Q1-What is Defense Mechanism. Explain Three Defense

8/14/2019 Q1-What is Defense Mechanism. Explain Three Defense

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AssignmentAssignmentQ1-What is defense mechanism.Q1-What is defense mechanism.

Explain three defenseExplain three defensemechanism give examples?mechanism give examples?

ArticleArticleTheories of forgettingTheories of forgetting


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PresentationPresentation

READING ASSIGHNMENTREADING ASSIGHNMENT

Defense mechanism.Defense mechanism.


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MemoryMemory


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Memory involves storing theMemory involves storing the

information that is learned soinformation that is learned soit can be retrieved and usedit can be retrieved and usedat a later time.at a later time.

The process of memory The process of memoryoverlaps the process of overlaps the process of

perception and learning.perception and learning.


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Memory processMemory process

EncodingEncoding

StorageStorageRetrievalRetrieval


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Integrated Model ConceptsIntegrated Model Concepts

EncodingEncoding process of process of translating info intotranslating info intoneural codesneural codes(language) that will be(language) that will be

retained in memoryretained in memoryStorageStorage the process the processof retaining neuralof retaining neuralcoded info over timecoded info over timeRetrievalRetrieval the process the processof recovering infoof recovering infofrom memory storagefrom memory storage


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1-Encoding1-Encoding :: the process of putting information intothe process of putting information into

our memory system. orour memory system. orconversion of information into a form thatconversion of information into a form thatcan be stored and retrieved.can be stored and retrieved.

2-2- Storage:Storage:the process that retains information in ourthe process that retains information in ourmemory system for some length of time.memory system for some length of time.


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Three separate memoryThree separate memory

stores exist:stores exist:SensorySensoryShort- termShort- termLong-termLong-term


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MemoryMemoryStage 1Stage 1 -- Sensory MemorySensory Memory is ais a

brief representation of abrief representation of astimulus while being processedstimulus while being processedin the sensory systemin the sensory system

Stage 2Stage 2 -- Short-Term MemoryShort-Term Memory (STM) is working memory(STM) is working memoryLimited capacity (7 items)Limited capacity (7 items)

Duration is about 30 secondsDuration is about 30 seconds

Stage 3Stage 3 -- Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory (LTM) is large capacity and long(LTM) is large capacity and longdurationduration


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3-Retrieval:3-Retrieval: pulling information out frompulling information out from

the memory system.the memory system.


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MemoryMemory processprocess

Need to distinguish between processNeed to distinguish between processand structure.and structure.

Memory processMemory process oror systemsystem andandmemory structurememory structure


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Memory process:Memory process: includingincludingEncoding, Storage and Retrieval.Encoding, Storage and Retrieval.help us place information intohelp us place information intoour memory systemour memory system ..


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Memory structureMemory structure ::Concerned with the stages of Concerned with the stages of memory storage.memory storage.

ExampleExample

Capacity of memory, the durationCapacity of memory, the durationof storage, how information isof storage, how information isstored and organized and the formstored and organized and the form

of the information.of the information.


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Sensory MemorySensory MemoryA memory system that momentarilyA memory system that momentarilypreserve images of sensorypreserve images of sensoryinformation.information.

Visual and auditory sensoryVisual and auditory sensorymemorymemory

1-Iconic memory:1-Iconic memory: visualvisualsensory memory.sensory memory.

2-Econic:2-Econic: auditory sensation.auditory sensation.


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Sensory Memory StoreSensory Memory StoreSensory memory formsSensory memory formsautomatically, withoutautomatically, withoutattention or interpretationattention or interpretation

Attention is needed toAttention is needed totransfer information totransfer information toworking memoryworking memory

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory


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Attention and patternAttention and patternrecognitionrecognition

Two process that help us to analyze the Two process that help us to analyze theinformation so it can be transferred toinformation so it can be transferred toshort-term memory.short-term memory.

Attention:Attention: The process of focusing on certain stimuli. The process of focusing on certain stimuli. ))this is pretty obvious. The more we pay attentionthis is pretty obvious. The more we pay attentionto a stimulus, the more likely it will continue ontoto a stimulus, the more likely it will continue ontothe next memory store (short term memory)the next memory store (short term memory)


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pattern recognitionpattern recognition : we: wecompare the selected informationcompare the selected information

already permanently stored in ouralready permanently stored in ourmemory.memory.when new information comes intowhen new information comes into

sensory storage, we actively searchsensory storage, we actively searchthrough long term memory in anthrough long term memory in aneffort to find a match for this neweffort to find a match for this newraw data.raw data.


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Model of the MindModel of the Mind

Long-term

memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal


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Short term memoryShort term memoryA limited capacity memory systemA limited capacity memory systeminvolved in the retention of informationinvolved in the retention of informationfor brief periods. its used to storefor brief periods. its used to storerecently perceived information.recently perceived information.

Working memoryWorking memoryActive memoryActive memoryImmediate memoryImmediate memory

Primary memoryPrimary memory


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Encoding in STMEncoding in STM

Two important variables in encoding Two important variables in encodinginformation are:information are:

meaningfulnessmeaningfulnesschunking.chunking.


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MeaningfulnessMeaningfulness

Refers to the informational value of Refers to the informational value of the material.the material.


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THE-DOG-SAW-THETHE-DOG-SAW-THECATCAT


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ChunkingChunking

Help us improve our memoryHelp us improve our memorybecause each chunk may containbecause each chunk may contain

more information.more information.


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ChunkingChunking

Grouping small bits of information intoGrouping small bits of information intolarger units of informationlarger units of information

expands working memory loadexpands working memory load

Which is easier to remember?Which is easier to remember?

4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 64 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6

483 792 516483 792 516


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Information code inInformation code inSTMSTM

What code is used in short termWhat code is used in short termmemory?memory?

Research suggests that we are mostResearch suggests that we are mostlikely to use an acoustic code storinglikely to use an acoustic code storinginformation in terms of how itinformation in terms of how it

sounds.sounds.


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Capacity of STMCapacity of STM

Span of memorySpan of memory


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5 8 9 5 35 8 9 5 388


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4 3 6 9 2 54 3 6 9 2 566


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5 8 3 7 1 4 95 8 3 7 1 4 922


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Retrieval of Retrieval of STMSTM An average rate is about 27 digitsAn average rate is about 27 digitsper second.per second.


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Duration of Duration of STMSTMBEQBEQ40940918 sec18 sec


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RehearsalRehearsal

Ways to keep information in the shortWays to keep information in the shortterm memory.term memory.

Rehearsal may take two forms.Rehearsal may take two forms.1-Maintanance1-Maintanance2-Elaborative rehearsal2-Elaborative rehearsal


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1-Maintanance1-Maintanance

Maintenance rehearsal is simplyMaintenance rehearsal is simplyrepeated the material over and overrepeated the material over and over

again without thinking about it.again without thinking about it.


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Maintenance RehearsalMaintenance Rehearsal

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

SensoryMemory

Attention

Mental or verbal repetition of informationMental or verbal repetition of information

Allows information to remain in working memory

longer than the usual 30 secondsMaintenance rehearsal


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2-Elaborative rehearsal2-Elaborative rehearsal

Elaborative rehearsal is thinkingElaborative rehearsal is thinkingabout the meaning of the materialabout the meaning of the materialand trying to form associations withand trying to form associations with

information already in memory.information already in memory.


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Ways to Use ElaborationWays to Use Elaboration

Actively question new informationActively question new information Think about its implications Think about its implicationsRelate information to things youRelate information to things youalready knowalready knowGenerate own examples of conceptsGenerate own examples of conceptsDont highlight passage as you readDont highlight passage as you read

focus on the ideas in the textfocus on the ideas in the text


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Long-term MemoryLong-term Memory

The memory system involved in the The memory system involved in thelong-term retention of information.long-term retention of information.

fV i i f LTM


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Varieties of LTMVarieties of LTMTwo types of LTMTwo types of LTM

Semantic memorySemantic memory Refers to factual information.Refers to factual information.

Episodic memoryEpisodic memory Refers to autobiographical information asRefers to autobiographical information asto where and when an event happened.to where and when an event happened.


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Episodic MemoryEpisodic Memory

Memory tied to your own personalMemory tied to your own personalexperiencesexperiences

Examples:Examples:

what did you have for dinner?what did you have for dinner?


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Flashbulb MemoriesFlashbulb Memories

Flashbulb memories are distinctly vivid,Flashbulb memories are distinctly vivid,precise, concrete, long-lasting memoriesprecise, concrete, long-lasting memories

of a personal circumstance surrounding aof a personal circumstance surrounding apersons discovery of shocking events.persons discovery of shocking events.


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People remember with almostPeople remember with almostperceptual clarity details of theperceptual clarity details of thecontext in which they first heardcontext in which they first heardabout the news, such as what theyabout the news, such as what theywere doing, with whom they werewere doing, with whom they were

with and where they were.with and where they were.


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Anatomy of Anatomy of

MemoryMemory


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Amygdala:emotional memory

Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habitsHippocampus:

memory recognitionThalamus:formation of new memories and workingmemories

Cortical Areas:encoding of factual memories

yew nessyew ness


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yew nessyew nessTestimonyTestimony

Memory can be distorted as people try to fitMemory can be distorted as people try to fitnew information into existing schemas:new information into existing schemas:

Eyewitnesses usually see something complexEyewitnesses usually see something complex

just once then have to remember it. just once then have to remember it.

Sometimes new information is distorted bySometimes new information is distorted byfitting into an existing schema.fitting into an existing schema.

M


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MetamemoryMetamemoryRefers to the knowledge of ones ownRefers to the knowledge of ones ownmemory ability.memory ability.


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Loftus ExperimentLoftus ExperimentSubjects shown video of Subjects shown video of an accident betweenan accident betweentwo carstwo carsSome subjects asked:Some subjects asked:

How fast were the carsHow fast were the carsgoing when theygoing when theysmashedsmashed into eachinto eachother?other?

Others asked: How fastOthers asked: How fastwere the cars goingwere the cars goingwhen theywhen they hithit eacheach

other?other?

I i M


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Issues in MemoryIssues in Memory

Reasons for inaccuracy of memory:Reasons for inaccuracy of memory:Source amnesia:Source amnesia: attribution of a memory to theattribution of a memory to thewrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actualwrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual

event)event) Sleeper effect:Sleeper effect: a piece of information from ana piece of information from anunreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalledunreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalledafter the source has been forgottenafter the source has been forgotten

Misinformation effect:Misinformation effect:we incorporate outside information into our ownwe incorporate outside information into our own

memoriesmemories

ForgettingForgetting


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ForgettingForgetting

ForgettingForgetting isisthe inability tothe inability torecallrecallpreviouslypreviouslylearnedlearnedinformationinformation

Forgetting rate is steep just after learningand then becomes a gradual loss of recall

l ff


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Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect

Recall immediatelyafter learning

Recall several hoursafter learning

Recall from Recall fromLTM STM

LTM


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TheoryTheory

Memories fade away orMemories fade away ordecay gradually if decay gradually if unused.unused.

Time plays critical role. Time plays critical role.

Ability to retrieve infoAbility to retrieve info

declines with time afterdeclines with time afteroriginal encodingoriginal encoding


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Interference TheoriesInterference Theories

Memories interfering with memoriesMemories interfering with memoriesForgetting NOT caused by mere passageForgetting NOT caused by mere passage

of timeof timeCaused by one memory competing withCaused by one memory competing withor replacing another memoryor replacing another memory

Two types of interference Two types of interference


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Two Types of Interference Two Types of Interference

R e t r oI n t e r f eP r o aI n t e r f

T y p e s o f i


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Retroactive InterferenceRetroactive Interference

When a NEW memory interferes withWhen a NEW memory interferes withremembering OLD informationremembering OLD information

Example: When new phone numberExample: When new phone numberinterferes with ability to rememberinterferes with ability to rememberold phone numberold phone number

Retroactive InterferenceRetroactive Interference


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Retroactive InterferenceRetroactive InterferenceExample: Learning a new languageExample: Learning a new language

interferes with ability to remember oldinterferes with ability to remember oldlanguagelanguage

F -

Proactive InterferenceProactive Interference


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Proactive InterferenceProactive Interference

Opposite of retroactiveOpposite of retroactiveinterferenceinterferenceWhen an OLD memoryWhen an OLD memoryinterferes withinterferes withremembering NEWremembering NEW

informationinformationExample:Example: Memories of Memories of

where you parked your carwhere you parked your caron campus the past weekon campus the past weekinterferes with ability findinterferes with ability findcar todaycar today

Proacti e InterferenceProactive Interference


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Proactive InterferenceProactive InterferenceExample: Previously learned languageExample: Previously learned language

interferes with ability to remember newlyinterferes with ability to remember newlylearned languagelearned language

F -


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Retrieval failure:Retrieval failure: The information is stillThe information is still

within LTM, but cannot bewithin LTM, but cannot be

recalled because therecalled because theretrieval cueretrieval cue isis

absent.absent.


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Improvement of memoryImprovement of memory

Memory enhancementMemory enhancementtechniquestechniques

Memory StrategiesMemory Strategies


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Memory StrategiesMemory StrategiesMnemonic devices areMnemonic devices are strategies tostrategies to

improve memory by organizing information.improve memory by organizing information.Method of LociMethod of Loci :: ideas are associatedideas are associatedwith a place or part of a buildingwith a place or part of a building

Peg-Word system:Peg-Word system: peg words arepeg words areassociated with ideas (e.g. one is aassociated with ideas (e.g. one is abun)bun)

Word Associations:Word Associations: verbalverbalassociations are created for items to beassociations are created for items to belearnedlearned

MnemonicMnemonic


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MnemonicMnemonic

devicesdevicesis method for enhancing memory.is method for enhancing memory.When using the term mnemonicWhen using the term mnemonicdevice, most people are referring todevice, most people are referring toa trick that one uses to helpa trick that one uses to helpmemorize something.memorize something.


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Rhyme-KeysRhyme-Keys - a 2-step memory- a 2-step memory

process:process:Memorize key wordsMemorize key words that can bethat can beassociated with numbers (one-bun);associated with numbers (one-bun);

Create an imageCreate an image of the items youof the items youneed to remember with key words. (Aneed to remember with key words. (Abun with cheese on it will remind mebun with cheese on it will remind me

of dairy products.)of dairy products.)


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Loci MethodLoci Method -- ImagineImagineplacing the items you want toplacing the items you want toremember in specific locations in aremember in specific locations in aroom with which you are familiar.room with which you are familiar.


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Q1-What is Defense Mechanism. Explain Three Defense

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