edited by the French Minister of Ecology, consulted on 10/2011, availableat: biocides.developpement durable.gouv.fr.

Hahn, S., Schneider, K., Gartiser, S., Heger, W., Manglesdorf, I., 2010. Consumer exposure to biocide –identification of relevant sources and evaluation of possible health effects. Environmental Health 9, 1 7.

Klepeis, N.E., Nelson, W.C., Ott, W.R., Robinson, J.P., Tsang, A.M., Switzer, P., Behar, J.V., Hern, S.C.,Engelmann, W.H., 2001. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessingexposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11,231 252.

US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Cypermethrin – List B, Case No. 2130, 2006, Prevention,Pesticides and Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA HQ OPP 20050293 0036).

US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin Case No. 2510, 2006, Prevention, Pesticidesand Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 738 R 06 017).

Vesin, A., Bouchoux, G., Quivet, E., Temime, B., and Wortham, H. (2012) Use of the HS PTR MS for on linemeasurements of pyrethroids during indoor insecticide treatments. Analytical and BioanalyticalChemistry 403, 1907 1921.

Whyatt, R.M., Garfinkel, R., Hoepner, L.A., Holmes, D., Borjas, M., Williams, M.K., Reyes, A., Rauh, V., Perera,F.P., Camann, D.E., 2007. Within and between home variability in indoor air insecticide levels duringpregnancy among an inner city cohort from New York city. Environmental Health Perspectives 115(3),383 389.

Impact of building material emissions on indoor air quality: simultaneous quantification ofVOCs and formaldehyde in indoor air and at the air/material interface

Delphine Bourdin 1,2, Pierre Mocho3, Christophe Cantau1 and Valérie Desauziers2

1 Nobatek, 67 rue de Mirambeau, 64600 Anglet, France2 Laboratoire Génie de l’Environnement Industriel (LGEI) – Mining school of Alès (site de Pau) –Hélioparc, 2 avenue du président Pierre Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France3 Laboratoire de thermique energétique et procédés (LaTEP) University of Pau – Rue Jules Ferry –BP7511 – 64075 Pau Cedex, France

Contact: Delphine Bourdin, R&D Engineer, [email protected]

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is nowadays recognized as a major public health issue. In France, thelegislation is evolving with the publication of two decrees on indoor air quality in public buildingsmaking compulsory to measure some pollutants and giving guide values for formaldehyde andbenzene. Plus, the labeling of all building materials according to their VOCs emissions will becomeeffective in 2013. Indeed, the impact of building and decoration materials on indoor air quality is nowwell known and recognized. In this context, it is important to have efficient analytical tools able tostudy both indoor air and air/material interface. These kinds of tools could be used to realize indoorair diagnosis or to identify the materials responsible of an indoor pollution. All the standard or

developing methods used to analyse IAQ or building material emissions (DNPH cartridges, Radiello

tubes, FLEC …) involve analysis of VOCs and aldehydes by two different ways. The first one is usuallyrealized by gas chromatography (GC) whereas the second one is made by high pressure liquidchromatography (HPLC) after a derivatization. Our analytical method relies on solid phasemicroextraction (SPME). This sampling method consists in concentrating the pollutants on a fiberwhich is then directly desorbed into a GC injector prior to a gas chromatographic analysis. Thissampling device was used to realize simultaneous quantification of VOCs and aldehydes. In order toevaluate the analytical performances of the developed method, the fiber was exposed to standardatmospheres enclosed in a 250mL vacuum sampling vial. The SPME extraction was made in staticmode. As SPME can be considered as a passive sampler the first Fick’s law of diffusion can be applied.Thus, the amount of pollutant adsorbed on the fiber is proportional to the product of theconcentration of the pollutant in the vial and the extraction time. The analytical method was testedon a mixture of 9 compounds: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, toluene, p xylene, styrene, 1,2dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, alpha pinene and hexanal. These compounds are eitherconcerned by the labeling of building material products or representative of wooden construction.For these nine compounds, with FID detection, a good linearity was obtained up to a mg.m 3

concentration level for a 5 minute SPME extraction. With a 20 minute SPME extraction, we obtainedlimits of detection ranging from 1.4 to 11.3 μg.m 3 with FID and from 0.005 to 0.124 μg.m 3 with amass spectrometry (SM) detection operating in single ion monitoring (SIM) mode. It was also proventhat air relative humidity (0 70%) did not have any impact on sampling. Finally, a first comparison ofour method with the standard one was made for the analysis of formaldehyde in indoorenvironments and emitted by building materials in an environmental chamber. The results obtainedwith these two methods were comparable.

This simultaneous quantification of VOCs and aldehydes was then applied in a new office building,built following the “HQE” approach. In the meeting room, indoor air quality as well as the interface of

air/material were studied with our SPME analytical method. In indoor air four VOCs among our 9model compounds were quantified.

For formaldehyde, all the material emissions were determined by a new method developed in ourlaboratory (patent pending). Air exchange rate was evaluated with a CO2 injection. From theseresults, a simple box model was applied to predict the formaldehyde indoor concentration in thestudied room. The theorical concentration obtained was 6.4 μg.m 3 whereas the measuredconcentration was 7.0 μg.m 3. This modelling, which should be strengthened with further studies,could offer the possibility to predict indoor air quality and to try different scenarios in order toevaluate the impact of various parameters of building management (ventilation, materials...)

A fast, sensitive and easy to implement analytical method for the evaluation of both VOCs andcarbonyl compounds, including formaldehyde, was developed. The modeling of indoor air qualitygave very encouraging first results and will now be adjusted thanks to a 6 month study in a new highschool.

Development and validation of a Colorimetric Passive Flux Sampler for formaldehydeemission rate measurements in indoor environments

Guillaume Poulhet1,2,3, Sébastien Dusanter1,2,4*, Sabine Crunaire1,2, Philippe Karpe5, Yves Bigay5, PascalKaluzny3, Nadine Locoge1,2, Patrice Coddeville1,2

1 Univ Lille Nord de France, F 59000, Lille, France2 EMDouai, CE, F 59508 Douai, France3 Tera Environnement, Crolles, France4 School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA5 ETHERA, Grenoble, France

*Corresponding email: sebastien.dusanter@mines douai.fr

Formaldehyde (HCHO), classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research onCancer [IARC 2004], is one of the most abundant volatile organic compound in indoor environments dueto the presence of many diffuse sources such as building and furnishing materials (particleboard,hardwood plywood paneling, medium density fiberboard…) as well as point sources from humanactivities (cosmetics, carpet cleaners, tobacco smoke…). As a consequence, indoor concentrations areseveral times higher than outdoor levels (a few g/m3) as observed during a national campaign involvingmore than 500 French dwellings (median concentration of 19.6 g/m3) [Kirchner et al., 2007]. It is worthnoting that indoor concentrations are usually higher than the actual guideline value of 10 μg/m3 for longterm exposures (HCSP: High Committee on Public Health, 2009), bringing questions about potentialadverse health effects that could result from indoor exposure.

Since building and furnishing materials are known to be amongst the largest emitters of formaldehyde,an efficient reduction of indoor concentrations could be achieved by replacing these emitters bymaterials exhibiting lower emission rates. However, measurement techniques that are available tomonitor in situ emission rates are either too cumbersome (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell coupled toa suitable analytical instrument) or too time consuming when a delayed laboratory analysis is required(PFS Passive Flux Samplers [Blondel et al., 2010; Shinohara et al., 2007]). It is clear that there is a needto develop real time, low cost and easy to use analytical tools to pinpoint the strongest emitters and toquantify their impact on indoor concentrations of HCHO. It is a prerequisite to propose efficientstrategies for the reduction of indoor concentrations of formaldehyde.

ETHERA, TERA Environnement and l’Ecole des Mines de Douai initiated a collaborative project todevelop a low cost PFS that is suitable for in situ and quasi real time measurements of formaldehydeemission rates from building and furnishing materials. This PFS is made of a small exposition cell (5 cmdiameter, 2.5 cm height) containing a sensor made of a nanoporous Sol Gel matrice (SiO2) doped withFluoral P [Mariano et al., 2010]. When exposed for a few hours onto surface areas characteristic ofindoor environments, the sensor acts as a trap where Fluoral P selectively reacts with formaldehydeemissions. A color change of the sensor, depending on the amount of formaldehyde reacted, allowsestimating the strength of an emission source by a simple visual comparison to a color coded chart. Alow cost optical detector can also be used to measure the sensor’s opacity at 410 nm to performaccurate and precise measurements of emission rates. This new colorimetric PFS is currently beingcalibrated by exposing it to building materials whose formaldehyde emission rates have been measuredusing an emission chamber under standardized conditions (ISO 16000 9), as made previously tocharacterize a different PFS [Blondel et al., 2010]. Preliminary results indicate a good linearity of the PFS

response and a limit of detection of approximately 10 μg/m2/h, which is low enough for indoor emissionmonitoring.In this communication, we will present a complete characterization of the performances of this newcolorimetric passive flux sampler and we will discuss its potential for the identification of emissionsources in indoor environments.

References:

Blondel, A., and H. Plaisance (2010), Validation of a passive flux sampler for on site measurement offormaldehyde emission rates from building and furnishing materials, Analytical Methods, 2(12),2032 2038.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2007. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity tohumans. In: IARC Monographs, vol 1 96

ISO 16000 9:2006 Indoor air Part 9: determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds frombuilding products and furnishings – Emission test chamber method. Standard, ISO 16000 9:2006(2004 05 15)

Kirchner, S., J. F. Arenes, C. Cochet, and M. Derbez (2007), État de la qualité de l’air dans les logementsfrançais, Environnement, Risques & Santé, 6(4), 259 269.

Mariano, S., W. Wang, G. Brunelle, Y. Bigay, and T. H. Tran Thi (2010), Colorimetric detection offormaldehyde: A sensor for air quality measurements and a pollution warning kit for homes,Procedia Engineering, 5, 1184 1187.

Shinohara, N., M. Fujii, A. Yamasaki, and Y. Yanagisawa (2007), Passive flux sampler for measurement offormaldehyde emission rates, Atmospheric environment, 41, 4018 4028.

Qualité de l’air intérieur : Bilan des mesures de Kudzu Science sur les COV et aldéhydesdans l’air intérieur

INDOOR AIR QUALITY: REVIEW OF KUDZU SCIENCE DATA ON INDOOR VOCS AND ALDEHYDES MEASUREMENT’S

V. Peynet, T. Mereu et C. Burg

KUDZU SCIENCE, 38 rue de l’Industrie, CS 80026, 67401 ILLKIRCH Cedex, France,www.kudzuscience.com

Depuis Avril 2011, Kudzu Science commercialise pour les particuliers et les professionnels des kitsd’analyse de l’air intérieur selon le concept du Home Testing®. Les kits d’analyse de l’air intérieurcontiennent deux supports de prélèvement passif : le premier destiné au prélèvement des COVs(GABIE) et le second au prélèvement des aldéhydes (SKC UMEX100). Les prélèvements sont effectuésdurant une période de 7 jours consécutifs et envoyés au laboratoire pour analyse accompagnésd’une fiche de prélèvement renseignant les conditions du prélèvement.

Les composés fixés sur les supports de prélèvement sont extraits à l’aide d’un solvant organiqueadapté, puis l’extrait est analysé par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à une détection parspectrométrie de masse (GC MS) pour les COVs et par chromatographie liquide couplée à unedétection UV et par spectrométrie de masse pour les aldéhydes (LC UV MS). Les concentrationsaériennes (μg/m3) sont ensuite calculées à partir des concentrations mesurées dans les extraits. Lesmesures réalisées sur un total de 26 COVs et de 8 aldéhydes sont présentées dans un rapportd’analyse personnalisé téléchargeable avec un identifiant unique.

En fonction de la concentration mesurée et de la toxicité, un indice de pollution est attribué à chaquecomposé. Ces indices ainsi que la concentration totale des 34 polluants recherchés permettent dedéterminer un Indice de Qualité de l’Air Intérieur qui est une évaluation globale de la qualité de l’airintérieur.

La campagne de mesure réalisée par Kudzu Science en 2011 a porté sur plus d’une centained’habitations réparties sur l’ensemble du territoire français et dans différentes pièces des habitations(salon, chambre, bureau…). Dans plus de 80% des cas, les résultats obtenus ont révélé un air dequalité moyenne ou mauvaise, impliquant la mise en place de mesure pour améliorer la qualité del’air intérieur.

Un bilan des composés les plus souvent détectés est présenté avec leur occurrence dans leséchantillons, les valeurs moyenne, maximum et médiane des concentrations mesurées. A partir desdonnées obtenues, une analyse statistique des résultats a été réalisée afin d’identifier desdifférences en fonction plusieurs facteurs dont la nature de la pièce analysée, les conditionsd’aération … Une étude de cas concernant le tétrachloroéthylene sera également présentée.

Since April 2011, Kudzu Science commercializes user friendly indoor air quality analytical kits forprivate individuals and professionals based on Home Testing® concept. Indoor air quality analyticalkits contain two passive samplers: one for VOCs sampling (GABIE) and one for aldehydes sampling(SKC UMEX 100). Sampling is performed during one complete week and samples are sent back to thelaboratory together with a sampling form giving information about sampling conditions.

The compounds that were fixed into the sampling sorbent were extracted using appropriate organicsolvent, the extracts were then analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometrydetection (GC MS) for VOCs and liquid chromatography coupled with UV and mass spectrometrydetection (LC UV MS) for aldehydes. Aerial concentrations (μg/m3) were calculated withconcentrations measured in the extracts. Measurements made on a total of 26 VOCs and 8 aldehydesare presented in an analytical report that can be downloaded using unique ID.

A pollution index is attributed to each compound, depending on the measured concentration and itstoxicity. These indexes and the sum of the concentration for the 34 compounds are then used to givean Indoor Air Quality index that is a direct assessment of the indoor air quality.

Measurement campaign performed by Kudzu Science in 2011 was conducted in more than hundredhomes located in France and in different rooms (living room, bedroom, office …). More than 80% ofthe results obtained indicated average or poor indoor air quality, which need actions to improveindoor air quality.

A review of the most frequently detected compounds will be presented together with theiroccurrence in samples, mean, maximum and median value of the measured concentrations. Astatistical analysis of these data was performed based on the nature of the room; airing conditions …A case study regarding tetrachlorethylene will also be presented.

Fig. 1 : Indice de pollution pour chaque polluant / Pollution index for each pollutant

Fig. 2 : Indice de qualité de l’air / Indoor air quality index

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Indoor Air Quality: Determination of the Secondary Sources of Formaldehyde in EducationalInstitutions of the Region Centre of France

Yeny TOBON,1 Carole FLAMBARD,2 Benoît GROSSELIN,1 Mathieu CAZAUNAU,1 Abderrazak YAHYAOUI,2 Florent HOSMALIN,2

Patrice COLIN,2 Ivan FEDIOUN,1 Abdelwahid MELLOUKI,1 Véronique DAËLE1

1 Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARECNRS)/OSUC, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France

2 Lig'Air – Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre, 3 Rue du Carbone 45100 Orléans, Franceveronique.daele@cnrs orleans.fr

ABSTRACT

In this communication we present preliminary results of the studies carried out in educational institutions(elementary and high schools) of the Region Centre in France. In the framework of the FORMUL’AIR project wehave measured formaldehyde and several volatile organic compounds with the aim of identifying the secondarysources contributing to increase the indoor formaldehyde concentration. Numerical simulations of the air motionin a classroom have also been performed to determine the effect of the air renewal and define the more effectiveventilation configuration adapted to the classroom arrangement.

INTRODUCTION

In the last years, indoor air quality has become an important occupational health and safety issue. In fact, peoplespend more than 80% of their time indoors where the concentrations of many VOCs can be consistently higherthan outdoor environments.1,2 Formaldehyde, one of the main indoor pollutants, has been recognized as a humancarcinogen compound by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC.3 It is used in severalmanufacturing processes, especially the production of wood binding adhesives and resins.

Formaldehyde can be released directly (primary sources) from some building materials, cleaning agents,disinfectants, pesticide formulations, paper products, cigarette smoke, etc. However, other VOCs could alsocontribute to increase the ambient formaldehyde levels through chemical reactions within the ambient air(secondary sources).4 Consequently, the knowledge of the secondary sources of formaldehyde could permit notonly to decrease the formaldehyde indoor concentration by direct control of their precursors but also tocontribute to formulate regulatory measures.

METHODS

The experiments were organized in representative classrooms of an urban high school in Orléans and an urbanelementary school in Bourges from Mars 9th to 26th, 2012 and from June 1st to 18th, 2012 respectively. Theventilation of the high school depends on a small controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) and natural ventilationthrough doors, windows and two small natural ventilation grilles. The ventilation at the elementary schooldepends only on natural ventilation through doors and windows. Carbonyls compounds and other VOCs werecollected in parallel by active sampler devices (using NDPH and Air Toxic cartridges), PTR TOF MS and HCHO, O3

and NOx analysers. Comfort and confinement parameters as well as outdoor O3, NOx, and PM10 concentrationswere also monitored. Trapped carbonyl NDPH compounds were extracted with 5 ml acetonitrile and quantifiedusing HPLC with a photodiode array UV detector (Jasco). AirToxic tubes analysis was performed using a thermaldesorption technique with gas chromatography (GC) separation and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Blanksamples were also analysed under the same conditions.

RESULTS

High school Orléans:Formaldehyde concentrationvariation monitored by the HCHO analyzer, with aresolution time of 30 seconds, showed that the indoorformaldehyde levels were kept between 3 and 20μg/m3 during the campaign with an average near to 10μg/m3. As shown in figure 1, most of the formaldehydepeaks are produced in the week days, generally whenthe classes begin or after some breaks.

Figure 1. Formaldehyde variation at the high school.

A comparison with the timetable of the class and some information collected by a questionnaire has permitted toexplain some variations of the formaldehyde. As it is expected, formaldehyde level is decreased when one ormore windows are opened and increased again when they are closed. However, some sharp formaldehyde peaksappear when the students arrive in the morning or after some breaks. As it is well known, people can increasethe indoor pollution levels by using of recently dry cleaning cloths and perfumes.

No correlation between formaldehyde and VOCs were observed except for terpens (C10H16) in the week days, witha correlation factor around 51%.

Elementary school Bourges:

Formaldehyde levels varied between 5 and 28 μg/m3 during the campaign with an average around 16 μg/m3

(Figure 2). The formaldehyde concentration was observed to increase on weekend 1 where the indoortemperature reached around 25 °C (The highest indoor temperature during the campaign). Desorption processeshave been evidenced by analysis of correlation between formaldehyde and the temperature on weekends, with a

correlation factor of 0.67.

We have also found good correlation betweenformaldehyde and compounds as limonene (0.53),pinene (0.55), isoprene (0.43), butene (0.57), octene(0.57), 3 hexen 2,5 dione (0.52) and ozone (0.50), butonly on the night data where windows and doors areclosed. Temperature was not correlated at night.These observations could indicate some ozoneinduced reactions occurring indoors that formformaldehyde. Nonetheless, other campaigns andanalysis will be necessaries and are already planned.

Figure 2. Formaldehyde variation at the elementaryschool

CONCLUSIONS

Firsts campaigns organized in educational institutions of the Region Centre in France provide indications of theindoor formaldehyde concentrations levels and variation according to the activities and human habits. Bothinstitutions can be considered to have a good air quality. However, the elementary school is on the target value10μg/m3.

In this work, we have found some indications that secondary formaldehyde is mainly produced by indoor ozonereaction with terpens and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, other reactions pathways could alsocontribute to the secondary formation of formaldehyde.

Further experiments will be conducted in order to have more evidences and better identify the secondary sourcesof formaldehyde indoors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Region Centre for the financial support of the FORMUL’AIR project andthe staff of the educational institutions CP and NL for their assistance and valuable collaboration during thecampaigns.

REFERENCES

1. Jones, A.P. Atmos Environ, 1999, 33, 4535-4564. 2. Hodgson A. T.; Beal McIlvaine D. Indoor Air 2002, 12, 235-242. 3. International Agency for Research on Cancer (June 2004). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 88, 2006: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol. 4. M. Nicolas, O. Ramalho, F. Maupetit. Atmos Environ, 2007, 41, 3129-3138.

Présentation proposée par :

La ville de Nogent sur MarneEtienne de Vanssay, Dr (+33 628 090 954) Dirigeant de Cap Environnement, Président de Fimea

En 2010, la Ville de Nogent sur Marne, devançant la législation a émis un marché pour la réalisationde mesures de la qualité de l’air intérieur dans les établissements recevant la petite enfance etrelevant de sa responsabilité.

Après une présentation du contexte et des enjeux motivant la Ville de Nogent sur Marne dans sadécision de faire réaliser une campagne de mesure de la qualité de l’air intérieur dans lesétablissements de la commune, nous présenterons la méthodologie déployée (protocole LCSQA /phase pilote campagne nationale) et les résultats obtenus au travers de quelques retoursd’expériences contrastés (très bonne qualité de l’air, moyenne qualité et dépassement de seuil) etdes cas de figure mettant en perspective les problématiques que l’on peut retrouver concernant lebenzène, le formaldéhydes et le CO2.

Suivra une rapide présentation des éléments clés des décrets promulgués dans le cadre de laréglementation de la qualité de l’air intérieur dans les établissements recevant du public (décrets2011 1727 et 1728 du 2 décembre 2011 et 2012 14 du 5 janvier 2012) parus suite à la réalisation dela phase pilote des campagnes de mesures dans les écoles et crèches.

La seconde partie de la présentation portera sur la stratégie de gestion adoptée face à la présencedans un des établissements de formaldéhyde à des niveaux dépassant les seuils recommandés. Lesétapes de cette démarche seront décrites et commentées à la fois sur un plan technique(méthodologie de recherche des sources, procédure de suivi régulier) et sur un aspect degouvernance (mobilisation et information des parties prenantes, recherche des solutions à mettre enœuvre et planification des actions).

La conclusion sera développée pour la Ville de Nogent sur Marne qui présentera les bénéfices qu’ellea pu tirer de cette expérience en anticipant l’application de la réglementation.

Chemical and Colorimetric Sensors for the Detection of Nitrogen Trichloride at ppb Level

T.-H. Nguyen1,2, J. Garcia1, T.-D. Nguyen1, A.-M. Laurent3, C. Beaubestre3, T.-H. Tran-Thi1

1 CEA-Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SPAM/Laboratoire Francis Perrin, URA CEA-CNRS 2453, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

2 ETHERA R&D, CEA-Saclay, Bât. 451, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France 3 Laboratoire d’Hygiène de la Ville de Paris, 11 rue Georges Eastman, 75013 Paris, France

In swimming pools, chlorine (Cl2) is used as a disinfectant to minimize the risk to users from microbial contaminants. In water, Cl2 is transformed into hypochlorous acid (HOCl)which reacts with nitrogen compounds like saliva, sweat, urine and skin, leading to the formation of several chloramines, such as monochloramine, dichloramine and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3)[1]. Because of its low solubility in water, the produced NCl3 is essentially found in the air. This toxic gas provokes significant eye and respiratory irritations in swimmers and pool attendants, [2] and epidemiologic studies have recently shown that it can induce asthma, especially in children [3]. The detection and analysis of NCl3 at ppb level has become of great importance. However, there is currently no direct and selective method of measurement of NCl3 in the atmosphere.

The development of innovative chemical sensors for the direct detection of nitrogen trichloride, is described. They are based on nanoporous materials with high adsorptive properties and whose pores are tailored to become efficient nanoreactors. These nanoreactors, are designed to enhance a specific reaction between a probe molecule and NCl3, thus providing rapidity and high sensitivity. These sensors can detect NCl3 at ppb level within 20 minutes in humid atmospheres (RH:80%) at ambient pool temperatures. Due to the fast change of colour, from transparent to violet-blue visible with the naked eye, these sensors can be used to monitor the air quality of indoor pools in public or private areas and in food processing plants.

We will show the comparison of the sensor performance to the currently used, but indirect, methods during campaigns of measurements in swimming pools.

References

1] C. Colin, M. Brunetto, R. Rosset, “Les chloramines en solution : préparations, équilibres, analyse”, Analusis, 1987, 15(6), 265-274.

[2] M. Héry, G. Hecht, J. M. Gerber, J. C. Gendre, G. Hubert, J. Rebuffaud, “Exposure to chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools“, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1995, 39, 427-439.

[3] A. Bernard, S. Carbonnelle, X. Dumont, M. Nickmilder, “Infant swimming practice, Pulmonary epithelium intregrity and the risk of allergic and respiratory diseases in childhood”, Pediatrics, 2007, 119, 1095-1103.

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7, Boulevard de la Libération, 93200 Saint-Denis Tél. 33 (0)1.42.43.16.66, Fax 33 (0)1.42.43.50.33

Email : [email protected] http://www.fluidyn.com

La modélisation 3D de la qualité de l’air en milieu confiné, un outil de conception et de diagnostic

L. Ait Hamou, G. Vaton, A. Tripathi, C. Souprayen Corr. [email protected], FLUIDYN France 7 bld de la Libération 93200 SAINT-DENIS

Après l’accent mis sur la déperdition énergétique qui a amené à isoler au maximum habitations et espaces collectifs, il est maintenant de notoriété publique que la qualité de l’air intérieur est souvent plus dégradée par rapport à la qualité de l’air extérieur, en raison d’un taux médiocre de renouvellement de l’air ainsi que d’émissions accrues de polluants à partir de matériaux présents. La qualité de l’air intérieur est donc devenue un enjeu de santé publique qui intervient aussi bien au niveau du diagnostic sur les sites existants qu’au niveau de la conception sur les bâtiments nouveaux. Cette préoccupation grandissante a pris notamment la forme d’un décret paru en 2011 enjoignant de surveiller périodiquement et éventuellement remédier à la qualité de l’air dans les Etablissements Recevant du Public, en particulier les établissements d’accueil des mineurs. Afin de diagnostiquer un état de fait pour un établissement existant, les mesures sont nécessaires car elles permettront de fournir une mesure objective. Cependant les mesures restent locales et ciblées dans le temps et ne peuvent représenter l’intégralité du diagnostic à moins d’un déploiement coûteux. D’autre part, les mesures ne peuvent évidemment pas permettre de prédire la qualité de l’air d’un bâtiment au stade de l’avant-projet, pas plus que de privilégier une conception plutôt qu’une autre. En complément de la mesure, la simulation numérique permet d’obtenir des informations sur les zones faiblement ventilées, zones de fortes concentrations, les zones de forte convection thermique et éventuellement le couplage avec l’émission en lien avec l’écoulement et la température sur les surfaces. Elle permet également de définir rapidement l’impact de préconisations qu’elles soient liées à des modifications de ventilation ou de matériaux, visant à la réduction de niveaux élevés de concentrations. Parmi les différentes modélisations possibles, la simulation 3D basée sur les équations de la mécanique des fluides (CFD) est un outil puissant et précis. Les outils généralistes de simulation CFD sont souvent jugés hors de portée des bureaux d’étude, architectes et concepteurs, du fait de leur complexité et de temps de calculs élevés. Une solution logicielle dédiée ouvre l’accès à la CFD à un usage plus répandu. Un nouvel outil logiciel de simulation numérique 3D, fluidyn-VENTIL, est proposé, alliant une interface simple et aisée avec des méthodes numériques pertinentes et efficaces. Cet outil a été conçu avec un certain nombre d’objectifs :

- Prise en compte facilité de la géométrie des bâtiments, structuration en pièces et communications (portes, couloirs) prise en compte de conditions aux limites externes (fenêtres, ouvrants) et de l’occupation interne (encombrement, obstacles, sources).

- Possibilité de présenter des émissions canalisées et diffuses multiples simultanément. - Possibilité d’ajouter les ventilations forcées mais aussi les ouvertures vers l’extérieur ainsi que les

points chauds (équipements actifs, personnes) entraînant les écoulements par convection naturelle. Les résultats attendus répondent à plusieurs points des exigences réglementaires et HQE :

- Conformité avec les seuils de qualité de l’air par la connaissance détaillée des champs de concentration de polluants

- Qualification et connaissance des sources d’émission par comparaison des résultats de concentration avec les mesures.

- Evaluation des différentes solutions proposées (positionnement et puissance de la ventilation, ouverture, etc.)

- Arbitrage entre les objectifs parfois contradictoires de qualité de l’air, confort des usagers et déperdition énergétique.

L’outil contient une interface dédié pour la construction de la géométrie des volumes, pièces et bâtiments exploitant une base de données d’objets, base augmentable, et de menus permettant la mise en place aisée des conditions aux limites pour les sources et éléments actifs (au sen aéraulique). Une illustration simple de l’interface associée est fournie ci-dessous Figure 1 avec les principales étapes de mise en place.

Figure 1 : Interface VENTIL et étapes de construction – (a) Volume et ouvertures – (b) équipement et occupations -

(c) cloisonnements et sources. La base de la simulation repose sur la résolution des équations de la mécanique des fluides avec cependant un choix orienté (pour aider l’utilisateur) sur une technique numérique robuste, les maillages 3D automatiques des domaines de simulations, la reprise/multiplication de scénarios dont les performances doivent être comparées. L’analyse des résultats est réalisée avec des visualisations 3D, des coupes et des bilans en termes d’efficacité (taux de captation, temps de séjours, flux et vitesses/humidités (pour le confort), bilans thermiques globaux. Les extraits Figure 2 ci-dessous de la partie post-traitement de l’interface illustrent quelques rendus graphiques fournissant l’aide à l’interprétation et les analyses d’implantation d’équipements.

Figure 2 : Exemples de sorties de simulations par Ventil – (a) concentrations multidomaine, (b) zoom sur le

développement initial autour d’un équipement) (c) distribution des champs de vitesse. Une étude de cas sera présentée pour montrer la mise en œuvre et les applications possibles. Ce cas présente l’intérêt de montrer les couplages intérieur/extérieurs pouvant se développer naturellement sur des bâtiments avec ouvertures (aéraulique externe fournie par un outil d’écoulement atmosphérique) et des sources chaudes (problématique industrielle récurrente) avec des sources associées. La Figure 3 ci-dessous montre un état développé de l’aéraulique et des concentrations. Un pré calcul en aéraulique externe initialise le problème et les lignes de courant en convection chaude sont analysées.

Figure 3Exemple de mise en œuvre industrielles (a-b) vitesses et pression externe au site (c ) lignes de courant

visualisant le transport convectif interne (d) concentrations en coupe du bâtiment Une analyse de design (captation) est aussi proposée.

a b c

d

a

b c

a b c

2012

Modélisation de la qualité de l’air à l’intérieur de halls industriels

Numerical Modeling for indoor air quality in industrial halls

Catherine TURPINIngénieur d’études et de développement

catherine.turpin@sillages env.com

Sillages Environnement64, chemin des Mouilles 69134 ECULLY Cedex

www.sillages env.com

Un habitant des pays industrialisés passe en moyenne 90% de son temps dans un milieu

confiné (habitations, bureaux, transports, etc.), cependant l’air intérieur peut parfois être plus pollué

que l’air extérieur. La récente prise de conscience que la qualité de l’air intérieur se révèle être un

enjeu sanitaire majeur s’accompagne aujourd’hui d’une volonté de mieux maîtriser la qualité de l’air

à l’intérieur des différents locaux que nous occupons.

En regard des problématiques de qualité d’air à l’intérieur de halls industriels, la société Sillages

Environnement, experte dans le domaine de la modélisation de la mécanique des fluides

environnementale, réalise des études numériques permettant de déterminer l’aéraulique, la

thermique ainsi que la toxicité dans de telles enceintes. Différents méthodes de modélisation

peuvent être mises en œuvre en fonction du degré de complexité du bâtiment à modéliser et de la

précision spatiale souhaitée. A titre d’exemple, un modèle multizone permet d’obtenir une

information moyenne dans une pièce d’un bâtiment, et un modèle CFD (Computational Fluid

Dynamics), le plus précis à ce jour, modélise chaque pièce par des milliers voire des millions de

cellules contenant chacune une information distincte.

L’objectif de la présentation est d’exposer la méthodologie, mise en œuvre par Sillages

Environnement, permettant de représenter la qualité de l’air à l’intérieur d’un bâtiment. Au travers

d’exemples types sur des sites industriels, l’ensemble des possibilités d’application seront présentés.

ATMOS’FAIR International Conference – LYON – September 26th & 27th 2012

M. PETIT Philippe, CIAT Research & Innovation Center,Health and hygiene laboratory manager700 Avenue Jean Falconnier, 01350 CULOZPhone Nr : +33(0)479424368 – Fax : +33(0)479424013Email : [email protected]

VAICTEUR AIR2 (1) project : for a healthy AIR, a comfortable AIR, a “Low Energy” AIR

with the support of et

1 Introduction :How to integrate the new legal environmental requirements for energy reduction and for indoor air qualityin the buildings? How to find efficient solutions to Human Health and comfort in indoor environments inwhich he spends 85% of his time? How to consider those new technical and health challenges where theissue of indoor air quality will increase with the “Low Energy” buildings? CIAT and its partners have cometogether to work on a comprehensive and systemic approach of buildings in an attempt to answer thesequestions: it is the birth of Vaicteur AIR2 project officially launched in November 2008, with the support ofOSEO and ADEME.

2 Presentation of Vaicteur AIR2 project in few words : Purpose: Develop new innovative components for both HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning) and

IAQ technology, heat pumps coupled or not with renewable energy sources, efficient heat exchangers, airbroadcasters and distributors, line sensors and air cleaning technologies.

Schedule : 2008/2014 Partners : industrials CIAT, CAIRPOL, FAURE QEI,TECSOL

public laboratories CSTB, LaSIE (University of La Rochelle), CEA, IUSTI, INERIS R&D budget : 25M€ , financial help : 10M€

3 Presentation of results in the tasks dedicated to IAQ :

Transports, transfers, deposits: Develop knowledge on the mechanisms and physical elementaryphenomena determining the transfer of particulate, chemical or biological pollutants in ambientatmospheres and in the different components of the air handling units. Translate this knowledge intosoftware modules of type input / output representing the behavior of pollutants in the system or the typeof atmosphere targeted

One of the main results of this work is the realization of a model, coupled with TRNSYS, which simulate thespread of different types of pollutants between the outdoor and the indoor of a building such as officesbuildings or hospitals (eg a hospital room).

1 V A I C T E U R AI R R

ATMOS’FAIR International Conference – LYON – September 26th & 27th 2012

Biologic sensor : Develop an original sensor for the detection of targeted microorganisms in the air(bacteria, viruses).This sensor is mainly dedicated for the fight against nosocomial infections. The specifications have beenmade in this direction. CEA Leti, the main actor of this task has developed the sensor in three modules: thesample collection, sample preparation and finally the sample analysis by PCR which allows identificationand quantification of target species in almost real time.

Particulate sensor : Realization of a sensor which can be integrated into ventilation systems and can monitorthe air quality. Integration of the sensor into a ventilation system and real tests. Software developmentusing the sensor coupling to the ventilation system. This sensor must allow continuous monitoring of PM10and PM2.5 levels in indoor environments. This task is mainly carried by the CAIRPOL company

Health Impact: Develop and implement a method to target priority pollutants in terms of health issues, andintegrate these selected pollutants in all stages of the project process to ensure the protection of peopleliving in the indoor environments studied.

This task, mainly driven by INERIS and LaSIE has allowed the development of a methodology forprioritization of pollutants in living spaces, according to their dangerousness and their frequency,determining in particular, indices of acute and chronic risks. This methodology thus completes a databasecalled PANDORE (a compilation of pollutant emissions from indoor air) enriched during this work. It is freelyavailable on the website of LaSIE (http://leptiab.univ larochelle.fr/Presentation PANDORE.html )

Demonstrators: Returns of experience in real conditions on the use of equipment and control systemsdeveloped. A new commercial building BBC (second half of 2012), will be specifically instrumented tomonitor IAQ, depending on the occupation, activity, particulate and chemical purification systems driven bycontrol algorithms specifically developed. The monitoring campaign must be held between 1 and 2 years.

4 Conclusions and prospects:The Vaicteur AIR2 project, currently midterm, has already allowed to see a number of achievements both inthe field of energy optimization of buildings and in the area of IAQ. Advancement of knowledge,development of equipments or software tools for forecasting, dedicated sensors, are all results of this work.ADEME has confirmed its confidence by launching, early this year, a second phase of work dedicated toresidential buildings

CERTECH, association sans but lucratif associée à l’Université catholique de Louvain Zone industrielle C - Rue Jules Bordet - B-7180 Seneffe Tél.32(0)64 52 02 11 - Fax 32(0)64 52 02 10 TVA BE 0470.677.454 - IBAN : BE87.3701.1282.1494 - BIC : BBRUBEBB E-mail : [email protected] http://www.certech.be

n°400-TEST

Does photocatalytic device increase the formaldehyde concentration during VOC degradation in indoorair conditions?Dr B. Kartheuser, Senior ScientistCERTECH asbl, Rue Jules Bordet Zone industrielle C, 7180 Seneffe, [email protected]

Today, most people living in industrial areas, particularly during the colder months, spend around 90 % of theirtime in closed environment with only short airing periods. At the same time, heat insulating measures decrease thefresh air supply and lead to an increasing accumulation of emitted substances, sometimes exceeding the valuesmeasured in outdoor air.

Sources of indoor air pollution may originate from the combustion of oil, gas, coal, wood, tobacco ; buildingmaterials and furniture ; products for household cleaning and maintenance, personal care or hobbies and outdoorair pollution. In addition, many health problems are caused by biological agents such as fungi, moulds, bacteria andother micro organisms.The volatile organic compounds (VOC) or semi volatile organic compounds (s VOC) found in indoor air are mainlyaromatic, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, , terpenes, carbonyl derivatives, alcohols...

The control of indoor air quality is then becoming a major concern in modern buildings, due to their increasedinsulation for energy saving and to the use of materials containing volatile chemicals. Indoor air is a complexmedium containing VOCs, pathogenic or non pathogenic microorganisms and aerosols. A better control of this airpollution in enclosed environment may be achieved by controlling pollution sources, increasing air exchange andpurifying the polluted air.Several purification techniques may be used separately or in combination depending on the complexity of themixture of pollutants in the air to be treated: particles filters, VOC adsorption, air ionisation, VOC degradation ...The devices can be installed in the duckwork of a home’s central heating, ventilating and air conditioning or can beused as stand alone system places in single room.

Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) air cleaners, operating at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, are wellsuited for contaminated air with low pollutant concentration and flow rate. Thus they can achieve the necessaryreductions in indoor VOC concentration.Many different types of photocatalytic materials are available on the market, they can be split in two categories:the passive materials such as paints, wallpapers, tiles, curtains... for which pollutants need to reach the surface ofthe active materials, and active materials (air purifier) on which pollutants are forced to meet the active materialslighted with UV light.There is a need for standardisation due to the fact that it is difficult to compare results obtained from differentlaboratories since a lot of different operating conditions are used: pollutant concentrations, type of lighting,temperature, relative humidity...

A standard at French level was published in 2009, AFNOR XP B44 013 to assess the photocatalytic activated ofstand alone air purifier and is under validation. This standard is proposed at CEN level and is under discussion.

CERTECH, association sans but lucratif associée à l’Université catholique de Louvain Zone industrielle C - Rue Jules Bordet - B-7180 Seneffe Tél.32(0)64 52 02 11 - Fax 32(0)64 52 02 10 TVA BE 0470.677.454 - IBAN : BE87.3701.1282.1494 - BIC : BBRUBEBB E-mail : [email protected] http://www.certech.be

n°400-TEST

This standard proposes to work with a VOC mixture representative of the indoor air pollutant: acetaldehyde, nheptane, acetone and toluene. The air purifiers are tested in a closed chamber of about 1m³. The protocol requiresto verify the mineralization through the production of CO2, but also to trace by products that can be release in thegas phase. Many studies carried out on the decomposition of single VOC showed that formaldehyde is one of themajor by product released in the air from the photocatalyst surface and formaldehyde is one of the majorconcerned in indoor air quality

However, the standard is not able to answer to the following question: does photocatalytic device increase theformaldehyde concentration during VOC degradation in concentration closed to indoor air condition ?

In a closed chamber, it is obvious that formaldehyde will be found, mainly at the beginning of the experiment, inthe gas phase. But is it the same, if formaldehyde is added to the standard mixture?

This paper will present relevant results obtained in closed rooms with air purifiers for the removal of VOC mixtureincluding or not formaldehyde at low VOC concentration.

One example of VOC concentration as a function of time including formaldehyde is presented in figure 1.

Fig 1 : Evolution of VOC concentration versus time.

The paper will show the importance to have good standard to assess the photocatalytic activity of materials and alabel to guaranty that the systems that are on the market are save and will not contribute to increase the indoorair pollution.

Dépollution de l’air par photocatalyse, l’état des lieux, développements futurs. Stratégiepour progresser sur un marché émergent

Présentation de Didier CHAVANON gérant de BMES et de Pascal KALUZNY gérant de TERAEnvironnement, Président de la commission AFNOR B44A (Photocatalyse) et du CEN TC 386(Photocatalysis) , (tous deux membres de la FFP Fédération Française de la Photocatalyse etpartenaires du projet COV KO)

BMES jeune entreprise innovante, spécialisée dans le traitement de l’eau et de l’air par technologieUV et par Procédés d’Oxydation Avancée (POA) comme la photocatalyse, s’est positionnée avec 9entreprises Lyonnaises dont TERA Environnement (5 Pme, 3 laboratoires, 1 utilisateur) pour mener àbien le projet COV KO « 0 Microorganismes » « 0 COV » « 0deurs ».Partie du constat suite à la parution de l'article dans Risque et Santé de Janvier/Février 2011 que lesmatériels présents sur le marché n’étaient pas d’une grande efficacité (des matériels produisaienteux mêmes des polluants), BMES avec ses partenaires ont décidé de relever le défi :Développer le marché de la dépollution de l’air intérieur, retrouver la confiance de consommateursdéçus pour certains et suspicieux pour d’autres, assurer un résultat final non contestable pourl’utilisateur.Pour cela COV KO, projette de concevoir des matériels innovants (faible bruit, basseconsommation LED, technologie POA) sécurisés (indication de mauvais traitement) qui répondentaux attentes des clients avec des tests en laboratoires et in situ (maison vide ou encore avec laprésence des habitants), avec une labellisation de qualité de dépollution reconnue et incontestée,qui prennent en compte les normes actuelles.Un état des lieux des normes existantes autour des épurateurs d’air sera donc présenté (notammentcelles existants au sein de la commission AFNOR B44A).La démarche mise en œuvre par la FFP pour mettre en place ce label sera également décrite.

Indoor air pollution removal by photocatalytic process, state of art, futur development. Strategyfor this emerging market development

Presentation of Didier CHAVANON BMES’S CEO et de Pascal KALUZNY TERA Environnement,Chairman of AFNOR B44A commission and of CEN TC 386 (Photocatalysis)(members of French Federation of Photocatalysis and partners on project COV KO)

BMES is a start up and engineering and consulting firm and also a manufacturer that specializesin the design and the manufacture of units for treatment of water and air with UV technology andwith Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) as photocatalysis. With 9 partners of Lyon’s area of whichTERA environment (5 companies, 3 laboratories, 1 End user) to bring to a successful conclusion theCOV kO project " 0 Microorganisms " " 0 VOC " "0 smells".

Left the report further to the publication of the article in Risk and Health of January / February, 2011when the present equipments on the market were not of a big efficiency (equipments producedthemselves pollutants), BMES with the partners decided to take up the challenge:

Develop the market of the cleanup of the internal air, find the confidence of consumers disappointedfor certain and suspicious for the others, guarantee a not questionable final result for the user.

COV KO, intends to design innovative equipments (low noise, low consumption LED, AOPtechnology) with safety information if the unit doesn’t work efficiently, which answer customerexpectations with tests in laboratories and in situ (empty house or still with the presence of theinhabitants), with a quality labeling of recognized and uncontested cleanup, which take into accountthe current standards.

An inventory of the existing standards dealing with air purifiers will thus be presented (in particularthose existing within commission AFNOR B44A).

The step implemented by the FP to set up this label will be also describe

BMESPARC ARIANE 2290 Rue Ferdinand PERRIER69800 SAINT PRIESTTéléphone +33(0)9 60041024Mobile +33([email protected]

628, Rue Charles de Gaulle 38920 CROLLES

Pascal KALUZNY

Tel: 04 76 92 10 11Fax: 04 76 90 85 24Email : pascal.kaluzny@tera environnement.comSite web: www.tera environnement.com

09h00 - 09h40

Focus réglementation / Regulation focus

Emissions atmosphériques des véhicules et contraintes juridiques / Vehicle emissions : regulatory constraints Anne-Caroline Urbain, Jones Day

Pollution de l’air et émissions industrielles : vers un renforcement des règles relatives à la limitation des émissions polluantes / Air pollution and industrial emissions : toward a reinforcement of the rules relating to the limitation of pollutant emissions Carine Le Roy Gleizes & Corentin Chevallier, Winston & Strawn

Obligations et responsabilités liées à la qualité de l’air extérieur / Obligations and responsabilities related to outdoor air quality - Laurence Lanoy, Laurence Lanoy Avocats

09h40 - 10h00Emissions atmosphériques de l’agglomération de Marrakech / Air emissions inventory of the urban agglomeration of Marrakech Erik Sinno, Environ France


10h20 - 10h40Les émissions atmosphériques du compostage : bilan des connaissances et des méthodes d’évaluation / Existing knowledge of atmospheric emissions from composting facilities Isabelle Déportes, Ademe

10h40 - 11h00Méthodologie d’évaluation des risques sanitaires : application aux rejets gazeux d’une chaudière biomasse / Methodology for health risk assessments: application to gaseous discharges of a biomass boiler Christophe Royer, Bertin Technologies

11h00 - 12h00

Table ronde / Round table

Les pesticides / Pesticides

Regulatory approach for risk assessment of pesticides in air Sari Nuutinen, ANSES

Simulation numérique de la dispersion de pesticide à l’échelle des rangs de vigne et de la parcelle / Numerical simulation of the pesticide dispersal at the level of vineyard rows and plots Ali Chahine, SupAgro Montpellier

Jeudi 27 septembre 2012Emissions Industrielles / Industrials Emissions

Surveillance des pesticides dans l’air / Surveillance of pesticides in airBernard Bonicelli, IRSTEA

Utilisation de l’abeille (apis mellifica) pour la bio-surveillance de pollution agricole (pesticides). Illustration avec l’utilisation d’un compteur d’abeilles par vidéosur-veillance pour le suivi à distance et en temps réel de la mortalité au sein des colonies / Using the bee (Apis Mellifica) for bio-mo-nitoring agricultural pollution (pesticides). Case study via use of a video based bee counter for remote monitoring and real-time mortality in coloniesBenjamin Poirot, Apilab

12h00 - 12h20Modélisation de la dispersion at-mosphérique de polluants sur sites industriels / Numerical modeling of atmospheric pollutants on industrial sites Catherine Turpin & Perrine Volta, Sillages Environnement

12h20 - 12h40Plum’Air, un nouvel outil pour la surveillance des odeurs et de la qualité de l’air dans l’environ-nement des sites industriels / Plum’Air, a new tool to control odour annoyances and air quality around industrial plantsFrédéric Pradelle, Numtech

12h40 - 13h00Questions - Answers - Discussion

13h00Déjeuner / Lunch

14h00 - 14h20L’analyse des COV, gaz permanents et composés soufrés par μGC/MS sur site : une alternative aux méthodes usuelles - Etudes sur un gaz sidérurgique Karim Medimagh, Explorair

14h20 - 14h40Qualité de l’air intérieur : démarche de contrôle des agents chimiques dangereux dans les ateliers et bureaux de PSA Peugeot Citroën / Indoor air quality: hazardous chemi-cals process control in the works-hops and offices of PSA Peugeot Citroën Juliette Quartararo, PSA Peugeot Citroën

14h40 - 15h00Système multi-sites de surveillance et gestion des odeurs. Etude d’un cas concret / Multi-sites system of monitoring of odour : a case study Jean-Michel Turmel, Odotech

15h00 - 15h20 Caractérisation et traitement des fumées de bitume / Characteriza-tion and treatment bitumen fumes Jérôme Rheinbold, Colas Environnement

15h20 - 15h40Mise à l’échelle d’un système de biofiltration methanotrophe pour la réduction des GES générés par un lieu d’enfouissement au Québec (Canada) / Scale-up of methanotro-phic biofilters to reduce GHG gene-rated by LFG in Quebec (Canada) Nicolas Turgeon, CRIQ & Matthieu Alibert, Ville de Québec


16h00 - 16h20Traitement de faibles concentrations de TEX par un biofiltre végétalisé : capacité d’élimination et rôles des bactéries indigènes / Treatment of low concentrations of TEX through a planted biofilter : removal efficiency and roles of indigenous bacteria Anne Rondeau, Laboratoire d’Ecolo-gie Microbienne

16h20 - 16h40Contrôle de la pollution intérieure dans les cabines de peinture et des émissions de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) dans l’environne-ment / Air quality control inside painting booths and VOC emissions regulation Déborah Kuntz, Vision’Air 16h40 - 17h00Traitement des composés à phrases de risque : comment dimensionner pour atteindre des valeurs < 2mg/m3 / Treatment of compounds with risk phrases : how to design treatment units and reach values < 2mg/m3 Patrice Vasseur, Biobatique

17h00 - 17h20Le traitement de l’air par la tech-nologie AELORVE / Air pollution removal by the AELORVE photocata-lytic process Cédric Dutriez, AELORVE

17h20 - 18h00Questions - Answers - Discussion

18h00Fin de la seconde journée / End of Day Two

Fin du congrès / End of the congress

Vehicle Emissions: Regulatory Constraints – September 27, 2012 Emissions atmosphériques des véhicules et contraintes juridiques – 27 septembre 2012 Jones Day 2 rue Saint-Florentin 75001 Paris www.jonesday.com Anne-Caroline Urbain Associate +33 1 56 59 39 39 [email protected]

Abstract

While France may soon debate a ban on the use of diesel-powered vehicles in urban areas, the issue of the environmental and public health impact of emissions originating from motor vehicles is worth an update.

Unsurprisingly, applicable emissions standards result from European Union regulations. These vary according to the nature and type of motor vehicules, i.e., whether light-duty vehicles (cars and light vans) or heavy-duty vehicles (trucks and buses) are concerned, to the type of energy used (petrol, gas or diesel), and to the types of pollutants emitted (e.g., particulates or PM, nitrogen oxides or Nox, carbon monoxide or CO, and carbon dioxide or CO2).

Emissions standards set for new light-duty vehicles are increasingly stringent: the Euro 5 standard entered into force in September 2009 while the Euro 6 standard will enter into force in September 2014.

This is in fact a fast changing legal framework under pressure from vehicle manufacturers on the one hand, and under the scrutiny of municipalities and health organizations alike, on the other hand while new technologies seem to allow fast and meaningful improvements on emission levels.

At the national level, Member States retain significant prerogatives in the implementation of various tools designed to curb motor vehicle emissions. In this respect, France uses a wide range of incentive measures for the purchase or use of “clean” vehicles (tax credit for hybrid cars) or, conversely, of disincentives discouraging the use or purchase of the most polluting vehicles (bonus-malus system depending on CO2 perfomance, taxes on polluting vehicles, the so-called “éco-taxe” on trucks).

Jones Day

Today, we are one of the largest international law firms, with more than 2,400 lawyers in 37 offices around the world. Our clients - a substantial number of whom have trusted us for decades - are among the Fortune Global 500. The Paris Office opened in 1970 and counts more than 90 lawyers.

Jones Day’s Environmental, Health & Safety practice is one of the most substantial in the world. Our lawyers help clients in Europe, the U.S. and Asia comply with complex laws and regulations pertaining to solid and hazardous waste, air emissions, water quality, and employee health & safety. We have extensive experience with the full range of environmental, health & safety laws that relate to litigation, transactional and regulatory compliance matters. We also advise clients on all climate change and REACH related issues.

The Paris team is ranked among the top environmental practices in France in the guides Chambers Europe, PLC Which lawyer? and The Legal 500 - EMEA.

« Pollution de l’air et émissions industrielles : vers un renforcement des règles relatives àla limitation des émissions polluantes ».

Carine Le Roy Gleizeset

Corentin ChevallierAvocats au Barreau de Paris

Winston&Strawn

Depuis l'intervention de la loi n°96 1236 du 30 décembre 1996 sur l'air et l'utilisation rationnelle del'énergie, désormais codifiée aux article L. 220 1 et suivants du Code de l'environnement, et leGrenelle de l’Environnement, la prise en considération de l'impact des émissions atmosphériquespolluantes et la recherche de leur maitrise n'a cessé de se renforcer tant dans les réglementationsnationales que dans le cadre de la transposition des directives communautaires.

Les intervenants se proposent d’exposer ainsi notamment les enjeux associés à la transposition dedirective 2010//CE du 24 novembre 2010 relative aux émissions polluantes (dite IED) dans le code del’environnement. En effet, le principal apport de cette Directive consiste dans la nouvelle portéedonnée aux Meilleures Techniques Disponibles (« MTD »), issues des documents de référence(« BREFs ») sectoriels ou transversaux élaborés au niveau communautaire. Ces conclusions fixerontles valeurs limites d’émission (« VLE »), y compris pour l’air, à reprendre dans les titres d’exploitationdes installations. Les possibilités de discussion et de dérogations seront moindres qu’auparavant.Ceci suppose donc une attention particulière des exploitants d’installations industrielles sur ce point,ce d’autant plus que le principe est celui d’un réexamen plus fréquent des conditions d'autorisation(dans un délai de 4 ans suivant l'adoption ou la mise à jour des conclusions sur les MTD).

Par ailleurs, les différents plans mis en place par les pouvoirs publics, au niveau national ou local, etles outils de gouvernance dont ils disposent ont de réelles incidence pour les exploitants desinstallations. Seront ainsi évoqués les enjeux que présentent, pour les émissions industrielles,notamment le plan « particules », les schémas régionaux climat air énergie ou encore les Plans deProtection de l’Atmosphère.

***

ATMOS'FAIR 2012

Laurence LanoyPhD in lawLawyer / Certified specialization inenvironmental law3, rue Antoine Arnauld • 75016PARISTél. +33 (0)1 45 20 13 10 •[email protected]

« Industrial emissions »

Obligations and responsibilities related to outdoor air quality

Faced with increased regulations related to air quality and public healthobligations particularly following the Grenelle Environment Forum, publicand private actors are exposed to increased legal risks.

Liability for industrial companies and their officers for failure to comply withair quality requirements can have significant implications. Air pollution froma registered facility may expose operators to civil liability towardsgovernment authorities and third parties, and to criminal sanctions forendangerment.

The State, municipalities, and other public bodies also play an important partin the prevention and sanctioning of air pollution. In particular, under EUcommitments regarding outdoor air quality and the exercise of their lawenforcement powers, public bodies are required to implement concreteactions; this may raise the issue of liability for fault or nuisance.

Laurence Lanoy, a certified environmental law specialist, will review thelatest developments in the obligations of industrial firms and public bodiesregarding outdoor air quality and the related legal risks, with concreteexamples of liability based on decisions by civil, administrative and criminalcourts..

* * *

A lawyer since 1990 and graduated with a PhD from PARIS II – PanthéonAssas University, Laurence Lanoy has developed a sound practice inenvironmental law before establishing in 2004 LAURENCE LANOY AVOCATS,which now ranks among the most highly recommended firms inenvironmental law in France.Laurence Lanoy assists and represents corporations, public administrationsand international law firms in environmental and health and safety matters.

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Existing knowledge of atmospheric emissions from composting facilities

Isabelle DEPORTES –Health impacts and waste management – ADEME –Waste prevention andmanagement department 20 avenue du Grésillé – BP 90406 49004 ANGERS cedex 01 – France –[email protected] – phone : +33 (0)2 41 20 43 06

Laurence LOYON (IRSTEA), Pascal MALLARD (IRSTEA), Isaline FRABOULET (INERIS), Hélène BACHELEY(VERI), Nathalie WERY (INRA), Marina MOLETTA DENAT (CSTB), Fabrice GUIZIOU (IRSTEA), OlivierSCHLOSSER (Suez Environnement)

Emissions of gas and particulates (including bioaerosols) linked to composting wastes comeessentially from the biodegradation of organic matter by microorganisms and from site managementactivities, especially material handling (of the raw waste, mixes and compost): movements, turning,screening and loading. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is, in terms of weight, the main gas produced along withwater vapour during composting. However, many other gases emitted in small amounts can have amajor impact on the environment or on health. Such is the case for nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane(CH4) with respect to global warming, and also for ammonia (NH3) with respect to acidification andeutrophication of the local environment, and of a wide range of sulphur based and volatile organiccompounds which can potentially lead to odour and health risks. As for emitted dust particles, theycan often carry microbes and biological compounds with the known health effects of inflammation,allergic reactions and infection. Thus dealing with these emissions and the evaluation of their healthand environmental impacts represents key aspects in the long term sustainability of the compostingoption.

Even if the understanding of these emissions remains incomplete, taking into account the wide rangeof solid wastes treated and of the methods of composting available, efforts have been made theselast years to better characterize the substrate and to improve the measurement methods. ADEME inparticular launched in 2006 a research programme specifically addressing this theme, involvingnineteen research organizations, technical centres, research consultancies and industrial partners.The characterizing emissions, of their sources and controlling factors, of their metrology (whether atthe work carried out in this framework has enabled an improvement in the knowledge of source orwithin the environment around treatment sites), of their dispersion to the atmosphere andsubsequent exposure to the local population. Following on from this programme, a compilation ofthe results produced, drawing also from a literature review has been undertaken. This scientificwork, written by the research partners of the programme, benefits from their expertise and gainedexperience. It can thus be considered a “state of the art” of the current understanding ofatmospheric emissions from composting: be it emission values, means of measurement or of theircontrol.

The document is organized in three main parts:

In the first, the general principles of composting and the related atmospheric emissions are given.The section also sets out the current understanding of the main impacts on the environment and onthe health of staff and people living near the composting sites.

The second part deals with the quantification of emissions. It describes the methods and strategiesof sampling and analysis for gas emissions (including odours) and for particulates (includingmicroorganisms. The current report takes note in particular of the knowledge of factors affectingemission

The third part looks at the consequences of the work given in the report. This includes especiallyrecommendations for the prevention of emissions and for the direction of future studies. Theoutlook for complimentary research is also included.

Some results and conclusions from the report are given below.

On the basis of results from the ADEME programme and the scientific literature, emission data couldbe provided. They could be given as a function of the composting phase and according to certainkinds of wastes. Table 1 sets out the dynamics of the whole set of emissions studied in this report forthe different stages of the composting process.

Table 1 : Dynamics of emission during the process (where arrows, quantitative datas can be found in the report)

Freshmatterhandling

Sorting Milling Turning Sieving Composting Maturation

NH3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

N2O n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

CH4 As a function of anaerobic conditions and in the presence of biodegradable C

CO2 n.a. n.a. n.a.

VOC n.a.

Sulphatedcompounds

As a function of anaerobic conditions and in the presence of biodegradable S

Odours n.a.

Particles

d < 2,5 μmn.a. n.a. n.a.

Particles

2,5 <d< 10 μmn.a. n.a. n.a.

Particles

d > 10 μmn.a. n.a. n.a.

n.a. : not available

The data that is available today does not enable the identification of the role of the complete set offactors that determine compost emissions. Thus the references for that relating for sludge, greenwastes and household refuse are scarce and for the gases N2O, CH4 and CO2, there is a strong needfor data from much longer trial periods (exceeding 6 weeks). Effectively, for some gases, especiallyN2O, the key emission stages are found at the end of the process rather than at the beginning orwithin the active stages.

For particulates, (including the micro organisms), the current data essentially enables thedemonstration of the role of material handling operations on the atmospheric emissions. Theinfluence of other determining factors is not evident. The research programme enabled a better characterisation of the microbial diversity in composting bioaerosols and the developments of new monitoring techniques.

The report is available on the ADEME Web site: www.ademe.fr under rubric Médiathèque (Frenchsite) or Publications (English web site). English version translated by Colin Burton.

BT.

D01

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Methodology for health risk assessment: application to gaseous emissions of a biomass boiler

Christophe Royer, Industrial Risk Assessment Consultant Tel: +33 (0)1 39 30 60 65 [email protected]

Pascale Compain, Sales Manager +33 (0)4 42 60 46 34 [email protected]

Objective of Health Risk Assessment (HRA) is to highlight if products used, produced or co produced inindustrial process, waste or nuisance created by an industrial site may have for neighboring populations,direct or indirect chronic effects on health.

Study of the effects of these discharges on human health is today conducted based on the guidelines ofthe French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS) and the French NationalInstitute of Health Surveillance (INVS) published respectively in 2003 and 2000. This type of study isusually conducted as part of "health effects" impact studies in administrative siting and authorizationdocument (DDAE) but also upon request of the administration, particularly in the preliminary steps ofestablishment of air emissions monitoring plans.

As a first step, for all identified substances released, the associated effects are collected (non thresholdcarcinogenic and other effects threshold). Preferential routes of exposure (inhalation and / or ingestion)are defined and the relationship between exposure levels and the occurrence of hazards specificpollutants considered, defined by the toxicological reference values (TRVs). The choice of TRV is madeconsistent with the circular of 30 May 2006, based on the data stated in INVS’s furetox.fr web site andINERIS’s TRV selection.

Analysis of site environment can then characterize sensitivity of the study area. Sensitive points (EPCexposure point concentration) such as schools, kindergartens, hospitals, and vegetable crops or cultureareas and livestock are systematically identified. Following the characterization of the study area basedon relevant effects identified above, a conceptual framework of multimedia transfer is defined.

Modeling of atmospheric dispersion of emissions is performed using dispersion software developed bythe ADMS4 CERC recognized by INERIS. This model allows determination of air concentrations andground deposition, particularly at sensitive points identified above.Exposure levels are evaluated from the results of modeling. The comparison of these air concentrationswith the TRV are used to characterize inhalation risks.

In accordance with the INERIS recommendations, concentrations in the different media of the foodchain are calculated using the model HHRAP from US EPA. These calculations take into account nationalor regional dietary habits.

The calculated concentrations allow to define a daily dose of exposure (DDE). DDE can then becompared with the TRV to characterize risk by ingestion.

A practical application of this methodology to a gaseous biomass boiler will be presented. Due to thepresence of heavy metal emissions and dioxin, risk assessment will be complete with ingestion inaddition to risk assessment by inhalation.

In conclusion, future developments of the French regulation on the analysis of the health effects ofindustrial waste will be discussed: changes in methods of health risk assessment and in particular thechoice of TRV, implementation of atmospheric emissions monitoring plan in the environment,development of area studies for large industrial platforms.

REGULATORY APPROACH FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDES IN AIR

NUUTINEN S., POULSEN V.French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)Regulated Products DepartmentEcotoxicology and E fate Risk Assessment Unit for Pesticides and Fertilizers253 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 94701, Maisons Alfort cedex, FranceE mail. [email protected]

Regulatory context

Before placing on the market and before being used in agriculture, the plant protection products(pesticides) have to be authorised. The authorisation process relies on several important regulatorycriteria and includes among other things assessment of risks to ensure the protection ofenvironment. At European level, regulation (EC) No 1107/20091 provides the rules for authorisationand assessment of plant protection products, but also of active substances in those products. InFrance, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) isresponsible of evaluation of applications for marketing of plant protection products. The RegulatedProducts Department processes applications for plant protection products and prepares opinions tobe submitted for decision to the Ministry of Agriculture responsible for issuing marketingauthorisations.

Risk assessment of pesticides in air

The regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 requires the assessment of predicted environmentalconcentrations in soil, surface water, groundwater and air resulting from the use of pesticides.However, unlike for other compartments, no agreed guideline has been available for air riskassessment until recently. FOCUS2 organisation is an initiative of the European Commission toharmonise the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations of active substances of plantprotection products in the framework of the regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. FOCUS is based on cooperation between scientists of regulatory agencies, academia and industry. In June 2008, the FOCUSworking group on pesticides in air published a report3 establishing a tiered short range exposureassessment scheme for the air compartment. ANSES follows the recommendations of FOCUS Airreport in its risk assessment.

Tier 1 considers the potential of a substance to reach the atmosphere. Some application techniquessuch as granular formulations or incorporation into the soil can reduce the amount of substancereaching the air to such extent that assessment of air concentration is not needed. In cases where aircontamination is possible, vapour pressure is used as a trigger for potential of the substance to reachthe air. Vapour pressure of >10 4 Pa (at 20 °C) indicates potential for volatilisation from soil andvapour pressure of >10 5 Pa (at 20 °C) indicates potential for volatilisation from plants. Onlysubstances showing potential for volatilisation are considered for the following exposure assessment.When substance is volatilised, it will deposit back onto water or soil surface. Another route ofcontamination of water and soil is the losses during application (spray drift). In cases where the riskfor aquatic and terrestrial organisms is acceptable without spray drift mitigation measures (i.e. nonspray buffer zones), contamination by deposition of volatilised pesticide is considered to be minor

1 Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of

plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC 2 FOrum for the Co-ordination of pesticide fate models and their USe 3 Focus (2008). “Pesticides in Air: Considerations for Exposure Assessment”. Report of the FOCUS Working Group on

Pesticides in Air, EC Document Reference SANCO/10553/2006 Rev 2 June 2008. 327 pp.

compared to other routes of contamination. If spray drift mitigation measures are needed,deposition after volatilisation is considered in addition to spray drift deposition in calculating theenvironmental concentration of the substance.Tier 2 consists of modelling deposition after volatilisation as a function of distance from the edge ofthe field. The FOCUS air group recommends using EVA2.0 model for these calculations. EVA2.0 is anempirical model, which uses the relationship between vapour pressure and deposition aftervolatilisation to a non target surface. The model has one built in scenario; it estimates volatilisationduring the first 24 hours after application; and considers dispersion up to 20 meters from the treatedcrop.Tier 3 suggests that if modelling results lead to a risk to aquatic or terrestrial organisms, experimentaldata and/or mitigation measures can be applied.

For very volatile substances e.g. fumigants (vapour pressure >10 2 Pa at 20°C) volatilisation andsubsequent deposition can be substantially higher, even when they are incorporated into the soil.These substances would not be adequately assessed by the above described exposure assessmentand a study would be required to determine the deposition from this type of substances.

The FOCUS Air report states that long range transport of pesticide is possible if the DT504 in air of the

substance is longer than 2 days. In this case, monitoring data on concentrations of substance in airhave to be provided to ANSES. In France, associations AASQA5 have made campaigns to measure theair quality since 2001. These monitoring data may be used to conduct risk assessment for residents.

4 Time taken for 50% of substance to disappear. 5 Associations Agréées pour la Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air

Numerical simulation of pesticide dispersal at the scale of rows and vineyards

ALI CHAHINE12, SYLVAIN DUPONT1, YVES BRUNET1 and CAROLE SINFORT2

1 UR1263 Ephyse, INRA, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France 2 UMR ITAP, SupAgro Montpellier, France

ABSTRACT

Spray drift during pesticide applications is a major path for atmospheric contamination by agrochemical products, which has been shown to be a potential risk for human health. Spray drift should therefore be better understood in order to reduce their undesirable effects. As spray drift is controlled by canopy architecture and wind flow structures, modelling pesticide dispersal is a promising way to survey pesticide input to the atmosphere and evaluate resulting exposure levels for the bystanders. In this study pesticide dispersal over vineyards was studied combining numerical and experimental approaches. The experimental approach consisted in measuring wind velocity and monitoring spray application in a vineyard, in order to quantify the air flow generated by an air-assisted sprayer as well as vertical losses to the air and ground deposition. The numerical approach was used to model wind flow and pesticide dispersal over the vineyard. The atmospheric wind flow model ARPS was used in the large-eddy simulation (LES) mode to solve the transient air flow within and above the vineyard, while for pesticide dispersal a coupled Lagrangian-LES approach was used to track droplet trajectories. Our measurements show that the vertical losses of pesticides are well correlated with meteorological conditions such as temperature, wind speed and turbulence level. They also show that the spatial structure of pesticide losses at the plot scale is directly related to the characteristics of the spray jet. In the numerical approach the source of pesticide at the scale of the rows is considered as a moving air-assisted sprayer. The model predictions compare well with the measurements. At a larger scale the source is deduced from the spatial structure of pesticide losses at the vineyard-atmosphere interface. Several scenarios of vineyard configurations, differing by the orientation of the vine rows with respect to the dominant wind direction and the presence of a tree hedge, were studied numerically. The exposure level of the bystanders during the vine treatment is shown to depend strongly on the vineyard configuration. With this modelling strategy, we show that it is possible to simulate pesticide drift and predict human exposure levels at larger scales.

Atmos’Fair 2012, Lyon 26 27 septembre 2012

Irstea UMR ITAP – 361 rue Jean-François Breton – 34796 Montpellier Cedex 5 [email protected] – 06 50 91 52 78

Surveillance des Pesticides dans l’AirSurveillance of Pesticide in Air

BERNARD BONICELLI1, JEAN LOUIS FANLO2, BRUNO AUBERT3, MICHAEL DOUCHIN4, ALI CHAHINE1,CAROLE SINFORT5

1 UMR ITAP, Irstea Montpellier, France, 2 LGEI, Ecole des Mines d’Ales, France, 3 Cairpol, Méjannes lèsAlès, France, 4 3Liz, Montpellier, France,5 UMR ITAP, SupAgro Montpellier, France

Session: Air emissions

Topic: Measures, methodology and modeling

Keywords: air pollution, Health impacts, monitoring system, modeling

ABSTRACT

Air contamination by Plant Protection Products (PPPs) carries significant risks for human health.Improving knowledge on exposure pathways is a key point to reduce the potential impacts. Thepresent communication presents the ongoing research and developments.

Crop protection spraying induces air contamination. Observations showed transfers during and afterspraying. For each situation, agrochemical concentration in air results in a set of interactions:localization, weather conditions, spraying process, properties of compounds. In consequence, theconcentrations vary greatly in space and time. At the human scale, health impact depends onchronicles of the exposition by inhalation. As concentration peaks are impossible to measure theresearch focused on coupling simulation and experimentation to calculate the air contamination.

Simulations are based on classical Gaussian dispersion. The model includes low complexity modelsand GIS visualization. The model validation will be achieved in semi artificial conditions and windtunnel. Specific tools of the Montpellier/Ales Regional Research Platform are dedicated on thisdevelopment. Experimentations conducted in fields concern spraying practices, weather conditionsand air contamination. The monitoring of air quality implements smart sensors and specific tracerdyes. Analysis methodologies are oriented on decision support.

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�� "¯ �¯�� %¯¯¯Benjamin Poirota, Valérie Neversa, Petra Gomezb, Michel Ménardb, Didier Crauserc, Yves Le Contec

aAPILAB, Pôle technologique – 40 rue Chef de Baie 17 000 La Rochelle. Tel: +33 (0) 5 46 34 10 71, Fax: +33 (0)5 35 54 01 98 www.apilab.fr, [email protected] Informatique Image et Interaction (L3i) – avenue Michel Crépeau 17 042. La Rochelle. Tel : +33 (0) 5 46 45 82 62, [email protected] « Abeilles et environnement » INRA –Université d’Avignon et des Pays deVaucluse. INRA Domaine Saint-Paul - Site Agroparc 84 914 Avignon. Tel : +33 (0) 4 32 72 26 01, [email protected]

Summary:The use of bee for environmental biomonitoring is a relatively recent technique which has proven its efficiency. Indeed, scientific researches revealed that bee is a perfect tool for environmental diagnostics thanks to pollutant biocollection. A recent study1 has clearly demonstrated that bees can be used for the characterization of environmental contamination by xenobiotics and more particularly by the followingcompounds: heavy metals, PAHs and PCBs. Bees were also used to detect radioisotopes in the environment after Chernobyl and other industrial disasters2.Bee can also be used as a biointegrator. Bee colonies are used as an alert tool in case of environmental pollution. Principal indicators studied are daily mortality and colony behavior.The number of ingoing/outgoing bees is a reliable parameter. An innovating bee counter using video surveillance was developed by the INRA of Avignon and the L3i (Laboratoire Image Intéraction) of La Rochelle University. This presentation will introduce this innovating tool and the different possibilities of application.

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�Devillers J. Utilisation de l’abeille pour caractériser le niveau de contamination de l’environnementpar les xénobiotiques. Bulletin Technique Apicole (35) 4, 2008, 179-180.�

��Porrini, C. Les abeilles utilisées pour détecter la présence de radio-isotopes dansl’environnement. Bulletin Technique Apicole (35) 4, 2008, 168-178.�

2012

Modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique de polluants sur sites industriels

Numerical Modeling of atmospheric pollutants on industrial sites

Catherine TURPINIngénieur d’études et de développement

catherine.turpin@sillages env.com

Sillages Environnement64, chemin des Mouilles 69134 ECULLY Cedex

www.sillages env.com

Au cours des dernières années, la pollution atmosphérique est devenue une préoccupation majeure

de notre société. Dans ce contexte, de nouvelles directives environnementales visant à diminuer les

impacts environnementaux des industries ont été adoptées.

En regard des problématiques de qualité d’air sur les sites industriels, la société Sillages

Environnement, experte dans le domaine de la modélisation de la mécanique des fluides

environnementale, réalise des études numériques de dispersion atmosphérique de polluants à petite

échelle à l’aide de logiciel de CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic). Pour ses calculs, Sillages

Environnement a développé une méthodologie de calcul adaptée au cas d’écoulement

atmosphérique en tenant compte de la stratification thermique de l’atmosphère, de la présence

d’obstacles complexes (i.e. relief, bâtiments ou zones poreuses) et de la rugosité aérodynamique des

sites étudiés. Sa méthodologie a été validée par des expériences en soufflerie (LMFA – ECL).

L’objectif de la présentation est d’exposer la méthodologie, mise en œuvre par Sillages

Environnement, permettant de représenter correctement un écoulement de couche limite

atmosphérique dans un calcul de dispersion de polluant. Au travers d’exemples types sur des sites

industriels, l’ensemble des possibilités d’application d’un tel modèle de calcul seront présentés.

Plum’Air : a new tool to control air quality and odour annoyances aroundindustrial plants

Dr. Frédéric [email protected]

NUMTECH, 6 allée Alan TuringParc Technologique de La Pardieu

BP 30242 63175 Aubière Cedex , FranceTel : + 33 (0)6 17 77 53 88

Abstract

The atmospheric dispersion modeling systems are now commonly used to assess the impactof odorous emissions into the environment, and meet regulatory requirements. A number ofresearch projects have validated these modeling approaches applied to odors. Meanwhile,the need for tools of decision support in a context of sustainable development has led largeindustrial companies to develop integrated modeling systems for operational monitoringand forecasting of air quality in the environment facilities. The development andstandardization of computational tools now make it possible to use these systems on smallerfacilities, especially for monitoring and forecasting odor nuisance around waste facilities andwater treatment plants. We propose to present one of these tools, the system Plum'Airdeveloped by NUMTECH, and to illustrate this by presenting concrete use cases.Plum'Air system can also be coupled to the system Expoll.net that centralizes informationfrom local residents (complaints, systematic observations), and electronic noses for realtime characterization of the emission flux level of sources

Web interface of the Plum’Air system

L’analyse des COV, gaz permanents et composés soufrés par μGC/MS sur site : unealternative aux méthodes usuelles :Etude sur un gaz sidérurgique

Karim Medimagh, Explorair [email protected] , rue Laverlochère 38780 Pont Evêque

Introduction

Cette intervention a pour objectif de faire la lumière sur la méthode exploitée par EXPLORAIR pourconduire des analyses sur un site industriel quel qu’il soit, du moment qu’il s’agit de mesurer etsuivre des gaz organiques (COV, alcanes, aromatiques….) ou permanent ainsi que les soufrés (H2S,COS, CS2) et en dehors des acide inorganiques.

Nous montrerons l’avantage de l’utilisation de la μGCMS sur site par rapport aux autres méthodesusuelles ou même parfois réglementaires.

Nous traiterons le cas d’un site sidérurgique produisant un gaz à haut pouvoir calorifique maiscontenant aussi des polluants nocifs (composés soufrés : H2S, COS, CS2..) que ce soit pourl’environnement ou pour le process lui même.

Problématique

Dans le cas général, quand un donneur d’ordre fait appel à un laboratoire pour conduire des mesuressur un gaz de process ou un gaz de rejet atmosphérique, le laboratoire souhaite avoir une idée sur cequ’il doit chercher dans ce gaz ou le cas échéant il imposera l’analyse des composés qu’il sait traiter.De ce fait, il est dors et déjà certain que le laboratoire va passer à coté de certaines molécules quidans certain cas peuvent avoir un intérêt particulier, comme un fort potentiel calorifique ouinversement un caractère nocif pour l’environnement ou pour le process lui même comme parexemple les composés soufrés.

De plus le laboratoire en question va déployer toute une panoplie de méthode et d’appareils demesures ainsi que de prélèvement pour essayer de répondre aux mieux à la demande. Dans cettepanoplie de méthodes, certaines seront conduite en continu et d’autre en prélèvement ponctuelavec le risque que le process ne soit pas stable.

Vient ensuite la question du prix d’une telle campagne de mesure et ce qu’elle engendre de soustraitance et de délai d’attente pour les résultats.

Notre solution

EXPLORAIR a essayé de lever tous ces verrous en proposantl’analyse en direct, en continu et sur site par la technique de laμGC/MS.

Avantage :

un seul appareil,

un seul technicien sur site,

une durée de mesure de quelques heures jusqu'àquelques mois,

un pas d’analyse toutes les 3 min, une analyses exhaustive des COV et gaz permanents

Un suivi qualitatif et quantitatif directement sur site.

Possibilité de calculer le PCI et PCS en direct sur ungaz de process.

Prix équivalent aux mesures usuelles etréglementaires.

En effet EXPLORAIR a misé sur l’utilisation d’une techniqueconnue et éprouvée qui est la GCMS, avec le chalenged’amener l’appareil vers l’échantillon et non l’inverse, et cecipour une meilleure réactivité et une meilleure stabilité del’échantillon.

Etude d’un cas particulier : un gaz de sidérurgie.

Un cas très intéressant qui sera développé au cours de la présentation est le gaz de sidérurgie. Carces gaz sont assez complexes de part leur composition : ils ont un PCI important (présence de H2, CO,CH4) mais aussi de nombreux COV à fort pouvoir calorifique qu’il ne faut pas négliger (alcanes,aromatiques…).

Mais leurs inconvénient c’est qu’ils peuvent aussi contenir des composés très toxiques pourl’environnement mais aussi pour le process lui même comme les composés soufrés et notamment leH2S qui forme du SO2 après combustion. En effet les gaz de sidérurgie dépendent beaucoup de lamatière première entrante dans les Hauts fourneaux (la houille) qui peut être plus ou moins riche encomposés soufrés. D’où la nécessité d’une mesure en continu sur une période représentative quipermet de connaitre la variabilité des concentrations ainsi que les niveaux hauts à ne pas dépasserpour la réglementation française.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

08:2

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:23

09:5

410

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10:5

311

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11:5

212

:21

12:5

013

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14:0

814

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15:1

316

:19

16:4

917

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Suivi des COV dans le gaz Haut fourneaux24 heures

propeneH2S1,3-cyclopentadieneCOS

Nous avons conduit une étude durant une année complète sur un site sidérurgique. Cette étude ad’abord commencé par un état des lieux des gaz c a d une connaissance détaillée de la compositiondu gaz et le calcul de sont PCI avec tous les composés d’intérêt. Ensuite cette étude s’est poursuivipar la mesure en continu sur une année de molécules soufrées COS, CS2 et H2S afin de fournir auclient la variation annuelle des concentrations de ces molécules. Les résultats sont fournis chaquesemaine par envoi d’un rapport sur la base des données collectés directement par internet. Enfinnous avons accompagné notre client sur la mise en place de son réseau analytique en interne pour lesuivi de ces molécules.

Toute cette étude a été conduite par un seul appareil sur site déporté par rapport au gaz de processavec fourniture des résultats en moins d’une semaine après les analyses.

Qualité de l’air intérieur : Démarche de contrôle des agents chimiques dangereux dans lesateliers et bureaux de PSA PEUGEOT CITROEN

Juliette Quartararo, Martine Klinguer, Guillaume Meunier, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Centre Techniquede Belchamp, Voujeaucourt, FranceDr Patrick Rosseel, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Pôle Tertiaire, Poissy, France

Le groupe PSA Peugeot Citroën est engagé depuis 2004 dans une démarche de contrôle des AgentsChimiques Dangereux et des CMR (Cancérogènes Mutagènes, toxiques pour la Reproduction).

Pour chaque process de l’automobile (emboutissage, ferrage, peinture, montage, mécanique etfonderie), des mesures à l’émission ont permis d’établir une liste de substances à risque contrôléesannuellement sur opérateur et en ambiance. Ce Plan de Surveillance a permis d’établir unecartographie des principaux polluants, de réaliser la traçabilité des substances en fonction desprocess et de mettre en œuvre les plans d’action de substitution et/ou de protection nécessaires.

L’objectif de cette étude est de présenter la démarche mise en place, d’évaluer les apports pour laprotection des salariés et de commenter la démarche par rapport à la règlementation (notammentpar rapport au décret 2009.1570 relatif au contrôle du risque chimique sur les lieux de travail).

Multi Site Odor Tracking & Monitoring Solution to Control Odor

and Reduce Operating Costs associated with Odor

Jean Michel TURMEL, PhD

Directeur Commercial

ODOTECH SAS

20, rue de la Villette

69328 LYON, France

The SMTD (Syndicat Mixte de Traitement de Déchets) is a public institution which is charged withtreating household and other waste generated from the largest part of Bearn: 265 municipalitiesmembers, that is more than 280 000 inhabitants. Cap Ecologia is a site that processes the waste andincludes several units of waste treatment (Water, Household waste, Green Waste).

The site of Cap Ecologia is near residences and near a shopping mall. Over the last few years, thenumber of complaints received by the SMTD has grown. Unfortunately, even though there weremany complaints about the stench, it was usually impossible to determine the origin of these odornuisances. A system of odor tracking and monitoring (OdoWatch) was installed in 2009 on thewastewater treatment plant (STEP), and on the composting platform and the waste incinerator.

The system is used by the operators of each site, as well as by the SMTD, to estimate which sourcesof odor generates the complaints. The alarm system integrated into the system allows the operatorto know in real time which source causes the nuisance and which methodology must beimplemented to minimize it.

The system’s results demonstrate that the water treatment plant was rarely responsible for thenuisances, while it was thought to be the source of the odors. In placing the electronic nose on thechimney and using the process of deodorization, the STEP was able to reduce the average level of theodor by 50%. The tracking system highlighted that when the doors of the incinerator storage zonewere open there were more complaints of odor nuisance. Using this information the operationsprocesses were modified.

The composting site, which was only very rarely thought to be an odor source, has been proved to bethe main source of complaints. Improvements have been made this summer based on thisinformation generated by the system. A management system to track the complaints was set up bythe SMTD using the OdoWatch system. The SMTD received more than 200 complaints in 2008 andnow receives less than 2 complaints per month.

Caractérisation et traitement des fumées de bitume

Jérôme RHEINBOLD – Colas Environnement

1) Caractérisation des fumées de bitumes

Le bitume est un produit connu et référencé. Mais chaque bitume a sa propre spécificité et aucunefiche de données ne précisent les molécules le constituant. Les traitements mis en place peuventdiminuer les odeurs mais ne pas avoir d’influence sur les concentrations ou inversement.

Il est possible de caractériser le bitume selon ces 2 critères :

- Analyses olfactométriques odeurs :

La concentration d’odeur est exprimée en unités d’odeur par m3 (uoE /m3). Le seuil deperception d’un gaz est défini par l’article 29 de l’arrêté du 2 février 1998 comme étant laconcentration à laquelle 50% des personnes constituant un échantillon de population ne« ressent » plus l’odeur de ce gaz. Le seuil de perception est équivalent à 1 uoE/m3.

Lors d’une opération de dépotage, les résultats obtenus après analyses olfactométriques deséchantillons prélevés sont les suivants :

Niveau olfactif (uoE/m3)

Avant l’unité de traitementAu début du dépotage 990 000

A la fin du dépotage 2 125 270

- Analyses chimiques molécules odorantes :

Des prélèvements type « TENAX » ont permis de déterminé les molécules présentes. Elles sontles suivantes :

ComposéConcentrationmg/(n)m3

alcane / alcène (de C9 à C12) 3,61

Aromatique (de C9 à C10) 0,87

Soufré (Thiophene 3 propyl) 0,05

Une caractérisation plus fine a ensuite été effectuée. Les molécules les plus détectées sont :Butane et isobutane, H2S, Isobutene, pentane.

2) Traitement des fumées de bitumes

Plusieurs pilotes ont été menés : refroidissement cryogénique, lavage des gaz, réaction chimique,filtration.Puis, plusieurs traitement ont été réalisés aussi bien sur des cuves de stockages de bitumes que despostes d’enrobé. Les systèmes de traitement par filtration sur charbon actif se sont avérés êtreperformants avec des bilans technico économique avantageux.

Traitement des gaz d’une cuve de stockage debitume

Ce traitement est composé d’un refroidisseur, d’uneturbine et de filtres pour capter les COV ainsi quel’H2S.

L’ensemble de cette unité est équipé d’un systèmede suivi des concentrations en continu, notammentau rejet.

3) Influence d’un tel traitement

Les données collectées sur les fumées de bitume permettent de déterminer les impacts pardispersion sur les avoisinants aussi bien en terme de gêne olfactif que de risque lié aux composés.

Concernant les concentrations des molécules présentes dans le bitume, les résultats de l’étude derisque toxique montrent que les effets sur la santé dus à une exposition directe par inhalation ou uneexposition indirecte par voie orale sont faibles et, pour tous les scénarii étudiés, l’Excès de RisqueIndividuel est inférieur ou égal à 10 5, valeur préconisée par l’OMS.

Les rendements obtenus par les systèmes de filtration en entrée et en sortie de l’unité de traitementdes gaz sont, d’une part, pour les rendements olfactométriques de plus de 99,5% et, d’autre part, deplus de 90% pour les analyses chimiques. L’influence du traitement sur les odeurs aux avoisinants estreprésenté ainsi :

Avant traitement – Impact général Après traitement– Impact confiné au site

Mise à l'échelle d’un système de biofiltration méthanotrophe pour la réduction desGES générés par un lieu d'enfouissement au Québec (Canada)

Scale up of methanotrophic biofilters to reduce GHG generated by LFG in Quebec (Canada)

N. Turgeon1, M. Alibert2

1 : Centre de recherche industrielle du Québec (CRIQ), 333, Franquet, Québec (Québec) G1P 4C7,CanadaTél. : 418 659 1550 poste 2620 e mail : [email protected] : Ville de Québec, 1595, rue Monseigneur Plessis, Québec (Québec) G1M 1A2, Canada

Résumé

Le méthane (CH4) est un gaz à effet de serre (GES) qui possède un pouvoir de réchauffementplanétaire (PRP) 21 à 25 fois plus important que le dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Les sitesd’enfouissement, par la dégradation anaérobie des déchets organiques, constituent une desprincipales sources anthropiques d’émissions de CH4. Comme dans de nombreux pays à traversle monde, le Canada a mis en œuvre aux cours de dernières années des programmes et desrèglementations pour inciter les exploitants à capturer et à brûler les gaz d'enfouissement(biogaz). Toutefois, lorsque l'oxydation thermique (par torchage ou valorisation énergique) nepeut être utilisée (c. à d. concentration de CH4 ou flux énergétique trop faibles), l'oxydationmicrobienne du méthane par le biais de bactéries méthanotrophes peut représenter, dans uncontexte de lutte aux changements climatiques, une solution intéressante pour la réduction desGES provenant du secteur des déchets. Un travail exploratoire effectué dans les laboratoires duCRIQ (Québec, Canada) en collaboration avec l’Université de Sherbrooke et l’Université Laval apermis de tester différents types de supports (organique et inorganique) pour la conception desbiofiltres méthanotrophes. À la suite de cette initiative, un projet à l'échelle pilote a étéentrepris en 2009 en collaboration avec la Ville de Québec (Canada). L'objectif était d'évaluer,en utilisant un prototype (1 m3) installé dans un lieu d'enfouissement fermé (Beauport, Québec),la faisabilité technico économique pour l’implantation d’un système de biofiltrationméthanotrophe de type BIOSORMD pour le traitement des biogaz1. À la suite des résultatsobtenus, un projet visant la mise à l'échelle de la technologie BIOSORMD sur le sited’enfouissement de Beauport a été proposé dans le cadre du Programme de démonstration destechnologies vertes visant la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre TECHNOCLIMATMC. Laprésentation fera état de la démarche d’innovation réalisée depuis les cinq dernières annéespour la mise en œuvre prochaine d’une première vitrine pour cette application de la technologieau Québec.

AbstractMethane (CH4) has a global warning potential (GWP) 21 to 25 times of carbon dioxide (CO2) andlandfills are one of the major anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH4 produced by anaerobicdegradation of organic waste. Canada, as many countries around the world, has implementedprograms and regulations to encourage capture and burning of landfill gas (LFG). However,when thermal oxidation (flaring or energetic valorisation) is not possible (i.e. low CH4

concentration or flowrate), microbial methane oxidation by methanotrophic biofilters

1 Turgeon N., Bourgault, C., Buelna, G. Le Bihan, Y., Verreault, S., Lessard, P., Nikiema, J., Heitz, M. (2011),

Application of methanotrophic biofilters to reduce GHG generated by LGF in Quebec (Canada), 19th International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution, Air Pollution XIX, Wessex Institute of Technology, WIT Press, 387-397

represents a new technology that holds great promises for GHG reduction and air pollutioncontrol of LFG. Exploratory work done in CRIQ laboratories (Quebec Canada) in cooperation withUniversité de Sherbrooke and Université Laval allowed testing different types of mediums(organic and inorganic) for the design of methanotrophic biofilters. Following this initiative, pilotscale project using the BIOSOR technology was undertaken in 2009. The objective was toevaluate, using a prototype (1 m3) installed in a closed landfill (Beauport, Quebec City), thetechnical and economic feasibility of implantation of methanotrophic biofilter for the treatmentof LFG1. Following the results, a project to scale up BIOSOR technology at the Beauport landfillwas proposed in the framework of the demonstration program of green technologies to reduceemissions of GHGs (TECHNOCLIMATTM). The presentation will report the innovation process carriedout during the last five years for the upcoming implementation of the first demonstrationtechnology in Quebec (Canada) for this application.

TREATMENT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF TEX THROUGH A PLANTED BIOFILTER :REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND ROLES OF INDIGENOUS BACTERIA

Anne RONDEAU1,2, Agnès MANDON2, Luc MALHAUTIER3, Thomas POMMIER1, Franck POLY1, AgnèsRICHAUME1

1Université de Lyon, Lyon, F 69003, France. CNRS, UMR5557 USC INRA 1193, Ecologie Microbienne,France 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, F 69622.2Canevaflor®, 24 rue du Docteur Guffon, 69170, Tarare.3Laboratoire Génie de l’Environnement Industriel, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, Avenue de Clavières 6,30319, Alès Cedex, France.

The treatment of urban atmospheric pollution, mainly linked to transport and heating, is amajor environmental and public health question. In town, indoor car parks are confined spaces inwhich high degrees of pollution are found, so complex that 275 substances have been identified(AFSSET 2007, ATMO RA 2010). The main compounds are carbon oxides (COx), nitrogen oxides (NOx)as well as VOCs such as BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). The pollutionconcentrated in these car parks is also a source of contamination of the external environment sincethe treatment of the air pumped out by ventilation systems is not regulated. Amongst the pollutingagents present in car parks, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) arenotorious for their harmful effects on health and the environment as they lead to the formation oftropospheric ozone and contribute to global warming. Filtering the air from such environmentsthrough a planted biofilter is an innovative and long term solution contributing to the improvementof urban air quality by reducing the dispersion of gaseous pollutants and providing otherenvironmental and social benefits like biodiversity and landscape integration.

The efficiency of biofiltration in the treatment of VOCs and NOx has been clearlydemonstrated. However, for the treatment of air, using a planted biofilter combining bacteria andplants is an innovative and efficient approach. It uses bioremediation exploiting the degradationcapacities of numerous pollutants (VOCs, NOx…) serving as a source of energy for themicroorganisms. It also exploits the purifying qualities of plants (consumption of CO2, fixing ofVOCs…) and their capacity to encourage the existence of rich and varied rhizospheric microflora. Arecent study showed the efficiency of such a system in the treatment of low concentrations of TEX(about 200μg.m 3) for an air flow speed classically used in biofiltration of 100 m.h 1 (Rondeau et al.2012).

The aim of the present work is to determine the influence of air flow speed and filling heighton biofiltration efficiency in order to improve planted biofilters performance in the treatment of TEX,particularly in terms of the volume of air treated. However, the understanding of microbialfunctioning of planted biofilters remains insufficient regarding optimal operational control of theseinnovative systems of treatment. This study thus also aims at evaluating the way the microbialcommunity functions in a planted biofiltration system in the treatment of NOx and VOCs.

The functioning of a pilot scale unit of biofiltration, made up of 6 bioreactors in the form of acolumn, was studied in the laboratory for 50 days. Each column was filled up to 20cm or 40cm withan organo mineral support enabling microbial growth and plant cultivation. It was equipped withthree (20cm columns) or five (40cm columns) gas sampling ports at 10cm intervals. Ivy (Hedera helix)previously grown in a pot was planted with its mound of soil in the centre of the filtering material atthe top of each bioreactor. A continuous synthetic gaseous effluent was generated by volatilizationof liquid compounds in clean air, previously humidified so as to obtain a 600 μg.m 3 concentration ofTEX (200 μg.m 3 for each compound), which corresponds to the concentrations of TEX currentlyobserved in underground car parks. The biofilters were fed with an upward flow and the gas flowrate in each column was adjusted so as to maintain superficial gas velocity of 200 m.h 1 (EBRT of 7s or3.5s respectively for the columns with 40cm or 20cm of packing material).

The biofiltration efficiency was checked daily for the various heights of gas sampling and theresults showed a removal efficiency higher than 97% whatever the bioreactor packing materialheight.

The microflora was characterized when the system began working and after maintaining themaximal removal efficiency for 30 days on the basis of :

(i) a functional analysis using microbial activity measurements,(ii) a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the total bacterial community, using molecular

biology techniques, such as real time quantitative PCR and pyrosequencing from the metagenomicDNA.

The global microbiological functioning was thus evaluated and this study enables us to realizethe potential of microbial communities in the biodegradation of NOx and TEX in planted biofilters. Itthus seems possible to treat large volumes of air polluted by low concentrations of TEX with aplanted biofilter of limited depth. The indigenous bacterial communities of the packing material andthe mound of soil are rapidly able to adapt to the functioning conditions of such a system.

VISION’AIR171, chemin de la Madrague Ville 13002 MARSEILLE Tel : 04 91 94 24 31 Fax : 04 91 48 20 62

contact@vision air.org www.vision air.org

AIR QUALITY CONTROL INSIDE PAINTING BOOTHS AND VOC EMISSIONS REGULATION

OBJECT:As a specialist in environmental painting cabins, we offer an energy eco system of supervision and

optimization of ventilation: the PROB’AIR. This regulation system allows meeting the goals of performance,profitability and control of the painting activity’s impacts on operators, environment and energy resources. Ourscheme is an intelligent regulation system of air exhaust for painting booths.Today, 60 to 70% of the energy used for ventilation of paint booth operations is consumed outside paintingoperations. Measure and assess safely becomes essential to act effectively and sustainably: control of informationresults in adjustment of ventilation to the needs of the production (preparation of the parts, marouflage,dessolvatation...). The system ensures, measures and analyses in real time, targets and reacts instantly to changes inpollutants concentration (in particular of VOC), corrects gradually and simultaneously the relevant parameters,maintains quality and optimally and constant air temperature.

PROB’AIR SPECIFIC BENEFITS:• Security:

Immediate detection of the VOC levels inside spray booths thanks to the CELLUL’AIR sensorProtection for operators’ health and security

• Clean technology:Rational management of the need in energy (treated air volume)Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Ergonomics:Programmable controllerStart and stop with spray gun applicationKeep constant temperature and clean airflow inside the painting boothsReduction of the noise level in spray areas

• Easy installation and maintenance:Ready for use: Compatible with any type of painting cabinsEasy maintainingIncrease life time of global equipment (fans, mechanical parts…)

• Performance:Ventilation on demand and constant conformity to standardsDeleting unnecessary evacuation (and unnecessary replacement) of heated or air conditioned airflow in the sprayareas

• Cost and Energy Savings:Energy costs cutting up to 70%:

- heating, air conditioning, driving force- gas, electricity: related to the treatment of captured emissions in waste gas (VOC treating equipment,

installed on painting cabins’ exhaust)Running costs cutting due to the equipment optimization

VISION’AIR TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETENCES:The painting cabins aim is the protection for operators during each production painting stage. The system

controls information, allows the detection of these stages, and results in adjustment of ventilation to the needs ofthe production (preparation of the parts, “marouflage”, flash off...).The benefit remains in saving on energy consumption and keeping a constant conformity with standards, a totaloperators’ safe, an advanced using comfort, an increased care of environment.

VISION’AIR171, chemin de la Madrague Ville 13002 MARSEILLE Tel : 04 91 94 24 31 Fax : 04 91 48 20 62

contact@vision air.org www.vision air.org

METHODS:PROB’AIR is an intelligent regulation system of air exhaust:

For example, in that case of one single closed painting booth with one Make up and a vertical airflow: Find herebelow the sequence of operations (occupancy rate) in the painting booth and all the ventilation controller answers(extraction levels which depends on necessary stages)Stage 1: Preparation of pieces PROB’AIR holds on minimum ventilationStage 2: Marouflage PROB’AIR keeps on minimum ventilationStage 3: Spray painting PROB’AIR gradually increases the ventilation step by step from minimum up to

maximum ventilationStage 4: Stop painting PROB’AIR decreases the ventilation by levels: it takes around 2 minutes from

maximum to minimum ventilation, information confirmed by the VOC sensorCELLUL’AIR

The air quality inside the painting booth is constantly filtered, heated, VOC free and balanced.In case of detection by the VOC sensor CELLUL’AIR (ex: fabrics impregnated with solvent, left in the painting

booth), with or without presence of operators in the painting booth: PROB’AIR detects immediately the ventilationneeds and gradually increases ventilation rate based on the threshold of ppm tolerance program (for example: 180ppm).PROB’AIR is the only controller able to take into account in the same time the Make up and the air balanced Demandand is competent enough to offer a customized solution.

PROB’AIR RESULTS:Energy Savings:

This system reduces energy costs of gas and electricity up to 70%. The paybacks are generally as fast as less than 2years, according to the flow of each spray area. Actually, the return on investment with this system is consequent,especially with continually rising energy costs.

Environmental Gain:The PROB 'AIR responds in real time to the compensation and extraction demand of the painting booths by detectingspray and variations in concentrations of pollutants from the VOCs sensor CELLUL’AIR.The PROB'AIR precisely adjusts the ventilation to the needs of the production and ensures safety and comfort on thesprays areas in the same time than a reduction of the level of noise out of painting operations.

The Ecological and Sustainable Solution PROB'AIR provides a real environmental gain with huge reductions inGreenhouse Gas Emissions and divides CO2 emissions by 2.According to the flow in m3/h of each zone of spray and the occupancy of your cabins, the PROB'AIR is the onlycontroller able to take into account in the same time the Make up and the air balanced Demand and is competentenough to offer a customized solution.

CONCLUSION:Adaptable to every industry exhaust system, this synchronizing solution is the key allowing the balances and the

control for air make up units, an improved employee working environment (reduced noise levels and stabletemperatures), and at the same time offering an ecological and sustainable process going with an economical issue.

VISION’AIR offers a leading edge technology in terms of ventilation on demand, constant air quality inside thepainting booths, global security, according to every single need or environmental and energy balance.

The PROB’AIR is the ideal monitor partner for your painting booths.

Déborah KUNTZTechnology & Process Department / Quality Department06 09 20 75 50debokuntz@vision air.orgwww.vision air.org

Généralités sur ces molécules

o Données physiques / Utilisations industrielles / Risques

Les technologies disponibleso Peut on atteindre 2 mg/m3 avec les techniques classiques de traitement des COV

Combinaisons et associations de techniqueso Pourquoi augmenter les temps de contact pour atteindre ces rendements

Retours d’expérienceo Elimination de DMF (diméthylformamide) par absorption (fabrication de fibres pour

dialyseurs)o Elimination de COV (benzène) par oxydation thermique (industrie chimique – traitement

d’évents de réacteurs et cuves de stockage)o Récupération de 1,2 DCE (dichloroéthane) par adsorption sur charbon actif (industrie

chimique – traitement de réacteurs)

Elimination de DMF Elimination de COV (benzène) Récupération de 1,2 DCE

TRAITEMENT DES COMPOSES A PHRASES DE RISQUE COMMENT DIMENSIONNER POUR ATTEINDRE DES VALEURS < 2 mg/m3 ...

TREATMENT OF COMPOUNDS WITH RISK PHRASES HOW TO DESIGN TREATMENT UNITS AND REACH VALUES < 2 mg/m3…

Patrice Vasseur – Chargé d’affaires Mobile : +33 6 76 85 90 45 BIOBATIQUE 31 J, rue Victor Schoelcher 68200 MULHOUSE [email protected] Tél : +33 3 89 45 54 09 / Fax : +33 3 89 56 26 51

Air pollution removal by the AELORVE photocatalytic process

Cédric Dutriez

Responsable Projets

AELORVE

27, avenue Galliéni

92400 Courbevoie

Aelorve projects concern the decontamination of the indoor air. In particular, Aelorve focuses on theelimination of both chemicals and microorganisms (virus and bacteria).The multiplication of chemical allergies and viral pandemics in the last years encourages public healthauthorities to put in place systems of control and reduction of allergenic and contagion outbreaks.Aelorve works for the application of photocatalysis in critical places such as aircrafts, hospitals orresearch labs.

Aelorve promotes the engineering and the industrialization of embedded system that use a speciallydesigned photocatalytic reactor. According the first experiments, conducted with the help ofCERTECH, CIML and CNRS, the reactor is showing excellent results in air treatment, for both biologicaland chemical pollutions.

The Aelorve solution is now adapted to different systems of air treatment via different researchprojects:

SAVAB project (System Anti Virus and Anti Bacteriological) aims to develop a system for thetreatment of air, at reasonable cost and maintenance, capable of destroying viruses and L1 orL2 type bacteriological agents combining two technologies (germicidal ultraviolet andphotocatalysis) while respecting the standards of civil aviation.

UniT’R project aims to create a system for the treatment of air in hazardous conditions(Industrial disaster or chemical weapon attack). This project concerns both chemical andbiological threat.

Aelorve will equip the soon opening Immunophenomic lab of Luminy, to maintain a goodindoor air quality in a L3/R3 lab.

In the course of those projects, Aelorve wishes to accurately characterize the efficiency of itsphotocatalytic reactor in different environments (humidity, temperature, concentration of pollutants…) and to adapt the reactor for different uses (long time air treatment, short time depollution inhazardous conditions, inline or mobile systems …).

Une offre complète dédiée à la sécurité industrielle pour la protection de l'environnement

Système de contrôlle 'aérosols biologiques

www.bertin.fr

Analyses de risques

Etudes de dangers

Evaluation des risques sanitaires

Etudes d'impact environnemental

Dossiers de demande d'exploitation

Mesures et analyses de polluants chimiques et biologiques

Contact : Pascale Compain ([email protected])

Call for papers / Appel à communicationsspoken presentat ions and posters / présentat ions orales et posters

Deadline : November 15, 2012Certification - Retours / Certification - Feedbacks

Terres excavées - Matériaux alternatifs / Excavated soils - Alternative materials

Impact des sites et sols pollués sur l’air ambiant / Impact of contaminated lands on ambient air

Techniques innovantes de dépollution / Innovative techniques for pollution control

www.intersol .fr

26 to 28 March 2013 - Lyon, France

www.webs-event.com

L’Union des CoUnion des Consultants et Ints ensultan ngénieurss en Environnementon

UUCCCIIEE

In collaboration with :

In partnership with :

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