QQ3: What is this state of matter?. QQ4: What is the most common state of matter in the visible...
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![Page 1: QQ3: What is this state of matter?. QQ4: What is the most common state of matter in the visible universe? Earth a)Solid b)Liquid c)Gas d)Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dc45503460f94ab6bb6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
QQ3: What is this state of matter?
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QQ4: What is the most common state of matter in the visible universe?
Earth
a) Solidb) Liquidc) Gasd) Plasma
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The color of an object gives information about its composition
The color of an object is determined by what wavelengths of light it reflects (or emits)• Examples: Tomatoes reflect red light, and absorb other
colors.• Clover reflects green colors, absorbs others
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The spectrum of light source is a measure of which wavelengths are present
continuous spectrum
discrete spectrum -- only a few specific colors
Discrete absorption spectrum – All colors but a few lines
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Continuous model of matter
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The Molecular Model of Matter
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Continuous Model
Useful in many situations:• Fluid dynamics• Classical Electrodynamics
Has many limitations• Charge and light come in distinct packets• How do changes of state occur??!?• Etc.
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QQ5: Density vs. Weight
Styrofoam
Steel
What is heavier, 3lbs. of steel or 3 lbs. of Styrofoam?
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Brownian Motion
The erratic, jittery motion of a dust speck in a fluid is strong evidence supporting the molecular model.• The speck is colliding randomly with unseen
molecules.
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+
States Explained with Molecular Model Solid: The molecules are frozen in place but still vibrate. Liquid: The molecules move past each other but still have
a weak attraction. Gas: The molecules only interact when they collide. Plasma: The molecules collide with enough energy to
break into charged pieces.
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Temperature Explained with Molecular Model
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.• Cold slowly moving• Hot rapidly moving• Absolute zero motion ceases (-
460 F, -273 C)
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Example
At room temperature molecules are moving about 1,000 ft/s
average length of blue arrows
O O
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Example
At room temperature molecules are on average about .0000002 feet apart
O O
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Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a collection of molecules
2
2
1mvKE
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Off to the molecular races
The kinetic Energy is the same for both NH3 and HCl
2111 2
1vmKE
2222 2
1vmKE
21 KEKE
12 2mm but HCl has about twice the mass
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Which molecule has a greater avg. speed?
12 2mm
222
211 2
1
2
1vmvm
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221
211 2
2
1
2
1vmvm
221
2112
1vmvm
221
211 2
2
12 vmvm
22
21 2 vv
22
21 2 vv
Which molecule has a greater avg. speed?
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Off to the molecular races
22
21 2 vv
22
21 2 vv
21 2 vv
21 4.1 vv
1v2v
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Evaporation Explained
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy. Some molecules go faster and some go slower. The fast ones escape as a gas even when the average
temperature is below boiling.
How are you able to cool soup by blowing on it?
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QQ6: Temperature is a measure of
a. The number of particles in a system
b. The average kinetic energy of the molecules.
c. The rate of change of chemical reactions
d. Heat flow in the roome. Nitrogen content
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QQ7: Random Molecular Collision Motion
What is this erratic, jittery motion called? a. Greenian Motionb. Soberiety Waltzc. Kinetic Theoryd. Brownian Motione. Anxiety Induction
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Gas Pressure Explained
Like throwing a huge number of tiny balls against a wall repeatedly.
23A 100221415.6 N
000,000,000,000,300,129,214,602A N
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Gas Pressure and Temperature
Gas pressure increases with temperature if the gas cannot expand. The hotter molecules hit the container walls harder and more often than the cold ones.
Colder Hotter
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If the temperature in a closed room increases…
a. The pressure decreasesb. The pressure increasesc. The number of gas molecules
increases
nRTPV
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QQ7: If the pressure in a closed room increases…
a. The temperature decreasesb. The number of gas molecules
increasesc. The temperature increases
nRTPV
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The Physical Properties of MatterQQ8: Kinetic Theory
How are you able to cool soup by blowing on it?
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Finally, we have actually “seen” atoms using special microscopes
Graphite
Iron on Copper (Gen shi = atom)
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Why does water expand when it freezes?
Go to PhET
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The Physical Properties of MatterQQ9: Shapes
Each curve is a Boltzmann distribution for a gas of the same molecular species. Which one is hottest A,B or C?
A
B
C
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Review: Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy per photon?
a) Radio Wavesb) Infraredc) Ultravioletd) Green lighte) Red light
Visible wavelength range 400nm to 700nm
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QQ10: Why does water expand when it freezes?
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Thompson Model of the Atom (Plum Pudding)
Atom
Positive “pudding”
Negative particles
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Death of Plum Pudding model
Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden
Expectation Result
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Another New Model: The Solar System Model
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Problems at the start!
Accelerating electrons should radiate, loose energy, and spiral into the nucleus.
The model soon died.
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More clues from light spectra
continuous spectrum -- all colors
discrete spectrum -- only a few specific colors
Discrete absorption spectrum – All colors but a few lines
Visible wavelength range 400nm to 700nm
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The Bohr Model: The Rutherford model plus a patch
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QQ11: What is a problem with the Solar System model?
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Absorption vs. Emission spectra
Absorption
Emission
Visible wavelength range 400nm to 700nm
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Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radition
Hydrogen “energy level diagram”
𝐸2→𝐸1 emits light
Light
Amplification by
StimulatedEmission of
Radiation
~700nm
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L.A.S.E.R.
Which transition emits green light?A. -B. -C. -D. -
Visible wavelength range 400nm to 700nm
Ground state
Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12)
𝐸0
𝐸4
𝐸3
𝐸2
𝐸1
𝐸4→𝐸3
𝐸4→𝐸2𝐸3→𝐸1𝐸2→𝐸4
Not a visible transition
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Problems with the “Bohr Model”
Why are only certain orbits possible (not like a solar system!)
Why doesn’t the undisturbed atom radiate? (Why don’t the electrons fall into the nucleus?)
‘Because Bohr says so’ is not a good answer.
So we continue looking!
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QQ11: Laser
Which transition emits red light?a. 3s-3pb. 3s-2pc. 2s-2pd. 2s-3p
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QQ12: Problem with the “Bohr Model”
Why are only certain ______ possible?(not like a solar system!)