Putting Forest Health Monitoring in its Place – The Vermont Long-term Soil Monitoring Project.
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Transcript of Putting Forest Health Monitoring in its Place – The Vermont Long-term Soil Monitoring Project.
Putting Forest Health Putting Forest Health Monitoring Monitoring
in its Place –in its Place –
The Vermont Long-term Soil The Vermont Long-term Soil Monitoring ProjectMonitoring Project
Vermont Long-Term Soil Vermont Long-Term Soil Monitoring ProjectMonitoring Project
A cooperative long-term soil A cooperative long-term soil monitoring project established with monitoring project established with the goal of detecting changes in soils the goal of detecting changes in soils due to human-caused impacts at two due to human-caused impacts at two forested sites in Vermont. forested sites in Vermont.
Major partners -Major partners - Vermont Monitoring Cooperative Vermont Monitoring Cooperative (VMC)(VMC)
•Vermont Agency of Natural Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Resources •University of Vermont University of Vermont •USDA Forest Service Green USDA Forest Service Green Mountain Mountain National ForestNational Forest
Natural Resources Conservation Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Service (NRCS)
Vermont Long-Term Soil Vermont Long-Term Soil Monitoring ProjectMonitoring Project
Monitoring strategy - measure changes in soil Monitoring strategy - measure changes in soil properties in forest locations where ecological properties in forest locations where ecological processes are in a “steady state” by sampling processes are in a “steady state” by sampling at various time intervals over project life. at various time intervals over project life.
Planned lifespan of project - Planned lifespan of project - 200 years200 years (2002- (2002-2202). Sampling years: 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 2202). Sampling years: 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 – 8 times (2 more times in reserve).150, 200 – 8 times (2 more times in reserve).
Five long-term 50x50 meter soil monitoring Five long-term 50x50 meter soil monitoring plots were established in 2000. Initial plots were established in 2000. Initial background soil characterization was done background soil characterization was done through the NRCS National Soil Survey Lab in through the NRCS National Soil Survey Lab in “Year Zero minus 2” (2000). Each plot has “Year Zero minus 2” (2000). Each plot has 100 5x5 m. subplots for sampling.100 5x5 m. subplots for sampling.
Soil climate analysis (SCAN) equipment was Soil climate analysis (SCAN) equipment was also installed at the two major locations in also installed at the two major locations in September 2000September 2000..
Vermont Long-Term Soil Vermont Long-Term Soil Monitoring ProjectMonitoring Project
Current Long-term Soil Monitoring Team Current Long-term Soil Monitoring Team members:members:
Scott Bailey, USDA Forest Service, Northern Scott Bailey, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station Nancy Burt, USDA Forest Research Station Nancy Burt, USDA Forest Service, GMNFService, GMNFSean Lawson, State of Vermont, VMCSean Lawson, State of Vermont, VMCEric Miller, Ecosystems Research Group Eric Miller, Ecosystems Research Group Don Ross, University of VermontDon Ross, University of VermontJamie Shanley, US Geological SurveyJamie Shanley, US Geological SurveyThom Villars, USDA-NRCS (chair)Thom Villars, USDA-NRCS (chair)Sandy Wilmot (Honorary advisory member)Sandy Wilmot (Honorary advisory member)
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsLye Brook - Road site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 12 Plot 14 Plot 21 Plot 43 Plot 44 Plot 60 Plot 78 Plot 80 Plot 85 Plot 99123456789
101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475
A
Bhs
Bs
Bw
Bs
Bw
BC
Oi
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Oa
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BC
Oi
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Oi
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Bhs
A
Bhs
Bw
Bs
BC
Bhs1
Bhs2
Bs
BC
OI
Oe
Oa
E
Bhs1
Bhs2
Bs
Oi
Oe
Oa
E
Bhs1
Bhs2
Oi
Oe
Oa
E
BC
Oi
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A
E
Bhs1
Bhs2
Bs
E
Bw1
Bw2
Bw1
Bw2
Bw3
OI
Oe
Oa
Oi
Oe
A
Bhs
Bhs
Bw
Oi
Oe
Oa
E
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsMount Mansfield - Forehead site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 5 Plot 20 Plot 26 Plot 33 Plot 40 Plot 45 Plot 48 Plot 62 Plot 77 Plot 841 Oi Oi2 Oe3456789
10111213 R141516171819202122 R232425 R R26 R2728 R29 R3031 R3233343536373839404142434445464748 R4950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071 R72737475
Oi
Oa
E
Bhs
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Oa
E
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Oa
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Bw
Oe
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E
Oe
Oa
E
Bhs
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A
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Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsMount Mansfield - Polka Dot site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 9 Plot 21 Plot 31 Plot 39 Plot 57 Plot 62 Plot 69 Plot 82 Plot 90 Plot 941 Oi Oi Oi Oi23456789
1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041 Cd42434445 Cd464748495051 BC >50525354555657 Cd Cd58 Cd5960 Bw2 >5961 Cd626364656667 Cd6869707172737475
Cd
Oe
Oa
E
Bhs
BC
Oi
Oe
AOe
Oi
A
Bw
Oi
Oe
A
Bs
Bs
E
Bw
BC
Bw2
Bw
BC
Bw
BC
Oi
Oe
A
Bw1
Bs
BC
Oi
Oe
Oa
A
Bw1
Bw2
Oe
Oa
Bw
BC
Oi
Oe
Oa
Bw1
Bw2
Oe
A
E
Oe
A
Bw
BC
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsMount Mansfield - Ranch Brook site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 4 Plot 13 Plot 20 Plot 31 Plot 33 Plot 35 Plot 65 Plot 66 Plot 75 Plot 1001 Oi Oi2 Oe3456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475
Bw3
Oi
A
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Bw2
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Oi
Oe
A
Bhs
Oi
A
Bw1
Bw2
Oa
A
Bs
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Oi
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Oa
A
Oe
A
Bw1
Bw2
Bw2
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Bw1
Bw2
Bw3
Bw2
Bw1
Bw2
BC
Bw2
Bw1
Bw2
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsLye Brook - Trail site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 4 Plot 12 Plot 21 Plot 26 Plot 27 Plot 32 Plot 56 Plot 84 Plot 93 Plot 98123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475
Bhs1
Bhs2
BC
OaOa
E
Bhs1
Bhs2
Bw
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Oe
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E
BC
Oi
Oe
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E
Bhs
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E
Bhs1
Bhs2
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Oa
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E
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E
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Bw
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Bs2
BC
BC
Oi OiOi
E
Bhs
Bs
Organic and mineral Organic and mineral horizons from 10 randomly horizons from 10 randomly selected soil pits were selected soil pits were sampled within each sampled within each 50x50m plot.50x50m plot.206 soil horizons 206 soil horizons sampled from 50 soil sampled from 50 soil pits.pits.
3600 feet
1800 feet
2300 – 2400 feet
2002 Sampling (Year Zero)2002 Sampling (Year Zero)
Where did the 206 Where did the 206 samples go?samples go?
Subsamples of each horizon were sent to 3 labs:Subsamples of each horizon were sent to 3 labs: NRCS National Soil Survey Lab - completedNRCS National Soil Survey Lab - completed University of Vermont Soil Lab - in progressUniversity of Vermont Soil Lab - in progress Forest Service Research Lab - in progressForest Service Research Lab - in progress
Plus another subsample of each horizon was:Plus another subsample of each horizon was: Archived at Hubbard Brook (for now)Archived at Hubbard Brook (for now)
Also, separate samples were collected for Also, separate samples were collected for mercury analysis that was performed free of mercury analysis that was performed free of charge by State of VT, courtesy of N. charge by State of VT, courtesy of N. Kamman.Kamman.
2002 Sampling2002 Sampling: : Mt. Mansfield – Forehead Mt. Mansfield – Forehead SiteSite
3600 feet elevation 3600 feet elevation Montane Spruce – Fir Forest natural Montane Spruce – Fir Forest natural
communitycommunity
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsMount Mansfield - Forehead site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 5 Plot 20 Plot 26 Plot 33 Plot 40 Plot 45 Plot 48 Plot 62 Plot 77 Plot 841 Oi Oi2 Oe3456789
10111213 R141516171819202122 R232425 R R26 R2728 R29 R3031 R3233343536373839404142434445464748 R4950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071 R72737475
Oi
Oa
E
Bhs
Oe
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E
Oe
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E
Bw
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Oe
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E
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E
Oe
Oa
E
Oi
Oe
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E
Oe
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E
Oa
A
E
2002 Sampling2002 Sampling: : Mt. Mansfield – Forehead Mt. Mansfield – Forehead SiteSite
Soils underlain by bedrock. There are 4 Soils underlain by bedrock. There are 4 soil Orders here!soil Orders here!
2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Road site2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Road siteApprox 2300 feet elevationApprox 2300 feet elevation
Northern Hardwood Forest natural Northern Hardwood Forest natural communitycommunity
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsLye Brook - Road site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 12 Plot 14 Plot 21 Plot 43 Plot 44 Plot 60 Plot 78 Plot 80 Plot 85 Plot 99123456789
101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475
A
Bhs
Bs
Bw
Bs
Bw
BC
Oi
Oe
Oa
E
BC
Oi
Oe
Oi
Oe
E
Bhs
A
Bhs
Bw
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BC
Bhs1
Bhs2
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BC
OI
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Bhs2
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E
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Bhs2
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Bw2
Bw1
Bw2
Bw3
OI
Oe
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A
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Bw
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Oe
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E
2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Road site2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Road siteSoils are Spodosols (except one) Soils are Spodosols (except one) underlain by dense till.underlain by dense till.
2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Trail site2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Trail site
Approx 2400 feet elevationApprox 2400 feet elevation
Northern Hardwood ForestNorthern Hardwood Forestnatural communitynatural community
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsLye Brook - Trail site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 4 Plot 12 Plot 21 Plot 26 Plot 27 Plot 32 Plot 56 Plot 84 Plot 93 Plot 98123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475
Bhs1
Bhs2
BC
OaOa
E
Bhs1
Bhs2
Bw
Oi
Oe
Oa
E
BC
Oi
Oe
Oa
E
Bhs
Bs
E
Bhs1
Bhs2
Bw
BC
Oa
E
Bhs1
Bhs2
Bw
BC
OiOi
Oa
E
Bhs
Bw
BC
Oe
Oa
Oi
Oa
E
Bhs
Bs
BC
Oi
Oe
E
Bhs
Oi
Oe
E
Bhs
Bw
Bs1
Bs2
BC
BC
Oi OiOi
E
Bhs
Bs
2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Trail site2002 Sampling: Lye Brook – Trail siteAll soils are Spodosols underlain by dense All soils are Spodosols underlain by dense
till.till.
2002 Sampling: Mt. Mansfield – Polka Dot site2002 Sampling: Mt. Mansfield – Polka Dot siteApprox. 2400 feet elevationApprox. 2400 feet elevation
Yellow Birch Northern Hardwood Forest Yellow Birch Northern Hardwood Forest natural communitynatural community
All excavated soil material was laid on plastic to avoid
contamination of larger area.
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsMount Mansfield - Polka Dot site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 9 Plot 21 Plot 31 Plot 39 Plot 57 Plot 62 Plot 69 Plot 82 Plot 90 Plot 941 Oi Oi Oi Oi23456789
1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041 Cd42434445 Cd464748495051 BC >50525354555657 Cd Cd58 Cd5960 Bw2 >5961 Cd626364656667 Cd6869707172737475
Cd
Oe
Oa
E
Bhs
BC
Oi
Oe
AOe
Oi
A
Bw
Oi
Oe
A
Bs
Bs
E
Bw
BC
Bw2
Bw
BC
Bw
BC
Oi
Oe
A
Bw1
Bs
BC
Oi
Oe
Oa
A
Bw1
Bw2
Oe
Oa
Bw
BC
Oi
Oe
Oa
Bw1
Bw2
Oe
A
E
Oe
A
Bw
BC
2002 Sampling: Mt. Mansfield – Polka Dot site2002 Sampling: Mt. Mansfield – Polka Dot siteSoils are mix of Spodosols and Inceptisols Soils are mix of Spodosols and Inceptisols
underlain by dense till.underlain by dense till.
2002 Sampling2002 Sampling: : Mt. Mansfield – Ranch Mt. Mansfield – Ranch Brook siteBrook siteApprox 1800 feet elevationApprox 1800 feet elevation
Northern Northern HardwoodHardwoodForestForestnaturalnaturalcommunity,community,with somewith somesigns ofsigns ofenrichmentenrichment
Vermont Long Term Soil Monitoring Plots - 2002 Sampling - Soil Profile ChartsMount Mansfield - Ranch Brook site
Depth in Centimeters
Cm. Plot 4 Plot 13 Plot 20 Plot 31 Plot 33 Plot 35 Plot 65 Plot 66 Plot 75 Plot 1001 Oi Oi2 Oe3456789
101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475
Bw3
Oi
A
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Bw2
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Oi
Oe
A
Bhs
Oi
A
Bw1
Bw2
Oa
A
Bs
Bw
Oi
Oe
Oa
A
Oe
A
Bw1
Bw2
Bw2
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Oi
Oa
A
Bw1
Bw1
Bw2
Bw3
Bw2
Bw1
Bw2
BC
Bw2
Bw1
Bw2
2002 Sampling2002 Sampling: : Mt. Mansfield – Ranch Mt. Mansfield – Ranch Brook siteBrook site
Soils are primarily Inceptisols, with two Soils are primarily Inceptisols, with two Spodosols.Spodosols.
Cation Exchange Capacity (by sum of Cation Exchange Capacity (by sum of cations) for cations) for
All Horizons, NSSLAll Horizons, NSSLCation Exchange Capacity (sum of base cations) for All Horizons
Oa-RanchBrook
A
BhsBw1
Bw2BC
Oa-LyeTrail
Oa/E
EBhs
Bs
Oa-PolkaDot
A
E BhsBs Bw BC
Oa-LyeRoadA
EBhs Bs
Oa-Forehead
AE Bhs
0
5
10
15
20
25
1Horizon and Site
CE
C,
su
m o
f b
ase c
ati
on
s
Carbon Sequestration in Soils – Mean Total % Carbon in All Horizons, NSSL
Mean Total % Carbon by Horizon
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Horizon and Site
Mea
n T
ota
l C
arb
on
, %
Ranch Brook
Lye-Trail
Polka Dot
Lye-Road
Forehead
Mercury concentration in surface Mercury concentration in surface horizons, horizons,
based on elevationbased on elevation
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
O-horizon Hg concentration vs. elevation
Ele
vation
, m
ete
rs
Hg concentration, mg kg-1
Ranch Brook
Forehead
MansfieldPolka
Lye Road
Mercury concentration in surficial soils shows a strong positive relation with elevation.
This elevational dependence may be related to increased deposition of Hg at higher elevations. Error bars show +/- 1 standard deviation, based on 10 samples at each site (except 20 at Lye Road). At Mansfield Polka, A horizon values are plotted as there was little O horizon present (-?).
(J. Shanley)
Mercury concentration in soil Mercury concentration in soil horizonshorizons
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
O A B
Soil
Hg c
on
centr
atio
n, m
g k
g-1
n=41 n=9 n=10
Horizon
Mercury concentration by soil horizon
Mercury retention is greatest in the soil O horizon.
Based on samples from 4 sites, Hg concentration in the O horizon was more than 3 times greater than in the B horizon. (Lye Trail was not sampled.) (J. Shanley)
Vermont Soil Climate Analysis Vermont Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) Sites – supporting Network (SCAN) Sites – supporting
the long-term studythe long-term study
Mount Mansfield State Forest, near Polka Dot site
Edge of Lye Brook Wilderness,GMNF, near Lye – Road site
Location of Soil Climate Analysis Network sites in the US
The VT SCAN sites were installed in 2000 The VT SCAN sites were installed in 2000 nearby 2 long-term soil monitoring plotsnearby 2 long-term soil monitoring plots
Lye Brook site under construction, Green Mountain National Forest, September, 2000
What is measured at a What is measured at a SCAN site?SCAN site?
Hourly readings of:Hourly readings of: Air temperature (max, min, average)Air temperature (max, min, average) PrecipitationPrecipitation Wind speed and direction (average and Wind speed and direction (average and
maximum)maximum) Solar radiationSolar radiation Relative humidityRelative humidity Barometric pressureBarometric pressure Snow depth and weight (used for calculating Snow depth and weight (used for calculating
water content)water content) Soil temperature and moisture (and other data) Soil temperature and moisture (and other data)
at 5 depths: 2, 4, 8, 20 and 40 inchesat 5 depths: 2, 4, 8, 20 and 40 inches Updated hourly on the Web at: Updated hourly on the Web at:
http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/scanhttp://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/scan
Vermont Soil Climate Analysis Network Vermont Soil Climate Analysis Network 2001-20052001-2005
5 yr.5 yr. Average Monthly Precipitation and Soil Average Monthly Precipitation and Soil Moisture, MMMoisture, MMMount Mansfield, VT
Average Monthly Precipitation and Soil Moisture - 2001-2005 Preliminary Data - Subject to Change
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Month
Avera
ge P
recip
itati
on
, In
ch
es
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Perc
en
t S
oil M
ois
ture
by V
olu
me
Precipitation 2 inches 4 inches 8 inches 20 inches 40 inches
SpringMoisture
Peak
Summer Drawdownof soil moisture –
even with high rainfall (pink line)
Vermont Soil Climate Analysis Network Vermont Soil Climate Analysis Network 2001-20052001-2005
5 yr. Average Monthly Air and Soil 5 yr. Average Monthly Air and Soil Temperature, MMTemperature, MM
SpringMoisturePeak
Summer Drawdown – even with high rainfall
Mount Mansfield, VT Average Monthly Air and Soil Temperature - 2001 - 2005
Preliminary Data - Subject to Change
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Month
Ave
rag
e T
emp
erat
ure
, Cel
siu
s
Air 2 inches 4 inches 8 inches 20 inches 40 inches
Winter “hibernation”
SpringTurnover
Fall Turnover
Vermont Soil Climate Analysis NetworkVermont Soil Climate Analysis Network Hurricane Katrina –Hurricane Katrina –
Its effect on hourly precipitation and soil moisture at Its effect on hourly precipitation and soil moisture at Mt. MansfieldMt. Mansfield
The Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Hourly Precipitation and Soil Moisture Mt Mansfield, Vermont SCAN station
August 30 - September 1, 2005
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Time in hours: Aug 30, noon-midnight = 1-12; Aug 31 = 13-32 (4 hrs no record); Sept 1, 12am-noon = 33-44
Pre
cip
itati
on
- t
en
ths
/in
ch
pe
r h
ou
r
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
So
il M
ois
ture
- %
vo
lum
e
Precipitation
2 inches
4 inches
8 inches
20 inches
40 inches
40 inch depth – storm, what storm?
What’s next for the Long-term Soil What’s next for the Long-term Soil Monitoring Project??Monitoring Project??
•Complete 2002 Year Zero lab Complete 2002 Year Zero lab characterizationcharacterization
•Plan, fund, and carry out Year 5 Plan, fund, and carry out Year 5 sampling in summer 2007 sampling in summer 2007
•Begin Year 5 sample processing, Begin Year 5 sample processing, archiving and characterizationarchiving and characterization
•Develop and publish initial reportDevelop and publish initial report
Finally, what are some of the Finally, what are some of the challenges facing the project:challenges facing the project:
•Separating natural soil variation from Separating natural soil variation from actual long-term changesactual long-term changes•Standardizing soil description protocols Standardizing soil description protocols •Developing a permanent Archive PlanDeveloping a permanent Archive Plan•Funding for lab work and unsupported Funding for lab work and unsupported personnel costspersonnel costs•Completing data analysis and publicationCompleting data analysis and publication•Time demands of project outside scope of Time demands of project outside scope of “normal job” for some committee members“normal job” for some committee members•200 years??? - Institutionalizing the 200 years??? - Institutionalizing the program into agencies and passing on the program into agencies and passing on the project to a new generation of scientistsproject to a new generation of scientists