Electromat - Electrodialysis (ED) and Bipolar Electrodialysis (BPED)
Pushing the limits of off-the-shelf technology...–Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration: 30,000-50,000...
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Pushing the limits of off-the-shelf technology: Achieving better efficiency and recovering useful byproducts from produced water Presented by Malynda Cappelle Presented at WRRI Produced Water Workshop / 24 May 2016
Transcript of Pushing the limits of off-the-shelf technology...–Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration: 30,000-50,000...
Pushing the limits of off-the-shelf technology:Achieving better efficiency and recovering useful byproducts from produced water
Presented by Malynda Cappelle
Presented at WRRI Produced Water Workshop / 24 May 2016
Overview
• BRIEF overview on cost of disposal
• Desalination technologies
• High recovery desalination
• Resource recovery potential
• Thoughts on combining desalination and resource recovery
• Fresh water can be expensive (especially retail or municipal water)
• If SWDs aren’t prevalent and/or if trucking is required, disposal of produced water can be substantial and significant
Cost of Fresh & Produced Water
• Cost varies
• McCurdy 2011:
– Salt water disposal facilities: $0.25-8/bbl
– Trucking cost: $1/bbl
– Pipelines more efficient & reduces traffic
• Argonne National Laboratories (Veil, 2006)
– Injection > Evaporation > Burial
– Range of cost $0.30-10/bbl (most < $1/bbl)
– Recycling was not widely reported
Produced Water Disposal
• PRE-TREATMENT IS KEY
• Scale-forming constituents must be removed from water for use by O&G
• Biological/organic constituents can limit desalination implementation
Treatment of Produced Water(probably repeating others)
• Salinity (measured by TDS):
– Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration: 30,000-50,000 mg/L TDS
– Electrodialysis: typically < 10,000 mg/L TDS
– Ion Exchange: less than 1,000 mg/L TDS, maybe higher in some cases
• High organic and biological feedwaterconcentrations will require pre-treatment
Limits of Desalination(as currently practiced)
• Pros:– Excellent product water quality
– Well-known process & proven designs/performance
– Newer membranes (nanofiltration, wider spacer) offer potential for desalination of difficult waters
• Cons– Salinity limit (pressure limitations)
– Solubility limits (solubility limitations)
– Fouling limits
– Waste Disposal
Pros & Cons of Membrane processes:Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration
• Pros:– Good product water quality– Known process & proven designs/performance– Resource recovery possibility– Able to handle (somewhat) higher fouling water– Able to dial in specific water quality– Can produce “kill” brines– More efficient at higher temperatures & salinity– Pairs well with renewable energy
• Cons– Can be expensive (capital and operating cost)– Specialized membranes are expensive– Still require pre-treatment (similar to RO/NF)
Pros & Cons of Membrane processes:Electrodialysis
• Pros:
– Excellent product water quality
– Known process & proven designs/performance
– Able to handle higher fouling water
• Cons
– Expensive (capital and operating cost)
– Cleaning is regularly needed
Pros & Cons of Thermal processes
Case Study: Four Corners Desalination with Nanofiltration
Source: Cappelle, et al. (2010)
Case Study: Four Corners Desalination with Nanofiltration (cont)
RIP, Allan SattlerSource: Cappelle, et al. (2010)
Potential Technology: Electrodialysis Methathesis
Potential Technology: ED with monovalent selective membranes
Na+
Cl-
SC
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Concentrate Diluate Concentrate Diluate
Supernatant
from tank
Supernatant
from tank
Rinse Rinse
+ -
REPEATING
CELL
Ca2+
SO4=
SO4=
Ca2+
Ca2+
SA SC SA SC
Na+
Ca2+
SC
ZDD (Zero Discharge Desalination)Brackish Water application (<10,000 mg/L TDS)
Finished Water
Brackish Water Reverse
Osmosis/Nanofiltration75-85% Recovery
Solar Salt Recovery & Evaporation Ponds
>95-99% Recovery & Zero Liquid Discharge
Mg(OH)2
CaSO4
Ca-rich SO4-richLime
Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)
95-98% Recovery
NaCl
Mixed ClMixed Na
RO/NF Concentrate
Potential Combination: EDM + RO/NF (>10,000 mg/L TDS)
Mixed SodiumNa + (SO4, Cl, Br, HCO3, CO3, …)
Mixed Chloride(Ca, Mg, Ba, Na, …) + Cl
NaCl
Finished Water
Pre-treated PW Water
NF Concentrate
• Mix & recover solid gypsum and liquid NaCl
• Use Mixed Cl or Mixed Na as a kill fluid?
• Recover useful minerals from either Mixed Na or Mixed Cl?
• Send to evaporation pond
• Send to thermal process
Potential Combination:ED(R) + RO/NF (>10,000 mg/L TDS)
ED Concentrate(mostly monovalent ions)
Finished Water
Pre-treated PW Water
NF Concentrate
• Use concentrate as a kill fluid?
• Recover useful constituents from concentrate?
• Send to evaporation pond
• Send to thermal process
• Geo-Processors SAL-PROC™
• Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine Using Inter-stage Ion Exchange (Goldman, 2011)
• GE’s AquaSel™
Other High Recovery Technologies with salt recovery potential
Sources:• SAL-PROC: Mickley, 2008 (WateReuse Foundation Report)• GE: http://www.ge.com/mining/docs/2981884_1346772848_GE_AquaSel_Non-
Thermal_Desalination_Systems_Brochure.pdf• Goldman, et al.: 56th Annual New Mexico Water Conference Proceedings
• Produced water revenue potential:– BEST: rubidium
formate, rubidium chloride and cesium
– MODERATE: bromine, iodine, lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate
– MAYBE: magnesium, potash, and soda ash
Resource Recovery:Thinking outside the barrel
CaCO3 MgSoda Ash
PotashSalt
Lithium compounds
Bromine
Iodine
Rubidium compounds
Cesium
Source: S. Ray (2016) – Thesis & upcoming USGS report
• Treat to need• Academia and industry have ideas – we need to test
them with real PW• Pre-treatment, pre-treatment, pre-treatment• Some chemicals added for pipeline protection
(biocides, anti-corrosion, etc.) make water treatment more challenging
• At what point is centralized or portable water treatment more affordable?
• What business model works best for water treatment & resource recovery? (service industry?)
Final thoughts (questions?)
Malynda Cappelle
Associate Director, Center for Inland Desalination Systems
915-747-8953
Thank you
