Q1.The principle of Shared sovereignty is a fair way of ...€¦ · nucleotides, or bases, in a...

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Model Answer

Introduction:

Share-Sovereignty is two

or more nation's theory

which can coexist

together as one nation-

state by sharing

sovereign power in

certain areas of legal and

administrative

relationship between two

or more nation under

some arrangement in the

constitution from both

countries

Examples:

China has

separate flags for

Macau, Hong

Kong and Taiwan.

Under the devolution in UK constitution, the Scottish has separate

parliament, Supreme Court and greater autonomy

Q1.The principle of Shared sovereignty is a fair way of dealing

with sovereignty conflicts. Evaluate this statement with respect

to India by giving suitable examples. (15 marks)

Approach

Intro: Write about the principle of Shared sovereignty

Body: Discuss the benefits and disadvantages of such principle with

respect to India

Conclusion: Give a conclusive opinion based on your arguments given

in the body

https://www.jatinverma.org/


Body

Principle of Shared sovereignty with respect to India.

Pros:

Indian state is under the threat due to the ongoing regional

movements such as,

Secessionism- Isac Muivah’s National Socialist Council of

Nagaland, the Islamic fundamentalist groups in J&K, ULFA

in Assam are the examples

Separatism- the demand for creation of Bodoland for the

Bodo-speakers in Assam; Gorkhaland for ethnic Gorkha

(Nepali) people in West Bengal; a Bundelkhand state

(covering part of Madhya Pradesh and part of Uttar Pradesh)

Demand for Full Statehood- like the NCT of Delhi.

The Demand for Autonomy- In Tamil Nadu the DMK, in

Punjab the Akali Dal, in Andhra Pradesh the Telgu Desham,

etc.

Demand for Regional Autonomy within a State- for

instance in J & K, the Ladakhis are demanding a regional

status.

Naxalism

In these cases the principle of Shared sovereignty will remain as the

best solution to end the conflicts associated with sovereign issues.

Genuine devolution signify empowerment of common people.

Along with Increased attention towards neglected areas.

Cons:

Might open the Pandora box: The state like Kashmir, Bihar,

Tamil Nadu, Punjab etc. might demand independence from India

External threat from neighboring state is a possibility

Resource distribution can become a major issue of a tussle between

the two states.

Rise of new political parties can lead to disputes and divide people

further on regional grounds.

It is true that time has changed and with it the concept of sovereignty has

also undergone a remarkable change. Therefore it is imperative that the

meaning of sovereignty is relevantly reinterpreted and understood to suit

the changes. Given the present context, it appears more realistic to explore

the concept of “shared sovereignty”.



Model Answer

Body

Genome sequencing

Genome: It is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of

its genes.

Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and

maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome—

more than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that

have a nucleus.

Genome sequencing: It is figuring out the order of DNA

nucleotides, or bases, in a genome—the order of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts

that make up an organism's DNA. The human genome is made up

of over 3 billion of these genetic letters.

Sequencing the genome doesn't immediately lay open the genetic

information of an entire species. Even with a rough draft of the

human genome sequence in hand, much work remains to be done.

Scientists still have to translate those strings of letters into an

understanding of how the genome works.

Q2. What is genome sequencing? Mention few benefits of

genome sequencing and the challenges associated with it.

15 marks

Approach

Intro: Write about genome sequencing and mention some recent projects

like human genome projects etc.

Body: Write the benefits of genome sequencing and challenges

associated with it.

Importance of genome sequencing.

Conclusion: Conclude with future prospects of genome sequencing.



Benefits of genome sequencing:

To study the entire genome sequence will help them

understand how the genome as a whole works – how

genes work together to direct the growth, development

and maintenance of an entire organism. And

also Genome sequencing sample of citizens

determine unique genetic traits, susceptibility (and

resilience) to disease.

Genomic sequencing can provide information on genetic

variants that can lead to disease or can increase the risk of

disease development, even in asymptomatic people. Thus

genome sequencing has the potential to increase the ability

to act preemptively prior to disease development or

commence treatment for a disease that has not yet been

diagnosed.

Pharmacogenomics: Another advantage of genome

sequencing is that information regarding drug efficacy or

adverse effects of drug use can be obtained.

Enable cost effective genetic tests, carrier screening

applications for expectant couples, enabling efficient

diagnosis of heritable cancers and pharmacogenetic tests to

prevent adverse drug reactions.

Ever since the human genome was first sequenced in 2003,

it opened a fresh perspective on the link between disease

and the unique genetic make-up of each individual.



Nearly 10,000 diseases — including cystic fibrosis,

thalassemia — are known to be the result of a single gene

malfunctioning.

Challenges:

Production challenges: issues of sample contamination

from non-human sources, library chimaeras, sample mix-ups

and variable run quality.

Ethical issues: Medical sequencing raises ethical issues for

both individuals and populations, including data release and

identification, adequacy of consent, reporting research

results, stereotyping and stigmatization, inclusion and

differential benefit and culturally and community-

specific concerns.

Importance of Genome Sequencing

Sequencing the genome is an important step towards

understanding it.

The genome sequence will represent a valuable shortcut,

helping scientists find genes much more easily and quickly. A

genome sequence does contain some clues about where genes are,

even though scientists are just learning to interpret these clues.

Scientists also hope that being able to study the entire genome

sequence will help them understand how the genome as a whole

works—how genes work together to direct the growth,

development and maintenance of an entire organism.

Finally, genes account for less than 25 percent of the DNA in the

genome, and so knowing the entire genome sequence will help

scientists study the parts of the genome outside the genes. This

includes the regulatory regions that control how genes are turned

on and off, as well as long stretches of "nonsense" or "junk"

DNA—so called because significance of it hasn’t been

established.

Conclusion:

The time is ripe for India to begin its own genomics

revolution

A coherent push is needed at the national level that involves

government, academic institutions, the existing health-care



industry, the IT industry and the nascent biotechnology

industry

This coherent push should aim to set an ambitious but

realistic objective of creating an Indian genetic data bank

Also, to promote academic programmes that train scientists,

technicians, and doctors in this area

And to create a regulatory framework that promotes broad

objectives for both public and private sectors without being

self-defeating



Model Answer

Intro:

Immigration is the hot and rising political issue in the western world.

Many of the local population in the western world have feeling that

settled immigrants have taken away local jobs.

Body:

According to the population division at the department of

economics and social welfare of the United Nations, the total

number of immigrants as of mid-2019 is 272 million.

In 1990, the total number of immigrants was 153 million. And the

number of immigrants has risen constantly over the years.

In 2017, the number of international migrants worldwide –

people residing in a country other than their country of birth –

reached 258 million (from 244 million in 2015).

Female migrants constituted 48% of this international migrant

stock. There are an estimated 36.1 million migrant children, 4.4

million international students and 150.3 million migrant workers.

Q3. ‘An influx of immigrants into the local population can have

taken away the jobs of the locals’. In light of this statement,

discuss the economic benefits of migration. (15 marks)

Approach

Intro:

Provide a short introduction

Body:

Enlist some key statistics on Migration

Discuss the economic benefits of Migration

Conclusion:

Conclude with a balanced note



Approximately 31% of the international migrant stock worldwide

reside in Asia, 30% in Europe, 26% in the Americas, 10% in

Africa and 3% in Oceania.

Economic benefits of Migration

As per the

economist, the

influx of

migrants can

have a direct

effect on the job

and as a result,

the supply of

labour goes up.

But, in a

retrospective

sense, it has indirect effects as well. One indirect effect of a rise in

migrants is the overall increase in demand for goods and services.

This works well for the overall economy and the population as a

whole. The local population tends not to acknowledge this.

Other benefits are as follows:

Bridging the gap of Economic In-equality: Migration leads to

remittances transfers and social capital transfer thereby bridging

inequality across the regions.

Increased Talent pool in the host economy: For the host

country’s economy, Immigrants offer increased talent pool

provided they have been well educated in their original country.

Labour Demand and Supply: Migration fills gaps in demand

for and supply of labor, efficiently allocates skilled labor,

unskilled labor, and cheap labor.

Skill Development: Migration enhances the knowledge and

skills of migrants through exposure and interaction with the

outside world.



Quality of Life: Migration, enhances chances of employment

and economic prosperity which in turn improves quality of life.

Climate Change Adaptive Mechanism: Migration has also

emerged as a possible adaptive mechanism in the context of

climate change and the occurrence of extreme weather events like

floods, droughts, and cyclones.

Economic Efficiency: Bulk of employment in the informal

sector is economically efficient and profit-making. Thus

migration increases the efficiency of local businesses as well as

provides income for migrants.

Conclusion

Migration is integral to the process of human development and it

plays a very important role in achieving sustainable development

goals.

In line with the other countries, India also needs to formulate

migration centric policies, strategies, and institutional mechanisms in

order to ensure inclusive growth and development and reduce distress

induced migration.



Model Answer

Intro

The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos

meaning the coils of a snake. It was coined by Henry

Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal

and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.

Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around a

low-pressure area distinguished by swift and often

destructive air circulation. Cyclones are usually accompanied

by violent storms and bad weather.

The air circulates inward in an anticlockwise direction in the

Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern

hemisphere.

Cyclones are classified as: (i) extra tropical cyclones (also called

temperate cyclones); and (ii) tropical cyclones.

Body

There are six conditions favorable for this process to take place.

The temperature of the surface layer of ocean water must be

26.5 °C or more

A preexisting atmospheric circulation must be located near

the surface warm layer.

The atmosphere must cool quickly enough with height to

support the formation of deep convective clouds.

The middle atmosphere must be relatively humid at a height of

about 5,000 metres (16,000 feet) above the surface.

At least 500 km (300 miles) away from the Equator.

Q4.Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea,

Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Why? (10 Marks)

Approach

Intro: Define what is cyclone.

Body- What are the pre-conditions? How these pre-conditions helps

in forming cyclone in the given areas.

Conclusion- How cyclone is beneficial to the coastal area. Other

prevention measures

Body:

Conclusion:


https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean

https://www.britannica.com/science/water

https://www.britannica.com/science/atmospheric-circulation

https://www.britannica.com/science/atmosphere

https://www.britannica.com/place/Equator


The wind speed must change slowly with height through the

troposphere.

These pre-conditions are present in South China Sea, Bay of

Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Hence, cyclones are formed here.

Benefits- Relieve drought conditions, Carry heat and energy away

from the tropics and transport it towards temperate latitudes,

thus helps to maintain equilibrium in the Earth’s troposphere and

maintain a relatively stable and warm temperature worldwide.

MITIGATION MEASURES- There are many structural and non-

structural measures for effective disaster management of cyclones.

The structural measures include construction of cyclone

shelters, construction of cyclone resistant buildings, road

links, etc.

Non-structural measures like early warning dissemination

systems, management of coastal zones, awareness generation

and disaster risk management and capacity building of all the

stakeholders involved.



Model Answer

Intro

National Crime Records Bureau is an Indian government

agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as

defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local

Laws (SLL).

The NCRB compiles and collates the data and presents it in the

form of this report.

The idea is that such data collection would help the government

formulate its policies better in tackling crimes.

Features of NCRB report, 2017:

It included 88 new categories including sexual harassment of

women at the workplace/public transport, offences relating to

elections, obscene acts at public places, etc.

Significant diversification of data can be seen are crimes against

women and children, atrocities against Dalit’s, cases of

corruption, and time taken by police and courts to take cases to

their conclusion.

For IPC crimes, police are supposed to file a charge sheet within

90 days. But data show that in certain cases such as rioting,

which includes communal riots, police delayed filing of charge

sheet in 60% of the cases.

It says there are more than 3 lakh cases pending investigations

for more than one year.

Q5.In order to explore more precise and effective solutions to

criminal justice issues, NCRB must first take steps towards

ensuring the accuracy, reliability and comprehensiveness of its

annual crime reports. Comment. (10 Marks)

Approach

Intro: Provide basic info about NCRB and its annual crime

report.

Body: Explain various loopholes in the recent 2017 NCRB crime

report. Also provide some key findings.

Conclusion: Give some suggestions for improving the report.



Body

Lynching crimes/farmer suicides were not reported: The zero

figure assumes significance when seen against the backdrop of 21

deaths in the Jharkhand state alone in the past three years due to

mob violence over suspicion of animal slaughter, theft, child-

lifting rumors, among others.

Also data on farmer suicides after 2015 are yet to be published.

Without methodological clarity, policymaking is a challenge:

There is opacity surrounding the methodology for collection and

compilation makes the data.

Improper classification: While the report states that “socio-

economic causative factors or reasons of crimes” have not been

captured, the non-legislative parameters for classifying some

offences have not been adequately explained.

Absence of information on the quality and impact of

reformation programmes for prisoners: Data is needed for

ensuring successful reintegration of prisoners and provide those

serving life-term imprisonment (52.6% of all convicts) an

opportunity to reform.

Conclusion

Lynching data should be provided to help in formulating policy

to curb these crimes.

Methodology for collection of data should be made public to

ensuring transparency.

Sociological reasons for crimes should be provided so that a

better policy for poor and vulnerable sections of society, can be

formulated.

Data about the quality of prisoners’ reform programs should be

given so that better rehabilitation policies are formulated for

prisoners. It is important since 94.4% of those entering the

criminal justice system were arrested for the first time.



SYNOPSIS

Intro

What is an organoid?

Organoids are a group of cells grown in laboratories into three-

dimensional, miniature structures that mimic the cell arrangement

of a fully-grown organ.

They are tiny (typically the size of a pea) organ-like structures that

do not achieve all the functional maturity of human organs but

often resemble the early stages of a developing tissue.

Most Organoids contain only a subset of all the cells seen in a real

organ, but lack blood vessels to make them fully functional.

In the case of brain Organoids, scientists have been able to develop

neurons and even make specific brain regions such as the cerebral

cortex that closely resemble the human brain.

The largest brain Organoids that have been grown in the laboratory

are about 4 mm in diameter.

Body

Since the Organoids closely resemble mature tissues, it opens up new

vistas.

It can be used for studying the complex arrangements of cells in

three-dimensions and their function in detail and understanding how

cells assemble into organs. Organoids

can be

used to

study the

safety and

efficacy of

new drugs

and also

test the

response of

tissues to

existing medicines. Organoids will bring precision medicine closer to reality by

developing patient-specific

treatment strategies by studying which drugs the patient is most

sensitive to. Scientists have been increasingly using human cell lines and other

methods, during drug development studies but such alternatives

Space to Add More

Dimensions

Q6.What is an organoid? Briefly explain their significance to

Medicine research. (10 marks)



have some inherent limitations, they cannot mimic the whole organ

system whereas Organoids are a far superior alternative to cell lines. Organoids offer new opportunities to study proteins and genes that

are critical for the development of an organ. This helps in knowing

how a mutation in a specific gene causes a disease or disorder. Scientists are already using stem cells taken from tumours to grow

Organoids that are poised to develop cancer. The ability to grow

Organoids using cancer stem cells allows researchers to study the

genes, proteins and signaling pathways that cancer cells use to

develop and grow. They are also using healthy Organoids to

identify and verify the gene mutations that cause cancer.

Conclusion:

The establishment of organoid culture systems represents a milestone on

the route toward successful personalized medicine. Due to their unique

ability of virtually unlimited self-renewal, organoid cultures should be

distinguished from previous 'sphere'-culture assays, for example, 'tumor

spheres' that have already been described and applied over the last

decades.


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