Qslides 02 Design Process

8/3/2019 Qslides 02 Design Process

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2009CarnegieMellonUniversity

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User-Centered Design Process

05-391 / 05-891Designing Human-Centered Systems

Fall 2011

Jason [email protected]


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HCI Approach to UI Design

Design

Organizational& Social Context

Technology Humans

Tasks


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Outline for Today

Overview of design process

Design

Prototyping

Evaluation

What we discuss about today will beincorporated into how your projectsare done


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Myths about Good Design

Myth 1: Good design is just cool graphics graphics part of bigger picture of what to

communicate & how

also need to consider what people are tryingto do and how to improve

Myth 2: Good design is just common sense

why are there so many bad web sites?

hard to use apps?

underestimates work needed for great designs


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Early Nintendo Wii Prototypes
http://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpghttp://gizmodo.com/assets/resources/2007/08/GyroPod_Sketchbook.jpg


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http://www.cubed3.com/news/6482/1/Wii_Remote_Prototypes


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Myths about Good Design

Myth 3: We can fix the interface at the end overlooks cost of major changes

good design includes making sure you have

the right features Myth 4: Marketing takes care of

understanding customer needs

does not help you understand behavior what people say vs. what they do and

what they actually need


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Steve Job on Marketing

A reporter who asked Jobs about themarket research that went into theiPad was famously told, "None. It's

not the consumers' job to knowwhat they want."


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Who Builds User Interfaces?

A team of specialists (ideally) graphic designers

interaction / interface designers

information architects

technical writers

marketers

test engineers

usability engineers

software engineers

users


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What Processes are therefor Building Applications?

One fairly typical process: waterfall

RequirementsSpecification

Design

Coding

Integrationand Testing

Operationand Maintenance


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What Processes are therefor Building Applications?

Called waterfall because when youfinish one phase you are notsupposed to go back up stream

Thoughts?


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Problems

You cant go back up if theres aproblem downstream

Design is unrealistic / infeasible

Cant adapt

Should be getting more feedbackthroughout

Testing

Tossing over the wall at each phase


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Waterfall Model

Implies that you design once(and get it right first time) Not optimal for user experience

Not typically advocated anymore,but terminology and biases remain Ex. Well fix the user interface at the end Ex. Do testing all at once (rather than

progressively as you go)Testing for software engineers different

than for user experience practitioners Software quality testing vs user testing


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Alternative: Iterative Design

Course project structured arounditerative design

Fail fastDesign

Prototype

Evaluate


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IDEO Shopping Cart

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M66ZU2PCIcM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M66ZU2PCIcMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M66ZU2PCIcM


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Design

Design is driven by requirements focus on core needs, not how implemented,

may be multiple ways of achieving goals

Ex. Android phone not as important as

mobile app A design is a simplifiedrepresentation

of the desired artifact

Ex. text description of tasks Ex. screen sketches or storyboards

Ex. flow diagrams / task structure

Ex. interactive prototypes


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Web Design Representations

Site Maps Storyboards

Schematics Mock-ups


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Site Maps


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Storyboards


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Schematics


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Mock-ups


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Usability Goals?

Want to make sure we make progress

We do this by setting and measuring goals

According to the ISO:The effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfactionwith which specified users achieve specifiedgoals in particular environments

This does not mean you have to create adry design or something that is only goodfor novices it all depends on your goals


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Example Usability Goals?

Looks cool

Does what it was supposed to do

Less Time

Easy to learn

Simple / no training

Low cognitive load

Responsive

Easy to understand flow


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Example Usability Goals?

Predictable

Durable / non-obsolescent

Fewer bug reports / complaints onforums

Depth / expertise


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Example Usability Goals 1/2

Learnable faster the 2nd time & so on

Memorable

from session to session Flexible

multiple ways to accomplish tasks

Efficient perform tasks quickly


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Example Usability Goals 2/2

Robust minimal error rates

good feedback so user can recover

Pleasing high subjective satisfaction

Out of box experience first time to oh thats cool

or time to being productive

Fun


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How might you measure theseusability goals?

Learnability

Memorability

Flexibility

Efficiency

Robustness

Pleasing

Out of box experience

Fun


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How might you measure theseusability goals?


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Case Study:Game Testing for Fun in Halo 3

http://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/15-09/ff_halo
http://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/15-09/ff_halohttp://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/15-09/ff_halohttp://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/15-09/ff_halohttp://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/15-09/ff_halohttp://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/15-09/ff_halohttp://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/15-09/ff_halo


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After each session Pagulayan analyzes thedata for patterns... For example, heproduces snapshots of where players arelocated in the game at various points in time

five minutes in, one hour in, eight hoursin to show how they are advancing. Ifthey're going too fast, the game might betoo easy; too slow, and it might be too hard.


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He can also generate a map showing wherepeople are dying, to identify anytopographical features that might be makinga battle onerous. And he can produce charts

that detail how players died


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A similar report showed that in the game's firstlevel players often ran out of rounds for theirrifles. This was a mystery, because thedesigners had been careful to leave more than

enough ammunition lying around. The teamchecked Pagulayan's video records and foundthat people were firing at the aliens when theywere too far away, misjudging the range of the

weapon and wasting bullets.


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At first the designers couldn't figure out how tofix this problem. But then Griesemer stumbledon an elegant hack: He made the targetingreticule turn red when enemies were in range,

subtly communicating to players when theirshots were likely to hit home. It worked.

Last week 52 percent of players gave theJungle level a 5 out of 5 rating for "fun," andanother 40 percent rated it a 4.


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Where People get Lost in Halo


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Know thy Users

Cognitive abilities perception

physical manipulation

memory

Organizational / job abilities

what skills required

who they talk to

This topic will be covered morein-depth later in semester


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The User is Not Like Me

You already know too much easy to think of self as typical user

easy to make mistaken assumptions

this is the most common mistake possible

How to avoid this problem?


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The User is Not Like Me

Keep users involved throughout design understanding work process

getting constant feedbackon designs

A user-centered design mind-set

thinking of the world in users terms

(empathy) not technology-centered / feature driven,

think of benefit to users


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Phil Agres How to HelpSomeone Use a Computer

Nobody is born knowing this stuff You've forgotten what it's like to be a beginner

If it's not obvious to them, it's not obvious

A computer is a means to an end. The personyou're helping probably cares mostly aboutthe end.

Beginners face a language problem

Most UIs are terrible. When people makemistakes it's usually the fault of the interface.You've forgotten how many ways you'velearned to adapt to bad interfaces.


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Alternatives to Focusing on Users

I would personally argue that user-centered design is key to innovation

Finding real problems people have,helping to solve them in best way

But sadly, its not always the way thingsare done in industry

An Open Letter to Blackberry Execs(June 2011), by anonymous


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An Open Letter to BlackberryExecs

I believe these points need to be heard and Idesperately want RIM to regain its position as asuccessful industry leader. Our carriers,

distributors, alliance partners, enterprisecustomers, and our loyal end users all want thesame thing for BlackBerry to once again beleading the pack.

While we anxiously wait to see the details of thestreamlining plan, here are some suggestions:


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1) Focus on the End User experienceLets obsess about what is best for the end user.We often make product decisions based onstrategic alignment, partner requests or even

legal advice the end user doesnt care.We simply have to admit that Apple is nailing thisand it is one of the reasons they have peoplelining up overnight at stores around the world,

and products sold out for months. These peoplearent hypnotized zombies, they simply lovebeautifully designed products that are usercentric and work how they are supposed to work.


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Android has a major weakness it will alwayslack the simplicity and elegance that comes withend-to-end device software, middleware and

hardware controlLets start an internal innovation revival withteams focused on what users will love instead ofchasing feature parity and feature

differentiation for no good reason (Adobe Flashbeing a major example). When was the last timewe pushed out a significant new experience orfeature that wasnt already on other platforms?


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Rather than constantly mocking iPhone andAndroid, we should encourage key decisionmakers across the board to use these products as

their primary device for a week or so at a timeThis way we can understand why our users areswitching and get inspiration as to how we canbuild our next-gen products even better! Its

incomprehensible that our top software engineersand executives arent using or deeply familiarwith our competitors products.

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Recap

Myths of Good Design

Who builds interfaces?

Waterfall methods vs iterative design Design representations

Usability Goals

Two key phrases Know thy user

The user is not like me

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Next Time

Readings to do before class

Hugh Beyer, Karen HoltzblattApprenticing with the Customerhttp://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2

03365 Remember to use VPN if off campus

Assignment #1 and #2 due Friday

Buy (or get access to) book TheDesign of Everyday Things
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=203365http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=203365http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=203365http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=203365

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