Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański
-
Upload
mininginstitute -
Category
Engineering
-
view
160 -
download
1
Transcript of Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański
![Page 1: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland
Andrew Dobrzański
University of Edinburgh
![Page 2: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Many thanks to:
Hannah Stephenson (PhD Student – Cardiff)
Cardiff SEG Student Chapter & Cardiff University
Society of Economic Geologists
SRK Consulting
First Quantum Mining - Timo Mäki & Mikko Numninen
![Page 3: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mining in Finland• Recorded mining since the 1500s,
•March 1910 the Outokumpu copper deposit discovered,
• 1917 Finland declares independence,
• 1924 Outokumpu Oy nationalised,
• 1958 Pyhäsalmidiscovered,
• Presently 40 active mines, 30 active projects, complete geophysical mapping,
![Page 4: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Metal Deposits in
Finland
gtk-kauppa.fi
Formed during three main time tectonic periods:
(1) 3200–2700 Ma Archean cratons,
(2) 2500–1920 Ma volcanism, sediments and intrusive magmatism,
(3) 1930–1770 Ma Svecofennian orogen,
![Page 5: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Tectonics of Fennoscandia
(Andersson et al. 2004, Hanski 2015)
Kola Craton
Karelian CratonLapland Greenstones
Belomorian Belt
Svencofennian Domain
Trans-scandinavian Igneous Belt
Svenco-Norwegian Domain
Oslo Rift
Caledonides
Formed during three main time tectonic periods:
(1) 3200–2700 Ma Archean cratons,
(2) 2500–1920 Ma volcanism, sediments and intrusive magmatism,
(3) 1930–1770 Ma Svecofennian orogen,
![Page 6: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
500 km
Karelia
Kola
![Page 7: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tectonics of Fennoscandia
(Andersson et al. 2004, Hanski 2015)
Kola Craton
Karelian CratonLapland Greenstones
Belomorian Belt
Svencofennian Domain
Trans-scandinavian Igneous Belt
Svenco-Norwegian Domain
Oslo Rift
Caledonides
Formed during three main time tectonic periods:
(1) 3200–2700 Ma Archean cratons,
(2) 2500–1920 Ma volcanism, sediments and intrusive magmatism,
(3) 1930–1770 Ma Svecofennian orogen,
![Page 8: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Discovery
• Discovered by chance in late September 1958,
•Diamond drilling carried out October 1958,
• Open pit by 1962 in order to fund the development of the underground mine,
•Underground operations start in 1966,
•Ore grades:
0.93% Cu, 2.41% Zn, 0.4 g/t Au, 14 g/t Ag, 37.6% S
Topping-out (December 1959)
![Page 9: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mine DevelopmentC
arrot / P
orkkan
a
Po
tato / P
eru
na
• Not a simple mine to construct,
• ‘Carrot’ shaped ore-body,
• 1960’s shaft sunk to 400m depth,
• Mine nearing the end of production in 1996,
• In December 1996 the ‘potato’ was found by Timo Mäki extending the mine life by over 20 years,
• New shaft sunk to 1400m in 2001,
![Page 10: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pyhäsalmi Ore Mineralogy
5cm
Pyrite - FeS2
Sphalerite - (Zn,Fe)S
Chalcopyrite - CuFeS2
Pyrrhotite - Fe7S8
± Dolomite – CaMg(CO3)2
± Calcite - CaCO3
± Barite - BaSO4
Hosted within highly deformed and metamorphosed rhyolites,
![Page 11: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Imaña 2003
![Page 12: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide
(VMS)
• Typically VMS forms on or just below the sea floor below a carbonate/sulphate cap,
• Analogue environments are thought to be black smokers,
• Metals precipitate from cooling acidic reduced waters,
Doyle et Allen (2003)
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)Pyrrhotite (Fe7S8)
Pyrite (FeS2)Sphalerite (Zn,Fe)S
Barite (BaSO4 )Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
![Page 13: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Recent black smoker systemNaturhistorisches Museum Wien
Pyhäsalmi OrePyhäsalmi Mine – First Quantum
50cm50cm
![Page 14: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mäki et al. 2015
![Page 15: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mäki et al. 2015
![Page 16: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Future of Pyhäsalmi
Pyhäsalmi has now provided income and employment since the 1960s,
The Finnish tax system benefits the local area,
85% of all money is spent from exploration to rehabilitation stays in the place the ore is mined,
Pyhäsalmi has helped to train generations of Finninsh geologists and engineers ,
But what is the future?
![Page 24: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
EMMA Cosmic Ray Experiment
LAGUNA
Large Apparatus for Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics
![Page 25: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pyhäsalmi Power Project
1 m3 of water at the top of the mine has a potential energy of 13.7 MJ,
(144 1L kettles)
Potentially a significant power generation scheme,
Requires power (preferably renewable) to pump the water back to the surface,
P.E. (J) = m * g * h
![Page 26: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hydroponics
Pea shoots, Rocket, Wasabi, Red basil,
Guardian.com
Radish, Garlic,Chives, Fennel,
Growing Underground
Up to 60kg per day of:
![Page 27: Pyhäsalmi: Cu-Zn Mining In The Heart Of Finland: Andrew Dobrzański](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021500/58f0ee661a28ab156a8b460d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)