Qin Riley, PhDSan Jacinto College South

Summer Literacy InstituteAugust 4-5, 2016

Post-Course Survey results

Grammar instruction:

Then & Now

Deductive or inductive?

My Two-Step Approach

Sample lessons

Conclusion

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End-of-Course Survey

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Of 56 students in Spring 2016, 96.4% rated my teaching

Very Good & Excellent

In 1970s, grammar instruction was considered unhelpful because of the prevalent communicative approach.

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In 1990s, the form-focused structural approach was reconsidered.

Source: Nassaji, H. & Fotos, S. S. (2010). Teaching Grammar in Second language Classrooms: Integrating Form-focused Instruction in Communicative Context. New York: Routledge.

Grammar was always the center of language pedagogy (still so in most EFL).

“The Central Dilemma” (Richards, 2006)The question is how to Integrate Form Focus with Communicative Focus.

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Source: Ellis, R. (2002). Task-based Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Richards, J. (2006). Communicative Language Teaching Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ellis (2002): Classroom activities should include:

Noticing

Comparing

Integrating or reconstructing

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Explicitly Presenting

Rules

Practicing Rules thru

Drills

Teaching grammar in isolation

Easier for learners and teachers

Focus on form

Necessary for beginners

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Discovering Rules by

Processing Input

Practicing Rules in

CommunicativeActivities

Student-centered, active learning

More difficult for learners & teachers

Critical thinking & analytical skills

Great for advanced grammar instruction

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Unreal Conditionals

- Many rules- No clear focus- Grammar in

isolation

Why not let students discover the rules?

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Rule Generation: Students discover rules through processing the input.

“Noticing & Comparing”

Emphasizing intrinsic motivation

Enjoying the challenge & discovery

Involving critical thinking

Grammar embedded in reading

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Exciting but easy to read

Focus on grammar not on vocabulary or reading comprehension

Examples:

Current events

Interesting topics

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Rule Generation: Students discover rules through processing the input.

“Noticing & Comparing”

Emphasizing intrinsic motivation

Enjoying the challenge & discovery

Discussing “why” and “how”

Interactive learning environment

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ESOL0383Dr.RileySelf-StudyWorksheetforthePassivesName:

VerbTenses&OtherForms

ExampleSentencesfromTextbook Rule YourOwnSentences

simplepresent

presentprogressive

presentperfect

simplepast

pastprogressive

simplefuture

· will

· begoingto

To discover rules of the passives byobserving sentences in the textbook

Rule GenerationActivity

Example 1

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SanJacintoCollegeNameESOL0383.302Prof.Riley

NewsAnalysis

More gunfire after Kenyan forces assault Nairobi's Westgate mall by CNN September 23, 2013

Nairobi, Kenya (CNN) -- Heavy gunfire sent aid workers and journalists scrambling outside Nairobi's

Westgate Shopping Mall on Monday afternoon, more than an hour after a Kenyan government official said

security forces had taken full control of the four-story building from terrorists. It was unclear if any hostages

remained inside the building, but authorities expect the number to be "very, very minimal," if any remain,

Interior Minister Joseph Ole Lenku said at a news briefing.

Most had already been evacuated, he said Monday, the third day of the siege. The Kenyan Red Cross said

that 62 people had died since the siege began Saturday. The agency had previously reported 69 deaths.

Some bodies been counted twice, it said on Twitter. Dark smoke that rose from the building after Monday's

assault was from fires set by the gunmen to distract forces from the assault, Lenku said. Terrorists appear

to be on the run inside the mall, which Lenku said had been sealed off to prevent their escape.

Before the assault, terrorists from the Somalia-based Al-Shabaab group were believed to have about 10

hostages on one level of the mall, security officials said. An unspecified number of hostages then were

freed overnight, the head of the Kenyan police force said.

Outside the security perimeter around the mall, volunteers waited Monday for their chance to go inside and

recover bodies. At a community center nearby, a distraught woman continued to seek information about her

missing husband, a mall employee. Meanwhile, the FBI was looking into claims by Al-Shabaab of American

citizens being involved the attack but have not confirmed the claims, law enforcement officials told CNN.

The siege

The attack began at midday Saturday, Nairobi time, with an estimated 10 to 15 gunmen attacking the mall. A

youth cooking competition was taking place in part of the mall at the time. Two attackers were killed

Saturday. According to witnesses, the gunmen went from store to store shooting people and then took

hostages. Survivor Bendita Malakia, a North Carolina woman who moved to Nairobi in July, told CNN

affiliate WAVY that she took refuge behind the closed metal gates of a store with dozens of others.

"While we were back there, you could hear them methodically going from store to store, talking to people

and asking questions," she said. "They were shooting, screaming. Then it would stop for a while and they

would go to another store."

Hospital volunteer Abiti Shah told CNN on Monday that witnesses told her the arrival of the gunmen was like

"a Hollywood action scene." "They just started firing in the air," Abiti said, retelling the witness accounts.

Al-Shabaab has claimed that the attackers targeted non-Muslims and vowed they would not negotiate for

the hostages' lives. CNN security analyst Peter Bergen said the terrorists apparently took hostages only to

prolong the siege and win more media attention.

The dead

Most of the dead were said to be Kenyans. Four British citizens, two French nationals and two Canadians,

including a diplomat, also died, their governments said.

Those killed include:

To discover rules of verb tenses and key words used in different tenses byanalyzing a news article

Rule GenerationActivity

Example 2

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“Integrating & Reconstructing”

Communicative

Contextualized, related to real life

Interactive and practical

Authentic and effective

Rule Application: Students practice rules

through meaningful, fun activities.

Modals

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To create a conversation and role play using modals in a formal situation (student/counselor) or an informal situation (friends or brother/sister)

Rule ApplicationActivity

Example 1

Direct & Indirect Speech

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To write an email and explain what the professor said in class to a classmate who was absent that day, using both direct and indirect speech

Rule ApplicationActivity

Example 2

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Grammar Lesson

Review ofVerb Tenses

Rule GenerationTo observe verb tenses used in a news article and fill in the worksheet

SanJacintoCollegeDr.RileyNameESOL0383.302Adv.Grammar

Global warming is epic, long-term study says

By Ben Brumfield, CNN

(CNN) -- Global warming has propelled Earth's climate from one of its coldest decades since the last ice age to

one of its hottest -- in just one century. A heat spike like this has never happened before, at least not in the last

11,300 years, said climatologist Shaun Marcott, who worked on a new study on global temperatures going back

that far.

"If any period in time had a sustained temperature change similar to what we have today, we would have certainly

seen that in our record," he said. It is a good indicator of just how fast man-made climate change has progressed.

A century is a very short period of time for such a spike.

It's supposed to be cold

The Earth was very cold at the turn of the 20th century. The decade from 1900 to 1909 was colder than 95% of

the last 11,300 years, the study found. Fast forward to the turn of the 21st century, and the opposite occurs.

Between 2000 and 2009, it was hotter than about 75% of the last 11,300 years.

If not for man-made influences, the Earth would be in a very cold phase right now and getting even colder,

according the joint study by Oregon State University and Harvard University. Marcott was the lead author of the

report on its results.

Far from natural warming

Variations in how the Earth is tilted and its orbit around the sun make for a pattern of planetary warming phases

followed by cooling phases across the millennia. The team's research shows the Earth's overall temperature

curve dipping down over about the past 4,000 years, but the downward plod comes to an abrupt halt in modern

times.

"If you were to predict -- based on where we are relative to the position of the sun and how we are tilted -- you

would predict that we would be still cooling, but we're not," Marcott said.

Instead, the planet is warming up. It hasn't been quite this warm in thousands of years. And it's getting hotter.

By 2100, the Earth will be warmer than ever before, Marcott said. If emissions continue as currently predicted until

then, global temperatures will rise "well above anything we've ever seen in the last 11,000 years." That could be

a rise of 2 to 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the NSF.

What a long range study means

To get a view on global temperatures that long ago, the researchers studied 73 sediment and polar ice samples,

taken from all over the globe. Chemicals found in fossils deep down in the samples span the ages and are good

indicators of historic temperatures on Earth, Marcott said.

The scientists did the study to put the global temperature trends into a long-range perspective, Marcott said.

Critics of climate change research, which has generally covered the last 1,500 to 2,000 years, have complained

that it has been too short-sighted.

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Grammar Lesson

Rule ApplicationTo create a dialog using various tenses to introduce each other.

Questions: What’s your name? Which country did you come from? How long have you lived here? Why are you taking ESOL classes? Are you going to start college next year?

Review ofVerb Tenses

ESOL0383Adv.GrammarUnrealConditionalsDr.Riley Name:

“Wish”Conditionals

IwishIwereabird.IwishIwonthelottery.

“If”Conditionals

IfIwereyou,Iwouldgototheparty.IfIhadalotofmoney,Iwouldbuyanewcar.

Present&FutureTenses

VerbtoBe

RULE

VerbtoBe

RULE

RegularVerb

RULE

RegularVerb

RULE

PastTense

VerbtoBeRULE

VerbtoBeRULE

RegularVerb

RULE

RegularVerb

RULE

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Grammar Lesson

Unreal Conditionals

Rule GenerationTo observe a reading from the textbook and fill in the worksheet

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Grammar Lesson

Rule ApplicationTo write a letter to a high school English teacher of yours using five unreal conditionals

“If” Conditionals simple present simple past mixed tenses

Unreal Conditionals

“Wish” Conditionals simple present simple past

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Beginning to Intermediate

High-Intermediate to Advanced To Expand

To Reinforce

Questions?

Contact Info

Qin.Riley@sjcd.edu

281-484-1900 x 3750

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