Q 6 h S C P i 5 R O 7 0 1. Introduction 2. Methods i S pi q y S i t 4 r C 8 2 Vp i R 5 D p i q r U ^...

8
1. Geoprocessing and Territorial Planning Department (DEPLAN), Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences (IGCE), State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil 2. Petrology and Metallogeny Department (DPM), Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences (IGCE), State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil Abstract: Keywords: 1. Introduction Corresponding author: 2. Methods S i Vp i S i D (i) i S i S i Vp i D i

Transcript of Q 6 h S C P i 5 R O 7 0 1. Introduction 2. Methods i S pi q y S i t 4 r C 8 2 Vp i R 5 D p i q r U ^...

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " � # � ! # � � � � $ � � � % & � ' � & � % � ( � ) * + , - . * / , 0 . 0 1 * , 2 3 3 - 4 5 1 0 , 6 7 8 * 9 * 2 , 7 - , * : 0 , 6 - 0 ; 0 < + = 0 > 2 7 8 ? * < 6 7 - @ A * + 7 B 8 - C 7 - , 0 ;1. Geoprocessing and Territorial Planning Department (DEPLAN), Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences (IGCE), State

University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil

2. Petrology and Metallogeny Department (DPM), Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences (IGCE), State University of Sao

Paulo (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil

Abstract: D " � E � � � � � � � # � � � ! � E � � � � E � � � � � E � � � � � � � � � ! � ! � � # � � � � � � � � F � # � � " � � � � E # � � � E G E # � � E � D " � � � � E � � � � # " � ! � �H � � E � � � � � � E � � � � � � � � � � � E � � � � � � � � � F � # � � " � � � � E # � � � E G E # � � E � � � � E H � E � � � # " � � � � � � � # � � # � � � � � H � E � D " � E � � � � � � H � E � � �F � # � � � � � � � � � E G E # � � � � � � ! � � � ! G � � � � � � � G � � � # # � � � � � � � � � � E � � � � # � � E F � � � ! � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � # E ! � � � � � E ! � E � � � � � � � # G � � ! � � � � � E � H # " ! � # ! " � � � # � � � � � � � F ' � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � ' � � ! � � " � E � " � E � � � � F � # � � � � � � � � � F � # " � � I � � F � # � � � � � # � � J ! E # E �K � E � # E E " F � � # " � # # " � � � # � � � � # � � � � � G E � E � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � � � ! G � � � � � � � G � � � # # � � � � � G � E E � E # � � E � � � � � E # � � # � � � � � � � � � �� � � L � � # � � � E � � � � � � � � � �Keywords:

K � � � F � # � � � E � � � � E � � � � � � � � � � � � E � � � ! � � # � � � � �1. Introduction M < 0 N N , * N , - 0 O 7 P O * , 0 . 7 C * 8 2 > 7 - P 7 P P 7 < O - 0 8 Q * ,, 7 P 7 , C * - , + 7 P - . < * Q , 0 - < R 0 O 7 , S 0 , C 7 P O - < . P T P O 7 > P U V O - P6 , 2 6 - 0 8 O * > 0 W - > - 3 7 O 0 < X 2 P 7 0 P R 7 8 8 0 P O * > - < - > - 3 7, 7 N 0 T > 7 < O O - > 7 5 7 P N 7 6 - 0 8 8 T - < + 7 C 7 8 * N - < . 6 * 2 < O , - 7 PR S 7 , 7 O S 7 - < - O - 0 8 6 * P O 6 0 < Y 7 7 W O , 7 > 7 8 T S - . S U= 7 C 7 , 0 8 > 7 O S * + P R - O S O S 7 - , + - Q Q 7 , 7 < O Q 2 < + 0 > 7 < O 0 8 PQ * , O 0 < X C * 8 2 > 7 6 0 8 6 2 8 0 O - * < 0 , 7 + 7 P 6 , - Y 7 + * < O S 7/ , 0 3 - 8 - 0 < = O 0 < + 0 , + Z * , > [ \ ] U = * > 7 * Q O S 7 > 0 , 77 P P 7 < O - 0 8 8 T 7 > N - , - 6 0 8 0 < + Y 0 P 7 + * < - < O 7 , < 0 O - * < 0 87 W N 7 , - 7 < 6 7 P U B O S 7 , P 0 , 7 Y 0 P 7 + * < P 2 N N 8 T - < . Q 2 8 8+ 7 > 0 < + 5 R S - 6 S P 2 . . 7 P O P O S 7 < 7 7 + * Q S - . S C * 8 2 > 7 O 0 < X P 5, 7 P 2 8 O - < . - < S - . S - < C 7 P O > 7 < O 6 * P O P U ^ S 7 C * 8 2 > 7 * Q, 7 P 7 , C * - , P 6 0 < P 2 Y P O 0 < O - 0 8 8 T C 0 , T Q , * > * < 7 > 7 O S * + O *0 < * O S 7 , Q * , O S 7 P 0 > 7 - < N 2 O [ _ ] 5 > 0 X - < . - O + - Q Q - 6 2 8 O Q * ,+ 7 P - . < 7 , P O * 6 S * * P 7 0 > 7 O S * + U ` 7 , 7 5 R 7 N 7 , Q * , > 7 + 0, 0 O - * < 0 8 0 < 0 8 T P - P Q * , O 0 < X C * 8 2 > 7 6 0 8 6 2 8 0 O - * < Y 0 P 7 + * <

Corresponding author:K � � � � a � � � � b � � c c � � d " e �� � � � E E � � � � E � � � ! " � � � � E f ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " G � � � � � ! � � �E � � � # � # � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ' � � � f� � � � c c � g � ! � � � � E � � H � �

7 Q Q - 6 - 7 < 6 - 7 P h 0 O O 7 < + - < . 0 < + S 0 , C 7 P O - < . i 5 R 0 O 7 , + 7 > 0 < +0 < + , 7 N 0 T > 7 < O O - > 7 Q * , P 7 C 7 , 0 8 P 6 7 < 0 , - * P UV < 0 + + - O - * < 5 * 2 , N , 7 P 7 < O 7 + 0 < 0 8 T P - P 6 * C 7 , P 0, 7 8 0 O - C 7 8 T R - + 7 , 0 < . 7 * Q , * * Q 0 , 7 0 P 5 Q , * > 8 * R j - < 6 * > 70 < + > 7 + - 2 > j - < 6 * > 7 S * 2 P 7 S * 8 + P O * R 0 , 7 S * 2 P 7 P U V O - P- > N * , O 0 < O O * N * - < O * 2 O O S 0 O P > 0 8 8 0 , 7 0 P 0 , 7 6 , - O - 6 0 8 Q * ,+ 7 P - . < - < . , 0 - < R 0 O 7 , S 0 , C 7 P O - < . P T P O 7 > P O S 0 O R - 8 86 * < O , - Y 2 O 7 N 0 , O - 0 8 8 T O * O S 7 R 0 O 7 , P 2 N N 8 T - < 2 , Y 0 < 0 , 7 0 P U2. Methods ^ S 7 0 < 0 8 T P - P * Q O S 7 > 0 - < P T P O 7 > C 0 , - 0 Y 8 7 P R 0 P6 * < + 2 6 O Y 0 P 7 + * < O S 7 + 0 - 8 T > 0 P P Y 0 8 0 < 6 7 - < O S 7, 7 P 7 , C * - , 5 Q * , * < 7 T 7 0 , * < 8 T 5 6 * < P - + 7 , - < . O S 0 O O S 7 O 0 < X - PQ 2 8 8 T 7 > N O - 7 + Q * , > 0 - < O 7 < 0 < 6 7 5 0 P , 7 6 * > > 7 < + 7 + Y TZ / ) \ k k _ l m n l o

Spi

q r Vppi

q s Spit 4 q u D(i)

5i r \ 5 _ v w x k + - 0 P h \ iR S 7 , 7 5

Spi

q y Spit 4 q r C * 8 2 > 7 * Q R 0 O 7 , - < , 7 P 7 , C * - , 5

Vppi

q r, 0 - < R 0 O 7 , C * 8 2 > 7 5Dp

iq r + 0 - 8 T + 7 > 0 < + U^ S 7 N 8 2 C - * > 7 O , - 6 + 0 O 0 Q , * > \ z x \ O * \ z z n 5 Q * , O S 76 - O T * Q = A * { 0 2 8 * 5 R 7 , 7 + * R < 8 * 0 + 7 + Q , * > ` V | ) B } ~ /[ w ] U ^ S 7 + 0 - 8 T , 0 - < R 0 O 7 , 0 C 0 - 8 0 Y - 8 - O T R 0 P 7 P O - > 0 O 7 +

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �   � � � � � � � � ¡ ¢ £ � � � � �� � ¤O S , * 2 . S ~ ¥ U h _ i 5 0 P , 7 6 * > > 7 < + 7 + Y T Z / ) \ k k _ l m n l 5P 2 Y O , 0 6 O - < . O S 7 Q - , P O j Q 8 2 P S hff

i UVpp

iq r h

C x Ppi

q xA x i u ff

h _ iR S 7 , 7 5P(i)

r 0 C 7 , 0 . 7 N , 7 6 - N - O 0 O - * < 5A r 6 0 O 6 S > 7 < O0 , 7 0 5

C r , 2 < * Q Q 5 0 < + r 6 0 O 6 S > 7 < O 7 Q Q - 6 - 7 < 6 T UM + + - O - * < 0 8 8 T 5 O S 7 Q * 8 8 * R - < . C 0 , - 0 Y 8 7 P R 7 , 7 + 7 Q - < 7 + oM O O 7 < + - < . 7 Q Q - 6 - 7 < 6 T hEa

5 n ¦Ea

¦ \ i oR S 7 , 7 5

Va(i) r 2 P 7 + C * 8 2 > 7` 0 , C 7 P O - < . 7 Q Q - 6 - 7 < 6 T h

Eh5 n ¦

Eh ¦ \ i

^ S 7Eh

N 0 , 0 > 7 O 7 , - < + - 6 0 O 7 P O S 7 S 0 , C 7 P O - < . N * O 7 < O - 0 80 < + > 0 T Q - W O S 7 , 7 P 7 , C * - , > 0 W - > 2 > 2 P 7 U^ S 7 0 P P 2 > N O - * < P 2 P 7 + - < O S 7 P - > 2 8 0 O - * < P R 7 , 7 o h \ i6 * < P O 0 < O + 0 - 8 T + 7 > 0 < + 5 h _ i O S 7 + 7 > 0 < + - P 8 * R 7 , O S 0 < * ,7 ¥ 2 0 8 O * O S 7 O * O 0 8 , 0 - < R 0 O 7 , 0 C 0 - 8 0 Y - 8 - O T 5 h w i O S 7> 0 W - > 2 > + 7 > 0 < + - P 7 ¥ 2 0 8 O * O S 7 , 0 - < R 0 O 7 , 0 C 0 - 8 0 Y - 8 - O T 5R S - 6 S - > N 8 - 7 PEa r Eh

5 0 < + h § i , 0 - < R 0 O 7 , P 2 N N 8 T - P7 ¥ 2 0 8 O * O S 7 > 0 W - > 2 > + 7 > 0 < + Q * , P O 2 + T - < . + - Q Q 7 , 7 < O6 * P O P 6 7 < 0 , - * P U^ S 7 - < C 7 P O > 7 < O , 7 O 2 , < R 0 P 6 0 8 6 2 8 0 O 7 + 6 * < P - + 7 , - < .O S 7 N , - 6 7 P * Q Q - Y 7 , . 8 0 P P O 0 < X P - < { V Z V [ § ] 5 l ¨ * Q - < O 7 , 7 P OO 0 W [ k ] h ^ 0 Y 8 7 \ i 5 0 < + . * C 7 , < > 7 < O P 2 Y P - + T * Q _ ¨ U| , - < X - < . R 0 O 7 , 6 * P O R 0 P 7 P O - > 0 O 7 + O * Y 7 ) © _ U n _ ª > t «0 6 6 * , + - < . O * = Z V = [ x ] U ^ S 7 0 + * N O 7 + C 0 8 2 7 P * QC

5ff

0 < +R 7 , 7 n U ¬ 5 _ > > 0 < + n U z 5 , 7 P N 7 6 O - C 7 8 T U/ 0 P 7 + * < O S 7 O 0 < X N , - 6 7 P N , 7 P 7 < O 7 + - < { V Z V [ § ] 5 0< * < j 8 - < 7 0 , , 7 . , 7 P P - * < R 0 P N 7 , Q * , > 7 + O * 6 * , , 7 8 0 O 7, 7 P 7 , C * - , 2 < - O 6 * P O R - O S C * 8 2 > 7 C 0 8 2 7 P R - O S - < , 0 < . - < .Q , * > x O * \ k > « U ^ S - P N , * 6 7 + 2 , 7 R 0 P 0 + * N O 7 + Y 7 6 0 2 P 7N , - 6 7 P Q * , O S - P C * 8 2 > 7 , 0 < . 7 R 7 , 7 < * O 0 C 0 - 8 0 Y 8 7 U h w iR S 7 , 7 5y r 2 < - O 6 * P O h ) © m + > « i 5

x r O 0 < X C * 8 2 > 7 h + > « i

M 8 8 P - > 2 8 0 O - * < P R 7 , 7 6 0 , , - 7 + * 2 O 0 6 6 * , + - < . O * O S 70 8 . * , - O S > P S * R < - < O S 7 ­ - . U \ U ^ S 7 P - > 2 8 0 O 7 + P 6 7 < 0 , - * PO 0 X 7 - < O * 0 6 6 * 2 < O C 0 , - 0 O - * < P - < P * > 7 N 0 , 0 > 7 O 7 , P 5 P 2 6 S0 P o , * * Q 0 , 7 0 P 5 , 0 - < R 0 O 7 , + 7 > 0 < + 5 + , - < X - < . R 0 O 7 , 6 * P O 5Table 1 Tank size, cost and interest tax. D � � J � � ® � D � � J � E #� K ¯ � 1

D � � J � E #� ( � ¯ � 2

$ � # � � � E # # � I� ° � 3� � � � � � � � % � � � ¤ � � � �� � � � � � & � � � � % �& � � � � � & & � & � � �� � � � � � � � � � % & � &� � � � � � � � ¤ % � � � � ¤ � & �1d $ $ ± � ² � 2 � � � % � % K ¯ ³ ( � ¯ � � � � � � � ! � � � c ³ � � � � � 3a � � c � ' � � � # � � a � � J ± � ² �

Fig. 1 Flow chart of the algorithm utilized for simulations.

Vp= rainwater volume; Va = used volume; P = precipitation; c

= runoff coefficient; Vr = assumed (or adopted) tank volume;

Disp(t) = delivered volume (correspondent to the sum of used

volumes); N(t) = fail counter (computes the number of times

that the tank is empty); ff = first flush; Ov = overflow; t = time

(days).

´ µ ¶·´ µ ¶· ¸¹¸¹i

i

iD

iVa

Ea º»º»º¼»½º»º¼» º»º¼»º»º»º»iDiVpiSifiVpiS

iDiSiVpifiDiVa

¾ ¿ À Á¾ ¿ À Á ÂÃÄÃÄi

i

ffforiVp

iVa

Eh

ÅÆ Ç È ÉÊË É ÉÌÍ Î Ï ÐÑ Æ È ÒÊÓÑ Ë Ë ÒÊÓxy

Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Ø Ú Û Ü Ú Ù Ý Þ Ø ß à á Ø ß â áã ä å Ö æ Ø ç ß à á è é ß à á ê Ú ß àã Ü Ø Ü ë ì ä Õ Üê Ö æ Ø çí î × ï ï í ð ß ê ëí ð ß à ê Ö ñ í æ Ø ò â ç ó ã ê Ú ß ãã ä å Ö æ Ø ç ß ã ä å Ö æ Ø òâ ç ñ ãÞ æ Ø ç ß Þ æ Ø ò â ç ñ àê Ö ñ í æ Ø ò â ç ô ê ë è é ß àè é ß ê ë ñ ê Ö ò ãê Ö ñ í æ Ø ò â ç ó àê Ú ß í æ Ø ò â ç ñ ê Öê Ú ß àÞ æ Ø ç ß Þ æ Ø ò â ç ñ â

õ ß ö ÷ ø ã Ü Ø Ü ë ì ä Õ Ü Ýê Ö æ õ ß ö ÷ ø ç áã ä å Ö æ õ ß ö ÷ ø ç áÞ æ õ ß ö ÷ ø ç á ù Ú ú û Ú ü ýõ ä ì Ü þ è é æ õ ß ö ÷ ø çÿ Õ Ù

Ø ß Ø ñ â ü ù æ Ø ç ó î îê Ö æ Ø ç ß à ����� �

����� �

� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3. Results � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! �

Eh� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � " � !# � � � � �� � � � � � � �

Table 2 Var$ % & ' ( ) * % +, - + ' ., - + ' . /, - + ' .V 0 1 ) - % ) 2 ( 3 4

F

Fig. 2 Efficie

1), 0.5 m3 tank

5 6 7 8 9 8� � � " � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � " � ! � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �and Discus� � � � � � � � �: ; < � � � �� � = � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� ! � � ! � � ! � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � !! � � ! � � � � ! � � � � > � ! � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �

riable and fixed+ ? @ A ) % ? BC/DF 0 E % F 3 G H

encies, payback

k and drinking

8 I J K L 8 7 M N I N� � � � � � � � � �� � " � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � O � > � � � �ssion � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � ! �� ! � > � !� � � ! � � � � � �� � � " � � ! � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �! � � � � � � � �� � � � ; � � � P �� � � � > �� � � � � � � � � d parameters oB ) * 3 - G 3 & ) ? GQ RR

k time and dem

g water of R$2.

7 S 8 T 7 U 8 K V W N� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �X > � ! � � � � � � � Y � � � � ; � Z� � � � � ! � � � ! �Ea

� � �� � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � O ! �Ea

� � �� � � ! � � [ � � � � � \ � � � � � � �� > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �on the simulateA 3 @ 3 - 1 + % - 1 +QQQ

mand relationsh

02/m3(US$1.12

N ] J K ^ V K J _ T 8 `� � �� � � � �� � � �Z �� � � ! � � � �� � � � "�Eh � X �� ! � �� � � �

� � � � ��Ea= � ! �� � � �> � � �� � ! � �� � �� � �X a Z� � ! �

ed scenarios.+ ( ' & 3 b - % ? c

hip, data: roof

2/m3).

T ` M J T ` d J _ N 7 � � � � � � � � � X� � � � � � �a e Eh

" � � � � �� ! � � � � � � X a � [ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � > � � � � � �� � � � � ! � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � ! �� Y � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � � ! � � !� � � � � � � � �Z " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � �c % ? f B ) * 3 - g + @ *RQ R

area = 60 m2, ff

7 h J 7 S N I _ T ` i jX � = � � � � � " � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � �a Z ! � ! � � � Y �� � � � � � � � � ! � � � ! � � �� Y � � � � � � � !� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �! � � � " � � � � >� � � � � � � � � !� � ! � � � �� � � � � [ � � � � �� � � � � Y � � � �A 3 @ 3 - 1 + % - gQQQ

ff = 2 mm, C = 0

j k I _ N W I � � � � � � ! � � [ � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � ! � � �� � � � � " �� � � l � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �E� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � > �� � ! � � � � � � � �� � � �� � � � � � ! � !! � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � !� � � � � � � O� � ! � � � > � � �g + @ * A 3 . )

0.85, = 0.9, ta

m n o� ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� X a Z �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �Ea

" > � � � � � � � � O ! � � � " ! � � ! � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �! �Ea

� � �Eh� � � � � � � � � � � � �! � � [ � O ! � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �) p & 3 ? * * % & 3Q RR

ank cost (Table

o ���� � ��h� �

e

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �   � � � � � � � � ¡ ¢ £ � � � � �� � �

Fig. 3 Efficiencies, payback time and demand relationship for several reservoir volumes, data: roof area = 60 m2, ff = 2 mm, C =

0.85, = 0.9, tank cost (Table 1), and drinking water = R$2.02/m3.

Fig. 4 Efficiencies, payback time and demand relationship for several reservoir volumes, data: roof area = 150 m2, ff =2 mm, C =

0.85, = 0.9, tank cost (Table 1), and drinking water = R$2.02/m3.

qq r sq r tq r uq r vq r wq r xq r yq r zq r {s

| } ~ � � ��} �� � | } ~ ��� ~� �� �| �� � ��� |� }| }� ~| ~� ��}� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � �� ������ �� �� �� 

q ¡s q ¡t q ¡u q ¡v q ¡w q ¡x q ¡y q ¡z q ¡{ q ¡s q q ¡¢ �£¤¢¥

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Þ ß à ß á

Fig. 5 Efficie

0.85, = 0.9, t> � � [ � � Y� � � � � � � !� � � � � � � � � "� � � � � � " � ! � �� �Ea

� � �E� � � � ! � � � � [ � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � Z � ! �O ! � > � � � �� � � � � �E� � � � � � � � � � � �� � ! � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � ; � � � X � ;� � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � > � � �

5 6 7 8 9 8

encies, payback

tank cost (TablY � � � � � � � "! � ! � � ! � � � � � ! � � ! �� ! � � � � � � � � >Eh

� � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � " � � � �Eh

" > � �� � � ! � � � � � � � � > � � �Ea

� � �Eh� � � � � � � ! � � � � ! � �â � � ! � � � ! � ! � � � � � � � = � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � " � � � � " !� � � � � � !� � � � � � � �

8 I J K L 8 7 M N I N

k time and dem

le 1), and drink" � ! � � ! � � �� � � � � > � � � �� � � � � � � � �> � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � X a Z � #� � ! � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � X� � � � � ! � �h

" � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �> � [ � : � �Ea � � � Eh ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �! � � � � � � � � � �! � � � � � � � �� � ! � � � � � � �

7 S 8 T 7 U 8 K V W N

mand relationsh

king water = R$� ! � � � � � � � Y � � � � � � = � !� � � � � � � �� ! � � � � � � � �# � � � � � � � � � � "� � � � � � " � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� ! � � � � � � X ; ; < � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � !� � " � � ! � � ! � � �� " X � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � ! �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �

N ] J K ^ V K J _ T 8 `

hip for several r

$2.02/m3. � > �! � � �� � �� � � �� � �� ! �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � �! � � !� ! � �� � �� � � ; � Z "� � � �� � � � � � � �� � � �� � � �

� � � � �� � � < X a Z> � !� � � �� � � �� ! �� � � O ! �� � � � ! �� � � l� � � �� [ �� � � � � � �

T ` M J T ` d J _ N 7

reservoir volum � � � � = � ! � � � � � � " � � � � � ã � � � � � : a ä � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � O ! � � � � �Z � � � > � � � �! � � � � � � � � " � !� � � � ! � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � �O ! � � � � � � å O! � � ! � � � � � � " � � � � �� � ! � � [ � � � � � � � � � � � � � �l � � � � � � ! �� � � � � � �� � � � � � � � ! � � > � � � ! � � ! � � æ

7 h J 7 S N I _ T ` i j

mes, data: roof � � � � � � ! � � ! � � � � Y � � � � � ! � � � � � � �� � ! � � ! � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � ! � � � � �! � � � � � ! � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � " ! � �� � � � � � � � � � � �O � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � " �� � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � "� � � � � � ! � �� � ! � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � �

j k I _ N W I

f area = 300 m2,� � � � � � � � � � !� > � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � > � � �� � : a ä " � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � ! �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� ! � �Vap

e D� > � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �" � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � ã � � � � � � ! � � �� � � � � � � � � �

m C C

, ff= 2 mm, C =! � � � � � � � � �� � � � �� � � � � � [ � � �� ç ; � � � � " ; ; ;� � � � ! � � � � � � ! � � � � � � > � � �� � � O ! � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � ! � � � � � � � �� � > � � � � � � � �D

� � � � � Y � �� � " � � � � � � �� � � � � � � ! � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � è é � �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � > �

= ��; ��� �� ���� "�� ��

m C /

Fig. 6 Efficie

0.85, = 0.9, t

Fig. 7 Efficie

= 0.85, = 0.9

ê ë ì í î í

encies, payback

tank cost (Tabl

encies, payback

9, tank cost (Ta

í ï ð ñ ò í ì ó ô ï ô

k time and dem

le 1), and drink

k time and dem

able 1), and drin

ì õ í ö ì ÷ í ñ ø ù ô

mand relationsh

king water = R

mand relationsh

nking water =

ô ú ð ñ û ø ñ ð ü ö í ý

hip for several

$2.02/m3.

hip for several r

R$2.02/m3.

ö ý ó ð ö ý þ ð ü ô ì

reservoir volum

reservoir volum

ì ÿ ð ì õ ô ï ü ö ý � �

mes, data: roof

mes. Data: roof

� � ï ü ô ù ï

f area = 40 m2, f

f area = 1000 m

ff = 2 mm, C =

m2, ff = 2 mm, C

=

C

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� ! � � � � � � � �� � � � � " � � � � � � � # � � � � � �� � � � � � � $ �% # � � � � �� � � � � & � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � & � � ' � � � � � � �( ) � ) � � � & � � '� � � � # � � � �� � � � � � � � �

Fig. 8 Water

ê ë ì í î í � � � � � � � � � �� ' � � � � � � � � �� � * � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � " � � � � � � �� � � � � � � ' � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� & � � � � � � � � � $ � % # � � � � � � ' � � � � � ' � � � � # � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # �� + � � � � � � � � � �' � � � � � � � �� � � � � � ) � � � � � � � " � � � �

r cost simulati

RT = 1 y

, - . / 0

í ï ð ñ ò í ì ó ô ï ô� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � & � � � � � �� � 1 % � � � � � �� ' � & � � � � � � � � � � � % � ! � �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � & � � � & �� � � ' � � � � � �� � � � � � � & � � ' � � � � � � � � � �� # � � � � � � ' � �� # � � � # � � �! � # � � # � � � �� & � � � � � � �� � � � � " � � � � 2� � � � � � ) �� * � � � � � $ � % # � � � � ' �

ions for differe

year

RT

3 , - .

ì õ í ö ì ÷ í ñ ø ù ô� ' � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � ! � � # �� � � � � � � & � � �� $ � � � � � �� � � � � & � � ' �� � ' � � " � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �' � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � "Ea 4� � � � � ' � � � �� � � # � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �$ � � � � 1 5 � � �� 2 � � � � � � � � & � & � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �

ent reservoir vo

= 2 years

/ 0 3

ô ú ð ñ û ø ñ ð ü ö í ý� �� ) � � � � � �� � � �� � �� � �� $ �� � �� � �6 ' � �4 Eh� �� � � #% # �� �� � �� � ' � � � � �

1 5� � � �� � �� � � �� # � �� � �� � � �! � � � � # �� # �& � � !� 2� � �� � � �� � �� # �

olumes (Table

RT = 3 yea

, - . / 0

ö ý ó ð ö ý þ ð ü ô ì( � � ( � 7 2 � % # �� # � � � � � � � &� � � � � � 1 5 ( � � (� � � � � ! � � � � �� � � � � � � �� 8 � � � � � # � '� � � � � � � � # � �� ! � � � � � � � � # � % � ! � � � $ � %� � # � � � � � � & �� � � � � � � � � �! � � � � � � � � �� � ' � � # � & �� � � � � # � ' � � #� � � � � & � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � # � � � � � � �

1) at fixed RT

ars

RT

0 3 , - .

ì ÿ ð ì õ ô ï ü ö ý � �� � � � � � � � � � � �& � � ' � � " � � � �( � 7 2 � � � # �� � � � � � �� � � � � � � � & � � �' � � # � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � # � � �# � ' � � # � � � � �% # � � � � + � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � # � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � ' # � � � � � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � �� � # � � � � � � � �� � � � � # � � # � #

T (repayment ti

= 4 years

/ 0 3

� � ï ü ô ù ï� � � � � � ' � � � �� � � � * $ � 9 � � #� � � � � � � � & � �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � ' �� � � � � � # � � �� � � � � � � � � � & �� � � # � � � � � � � � �� & � � ' � � � ! � � �� � � ' � � # � & �� � � � � # � �� � � � � � # � � � � � 1 5 � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �1 5 � ( : � � �# � � � � � � � � � �

imes).

RT = 5 ye

, - . / 0

; < =� � # � � � � � � � �# � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � ' � � ! � � � & � � � # � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � # � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � �� � � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ' � �� � � & � � � � � � � �� � � � ( � � � �� � * " � � � � $ � � � � � � � % # �% # ' � � � � � � � ! � � � � � �ears

0 3 > ? @ A

=� � �� � � �� � �

; < B

Fig. 9 Tank

from SNIS [6]

4. Conclus9 � � � � � �� � � � � � # �� � � � � � � �# � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � & � � � ' �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � # � � � � �9 � � # � � � �� � � � � � � � � #� � � � � & � � � � � �� � : � � ) � : � �� � � � � � * C � � � � � � 2 �� � � � � � � � � � �AcknowleD � � # � �E � � # � � � � � ' � �� ' ! � � � � � � � �� ' � � � � � ! � �� ' ! � � � # � � � � � � � � � ' � � � � �

ê ë ì í î í

cost simulation

] and fixed at R

sions � # � � # � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � ' � � � � � �� � � # � � � � � �� � � � � � � � & � � �� � � � ! � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � �Ea 4 E# � � � � � � % # � � �� � � � � � � � ) �� � � � � � � � � � � � & � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �

dgments � � # � F � ' � �� � � � � � � � �E � # � � � � � &G ' � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � ' � � �

H

í ï ð ñ ò í ì ó ô ï ô

ns for different

R$2.02/m3. � � � � � � � ! �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � # � � � ! � � � � � � �� & � � ' � � �� � � � � � I � � ! �� # � � � # � � � � � � �� � � � # � � � � � �Eh

� � � � � � � # �& � � � � � � � � �� 2 � � � � � � � � � �& � � � � � � � � � � �� � : � � � � � � � �� � � � * � % #� # � � � � � � � �� � � � J � & � � K� � � � � � # � � �& � � � � � � � �� � G � � I � � J � � � � � � L : M � %PROP—N O K

RT= 1 yeH P Q R S

ì õ í ö ì ÷ í ñ ø ù ô

t reservoir volu' � � � � � � � � � �� � � ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � ' � � � � � � � �� � � � ' � � � � � �� � � � � ' � � � � �� � � � � � � � � # �� � � # � � � � � � �) � � � � � � � � �� � � � ) � � * �� � � ) � 2 � �� � � � � � & � � � � � � �# � � � � ! � � � �� ' � � � � "Ea TK � � � � � � �� � � � � � � + � '� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �% # � � ' � # � � �K � U " U � � & � �

ear S V H P Q

ô ú ð ñ û ø ñ ð ü ö í ý

umes at fixed R� � � � �� � � #� � � � �� � � � � �% # �� # �� # � �� � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � )� � �Eh

$ �� �' � � �� � # �� � �� � �� � � �

1 � �� � �U 1 WReX < YX Z YX = YX B YX [ YX \ YX ; Y

RT=2 years

Q R S

ö ý ó ð ö ý þ ð ü ô ì

T (repayment t� � � � � # � � � � �� # � � � � � � �W 9 O % K 1 � � �ferences ] ^ _ ` a ^ b c de c b f g h i j k l m no c k g j b n p Z q q ;r s t s u g ] vc k c w x h j h n m hb c j k y c i g b p ] v[ = z \ \ s a j k { n^ b c d j w j c kr x h i g v h | e }~ l � c h � p c f c j w{ } _ } p � � j u gn k w j k g c i �u g m c � w i s c h � � �v s � b � s^ b c d j w j c k � g� i i � � � � y y y s �r _ } r a ^ b c d jc f c j w c � w g nj k u g � s � � � s� s ^ s � n b � dj k i g l b c i g u c kb c j k y c i g b � cr � h i c j k c � w g ^Z q < q p � � s < < \

RT=5

V H P Q

ì ÿ ð ì õ ô ï ü ö ý � �

times), cost of d� � N � & � � � � � �� � � # � � ' ! � � � #� � � � " � � � � d j w j c k r i c k u c b un b _ n k � { n i c � w g; p � s ; s a j k { n b i �v n b j v c k u � s oj d j k l v g i � n u hv � j g k i g � n k h i b �n b i � l � g h g �e x u b n w} � � � � � ^ p ]w c � w g n k w j k g c i �g n m � n k h i b � � i� i i � � � � y y y s � n k� b w ^ � h � c � � i i � � � �g k i b c w ^ c k � p `� � � s l n f s � b � sw j c k r c k j i c i j n kn k w j k g c i �d d j p r s � s � w j fk c w x h j h m n b b g h gc b f g h i j k l h x h i g^ � j w u j k l Z q < q ^\ z < Z = s

5 years

R S

� � ï ü ô ù ï

drinking water� � � � � � U � ' �# � � � � � � � ! � � � ( � � ( $ �u _ n b v c w j d c i j ng � h g h p _ ^ � < [� l � g h g �o s u g ] s { g b g j b cn m b g h g b f n j b h �� � u n p { n b i n ] w gw n l j � h] _ ] a ] l � k � j c� i i � � � � � j u b n y g �i j n k c k u � c bk h i b � � c n v g b � c u� y y y s � n k h i b � � c` c � g h p c f c j w c �k } k m n b v c i j n k r� i i � � � � y y y s � vf g j b c c k u � sg b f n j b f n w � v gg v p j k � { b n � g^ b c d j w � n k m g b g k

V � � � �r was extracted� � � N O K � U $� � � � � � � # �n k � p � c j k y c i g b[ Z ; � q ; p � j n u gc p � n v � c b c i j f g� h g u i n � c b f g h ig l b g � a Z � a Z q q �} k m n b v c i j n kc _ c � j n k c w u g� s c k c s l n f s � b � sb � g u p c f c j w c � w gu n s � n v s � b � � v � �c n v g b � c u n s � n� w g n k w j k g c i �r x h i g v � p Z q q ; pv h h s l n f s � b � h k j h �� s � c b � j c p ] k� c w � � w c i j n k j kg u j k l h n m i � gk � g p r   n { c � w n p

d $� bg g i� �k gg � �p�k k g p