QC Ub7J. - nhc.noaa.gov
62
QC qC[.? Ub7J. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC -9 q fP ANNUAL DATA AND VERIFICATION TABULATION ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES 1978 ul J. Hebert and St aff, NHC National Hurricane CenterMiami, Florida April 1979 UNITED ~TATES / NATIOtIALOCEANICAND / NatIonal Weather DEPARTM[r~l OF COMMERCE AT~SPHt.RIC A~INISTRATION Servl~" Ju~nlta J4. Kreps, SeCretary Rlch~:-d A. f~~_Ad"'lnlstrBtor I3eorge". ::ressman, DIreCtor rfDperty 8f NOM CoralGa~ Liarary Ga~!Ofe:;T8Wer ,_Room 520 , 4674
Transcript of QC Ub7J. - nhc.noaa.gov
QCqC[.?
Ub7J.NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC -9
qfP
ANNUAL DATA AND VERIFICATION TABULATION
ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES 1978
r'aul
J. Hebert and St aff, NHC
National Hurricane CenterMiami, Florida
April 1979
UNITED ~TATES / NATIOtIALOCEANICAND / NatIonal Weather DEPARTM[r~l OF COMMERCE AT~SPHt.RIC A~INISTRATION Servl~"
Ju~nlta J4. Kreps, SeCretary Rlch~:-d A. f~~_Ad"'lnlstrBtor I3eorge ". ::ressman, DIreCtorrfDperty 8f
NOM Coral Ga~ Liarary
Ga~!Ofe:;T8Wer,_Room 520
I",
4674
INTRODUCTION---~
This is the fifth report of an annual series prepared by the National
Hurricane Ce~ter (NHC) to provide a source of summarized data on Atlantic
tropical cyclones. It will not duplicate the narrative overview of the
hurricane season and the description of the individual storms, which will
continue to be published in the Monthly Weathe:;: Review.
In addition to data supplied by the National Weather Service, materials
have been furnished by the NOAA National Environmental Satellite Services
(NESS) Miami office, and the CARCAH (Chief Aerial Reconnaissance Coordi~ation,
all Hurricanes).
OBJECTIVE FORECA~I TECHNIQUES
The following tropical cyclone prediction models were used at the National
Hurricane Center for forecasting motion on an operational basis:
NHC-67 (Miller, Hill, Chase, 1968).
1.
A stepwise screening regression
model using predictors derived from the current and 24-hour old
lOOO,
700, and 500 mb data, and includes persistence during the
early forecast periods.
2.
SANBAR (Sanders and Burpee, 1968). A filtered barotropic model using
input data derived from the 1000 to 100 mb pressure weighted winds.
TheThe model requires the use of "bogus!' data in data-void areas.
Isystem was modified by Pike (1972) so that the initial wind field
near the storm would conform to the current storm motion.
HURRAN (Hope and Neumann, 1970). An analog system using as a data
3.
base the tracks of all Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes dating
back to 1886.
CLIPER (Neumann, 1972). Stepwise multiple screening regression using4.the predictors derived from climatology and persistence.
Tropical cyclone warning lead times for United States landfalling
storms are given in Table 3a. A summary of warning -lead times for the
period 1970-1978 for hurricanes only and for both tropical 'storms and
hurricanes "is given in Table 3b. The length of time between the issuance of
the warnings and the time that the center crossed the coast, as determined
from the "best track" was taken as the warning lead time. A more complete
discussion of the verification of tropical cyclone warning-lead times, as well
as verifications for individual storms from 1970-1977 can be found in the 1977
Annual Data and Verification Tabulation' (Lawrence, Hebert, and Staff, 1979)
DATA SUMMARIES-
A summary of 1978 North Atlantic tropical cyclone statistics is given
in Table 4. A unique subtropical storm which occurred in January is also
included.
Tracks of 1978 named storms and the January subtropical storm
are shown in Figure 1.
The best track, initial, and forecast positions for 1978 named storms
are in Table 5, along with initial position and forecast errors, and storm
average errors.
Table 6 lists all center fix positions and intensity evaluations used
operationally at the National Hurricane Center during 1978. Fixes are in
chronological order, and include those obtained by aerial reconnaissance
penetrations and radar, satellite (Miami SFSS) , and land-based radar
Supplementary Vortex Data Messages which replaced Vortex Profiles in
the 1977 Annual Data Tabulation are given in Table 7. A diagram of the paths
flown in obtaining these Data Messages is given in Figure 2. The symbolic
code for interpreting the Data Messages is given as Appendix A.
Table 8 is an aerial reconnaissance summary for the 1978 season.
Graphs of the lowest central pressure versus time for 1978 tropical
3
cyclones and the January subtropical cyclone are presented in Figure 3.
Daily GOES-2 satellite photographs of 1978 named tropical cyclones
and the January subtropical cyclone are shown in Figure 4.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Main contributors were: Ms Albertha Sanders, who listed the center
fixes in chronological order; Ms Mary Watson, who did the pressure~time
graphs;
Dr. Joseph Pelissier, who computed the verification statistics;
Mrs.
Charlotte M. Hinderliter, who. typed the tables and manuscript.
I
4
REFERENCES
Hope,
J. R.. and C. J. Neumann, 1970: "An Operational Technique forRelating the Movement of Existing Tropical Cyclones to PastTracks", Monthly W~a_~her Review, Vol. 98, No. 23, pp. 925-933.
Hovermale,
J. B., 1975: First season storm movement characteristics ofthe NMC objective hurricane forecast model. Minutes of the NOAAHurricane Warning Conference, National Hurricane Center, CoralGables, Florida.
Lawrence.
Miles B.. Paul J. Hebert. and Staff. NHC. 1979: "Annual Dataand Verification Tabulation Atlantic Tropical Cyclones. 1978".NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC
--~
Miller,
B. T., E. C. Hill and P. P. Chase, 1968: "Revised Techniquefor Forecasting Hurricane Motion by Statistical Methods", ~onthlyWeather Review, Vol. 96, No.8, pp. 540-548.
Neumann,
C. J., 1972: '~An Alternate to the HURRAN Tropical CycloneForecast System", ~ Iechnical Memorand~~ NWS SR-62, 24 pp.
-J.
R. Hope and B. T. Miller, 1972: "A Statistical Method ofCombining Synopti~ and Empirical Tropical Cyclone PredictionSystems", NOAA Iechnical Memorand!!m NWS SR-63, 32 pp.
and M. B. Lawrence, 1973: "Statistical-Dynamical Prediction ofTr.opica1 Cyclone Motion (NHC-73)", NOAA Technical Memoran~~NWS SR-69, 34 pp.
Pelissier, J. M., 1978: Minutes of the NOAA Hurricane Warning Conference,National Hurricane Center, Coral Gables, Florida.
Pike,
A. C., 1972: "Improved Barotropic Hurricane Track Prediction byAdjustment of the _Initial Wind Field", ~ Technical MemorandumNWS SR-66, 16 pp.
Sanders, F., and R. W. Burpee, 1968: "Experiments in Barotropic HurricaneTrack Forecasting", Journal~ App1ied~ete.t?:rology_, Vol. 7, No.3,
pp. 313-323.
5
PAGE NO.
Table 1. Verification of 1978 tropical storm and hurricaneforecasts. Figures in parenthesis are the numberof cases.
7
Landfall errors of 1978 tropical storms and hurricanes8 Table 2.
Warning lead times for 1978 1andfa11ing United Statestropical storms and hurricanes.
9 Table 3a.
Summary of warning lead times for hurricanes only andall tropical cyclones for the period 1970-78.
Table 3b.9
Table 4. Summary of 1978 tropical and subtropical cyclonestatistics.
10
Best track, initial and forecast positions, initialposition error and forecast errors for 1978 tropicalcyclones.
11 Table 5.
Center fix positions and intensity evaluations for1978 tropical and subtropical cyclones.
Table 6.18
Supplementary Vortex Data Messages, 1978 Atlantic
tropical cyclones.35 Table 7.
Aerial weather reconnaissance summary for 1978 hurricaseason.Table 8.45
Tracks of 1978 tropical and subtropical cyclones.Figure 1.46
Flight pattern flown in obtaining SupplementaryVortex Data Messages.
Figure 2.47
Lowest pressure vs time. 1978 tropical and sub-
tropical cyclones.Figure 3.48
Daily GOES-2 satellite photographs of 1978 namedtropical cyclones and the January subtropical cyclone
Figure 4.54
Code for Supplementary Vortex Data Messages of Figure61 Appendix 1.
6
Table 1. Verification of 1978 tropical storm and hurricane forecasts.
Figures in parenthesis are number of cases.
FORECAST DISPLACEMENT ERRORS (N .MI.)12 HR 24 HR 48 HR 72 HRMETHOD
INITIALPOSITION
ERROR (N.MI.)
OFFICIAL 19(123)
61(115)
135(101)
315(59)
408(33)
NHC-67 19(93)
55
(91)113(77)
277(51)
414(35)
N!!C-72 19(120)
60(118)
130(lOb)
266(67)
407(41)
HURRAN 20
(83)55
(83)119(70)
258
(44)344(24)
CL!PER 19(122)
57(120)
136(102)
300(68)
398(41)
NHC-73 15(43)
59(42)
137(36)
301(24)
444(17)
SANBAR 17(52)
67(51)
136(43)
303(28)
479(19)
MFM 9(10)
52(10)
122(10)
351(8)
---
7
Table 2. Landfall errors of 1978 tropical storms and hurricanes.
STORM NAME LANDFALL DAY FORECAST ERROR(N .M!. ) . LOCATION AND REMARKS
Amelia 7/30/2100 GMT Storm made landfallless than 24 hoursafter developing.
8/08/0600 GKrBess 90 Near Nautla, Mexico
8/11/0200 GMTCora 85 Crossed island ofGrenada
Debra 8/29/0100 GMT Storm made landfallless than 24 hoursafter developing.
Greta /11 9/18/0600 GMT.9/19/0000 GMT
0 Honduras
Greta 112 0 Belize
1978 AVERAGE 44=
NINE YEAR SUMMARY OF ERRORS IN THE PREDICTION OF THE POINTS OF LANDFALL OF
ATLANTIC HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS:
1970-1978
UNITED STATES ALL LANDFALLS
Average error (N.MI.(number of cases)
39(13)
50
(34)
8
Table 3a. Tropical cyclone warning lead times for 1978 United Stateslandfalling storms.
Amelia 7/30/22002T. S. a hrGale warnings Brownsville toPort O'Connor, Texas.7/30/2200Z (System became atropical storm on the coastat this time.).
Debra 7/29/01002T.S. 7 hrGale Warnings Galveston, Texasto Grand Isle, La.7/28/18002 (System became atropical storm at this time.)
Table 3b. Summary of warning lead times for all tropical cyclones and foronly hurricanes making United States landfalls during the period1970-1978.
ALL HURRI CANES
AVERAGE LEAD TlME 18. 8 hoursSTANDARD DEVIATION 5. 6 hoursNUMBER OF CASES 7
ALL TROPICAL STORMS AND HURRICANES
AVERAGE LEAD TIME 17.6 hoursSTANDARD DEVIATION 8.6 hoursNUMBER OF CASES 17
9
Table 4. Summary of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Statistics, 1978
MAXIMUMSUSTAINED
WINDS
(KT)
LOWESTPRESSURE
(MB)NO. NAME CLASS DATES
U.S.DAMAGE
($ MILLION) DEATHS
1.
18-22 JAN.ST 40 1002
AMELIA T 30-31 JULY 45 1005 U.S., 3020
3 BESS T 5-8 AUG. 45 1005
4. CORA H 7-11 AUG. 80 980
5. DEBRA T 26-29 AUG. 50 1000 U.S., 2
6. ELLA H 29 AUG. -5 SEPT. 120 956
7. FLOSSIE H 3-16 SEPT. 85 976
8. GRETA H 13-19 SEPT. 115 947 1 HONDUR
4 BELIZE
9. HOPE T 11-21 SEPT. 60 987
10.
IRMA T 2-5 OCT. 45 1001
11.
JULIET T 7-11 OCT. 45 1006
12.
KENDRA H 28 OCT. -3 NOV. 70 990
10
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7. Supplementary vortex data messages, 1978 Atlantic tropical cyclones.
BESS
URNT12 KMIA 070030AF972 0202 ~ OB 14SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 270DEG FL010RIGHT. REAR QUAD80013 82323 40012 42323 30011 32323 1//// 1////00008 02525 64/// 50/// 34045 MX040 36040 1////RIGHT. FRONT QUAD80012 82523 40010 42323 30008 32323 10008 1252400007 02525 64/// 50/// 34040 MX041 33025 ///11
~
"''r"cI~"'";;~.j(~..~'~\7
ELLA
URNT12 KMIA 312330AF977 0106 ELLA OB 15 .
AZIMUTH 120DEGF"L100LEFT FRONT83192 80803 43160 40806 33135 30706 13959 1150803945 01311 64111 50018 34025 MX061 27015 IIIIIRIGHT FRONT8318180804 41111 411fl )3180 30803 13156 1080803945 01311.64030 50035 34050 MX081 36015 IIIIILEFT REAR83193 80803 43176 40704 33170 30808 13070 1090803906 01308 64111 50020 34035 MX055 18015 IIIIRIGHT REAR83186 80804 43174 40903 33173 30903 13139 1120603906 01308 64111 50020 34040 MX060 09015 IIIII
URNT12 KMIA 010505AF967 0206 ELLA OB 16-SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 310DEG. .FL1QOLEFT FRONT QUAD83180 80904 43160 41003 33122 30707 13058 1070703887 01507 64020 50025 34050 MX079 27015 IIIIIRIGHT FRONT QUAD83192 80904 43168 40806 33153 30806 13112 1120903887 01507 64020 50025 34050 MX083 36015 IIIIILEFT REAR QUAD83176 80904 43170 40704 33142 30606 13112 1070703909 01210 64015 50020 34030 MX075 17010 IIIIIRIGHT REAR QUAD83173 80704 43173 40605 33113 30707 130521100803909 01210 64020 50030 34065 MX092 09010 IIIII
35
Table 7 continued
URNT12 KMIA 011035AF967 0306 ELLA OB14SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 2 ~ODEG FL100 .
LEFT FRONT QUAD83182 80702 43152 40706 33122 30707 13009 1090602876 01309 64020 50040 34060 MX085 24010 IIIIIRIGHT. FRONT QUAD83180 80"105 43161 40705 33117 30907 13010 1090702876 01309 64020 50045 34070 MX085 33010 IIIIILEn REAR QUAD83174 80604 43136 40605 33125 30606 13076 1070702864 01211 64020 50030 34055 MX07514015 IIIIIRIGHT REAR QUAD83185 80606 43155 40606 33155 30606 13108 1070602864 01211 64020 50026 34045 MX082 06012 IIIII
URNT12 KMIA 021615 COR ;~AF980 0706 ELLA OB 11 CORSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 300DEG FLI00LEFT FRONT QUAD83123 80701 43080 40808 33041 30909 129511161002900 01512 64030 50040 34080 03075 27020 11111RIGHT REAR QUAD83139 80605 43084 40707 33003 30808 12940 1101002900 01512 64111 50111 34080 21046 11045 11111RIGHT FRONT QUAD83120 80606 43096- 40807 33061 30808 12943 1131202913 01312 6411150045 34060 06050 33045 11111LEFT REAR QUAD83142 80803 43112 40606 33101 30505 13050 1090902913 01312 64111 50030 34080 25063 17025 11111
y:,;, '. '. --,
""";;:'Tab.1e 1 cont inued .[
URNT12 KMIA 021925AF980 0706 ~ OB 17SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE'AZIMUTH
300DEG F_L100LEFT REAR QUAD83141 80707 43107 40808 33069 30908 13005 1080802913 01212 64111 50025 34080 MX054 17015 IIIIIRIGHT FRONT, QUAD8313280806 43091 40707 33068 30808 12997 1120802913 01212 64111 50111 3q080 MX041 33045 IIIIILEFT FRONT QUAD83135 80707 43094 40707 33062 30808 13010 1100902907 01111 64111 50111 34075 MX048 27030 IIIIIRIGHT REAR QUAD83138 80404 43093 40707 33061 30707 12979 1080802907 01111 64111 50065 34080 MX055 15020 IIIIIDOPLER RADAR INTERMITTENTLY ATTENUATED BY MDT TOHVY PRECIP
,-.
URNT12 DMIA 022325AF977 0806 ELLA OB 10SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE
AZIMUTH 360DRG'. FL100LEFT REAR QUAD83146 81002 41316 40704 33088 31007 130411100903930 01409 64111 50020 34100 MX055 22515 11111RIGHT REAR QUAD83149 80704 43099 40707 33088 30707 13058 1080803930 01409 64111 50111 34111 MX045 22080 11111RIGHT FRONT QUAD83135 80802 43076 40905 33047 30908 13975 1111003920 01310 64111 50100 34111 MX050 04510 11111LEFT FRONT QUAD83137 80804 43099 40707 33076 30806 13054 1090703920 01310 64111 50111 34060 MX050 04510 11111
37
Table 7 continued.
URNT12 !(MIA 031234-AF866 0906 ELLA OB 18
SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MF$SAGEAZIMUTH 040DEG FL100RIGHT REAR .QUAD83138 80803 43129 40806 33109 30905 13005 1080803909 01309 64111 50035 34080 MX056 20045 11111LEFT FRONT QUAD83138 80803 43128 40806 33107 30707 13003 1080803909 01309 64111 50015 34080 MX050 36015 11111RIGHT FRONT QUAD83090 80505 43014 40707 33107 31010 13000 1080803900 01410 64080 50100 34120 MX067 09045 11111LEFT REAR QUAD83104 80804 43064 40705 33036 31004 13990 1110703900 01410 64111 50030 34050 MX056 27015 11111
.
URNT12 KMIA 040355 COR -
AF980 1106 ~ OB 11 COR
SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE
AZIMUTH 05.oDEG FL105
LEFT REAR QUAD
81111 81111 41111 41111 33967 30505 13924 1070703758 01210 64111 50050 34/11 MX060 27030 11111RIGHT .FRONT QUAD
83025 80505 43956 40707 33911 30808 13839 1090903758 01210 64070 50111 34111 MX077 09030 II/IILEFT FRONT QUAD
83005 80705 43989 40706 33920 30908 13887 1101003752 01312 64111 50111 34111 MX030 36030 11111RIGHT REAR QUAD
83040 80905 43969 40807 33907 3100913814 1111103752 01312 64065 50080 34111 MX075 18045 11111
URNT 12 KMIA 040555 COR
AF980 1106 ELLA OB 16 COR
SUPPL~ARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE
AZIMUTH 050DEG FL100
RIGHT REAR QUAD83040 80806 43962 40808 33933 30908 13883 1100903734 01412 64050 50080 34/// MX077 18015 II/IILEFT FRONT QUAD83988 80705 43931 40808 33913 30909 138811101003734 01412 64/// 50015 34075 MX050 36015 /////
} 39
Table 7 continued
URNT12 KMIA 041820 CORAF967 1206 ELLA OB 13 COR.SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 045DEG FL100RIGHT FRONT QUAD83931 80707 43783 41704 33733 31708 13719 1140903700 01310 64/// 50/// 34/// MX099 09045 08000LEFT FRONT QUAD83842 80808 43774 40909 33770 3110813723 112090368501608 64020 50035 34080 MX068 27015 08000RIGHT REAR QUAD83996 80504 43902 41004 33821 31305 13774 1150503685 01608 64/// 50/// 34/// MX100 19050 08000LEFT REAR QUAD83948 80503 43927 40804 33884 30202 13827 1120603696 01308 64040 50/// 34/// MX099 22035 08000
GRETA
URNT12 KMIA 161852AF365 0511 GRETA OB 13SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 028DEG FL015LEFT REAR QUAD80004 82423 40003 42421 30002 32323 10999 1242300989 02524 64111 50111 34028 MX045 13515 11111
LEFT FRONT QUAD80005 82323 40002 42322 30000 32323 10994 1252300988 02723 64111 50111 34025 MX050 22005 11111
RIGHT REAR QUAD80005 82323 40002 42323 30001 32323 11111 1111100988 02723 64025 50035 34046 MX075 04508 11111
URNT12 KMIA 161901AF365 0511 GRETA OB 14SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 028DEG FL100RIGHT FRONT QUAD83101 80905 43082 41009 33058 31108 13058 1110803004 01510 64/1/ 50/// 34/// MX055 31015 II/IILEFT FRONT QUAD83106 80908 43097 40907 33084 31009 13056 1110803004 01510 64/// 50/// 34/// MX045 22005 II/IISFC WND 65 KTS AT 55 NMI RIGHT FRONT QUAD
URNT12 KMIA 171614AF980 0711 GRETA OB 14SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 290DEG FL100LEFT REAR QUAD83106 80905 43102 40905 33079 30905 13054 1080502868 01406 64020 50040 34055 MX065 15015 IIIIIRIGHT REAR QUAD83098 80805 43079 40905 33047 30805 13000 1090502837 01501 64035 50050 34100 MX085 05013 IIIIIRIGHT FRONT QUAD86090 80905 43060 41005 33038 31006 12986 1100602837 01507 64020 50030 34100 MX070 32012 IIIIILEFT FRONT QUAD NOT FLOWN DUE TO PROXIMITY OF COASTLINE
Table 7 continued.
URNT12 KMIA 180058 CORAF977 0811 GRETA OB 16 COR.SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 290DEG FL100LEFT REAR QUAD83076 81008 43047 40908 33022 31107 13938 1101003826 01510 64/// 50/// 34035 MX066 33040 25000RIGHT. REAR QUAD83078 81008 43051 41008 33027 31007 13006 1110903741 01808 64/// 50040 34/// MX090 36020 30000LEFT FRONT QUAD8//// 8//// 43062 41010 33005 31009 13866 1131003741 01808 64020 50025 34/// MX078 28015 30000RIGHT FRONT QUAD83088 80909 43045 41009 33019 31010 13940 1131003698 01908 64/// 50040 34/// MX063 33030 30000DOPPLER INTERMITTENTLY INOPERATIVE DUE TO HEAVYPRECIPITATION
URNT12 KMIA 181143AF980 0911 G~A OB 14SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE"AZIMUTH 280DEG FL100LEFT REAR QUAD83100 80909 43082 40808 33071 30808 13049 1090903628 01612 64/// 50040 34/// MX052 12085 30000RIGHT REAR QUAD83076 80808 43037 40808 33982 30909 138941080803863 01712 64010 50040 34070 MX092 06010 30000RIGHT FRONT QUAD8//// 8//// 43065 40808 33046 30808 130131090903700 01612 64010 50/// 34/// MX082 34010 30000
42
URNT12 KMIA 182012AF977 1011 GRETA OB 12SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE
AZIMUTH 285DEG FL100RIGHT REAR QUAD83099 81052 43077 4100933044 31010 13964 1110903789 01712 64030 50/// 34//1 MX090 01015 II/II
LEFT REAR QUAD8//// 8//// 4//// 4///1 33047 31010 13976 1120903790 01712 64020 50030 34/// MX085 11010 /////
RIGHT FRONT QUAD83087 81010 43058 41008 33025 31109 13949 1130603790 01712 64/// 5002534080 MX053 33015 /////
LEFT FRONT QUAD8//// 8//// 43053 41010 33044 31010 13993 1101003784 01712 64/// 50/// 34025 MX042 27015 /////
URNT12 KMIA ,"182300AF977 1011 ~ OB 20SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 290DEG FL100LEFT REAR QUAD81111-81111 43068 40908 33027 31010 13989 1111003791 01513 64111 50025 34040 MX060 12015 11111
RIGHT REAR QUAD83086 80907 43065 40906 33040 31007 13998 1120903791 01513 64020 50040 34075 MX070 06015 11111
RIGHT FRONT QUAD83091 80907 43059 40906 3304~ 31007 13992 1111103782 0151364025 50050 34111MX085 33010 11111
LEFT FRONT QUAD81111 81111-4111141111 33004 31010 13948 1111003782 01513 64111 50025 34111 MX060 24015 11111
43
URNT12 KMIA 182012AF977 1011 GRETA OB 12SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 285DEG FL100RIGHT REAR QUAD83099 81052 43077 4100933044 31010 13964 1110903789 01712 64030 50/// 34//1 MX090 01015 II/IILEFT REAR QUAD8//// 8//// 4//// 4///1 33047 31010 13976 1120903790 01712 64020 50030 34/// MX085 11010 II/IIRIGHT FRONT QUAD83087 81010 43058 41008 33025 31109 13949 1130603790 01712 64/// 50025 34080 MX053 33015 II/IILEFT FRONT QUAD8//// 8//// 43053 41010 33044 31010 13993 1101003784 01712 64/// 50/// 34025 MX042 27015 II/II
URNT12 KMIA ,182300AF977 1011 GRETA OB 20SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 290DEG FL100LEFT REAR QUAD81111811!1 43068 40908 33027 31010 13989 1111003791 01513 64111 50025 34040 MX060 12015 IIIIIRIGHT REAR QUAD83086 80907 43065 40906 33040 31007 13998 1120903791 01513 64020 50040 34075 MX070 06015 IIII1RIGHT FRONT QUAD83091 80907 43059 40906 3304~ 31007 13992 1111103782 0151364025 50050 34111MX085 33010 I11IILEFT FRONT QUAD81111 81111-41111 41111 33004 31010 13948 1111003782 01513 64111 50025 34111 MX060 24015 111I1
43
I
I
KENDRA
URNT12 KMIA 312130AF964, 0715 KENDRA OB 10SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGEAZIMUTH 360DEG FLO06LEFT FRONT QUAD80013 82020 40011 42120 30009 3212110008 1222200006 02323 64111 50111 34040 MX044 29060 11111RIGHT FRONT QUAD80009 82121 40009 42222 30008 32222 10008 1232300006 02323 64111 50111 34/11 MX020 05099 11111RIGHT REAR QUAD80010 82322 40008 42323 30007 32323 10006 1232300006 02323 64111 50111 34090 MX043 12050 11111LEFT REAR QUAD80011 82222 40010 42222 30009 32323 10008 1232300006 02323 64111 50111 34111 MX021 20030 11111
I
48.3 0.0RFC
TOTAL 956.4 261.8
+261.8
GRAND TOTAL 1218.2
\,:,~-*Two of the unaccomplished requirements in the Atlantic as well as the one,
~,~'in the Pacific were levied as resources permitting.
45
46
2. Flight pattern flown in obtaining Supplementary Vortex Data Messages.
47
SUBTROPICAL STORM18-22 JANUARY 19781020-
m~-w 1010a::~U)U)wa:: 1000 -a..
'-
00 12 00 t2 00 12 00 12 00 12 00
II_I-,J-I-J--~II 1-18 19 20 21 22 23
Dr,7L_ TI ~'C: (G~"""'\MIL- IVIL,;. IVIII
1020
TROPICAL STORMA-MELIA
30-31 JULY 19.78-m~-w 1010 -
0::JU)'u)
~ 10000-
-
v
00 12 00 12 00
t I I I 1--
30 31 I
DATE-TlfIoI1E (GMT)
Lowest pressure vs time, 1978 tropical and subtropical cyclonesFigure 3.
48
1020-m:?:0, w 1010
a::~(/)(/)wcr:IOOO0-
~
TROPICAL STORM BE
5-8 AUGUST 1978
-""""~/
00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00
~--~-1_1-_1_-1~-J- --J--1-t-5 6 7 8 9
DATE-TIME (GMT)
HURRICANE CORA1020 -
7-12 AUGUST 1978
1010-CI)
~'-'wlOOO0:::) I
U)U)w .a:: 9900-
980
00 12
II
00
12I
00
12
I I
00
12
1-1
00 12 00
-'-1 I
,128
--f9 10. II
DATE-TIME (GMT)
Figure 3 continued.
49
TROPICAL STOR~..1 DEBRA1020
26-29 AUGUST 1978-m~"-' 1010
wn=:)U)U)w 10000::a..
00 /2 00 /2 00 /2 00 /2 00
I I I .1- I .I I I I
26 27 28 29 30
DATE- TIME (GMT)
00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 /2 00 12 00 12 00
r---L-~-Y-~~-11 I I Ilr~J---t30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6
DATE-TIME (Gf\4T)Figure .3 continued.
1010 HURRICANE GRETA
13-23 SEPTEMBER 1978
1000
990
-CD~-980w[t:=>U)U)w 9700::a.
960
950
VV 12 00 12 00 :2 CO 12 00 !:? .:..} I? 00 12 00
I' I I I ' I I I I,~ I I I 'I13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
DATE-TIME (GMT)
TROPICAL STORM HOPE11-21 SEPTEMBER 1978
1020
1010
OJ~-LJJIOOO -
£r~U)
U)
w 990a:0-
980
00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00
~-t~~~J- I I I I I I I' J I I ' I 'I' 1-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19' 20 21 22
DATE-TIME (GMT)
Figure 3 continued.
TROPICAL STORt\.1
I RfI;t1A
2-5 OCTOBER 1978fb 1010~W0:-::>U> 1000 -U)W
g: 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 001-1 t' I '-t I I
2 3 4 5 6
DATE--rlt-JE (Gt.,1T)
TROPICAL STORf..1JULIET
7-11 OCTOBER 19781020
3:2 1010-IlJa:~~IOOOwa:a..
00 12 OOc 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00~-1-1-t-L--1 .I I I I -
7 8 9 10 II 12
DATE-TIME (GMT)
I;URRIC".NE KENDRA
28 OCT.- 3 t-JOV. 19781010
\~
m~-'000w0:::)U>U>w 9900::(I..
00 /2 00 12 00 12 Ou 12 00 12 00 12 00 I:~
r-.L-i--1---r--I'-r ~ t-_J- _+__L_~j_-28 ~~I 30 3/ J 2 3
D.~TE--T:~,s1E (Gr..1T)
J'igure
3 continued.
53
1301 GMT 1/18/781013 MB
1731 GMT 1/19/781005 ME
SUBTROPICALSTORM
1731 GMT 1/20/781002 MB
1731 GMT 1/2.1/781003 MB
AMELIA
2100 GMT 7/30/78 1401 GMT 7/31/781009 MB
BESS
1931 GMT 8/6/78 223i GMT 8/7/781008 ME 1006 ME
Daily GOES-2 satellite photographs of 1978 named tropical cyclonesand January subtropical cyclone.
Figure 4
1931 GMT 8/30/781004 MB
1901 GMT 8/31/78980 MB
1801 GMT 9/1/78960 ME
ELLA
1801 GMT 9/3/78970 MB
1401 GMr 9/4/78956 MB
1931 GMT 9/2/78983 ME
1401 GMT 9/5/78981 MB
Figure 4 continued
56
1102 GMT 9/4/781006 MB
1301 GMT 9/5/781006 MB
1301 GMT 9/6/781004 MB
1301 GMT 9/7/781001 MB
1301 GMT 9/8/781006 ME
1401 GMT 9/9/781010 ME
i,:,'::
"'.:"""~i.OSSIE~\::;
1401 GMT 9/10/781006 MB
1301 GMT 9/11/78998 MB
1301 GMT 9/12/78984 MB
1101 GMT 9/15/78997 MB
1101 GMT 9/14/78988 MB
1301 GMr 9/13/78..
Ii 982 MEc: Figure 4 continued.+c
1901 GMT 9/14/781004 MB
1931 GMT 9/15/78999 ME
1931 GMT 9/16/78985 MB
GRETA
2131 GMT 9/17/78958 MB
2001 GMT 9/18/78964 ME
1401 GMT 9/19/781005 ME
1831 GMT 9/14/781009 MB
1501 GMT 9/15/781004 MB
1300
GMT 9/16/781001 ME
HOPE
1201 GMT 9/17/78999 ME
Figure 4 continued.
1101 GMT 9/18/78992 MB
1101 GMT 9/19/78987 MB
58
IRMA
1101 GMT 10/5/781004 MB
1401 GMT 10/4/781003 MB
1301 GMT 10/9/781005 ME
1401 GMT 10/8/781007 MB
JULIET
1301 GMT 10/11/781005 ME
1301 GMT 10/10/781005 MB
Figure 4 continued.
1931 GMT 10/28/781008 MB
1901 GMT 10/29/78995 MB
KENDRA
1901 GMT 10/30/78998 ME
Figure 4 continued.
60
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