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Table of ContentsPurpose.................................................................................................................................................6
Terms of Reference...............................................................................................................................6
Team Responsibilities............................................................................................................................6
Purpose of the Best Practice Guide.......................................................................................................9
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................9
1. Regulation, control of and standards of logistical operations......................................................10
Laws.................................................................................................................................................10
New Vehicle licensing......................................................................................................................10
Annual License Renewal..................................................................................................................11
Obtaining Driving License................................................................................................................11
Regulations for Trucks.....................................................................................................................12
Driving Hours...................................................................................................................................12
Driving Experience...........................................................................................................................13
Recommendations...........................................................................................................................13
2. Drivers, driving hours and recording driver information.............................................................13
Fleet Manager.............................................................................................................................13
Workers.......................................................................................................................................14
Drivers.........................................................................................................................................15
Motivation:..................................................................................................................................16
Training:.......................................................................................................................................16
Labour Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA):.............................................................................16
3. Vehicle Maintenance...................................................................................................................17
Unscheduled service....................................................................................................................18
Scheduled Service........................................................................................................................18
Vehicles defect and breakdown procedure.....................................................................................18
4. Maintenance options...................................................................................................................19
In-house maintenance.....................................................................................................................19
Outsourced maintenance............................................................................................................20
Best solution................................................................................................................................21
Time utilization............................................................................................................................22
Cost reduction.............................................................................................................................23
Space utilization...........................................................................................................................23
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Wider control...............................................................................................................................23
Spare parts...................................................................................................................................23
6. Weights........................................................................................................................................25
Vehicle weights................................................................................................................................25
Consequences of overloading..........................................................................................................26
Vehicle plates..................................................................................................................................26
Manufacturer’s plate...................................................................................................................27
Ministry plates.............................................................................................................................28
Axle weights....................................................................................................................................28
Diminishing load..............................................................................................................................28
7. Tyre and seatbelt standards........................................................................................................29
Tyres:...............................................................................................................................................29
Tyre condition..................................................................................................................................29
Seatbelts..........................................................................................................................................30
Fleet database.................................................................................................................................30
8. Choice of trucks...........................................................................................................................30
Equipment that should be acquired................................................................................................31
Concrete Mixers..........................................................................................................................31
Concrete Pumps..........................................................................................................................31
Water tank truck..........................................................................................................................32
Equipment not vital to the core business........................................................................................32
Cement Bulker.............................................................................................................................32
Tipper Truck.................................................................................................................................33
Chemical Tanker..........................................................................................................................33
9. Vehicle utilisation........................................................................................................................33
The importance of efficient utilization.............................................................................................33
Tools for Monitoring Utilization:......................................................................................................34
Tachograph..................................................................................................................................34
IT Packages..................................................................................................................................34
Tracking systems..........................................................................................................................34
Vehicle and drivers schedules..........................................................................................................35
Loading Utilization...........................................................................................................................35
Recommendations:..........................................................................................................................35
Vehicle usage...............................................................................................................................36
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Driver involvement......................................................................................................................36
10. Acquiring and hiring additional vehicles..................................................................................37
Financial Considerations..............................................................................................................37
Options available.........................................................................................................................37
Leasing a vehicle from external source............................................................................................37
Adding new vehicles to the fleet.....................................................................................................39
Recommendations:..........................................................................................................................39
11. Fuel management....................................................................................................................40
Fuel type..........................................................................................................................................40
Fuel consumption............................................................................................................................41
Fuelling options...............................................................................................................................41
Internal fueling system................................................................................................................41
External fueling system................................................................................................................42
The recommendation......................................................................................................................43
Focus............................................................................................................................................45
Fewer employees.........................................................................................................................46
Space Utilization..........................................................................................................................46
Controlling the fuel budget..........................................................................................................46
Agency Cards...............................................................................................................................46
Economic fuel use........................................................................................................................47
12. Road traffic accidents..............................................................................................................48
The Bahraini Accident Law...........................................................................................................48
Procedures at an accident scene.................................................................................................49
Information required on the scene..............................................................................................50
Reporting accidents.........................................................................................................................50
Accident reporting procedure.....................................................................................................51
13. Road accident follow up......................................................................................................52
Follow up procedure....................................................................................................................52
Vehicle damage and inspection...................................................................................................52
Claims against drivers..................................................................................................................52
Driver discipline...........................................................................................................................53
Accident analysis.........................................................................................................................53
Reducing accidents......................................................................................................................53
Employers’ responsibility.............................................................................................................54
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Employees’ responsibility............................................................................................................56
Regulations and codes of practice...............................................................................................57
Control of health hazard substances...........................................................................................58
The reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences..................................................59
Vehicle activities..........................................................................................................................59
14. Business and vehicle insurance................................................................................................60
Third party insurance:......................................................................................................................60
Types of insurance:..........................................................................................................................60
Minimum level of covers.............................................................................................................60
Other vehicle-related insurance..................................................................................................60
Other business insurance:...............................................................................................................61
Employer’s liability insurance......................................................................................................61
Public liability insurance..............................................................................................................61
Consequential loss.......................................................................................................................61
Insurance Companies in Bahrain:....................................................................................................61
Bahrain and Kuwait Insurance Company.....................................................................................61
Bahrain National Insurance Company..........................................................................................62
Saudi National Insurance Company.............................................................................................62
Recommendations:..............................................................................................................................62
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................62
Appendix.............................................................................................................................................63
Pictures:...........................................................................................................................................63
Maps:...............................................................................................................................................63
Tables..............................................................................................................................................63
Figures.............................................................................................................................................63
Table of References.............................................................................................................................64
Meeting Minutes.................................................................................................................................67
Meeting 1........................................................................................................................................67
Meeting 2........................................................................................................................................69
Meeting 3........................................................................................................................................71
Meeting 4........................................................................................................................................73
Meeting 5........................................................................................................................................77
Meeting 6........................................................................................................................................79
Meeting 7........................................................................................................................................81
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Meeting 8........................................................................................................................................83
Meeting 9........................................................................................................................................86
Meeting 10......................................................................................................................................88
Power Point Slides...............................................................................................................................91
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The Best Practice Guide
For a Ready Mix
Concrete Plant
Purpose
The aim of writing this best practice guide is to analyse the process of a concrete
factory, describing its daily operations and requirements, then to write a best practice guide
to suggest the methods of operating the equipment, staff and deliveries to ensure the most
efficient decisions are followed.
Terms of Reference
This report is requested by Ms. Lorraine Cowley, a Tutor at Bahrain Polytechnic, as a
Fleet Management course final report, it will be followed by a presentation given in class by
our group.
Purpose of the Best Practice Guide
Fleet means a large number of vehicles usually more than five; a Fleet Management
has a wide range of aspects that need to be practiced perfectly by a company in order to
provide an efficient fleet. It involves the management of the vehicles, maintenance, drivers,
fuel, licensing, and any other points that are relevant to a fleet. This report is a Best
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Practice Guide that will provide detailed information on the best possible way to run an
efficient fleet management for a factory producing ready mix concrete.
Introduction
Many businesses require fleets of trucks and drivers to perform deliveries to the business and to despatch their manufactured good, Bah-Con is a company that produces ready mix concrete that is also responsible to deliver to the customers, and currently depending on a contracted delivery company or Third Party Logistics for their consignments. Bah-Con has come to FAWAZ, a consulting firm in order to perform a study on the feasibility of starting its own logistics department to perform the deliveries.
1. Regulation, control of and standards of logistical operations
Laws
As the laws in Bahrain state that any vehicle to be used on the roads of the Kingdom
should be registered at the General Directorate of Traffic and Licensing, and it is required
from some of the vehicles; depending on the circumstances, to be inspected and checked if
all the needed procedures are applied and followed. Many laws are listed to be followed
whether to be used by individuals or organizations such as:
New vehicle licensing.
Annual Renewal licensing.
Vehicle Export.
Vehicle ownership transfer
Obtaining Driving License (Traffic Law, n.d.)
New Vehicle licensingNewly purchased vehicles for individual or organizational use should be inspected,
checked for the right documentation, and the certificate of road worthiness that proves that
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the vehicle will be used for certain tasks only and a vehicle ownership document identifies
the company or person which would be using it will be issued.
The Bahraini law does not require an Operator’s License; instead the Commercial
Record issued by the Ministry of Commerce is used. (Traffic Law, n.d.)
Annual License RenewalEach vehicle’s license should be renewed annually and that is done by visiting any
post office around the country in order to get the insurance permission for the vehicle to be
driven on the roads of Bahrain, but before visiting the post office the vehicle should be
checked and inspected by the Traffic Directorate and a form should be filled out. (Traffic
Law, n.d.)
Obtaining Driving LicenseFor all individuals driving vehicles on the roads are required to obtain a driving
license in order to work in the country. Many of these laws may differ from one country to
another depending on the population size, previous experiences or many other reasons.
Within Bahrain the rules to be followed are considered to be the very basic laws and
regulations from any other country which can be followed and used around in the GCC (Gulf
Cooperation Council) these laws are to be followed in certain order to obtain the license
needed:
Employee reached the required age set for the certain license needed.
Eyesight test should be given and passed.
Employee should state any disabilities that would prevent him from
driving in accordance to the law.
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Follows exact procedure given to obtain the learners permit.
Any verification of nationality of the person, and in the case of
working under an organization person should present :
Official statement from the government sector he's employed in, or
the private sector company.
Non-Bahrainis should have clearance to live in the country from the
Passport Directorate and should present that evidence to the Traffic Police
Department.
These are the standard requirements for obtaining a learner's permit, and the age
stated for the heavy license 21. After obtaining the learner's permit the person should train
and achieve the points given with a score of 70% or higher which is graded by the examiner.
If the person applies for heavy license and includes a trailer then a trailer would be
connected to a three axle truck used for the test. (Traffic Law, n.d.)
Regulations for TrucksMaximum weight of trucks to be used on the roads of Bahrain is set to be 40 Tonnes
and that is the law as well in all GCC
countries. The topic of legal weights for
trucks will discussed more in chapter six
where the first and second photographs will
be discussed. (Traffic Law, n.d.).
Driving HoursFor every employee working in the
driving shifts for each company's fleet, a
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Pic 1: Weight plate issued by the Traffic Police for trucks
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driver should have certain hours to work, any increase in these hours should be considered
as overtime while prolonged working hours may lead to a criminal conviction to the
management of the company.
Minimum hours to work should be around 3 hours, however the driving hours are not taken
into consideration in Bahrain, which might lead to a lot of problems but the company
considers it as overtime and the driver is paid extra for each hour worked more. (LMRA,
2011)
Driving ExperienceWhen the company is employing a driver, they should abide to certain points that
would determine the qualifications of the driver, such as:
Experience.
Training.
Obtaining of a Driving license.
Working permit or certificate. (Traffic Law, n.d.)
RecommendationsEvery company and organization should have completed all the required
documentation needed for the vehicles and the employees, the company can sign a contract
with a document clearing office which is able to complete these tasks for the company for a
fee. (Traffic Law, n.d.)
2. Drivers, driving hours and recording driver informationHuman resources is a core component in any business regardless of its size, a
company like Bah-Con would require these position to be filled, that come with different
sets of responsibilities. (Aloraibi, 2012)
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Fleet ManagerQualifications:
The fleet manager must have a university degree specialize in fleet management and
experience and background about it.
Skills:
Fleet manager require good oral and written communication skills.
A good set of organisational skills are crucial for managing the dominantly
administrative side of the job such as reporting and operations and vehicle schedule.
Proper negotiation skills can be advantageous, since it might advance overall time
and cost reductions.
Responsibilities:
Review and approve vehicle purchasing decisions.
Report vehicle accidents to Environmental Health, Safety and Risk Management
Office and disburse insurance proceeds for vehicle repair. (Aloraibi, 2012)
WorkersQualifications:
The plant worker must be at least 21 years of age.
Factory workers must be trained and able to operate the equipment installed
around the plant and on the trucks.
The operators of the equipment must know how to appropriately mix
concrete up to a perfect degree to meet customer requirements.
Skills:
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Workers must be good in customer relations and service.
Time management is a must, since this is a time sensitive product.
Responsibilities:
Take appointments, and making sure of delivering on time.
Manage when the trucks are despatched so that deliveries are done in a timely
manner.
Responsible for the drivers and their schedules. (Aloraibi, 2012)
DriversQualification:
A valid driving licence that covers the type of vehicle intended to
drive.
The Police specifies the age of 25 years as a minimum to obtain a truck
driver’s license.
Experience or training in driving, experience in specialist equipment is preferred.
Skills:
Well trained in driving trucks and operating specialist equipment.
The drivers must know how to deal with the products appropriately.
The drivers should know how and when they should mix the concrete.
Responsibilities:
The drivers must deliver the ready mix in a good condition.
The drivers are responsible for the trucks.
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The divers must deliver the ready mix at the exact time. (Aloraibi,2012)
Motivation: In any organization the motivation is really important, though each fleet manager
must motivate the drivers to work hard and they will be reward. However, in the ready mix
company, the manager awards the drivers if they have transfer the required amount of
concrete. The required amount is to deliver the ready mix 21 times per week for each driver,
and at the 22nd delivery, the driver will get a five Dinar bonus and with each extra delivery
they will get two Dinars for each extra delivery. Furthermore, the manager will award the
best driver of the month with fifty Dinars in addition to their bonus. (AlMuharraqi, 2012).
Training:The fleet drivers must regularly train to know the assets of the work and any ready
mix company should deliver training courses to any new driver or employee that is entering
the company. The aim of the training courses is to make the company’s work professional.
Furthermore, the materials that the drivers deal with are very sensitive, it has a short term
of life and any simple error would affect the materials. However, training makes each driver
aware of:
How to operate the trucks.
How to keep the materials in good condition until they reach the desired
destination.
How to insure the safety of themselves and their immediate surroundings.
(Hammam, 2012)
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Labour Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA):
The Labour Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA) is a semi-autonomous
governmental organisation with independent administrative and financial control that acts
as an intermediary between the employers, workers and other government institutions on
employment related issues, through achieving power and authority as a governmental
ministry. (LMRA, 2011).
LMRA’s mission is to set the labour market policies and regulate expat labour
programmes, while achieving the most benefit to the society through fair employment
practices. Since its inception in 2006, the LMRA is responsible for the issue of work visas for
foreign workers, controlling the licenses for man power recruiters and employers; they are
also responsible for all foreign man power applications and visas for non-Bahrainis, with the
collection of finances in regard to foreign workers. (LMRA, 2011).
3. Vehicle Maintenance
The maintenance of the vehicle is
extremely important in any organization, as it is
directly involved with safety which is a very
important factor. Maintenance does not only
mean to repair something when it gets broken
down but also keeping the vehicle in a good
condition at all times is a very big part of the maintenance. There are scheduled and non-
scheduled checks that may be performed by the drivers or the fleet managers.
(CILT – Section 4, 2012)
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Pic 3: Mixer truck undergoing engine repair
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The law obligations state that the operators should cover these actions in order to
maintain the Operator’s License:
Unscheduled service
Daily quick vehicle checks by the driver before using the vehicle.
Inspecting the vehicle before delivery when leasing a vehicle.
The defects reports from the drivers should be documented and kept for at least 15
months.
The vehicles are checked regularly to be sure that they are in a road worthy condition
and safe to use.
All defected vehicles should be removed from service immediately until they are
repaired
Scheduled Service
Regular servicing
Periodic inspections
Most of these inspections are mainly done by the drivers and qualified mechanics
and must be recorded in order to avoid any problems for the company. The regular servicing
and the Periodic inspections must be done in the garage under the supervision of the fleet
managers and have to be made depending on usage of the vehicle or the time, it could be
done every 6000 miles or 3 months to comply with the Vehicle specifications. (CILT – Section
4, 2006)
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Vehicles defect and breakdown procedure
The drivers must immediately report any defects found in the vehicle when checking
the vehicle at the beginning of the day before starting the trip. The driver should be trained
on vehicle breakdowns in case any failure occurs in the vehicle while it is on the trip, drivers
must follow a list of steps to ensure their safety, the safety of the goods, property of others,
as well as the other road users. (CILT – Section 4, 2006)
4. Maintenance options
Every organization has the option to either to have its maintenance internally which
means within the same company and with its own employees or externally which involves a
third party which takes care of the maintenance procedure of the organizations. (CILT –
Section 5, 2006)
This decision depends on many factors but the main determining factors for
maintenance decisions are:
Budget.
Fleet size.
Size of organization.
Efficient administration. (CILT – Section 5, 2006)
In-house maintenance
Depending on In-house maintenance allows the company to have its own garage and
employees in the company to take care of its vehicle fleet at all times and be in charge of its
performance.
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The benefits of an In-house maintenance are:
More control over the maintenance in terms of vehicle priority, and availability of
the garage (could operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week).
Less cost, as no profit has to be paid for any third party companies.
Faster maintenance; takes less time to get the vehicles to the garage.
Collection of performance data on the staff.
Efficient level of cooperation between the mechanics and the fleet managers.
(The Advantages of In-house Fleet Management, 2012)
Some of the Disadvantages of in-house maintenance can be:
Very efficient Human resource Department needed (means extra cost).
Bigger space will be required for the garage.
Traffic congestion inside the company.
Higher labour cost, in wages. (The Advantages of In-house Fleet Management, 2012)
Outsourced maintenance
The other type of maintenance is the Outsourced maintenance which involves a
third party garage to take care of the maintenance of the vehicles, which means that the
company is not involved in any of the procedures related to maintaining the fleet.
The benefits of having Outsourced Maintenance are:
Improved human resource productivity; fewer employees are needed.
Fewer departments.
Focus on the main services provided.
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Space utilization: less space is needed for maintenance.
Reduction of risk: the third party has the full responsibility of the car while it is in
their garage. (Why Outsource your Fleet Management, 2012)
The drawbacks of an outsourced maintenance system are:
Failure to negotiate for a best price: the external providers can be charging very
high rates.
Less control over the maintenance (in terms of speed and quality)
Wasting valuable time while getting the defected vehicle transported from the
company to the outsourced garage.
(Advantages, Disadvantages and types of contract In House Management, N.D)
Best solution
For the best solution that serves Bah-Con with the best possible outcome, it is
recommended that Bah-Con Company uses both in-house and outsourced maintenance
depending on the type of the issues that may arise.
Bah-Con could use a small garage as an In-house maintenance for the small body
parts of the vehicles that are uncomplicated and have to be changed regularly.
These body parts can be:
Tyres.
Light bulbs.
Oil change (has to be changed every 250 hours).
Fuses.
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Mirror glasses.
Windshield wiper blades.
Battery replacement.
Other small and uncomplicated parts.
When it comes to complicated mechanics of the vehicle that might not be changed
regularly and problems with the concrete mixers and pumps which need specialized
expertise, the company could send the vehicles to a contracted third party who has to reach
to an agreement to repair the vehicles at the most convenient price or the vehicle could also
be sent directly to their agency if a better offer is given to repair the vehicles.
The defects that can be repaired by the third party could be:-
Engine problems.
Bearings defects.
Gear problems.
Chassis problems.
Problems with the pumps.
Problems in the cement mixers.
Any irregular complicated maintenance.
With this method the company is expected to save a lot of money as it is going to
start with relatively a small fleet at the beginning and the company would save huge
amounts of money that would be spent on unnecessarily services if company chose to use
another method for the maintenance.
This recommended method could provide these benefits:
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Pic 4: Faulty Truck Engine
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Time utilization
Small scale maintenance is done inside the company, which means the vehicles
could be repaired at the same time and the same place without being transported to other
locations for repairs.
Cost reduction
This is the most important benefit, less employees are going to be needed for the
maintenance as only small parts are going to be repaired inside the company and that
would increase the ability of the workers to cover more vehicles in a shorter time span.
Another major benefit is that the third party companies would charge the company with
large fees for the minor services that the company could do on its own with much less
costs.
Space utilization
The company is going to need a small garage because only minor maintenance is
done internally and this means that the company does not need a huge space for the garage
which is an advantage as the company could use the extra space for other purposes.
Wider control
The regular maintenance of the vehicles can be controlled by the company in the means of
speed and the priority of each vehicle but however, the major maintenance would not be
controlled by the company.
All of these benefits have direct impact on the profit of the company which is the only
reason for a company to continue its business. (CILT – Section 5, 2006)
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Spare parts
It is always a good idea if necessary spare parts are always available in the company so that
the vehicles could be repaired without any delays. However, a company should purchase
the spare parts wisely as the parts bought may not be always needed or used at a later time
which may result as an inventory cost and depreciation of the purchased parts. Other
problems that may occur is when the company buys a small quantity of spare parts that may
not cover the maintenance services for all the vehicle and this will lead to delays in the
productivity of the company.
As we recommended earlier, that Bah-Con is going to use an in-house maintenance for the
small parts, the company has to buy some spare parts to utilize time and cost. The spare
parts we recommend the Bah-Con to buy the parts that are not very expensive and must be
changed regularly and be kept in the inventory until needed.
These are the recommended spare parts to be purchased and be available in the inventory
at all time:-
Tyres.
Batteries.
Bulbs.
Fuses.
Glasses.
Brakes.
All of these body parts must be replaced
immediately when diagnosed with defects as they could put the safety of the driver,
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Pic 5: Roadworthy tyre (L) & Defected Tyre (R)
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products and other people in danger when not replaced. For example, a flat tyre will cause
the car to have bad handling which may lead to accidents or if the tail lights are damaged,
the car could be stopped by the traffic police and a ticket could be issued for violating the
law.
Bah-Con is recommended to Contract with an external provider that could provide spare
parts that are not available in the company’s stock. Spare parts that may not be needed in a
short time span or are only needed only when the original parts are broken, could be
provided from the external providers at a convenient time and price when required.
(CILT – Section 5, 2006)
6. WeightsThe traffic laws in Bahrain and Gulf Cooperation States prohibit trucks to be driven
on the road if they surpass a maximum total weight, which is a potential hazard that will
have severe consequences. (CILT – Section 6, 2006).
Vehicle weightsThere may be severe consequences for overloading vehicles beyond the capacity
they were designed for, some of the problems that may arise from overloading a vehicle can
be:
An incorrectly loaded vehicle is a possible death hazard to the drivers and
the other users of the road. The very basic essentials for road safety may fail
as a consequence, the brakes on the truck might be impaired, power may
not be effectively delivered due to excess weight, the tyres may explode, or
the chassis parts and suspension systems may fail in operating properly.
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The roads in Bahrain are built to withstand a truck up to the weight of 40
tonnes, beyond which the roads will be damaged and the repair of the road
is quite expensive.
An overloaded truck may bring a heavy fine for the operator and bring a
criminal conviction to individuals, with the possibility of operating license
being withdrawn. (Truckers Report, n.d.)
The equipment for the transport of concrete are designed with weight limitations for
delivery of the products since they have limited capacities of carrying and handling the
concrete in a way that meets local regulations.
Consequences of overloadingA study conducted by the South
African authorities in 1996 showed that 33%
of the trucks weighed on the country’s motor
ways were overloaded; with an estimated
20% of the trucks on the roads at a given time are carrying loads beyond their capacity, this
is costing the state around 60% of the roads budget on fixing that damage (such as the
damage seen in the picture below), while heavier vehicles increase the damage on roads, as
can be seen in the table. (CSIR, 1997)
Table showing how heavy trucks proportionally increase the damage on roads
Vehicle Type % on the roads Result of Damage
Passenger Cars – Almost Negligible
Legally Loaded Trucks 80 – 85 % 40 %
Overloaded Trucks 15 – 20 % 60 %
Tab 1: (CSIR, 2007 – Page 5)
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Pic 6: Road damaged by heavy trucks
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Many deaths occur each year due to trucks being overloaded, an American report
estimated that 78% of fatalities in these accidents were motorists in other vehicles, and 15%
of them being the truck drivers. (Smart Motorist, n.d.)
Vehicle platesAccording to the traffic regulations in Bahrain, all heavy equipment must be fitted
with tamper-proof weight plates for each axle provided by the regulating authorities and
sticker provided by the manufacturer showing the weight distribution that each axle is
designed to withstand. (Traffic Law, n.d.)
The regulations are set for the trucks that are to be used on the roads of Bahrain,
such as:
Weight on the axles
Travel speed
Plate that shows the details of the truck such as :
Total weight of all axles
Trailer number
Weight of each axle
The permit print
Manufacturer’s plateTruck manufacturers place weight limit stickers on the inner side of the driver
door that is fitted on all trucks
they manufacture to show what
their trucks can legally carry and
not cause damage to part of the
truck, this is called the design
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Pic 7: manufacturer GCW data for the 3 axles and weights
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limit of the truck and the weight shown on the plate is called the gross
construction weight (GCW), in the photo the tractor is only designed to carry 13
tonnes per driving axle. (CILT, 2006)
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Ministry plates The Traffic Department in Bahrain issues three tamper-proof metallic plates
for each truck, where one is fixed on the
tractor chassis and two on both sides of the
trailer, they specify the weight carrying limits
for each axle and how the weight should
legally be distributed, the plate contains the
plate number of the truck and the license
expiration date, it is also called the gross
vehicle weight (GVW), which is the legal weight an axle can carry that the road is built to
carry with the least damage. (Traffic Law, n.d.)
Axle weightsThe roads in Bahrain were designed to carry a maximum weight of 13 tonnes per
axle, beyond which the roads may get damaged and their structural design life may
significantly be reduced. The equipment used to transport and pump concrete are designed
as to not carry any extra load beyond the capacity they are designed to carry, therefore the
distribution of axle weights will not be issue. (CSIR, 1997)
Diminishing loadDiminishing load may be a problem for many transport businesses but it is not an
issue with transporting concrete since the manufacturers of concrete equipment and water
tanks build them with limited capacities and with balanced axle weights, so such regulations
may not be applicable to the business since there is only one drop off per load.
(CILT – Section 6, 2006)
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Pic 8: GVW limits on a 40 tonne, 4 axle truck
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7. Tyre and seatbelt standardsTruck tyres have to be inspected regularly to make sure that they are in a legal and
road worthy condition as to not cause expensive damages, substantial fines or even loss of
lives, the regular monitoring of the condition of the tyres is important especially checking
the tyre inflation and the legality of the tyre conditions. (CILT – Section 7, 2006)
Tyres:Defected tyres are illegal to drive with as they can be a threat to the products, the
driver, the truck and most importantly the other road users and property near the truck, so
by law truck drivers are required to check the following regularly:
The tyre tread depth is more than 1.0 mm deep.
The outer wall or the fabric of the tyre is not broken, if any damage happens it may
reach inside the tyres and blow it up, causing a disaster.
Insufficient inflation and over inflation, since it may have serious consequences.
There is no bulge or a lump from the tyre structure being separated.
Section of the cord cannot be exposed for any reason.
The tyre should be suitable for the truck wheel size and type of work the vehicle is
performing.
The tread pattern may not be visible. (CILT – Section 7, 2006)
Tyre conditionThe condition of truck tyres should checked very often with a reliable tyre gauge as
to maintain optimum performance conditions, and there should be spare tyres readily
available as concrete trucks are used in construction sites, where nails and bits of wood are
lying around the work site. (CILT – Section 7, 2006)
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SeatbeltsIt is mandatory in the Bahraini Traffic Law for any driver of any vehicle to be wearing
a seat belt at all times, although it is a procedure not followed by many truck drivers in the
country. A study published by James Madison University has found that only 14% of
motorists use seat belts. (James Madison University, 2004)
Many companies are now buying GPS systems installed on the trucks with built in
belt detectors that send a message to the control room if a driver does not have their
seatbelt on and send a warning to remind them of the disciplinary action taken against them
for not complying with regulations. (CILT – Section 7, 2006)
Fleet databaseIt is important for big companies to maintain a database for their fleet so that they
can consolidate orders if it may be necessary and compare fuel economy figures as well as
retrieving maintenance records and plan further changes if they are required.
(CILT – Section 7, 2006)
8. Choice of trucksMercedes-Benz is considered by many logistics services providers as the most
reliable trucks in the region and the least depreciating in resale value, some of their
loyal customers include Haji Hassan Group, National Ready Mix and Redex concrete
companies; they are also used by Agility, FedEx and the Bahrain Defence Force for
long-distance heavy haulage. Al Haddad Motors have been distributors for Mercedes
vehicles since 1958; they have provided reliable services through the years and
always had parts in stock since they are in high demand. (Al Haddad, n.d.) & (Ahmed,
2012).
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The concrete plants includes some equipment that are vital for its core operations
and others that are secondary and that are usually outsourced by the supplier, if
they are bought in bulk quantities:
Equipment that should be acquired
Concrete MixersConcrete mixers are trucks with large rotating metallic drums that are used to mix
the concrete as to not dry up for a
limited time. A Mercedes-Benz
concrete mixer truck with a Liebherr
8 cubic metre capacity mixer weighs
40 tonnes when loaded and costs
approximately 52,000 Bahraini
Dinars, laws in Bahrain allow 8mᶟ to
be fitted on 40 tonne tractors to prevent road damage, as can be highlighted in the
fourth photograph.
Liebherr concrete mixers are the best-selling concrete mixer in the Gulf region; they
are also the easiest mixers to maintain since there are more mechanics trained on
this brand than any other.
Concrete Pumps A concrete pump is
needed to deliver the concrete from
the mixer to where it is needed in the
construction site; the common pumps
come with a range between 12 and 72
metres in height. Concrete pumps are
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Pic 10: Schwing 42 metre concrete pump on a tractor
Pic 9: Liebherr Mixer installed on a MAN tractor
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very expensive where a Schwing 42 metre pump fixed on a Mercedes-Benz tractor
can cost 250,000 Bahraini Dinars and requires highly trained professionals to
maintain the pump.
Schwing is a company that is held in high regard when it comes to the manufacture
of concrete pumps in Bahrain, it is the easiest brand for pumps to find mechanics for.
Water tank truck according to the
law in Bahrain, concrete can only be
mixed using recycled water from the
treatment plant in Tubli, so the
factory must need a water truck to
transport the water needed for
making concrete. A water tank would
cost a minimum of 5,000 Bahraini Dinars and is brought from Saudi Arabia and can fit
a Mercedes-Benz tractor.
Equipment not vital to the core business
Cement Bulker A cement bulker is
used to carry dry cement powder from
the factory or the wholesaler to where
ever it may be needed in large
quantities; cement wholesalers in
Bahrain (Falcon Cement, Star Cement,
and United Cement Company) deliver their products at no cost to consumers. A
bulker trailer may cost 16,000 Dinars to manufacture.
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Pic 11: Water tank truck for recycled water
Pic 12: cement bulker trailer on a Volvo tractor
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Tipper Truck used to carry sand, rock
and aggregate vital for the
manufacture of concrete, it can be
made in Saudi Arabia for around
12,500 Dinars and can be installed on
a Mercedes Actros tractor. A tipper
can be seen in picture 14 in the
discharge position and with the rear discharge door closed.
Chemical Tanker used to transport
liquid chemicals used to enhance the
strength or speed up the drying time
for the concrete, the trucks should be
clearly marked with hazard symbols, if
they may be explosive or corrosive.
(Traffic Law, n.d.)
Picture fifteen shows an appropriately labelled truck on three sides for the content in
the load – an explosive liquid chemical.
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Pic 13: Tipper in the discharge position
Pic 14: Chemical tanker labelled appropriately
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9. Vehicle utilisation
The importance of efficient utilizationIn order for the company to be successful, it must ensure that it gains more profit
than the cost of the operation. No business would survive if they didn’t get enough revenue
to cover their cost, to keep their business going they must use the resources they got in the
best use possible.
As Bah-Con is planning to set up their own transport fleet, the company should really
take in consideration the utilization of the vehicles. The company should always use their
assets in the best way possible economically and in the same time should always keep an
eye on the customer’s needs and demands and always try to satisfy them.
(CILT – Section 8, 2006)
Tools for Monitoring Utilization: Tachograph: this tool is very effective and could help the fleet manager in many
ways; this tool is able to give the fleet manager information about the delays, driver
performance. Unfortunately, such a tool is not used in Bahrain.
IT Packages: this tool would help in many ways; it would make the fleet
management much easier. Below is the information that this package would
provide:
Performance trend: results of each driver performance and the fuel wasted.
Maintenance planning: when the vehicles will be maintained.
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Tracking systems: this tool made it possible to track the vehicles anywhere they are
and at any time. It shows the driving speed of the vehicle, the stops of it and the
loading.
Before Bah-Con chooses the system to use,
the company must ensure that the system is easy to use, easy to access and it gives accurate
information. (CILT – Section 8, 2006)
Vehicle and drivers schedulesThere is a simple tool and very effective to use which is the basic vehicle
employment chart. It is an important tool for observing the use of time.
This chart helps the operator to:
Get the information easily about the scheduling of the vehicles.
Make the maximum use of vehicles.
Maintenance planning according to the mileage.
Balance the utilization of the vehicle and
equal the mileage. (CILT – Section 8, 2006)
Loading UtilizationEfficient utilization takes more than just being on the road for more than 15 hours
per day, It is also about loading vehicles to maximum capacity, which means the revenue
the company will get from this load must covers the cost of the operation and the fuel. It is
hard to do as the customers demand varies from one to another, the company must
transport their orders with the existing fleet.
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Pic 15: GPS tracking software
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There are methods that help in the capacity utilization, below are two of the most
helpful methods:
Waybill analysis.
Driver involvement.
Recommendations: It is recommended for all companies that operate fleets to use GPS tracking programs, such as STS, which stands for Smart Tracking System. Which Bah-Con can use to track their trucks, this system will help in providing:
Trip report. Speed violation report. Stoppage report. Delivery report. Operation period report. Weekly and monthly reports.
The cost of this system is BD 130 for installation on each truck. The STS Company will maintain the tracking system every month and it will cost BD 7 per truck and send real-time reports to any computer with internet. (Hammam, 2012)
Vehicle usage the operator should
always be updated if all the vehicles are
preforming well, if not vehicles should be removed to save the fuel and insurance costs.
Driver involvement the drivers
are the staff facing the customers onsite, the drivers are the first to know the customer’s
reaction. The fleet manager should motivate the driver to become more involved in many
ways. The drivers could suggest new improvements to the planning of the route, planning of
the loading. The manager should keep in consideration that the drivers would hesitate to
take this move, for many reasons:
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Pic 16: STS Tracking Program
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They think that they are not allowed.
They might thing that it not their role.
They might thing that no one will listen to their opinion.
The manager should try to overcome such hesitations:
Explain to the driver that his involvement is important.
Give rewards to those who get involved and give valuable
information.
Show the driver that their voice is impotent to listen to. (CILT – Section 8, 2006)
10. Acquiring and hiring additional vehiclesWhen customers are satisfied with the service they will start to demand more, also,
the company’s customers may bring new customers. As Bah-Con has limited resources, the
company must study the decision of adding vehicles to the fleet.
Financial Considerations The first thing the company must consider before the specification of the vehicle is
the cost. Bah-Con should know that the cheapest vehicle is not always the best option. An
expensive vehicle that would be used for a long term may turn to be cheaper and more
reliable. The concept of life cycle costing should be used to make the decision of purchasing
easier. (CILT – Section 9, 2006)
Options availableWhen the customer demand increases and the company needs to add vehicles to the fleet,
the best to options are either:
Leasing a vehicle from external source.
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Adding new vehicle to the fleet. (CILT – Section 9, 2006)
Leasing a vehicle from external sourceBelow are the advantages and disadvantages of leasing a vehicle:
Advantages of leasing a vehicle Disadvantages of leasing a vehicle
Limited Liability: the company will only pay for the vehicle they are using.
The company would never own the vehicle.
Less Maintenance cost: the contract of leasing may cover the maintenance cost, as the warranty does.
If the company would use the leased vehicle for a long time it would cost more than buying a new vehicle.
Easier Credit Approval: to lease a vehicle means less paid monthly which can get the loan for financing easily.
If the vehicle gets seriously damaged, it would cost the company a lot.
The company could change the vehicles features according to the demand of the customers.
The company can only drive an average number of miles and if the company exceeded the miles, the hiring company will charge for the extra mileage.
Tab 2: Advantage and Disadvantages of Leasing Vehicles (CILT – Section 9, 2006)
When Bah-con decides to lease a vehicle from an external source, the company
should ask for full details of the rental contract and study the conditions carefully, they
should study the features they want in the vehicle, for example, if Bah-Con have lack in
mixer trucks or pumps, the size of the needed vehicle is also an important factor to
consider.
Also, the company should never accept the any vehicle without examining it very
well and check if there is any internal or external damage, plus, the hired vehicle should go
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through a safety test before the vehicle starts the service, as the hiring company will not be
responsible for any flaw that happens during the service in the road.
It is good to look for cheap leasing company to save money, but Bah-con should take
in consideration the reputation of the leasing company and always remember that the
cheap vehicle might not always be the best option for the long term.
When the rental contract ends, the hiring company will always check the vehicle to
see if it got damaged or not while it was in use, which is why it is better if the Bah-Con
checked the vehicle before the hire off procedures to ensure that the company does not pay
for damage that is not caused by Bah-Con staff. (CILT – Section 9, 2006)
Adding new vehicles to the fleetBelow are the advantages and disadvantages of buying a vehicle:
Advantages of buying a vehicle Disadvantages of buying a vehicle
The company owns the vehicle. It costs a lot: the monthly payments are higher than leasing.
The company has an unlimited mileage; it does not have to pay for the extra distance.
Maintenance of vehicles is expensive.
The procedures are less complicated. Unexpected costs when the warranty is over.
Tab 3: Advantages and disadvantages of buying vehicle. (CILT – Section 9, 2006)
Bah-Con must study the decisions of buying new vehicles wisely, because once it has
bought the vehicle, it is expensive to retract the decision. The company should study the
customer’s demand, also, the company should ask themselves if they will need the vehicle
for a very long time or just a period of time, for example: would the demand remain for a
considerable amount of time, or it is just a project that finishes after a period of time and
when it is done the vehicle won’t be needed anymore.
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Recommendations: The best recommended practice is:
If the vehicle is needed for a short term, the choice of leasing is always better
that buying new vehicle. For example: if there is a project that would last for
several of months, it is preferred that Bah-Con would lease a vehicle.
If the vehicle is needed for a long term, the choice of buying a new vehicle is
always better, it would be a loss to lease a vehicle and pay the rent for a long
time without owning it in the end. For example, if Bah-Con is planning to expand
their fleet or they are planning in renewing their fleet.
11. Fuel management
Fuel is costly and defined as a high operating cost for the company. That why it is
very important to have an efficient fuelling
system that will increase the revenues of the
company. However, fuel management in
Bahrain might not have the same impact as it
has Europe because of the huge difference in
the fuel price, were it is really expensive in
Europe and relatively cheap in Bahrain but
that does not mean that fuel management is any less important for Bahraini companies.
With the correct fuel management, the company could save a lot of unnecessary costs and
increase the income. (CILT – Section 11, 2006)
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Pic 17: BAPCO Fuel Station in Isa Town
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Fuel type
The fuel used for the vehicles can be either Petrol or Diesel. However, it is a good
idea to have all the vehicles running on the same type of fuel to avoid confusions and
complexity. It is recommended for the company to operate on Diesel rather than Petrol for
three main reasons:
Diesel is close in price to Petrol (Diesel for 100 Fils per litre, and petrol is for 80 Fils per
litre), and is more economical and drives for a much longer distance per litre. (Petrol
Prices in Bahrain, 2012)
All of the heavy trucks in Bahrain operate on Diesel.
Diesel is available in most of the fuel stations in Bahrain. (CILT – Section 11, 2006)
Fuel consumption
The Mercedes Actros fuel tank has the capacity to contain 250 litres of diesel. This
vehicle consumes and average of 27.5 liters of diesel per 100 km depending on the use of
vehicle. It would cost 25 Dinars to fill up the fuel tank and it would take approximately 909
km to empty the tank. (0.100 BD × 250 Lt. = 25 BD) (100 KM × 250 Lt. ÷ 27.5 KM ≈ 909 KM)
(Al Haddad Motors, 2012)
Fuelling options
The company has the option to provide refueling points for it vehicles internally or
externally. Internally means that the fuel station must be inside the company and must be
managed by the company’s staff while externally means that the fuel stations are outside
the company and the fuel is provided by a third party provider. (CILT – Section 11, 2006)
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Internal fueling system
With this option, the entire vehicle refueling process will be done inside the
company and under their own supervision. This means that the company would have a fuel
station onsite and provide Diesel for its fleet of vehicles.
Benefits of using an internal fueling system are:
Time Utilization: easier access to the station (the fuel station is inside the plant).
Less cost: the fuel would be bought in bulk from the supplier, which will cost less.
Faster service time: the station is devoted only to the company thus services will be
provided faster than a normal fuel station.
Control the amount of fuel every vehicle consumes in a time span, fuel data keys could
be used.
Drawbacks of using internal fueling system are:
Large space is needed.
Extreme precautions have to be taken to keep the site tidy and prevent any spillage as it
may cause major accidents.
Congestion and pollution may be occurred inside the company.
Larger administration needed
The fuel stock my run out before expected which will cause major problems.
Higher insurance rates: as the risks of accidents is more. (CILT – Section 11, 2006)
External fueling system
This option allows the company to refuel their vehicles outside the company and
contract a third party to supply their vehicles with fuel using their service stations. The
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company and the third party could agree on a contract that will serve the company’s
vehicles with fuel.
The benefits of this method:
Less space needed: as there will not be any space needed for the fuelling stations inside
the company.
Fewer employees needed: there won’t be any employees in charge of the tankers and
the fuel station.
Focus on the core business of the company.
Record the fuel consumption of the vehicles: by using agency cards.
If one fuel station is out of work or has low fuel stock, then an alternative station could
be used for refueling.
The drawbacks of this method:
Time and fuel wasting; it would take time and consume fuel in order to get the vehicles
from the company’s site to the service station.
Fuel is more expensive: as the fuel is not bought in bulk, and the station calculates
profit.
The nearest fuel station may be out of action for a certain period of time.
(CILT – Section 11, 2006)
The recommendation
Between the two methods, it is recommended that the company uses an internal
fuelling system to provide fuel for its vehicles. We recommend Bah-con to sign a contract
with BAPCO (Bahrain Petroleum Company) to provide fuel for the company’s vehicles.
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BAPCO is the first choice because they are the main providers of fuel in Bahrain and have
the most number of fuel stations (16 stations spread around Bahrain). Bah-Con operates
only in Bahrain which means that the vehicles are never expected to leave Bahrain, thus
they could access to the contracted fuel stations easily. BAPCO also provides this kind of
services and are familiar with it which means that they are the best choice. (Bahrain Service
station Media, N.D)
A map of Bahrain showing the location of the company and the locations of all the 16
service stations that are owned by BAPCO is located below. The location of Bah-con is in
Salmabad which is almost in the middle of Bahrain, and that makes the fuel stations more
accessible to the vehicles. We recommend dividing the vehicles depending on their routes
whether going north or south. The vehicle going up north must end their journey by passing
through the Sehla Service Station on their way back to the company to refuel with Diesel.
The vehicles going south have to pass through the Isa Town service station on their way
back at the end of their journey to refuel the vehicle and then park it in the company. The
two main refueling points of the vehicles are going to be Sehla and Isa Town service stations
while the other stations can be used when necessary. Drivers must also avoid going to the
service stations at the peak hours to avoid time wasting time as the cement products have a
short life span of approximately three hours. The peaking hours in Bahrain are in the
morning between 07:00 – 08:00, in the afternoon between 13:00 – 14:00 and in the evening
between 16:00 – 19:00. (Trip Generation time, N.D).
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Map of BAPCO Fuel Stations and their locations relative to Bah-Con
Map 1: Where BAPCO Fuel Stations are located in Bahrain
The reasons for recommending the internal fuelling system over the external are:
Focus
It would be hard to focus on the main services of the company if the company is has
its own fuelling system that needs managing and controlling and that might disturb the
concentration of the administration. (CILT – Section 11, 2006)
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Fewer employees
If the company uses the internal fuelling system then it has to employ more staff to
manage and control the tankers as it is very dangerous to keep that area unmaintained, thus
having an external fuelling system would be more convenient for Bah-con Company.
(CILT – Section 11, 2006)
Space Utilization
Because the company is going to give away a big space to build the garage for the
maintenance inside the company, it will be a waste of valuable space to also use another big
area assigned for the fuel stations. By deciding not to build a fuel station inside the
company, the space could be used for other departments and purposes. (CILT – Section 11,
2006)
Controlling the fuel budget
Using the agency cards to record the payments of fuel for every vehicle by stating
the time and date of every transaction and the company could control how much fuel every
vehicle is allowed to consume per month. (CILT – Section 11, 2006)
Agency Cards
Most third party fuel providers give their customers agency cards that are similar to
credit cards and are used when refueling the vehicle. Each vehicle has its own card and the
drivers hand it to the fuel station workers to get their vehicles refueled and the card records
the amount of fueled purchased and the total amount is sent to the fleet manager for
payment over a period of time.
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BAPCO provides these agency cards which are named Sadeem Cards which allow
their customers to pay for their fuel in advance or pay on credit, currently the Sadeem Card
can be used in eight of the sixteen service stations operated by BAPCO, but more stations
are added every month. It is recommended that the company uses the postpaid cards as the
payments could be done every month and a budget analysis could be done by the manager.
The Sadeem Card can be used by the fleet managers for fuel tracking which allows them to
view their fuel consumption and control the budget used for the fuel. (BAPCO Launches
Smart Card Fuel Cards, 2012)
Economic fuel use
The fleet managers should make sure that the fuel is consumed economically and
the best consumption per killometre is achieved to increase the profits of the company. The
rate of the fuel consumption depends on the driver and the mechanical problems in the
vehicle.
The reason for a bad fuel mileage could be:-
Mechanical problems in the Fuel Pumps and the Injector.
Air leaks and bad tyre pressure of the vehicles.
Incorrect loading and unloading of the vehicles.
Leaving the engine running while the vehicle is on idle.
Misuse of the vehicle; incorrect gear changing and driving speed.
Using inconvenient routes.
Pilferage of the fuel by the drivers.
However, there some precautions and methods to improve the mpg which are:-
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Checking the vehicles once in a while to make sure that it does not have any mechanical
problems.
Providing training for the drivers to avoid these mistakes.
Motivation: by giving a bonus to the drivers with the best fuel consumption of their
vehicles.
Using navigators to take the most convenient routes.
Using a fuel tracking system to prevent pilferage; eg: agency cards.
(CILT – Section 11, 2006)
12. Road traffic accidents
The Bahraini Accident Law
Accidents are a certain happening in each company of any type. Therefore, Bahrain
enforces strict rules and regulation for the accidents procedures. Moreover, according to
the UK Road Traffic Act 1968, an accident reports as an accident in several terms;
If another vehicle is affected by the accident.
If public properties or adjacent to the road are damaged.
If a person other than the driver is affected by the accident.
If any particular animals other than those who are carried in or on the
vehicle are injured.
Nevertheless, according to the law, the driver of the vehicle is involved with the
accident in spite of the situation, which means that even though is the vehicle was affected
by an accident without the driven in it, he will be legally involved.
However, there are several actions that should be taken if an accident occurs;
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In a case of injury or there was inability of exchanging details at the
scene, the accident should be reported to the police within 24 hours at least.
Details of the accident must be completed with a sketch is possible.
The vehicle shouldn’t be use before checking, and the accurately
defect must be reported. (CILT – Section 12, 2006)
Procedures at an accident scene
The drivers of the company should be informed with the instruction of how to deal if
an accident happened. At first, the driver should never admit its fault, because there are
some facts that may not be recognized which have involved to the accident. For instance;
Mechanical reasons or maintenance failure.
There might be illegally procedures such as; driver of the other vehicle may not be
licensed or the vehicle might be stolen or without insurance or an MOT certificate.
Moreover, the other driver may also be drunk or under drugs affection.
The driver may take the responsibility of the accident when it is not his fault.
Additionally, if a minor accident happened, the driver should do the following;
Stop the vehicle directly.
Give the essential information to the other driver, such as; name, work address,
vehicle registration number and any other details of the business if available.
Try to get any details possible from the other driver or any witness of the accident.
If any damages occurred to the vehicle, contact the operating centre.
Contact the manager immediately if any delay might happen.
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The driver should stay with the vehicle as possible or lack the doors and windows to
ensure the safety of the load and vehicle.
The journey can only be carried on if they insured the safety of the vehicle and that
the damages are not serious.
(CILT – Section 12, 2006)
Information required on the scene
Recording information is the most important procedure, so the driver should get as
much information as possible. The main information that needs to be recorded is;
Name and address of the other driver, the vehicle owner and the witness.
Vehicle's registration number
Insurance company's name
The specific information of both vehicles damages.
There is also other information that needs to be mentioned, such as;
Locations at the time of the accident.
The vehicle's direction and the speed of travel.
The signs and signals that given in the road.
The weather and lighting conditions.
Reporting accidentsThe accident must be reported to both the police and the insurance company by
following the mentioned procedures in the previous sections.
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Accident reporting procedure
The driver should be informed with the importance of having a clear defined report with the exact details of the accident. Moreover, there are several reasons for the high importance of the accident reporting procedure. These reasons are:
Non-reporting of accidents can be identified legally as a crime.
The reporting statement can be use later for other terms of legal procedures. For example,the information mentioned in the report can be useful for disagreements situations.
Any further arguments can be handled easily without difficulty.
The manager would be informed with all the necessary information, which will support the driver to be defended by the business manager and to constitute any damages for the vehicle.
In addition, the manager of the company should witness the accident by visiting the accident scene. The form of the report should also be filling by the driver or the manager with considering the following:
Filling as much detail as possible with clear explanation.
Filling all the section of the form, if any data is not applied, the manager or the driver should put N/A (not applicable) next to the required data.
The explanation should be in a formal way with no flippant or rude acts.
Finally, the most important step into the reporting procedure is to inform the insurer company as soon as possible, with providing the necessary information such as; the telephone number, date of the accident and the complete report of the accident.
(CLIT- Section 12, 2006) & (Vames, P., 2009)
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Fig 1: Traffic report issued by the State of Nebraska, USA
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13. Road accident follow up
Follow up procedure
After completing the reporting procedure, the company should follow some
processes to reduce the risks and the damages that may result in bad reputation to
the company. (CILT – Section 13, 2006)
Vehicle damage and inspection
One of the main processes after an accident is checking the involved vehicle
and examines its ability for roadworthiness. The maintenance shouldn’t be only
depended on the driver approximation, because some damages may not be obvious,
such as damage to the brake pipes. (CILT – Section 13, 2006)
Claims against drivers
The company basically will take the full responsibility of the accident's
damages that were caused by the driver of the company during the working period.
Moreover, the company is responsible for any damaged items or products.
Therefore, the driver should inform the manager directly if they receive claim for
damages or a notice of intended prosecution.
Additionally, the company is only responsible for the driver during its duty
hours, so any outside behaviour of the driver will be won't be involved with the
company. For example; using the vehicle without permission will result in,
unacceptable insurance and the driver will also be uninsured.
(CILT – Section 13, 2006)
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Driver discipline
When a driver involves in an accident, the manager should consider the driver's
discipline, when he should determine whether the driver remain in his position or to
be dismissal from the job.
As a consultant, the driver shouldn’t be judged basing on an accident. On the other
hand, the manager should also consider the safety of the surrounded environment.
Moreover, irresponsible driver can result in bad reputation to the company and
inefficient security of the customer's goods, which therefore leads to increasing the
risks and the costs of the damaging for the company.
Finally, the manager should make a well-organized assessment to evaluate the driver
and then decide if he deserves to stay and continue its job or to be release from the
position.
Accident analysis
The company is recommended to have an accident analysis from time to
time, to evaluate its accidents causes and the vehicles and drivers involved in the
accidents. This analysis can be useful in improving the driving procedure and to
reduce future possible accidents. (CILT – Section 13, 2006)
Reducing accidents
A company should consider its accident rate, and try to reduce it as much as possible
by making plans and analysis. However, this might cost the company a lot, but it is worth it,
because higher consideration can result in more responsible drivers while driving, which will
therefore lead to the efficiency of the company transport.
Moreover, some of these plans that can stimulate reducing accident are;
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Present the accidents results on the notice board in more interesting way. Such as;
by colourful diagrams or images.
Training the drivers with 'defensive driving' skills.
Try to solve any existing issue, without ignoring any problem, even the small ones.
Analyse the accidents, and refer to it in term of re-training the drivers.
Providing noticeable warnings of most possible hazards. For example; mirrors, road
signs and effective speed bumps. (CILT – Section 13, 2006)
Health, safety and security
With the high increase of personal injury lawyers and the high progressively strict of
government legislation, the health and safety has become one of the major priority of any
business to ensure the efficiency of the organization. However, as a consultant, to apply the
safety of the workplace, the company should have a well-organized plan considering the
laws and regulation of the ministry of labour of Bahrain. Moreover, there are several
analyses that the manager of the company should consider, for instance; the responsibilities
of the employer, the responsibilities of the employees and finally the laws and legislation.
(I pass it on Online, 2012)
Employers’ responsibility
The employer takes the main responsibility of the entire workplace safety.
Moreover, the employer should be informed with both employee's health and equipment
safety. There are several rights that should be given to the employees and certainly can't be
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changed or remove by the manager because they are agreed by the law. However, these
responsibilities are:
Provide a safe workplace by providing modern and safe equipment at no cost with
regular checks and maintenance to prevent any risk or damaging.
New machines and equipment should be check before using them to ensure their
safety.
Ensure the vehicle safety with regular maintenance of each spare part of the
vehicles.
Employees have to be trained well before using any new machinery to prevent the
mistakes that might result in serious injury or damaging.
Provide suitable clothes and protective equipment at no cost to all employees.
Since it is a cement company, the company should consider the chemical materials
used in making the cement because it may affect the employees.
Ensure that ventilation, temperature, lighting, and toilet, washing and rest facilities
all meet health, safety and welfare requirements
Provide instruction, fire extinguisher and warning signs all over the dangerous areas
or equipment.
The employer should be familiar with each employee's health status by getting
regular reports of their medical
statement.
Provide preventive health care
programs to facilitate the employees in
performing their work in a safe way without risks to their health.
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Fig 2: Safety equipment that should always be used
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Provide training programs to prepare the employees for any emergency situation
such as; chemical explosion, fire and machinery accidents.
Promote first aid courses to the employees with regular updates each 2 or 3 years.
Build safe floors, walkways, stairs and roadways.
Be understandable with the employee's cases and allow employees to take breaks or
the day off especially if someone felt ill or unable to continue working, because any
result in their health will be on the employer responsibility.
(Directgov Online, 2012)
Employees’ responsibility
The employees of the company have a significant role in accomplishing the safety in the
workplace. Moreover, there are some duties
that the employees must consider to ensure
their safety in the work environment.
Therefore, the company's manager should
inform the employees and educate them with
their rights and their duties to make the
safety procedure easier and more effective.
Nevertheless, some of these important duties
are:
To be aware of all the rules and
regulations, and to take the whole responsibility of any doubting in safety matter by
asking the employer or other employees.
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Fig 3: consequence of not following safety procedures
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To be careful in using the equipment especially the hazardous one, and to keep the
tools in the right form with the suitable condition.
If there is any concern of working with unsafe machine or tool, do not use it and
report any insecure actions or dangerous accidents immediately to the employer.
Wearing suitable clothes, helmets, shoes and any other required matters.
Follow the training courses and the instruction given by the manager.
Inform the employer about any medication issue that might be affected by the work
position or the material used in the production. (CILT – Section 13, 2006)
Regulations and codes of practice
Risk assessment is one of the most important steps for accomplishing the safety and
protection of the employees within the workplace. Moreover, it is very important in term of
meeting the law requirements of Bahrain. However, there are several steps that should be
followed to achieve the risk assessment, these steps are:
Classify the hazards
Determine who might be affected and how.
Evaluate the risks and decide on safety measure.
Evidence your findings and implement them.
Review the assessment
The company should have a clear plan for ensuring the health and safety by
cooperating with the department's manager. The managers should have an annual
report about the health of the employees and action taken in term of the health and
safety in the workplace. Moreover, the aim of this report is to ensure the
maintaining of the safety procedures and support the improvements of the action
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plan. However, this report should be followed with a review of the results and
changes that has occur after the implement.
Employee's health must be monitored and recorded by their managers regularly.
Since it is a new published company, it is important to seek for additional health and
safety assistance, because of the lack of knowledge and training that can support
dealing with a condition or circumstance that could impact health and safety of the
employees.
Employees should be informed with the risks and hazards that they are facing. Plus,
the ways of avoiding these hazards.
Employer should provide all the training required for the employees in term of
avoiding any future risks.
The company should have temporary workers for emergency situations that might
necessitate extra employees.
Employees should be cooperative and supportive to all instructions and plans that
the company is implementing.
(Robert Gordon University Online, 2012)
Control of health hazard substances
�The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations aims to prevent
damage to health from occupational exposure to hazardous substances. Moreover, all
employers are required to assess the risk of any kind of health hazards that may involve
their employees. The employers should be familiar with the hazard substances principles
that consists of checking the dangerous productions regularly, choosing the most
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effective ways of controlling the hazards and providing protections equipment with
training courses to the employees. (Health Working Lives, 2012)
The reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences
Reporting of injuries and dangerous occurrences is the employer's responsibility. Moreover, there are several situations that are required to be reported by the law. These conditions are:
Deaths serious injuries Over three days injuries – where a labour had an accident and he is unable to attend
the work or is in the workplace by can't work for more than three days. Injury to a worker that required hospitalisation. Work-related diseases Dangerous occurrences
(EDP Online, 2009)
Vehicle activities
The employer should give high consideration on the vehicle activities, because
vehicles activities are very effective factor to the health and safety of the employees.
Moreover, to avoid vehicle risks to the employees, the company should do the following;
Regular checks on the vehicle's maintenance.
Ensure the safety of the vehicle's construction.
Choose the most safety route to reduce risks.
Set cameras all over the parking areas to ensure the security.
(CILT – Section 12, 2006)
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14. Business and vehicle insuranceInsurance is one of the required details of every transport plan. Even though its costs a lot, it
is an item that is needed to protect business and companies. The purposes of vehicle
insurance:
To provide compensation to the business owner, in case any damage, for
example: accident, theft, and goods damage.
It also covers expenses arising from any responsibility thereon. For example, if
the truck was on fire, it might cause damages to the people around it. The
insurance covers the unknown expenses that might appear without any pervious
notice.
Third party insurance: The third party insurance is a compulsory type of insurance; according to the law the
operators must insure their vehicles against the third party hazards.
It is against rules to drive a vehicle unless it’s covered in respect of third party, not
only the driver will be punished but also the employer, who allowed it to happen.
Types of insurance: Minimum level of covers: the vehicle must be at least insured against third party risks.
This third party insurance must cover all the responsibilities of the death or injury of any
person, for example: the medical treatment expenses. The insurance must compensate
the driver from this responsibility.
Other vehicle-related insurance: for a farther protection, the vehicle insurance could
be extended to include another type of covers:
Fire. – Covers damage to the vehicle.
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Fig 4: Bahrain Kuwait Insurance Co. Logo
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Theft – Covers loss of goods in the vehicle.
Goods in transit.
Other business insurance: Employer’s liability insurance: all companies must insure against responsibility for
death, disease and injury that could happen to the employees during the working
hours.
Public liability insurance: this type of insurance covers the danger the might harm the public as a result of the insured business activities. For example:
Flawed loading, which might harm people who are near the trucks. The safety of people who visit the company. Wrong first aid treatment. When an employee or a visitor is injured and they get a
wrong first aid treatment.
Consequential loss: after a major disaster such as fire or storm in the company, the
employer will be faced with huge losses. If he insured his business he would be able to get
revenue out of this damage from the insurance company.
Insurance Companies in Bahrain: Bahrain has a very open finance and insurance sector, many companies are competing
against each other, some those companies are:
Bahrain and Kuwait Insurance Company Established in 1975.
Many policies available: fire, general
accidents, marine and motors.
It is well prepared to face the market.
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Fig 5: Bahrain National Insurance Co. Logo
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Bahrain National Insurance Company 40 years of experience.
First virtual insurance branch in Bahrain.
Saudi National Insurance Company Established 1974, registered in Bahrain 1993.
Limited insurance covers.
Recommendations: We recommend purchasing the insurance cover from Bahrain and Kuwait Insurance
Company for the following reasons:
They provide a wider range of insurance cover. Bah-con would be able to insure
their entire vehicles list, not only that but also the drivers health insurance.
Strong financial standing.
Health coverage may cover employees in Bahrain, as well as Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria and Jordan. This might ease the operation if it
happened in any of these countries and motivate the staff.
They have an effective online service.
This is only a recommendation; however Bah-Con can search for better offers with a
better service in other insurance companies.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the recommendations mentioned in this best practice guide are the
best for the ready mix factory because it would depend on the requirements the company
needs, that were studied, and the amount of orders it delivers at a certain time, the best
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Fig 6: Saudi National Insurance Co.
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practice guide simply gives the best options or procedures that are available for the
company.
Appendix
Pictures:
[Pic 1] To [Pic 17]: Pictures taken by team members Abdullah Bawazir and Ali Salman
Maps:
[Map 1]: retrieved June 4, 2012 from GMI Media International: http://www.gmi-
net.com/SSM/data/images/map.jpg
TablesAll the tables in the best practice guide are referenced in the text.
Figures[Fig. 1] http://www.docstoc.com/docs/20473383/Drivers-Motor-Vehicle-Accident-Report
[Fig. 2] http://manuals.deere.com/omview/OMT181139_19/gif/TS206.gif
[Fig. 3]http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/807571/Concrete-truck-crash-traps-driver
[Fig. 4] http://www.bkic.com/gif/BKIC-logo.jpg
[Fig. 5] http://www.bnidirect.com/images/home_header.jpg
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[Fig. 6] http://www.snic.com.bh/
Table of ReferencesHHR. (2010). Retrieved june 3, 2012, from www.hajihassanreadymix.com:
http://www.hajihassanreadymix.com/main.html
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Al Haddad Motors. (n.d.). Our Company History. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://www.alhaddad-mercedesbenz.com/content/bahrain/mpc/mpc_bahrain_website/en/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about_us/company_profile.html
Almuharraqi, S. (2012, may). HR . (W. Ahmed, Interviewer)
Aloraibi, J. (2012, june 5). HR . (W. Ahmed, Interviewer)
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Butcher, L. (2009, November 23). Lorry Sizes and Weights. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from House of Commons Library: http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/cms/pdf/2009-Oversize-&-Weight-limits.pdf
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 1. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 10. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 11. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 13. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 14. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 15. Course Material.
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Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 2. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 3. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 4. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 5. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 6. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 7. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 8. Course Material.
Chartered Institue of Logistics and Transport. (2006). Fleet Management (Unit 6) - Section 9. Course Material.
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of South Africa. (1997, April). The Damaging Effects of Overloaded Heavy Vehicles on Roads [PDF File]. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Roads and Transport Technology Division: overload.csir.co.za/pad27/docs/Pad27_A4.pdf
First Vehicle Services. (n.d.). Why outsource maintenance services. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://www.firstvehicleservices.com/why-outsource-maintenance
GMI. (n.d.). Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Bapco Stations Statistics: http://www.gmi-net.com/SSM/stats.htm
GMI. (n.d.). Locations of Petrol stations in Bahrain. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://www.gmi-net.com/SSM/data/images/map.jpg
Haji Hassan Group. (2010). Haji Hassan Ready Mix. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://www.hajihassanreadymix.com/main.html
Hammam, A. (2012, may). Haji hassan ReadyMix. (W. Ahmed, Interviewer)
Hewitt, J. (2011, October 16). advantages and disadvantages to leasing a car? Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-to-leasing-a-car
James Madison University. (2004, October 21). Safety Belt Statistics. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from University Safety Plan: www.jmu.edu/safetyplan/vehicle/generaldriver/safetybelt.shtml
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Labour Market Regulatory Authority. (2011, May 11). Retrieved June 4, 2012, from About LMRA: http://portal.lmra.bh/english/page/show/56
Lease Gude. (n.d.). Is it better to lease a car or buy? Retrieved June 4, 2012, from The Guide to Leasing: http://www.leaseguide.com/lease03.htm
Mercedes-Benz Trucks. (n.d.). 2012 Mercedes Actros Brochure [PDF File]. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Orwell Truck and Van: http://rsi-cda.mercedes-benz.com/content/unitedkingdom/retailer-I/orwell_truck___van/my_library/media_library/trucks/new_actros_2012_brochure.object-Single-MEDIA.tmp/NewActros-Brochure.pdf
Ministry of Muncipalities and Agriculture. (n.d.). Traffic Impact Assessment Guide For Developers [PDF File]. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Urban Planning Affairs: http://websrv.municipality.gov.bh/ppd/doc/study_traffic.pdf
Mundra, S. (n.d.). Advantages, Disadvantages and Types of Contract In House Maintenance. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Preserve Articles: http://www.preservearticles.com/2012020822925/advantages-disadvantages-and-types-of-contract-in-house-maintenance.html
My Travel Cost. (n.d.). Petrol prices in Bahrain. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://www.mytravelcost.com/Bahrain/gas-prices/
Pondent, C. (n.d.). The Advantages of In-House Fleet Management. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Business Leases: http://www.ehow.com/list_7698972_advantages-inhouse-fleet-management.html
Rafique, M. (2012, May 2). Bapco launches smart fuel cards. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from 24/7 News: http://twentyfoursevennews.com/bahrain-goverment/oil-gas/bapco-bahrain-news/bapco-launches-smart-fuel-cards/?wpmp_switcher=mobile
Saudi National Insurance Company. (n.d.). Who We Are. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from About Us: http://www.snic.com.bh/en/about-us/who-we-are.html
Scania AB. (n.d.). Fleet Management. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://www.scania.com/products-services/services/fleet-management/analysis-package.aspx
Smart Motorist. (n.d.). Fatalities From Large Truck Crashes. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Traffic and Safety Guideline: http://www.smartmotorist.com/traffic-and-safety-guideline/fatalities-from-large-truck-crashes.html
Truckers Report. (n.d.). Legal weight for an eighteen wheeler. Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Facts about trucks: http://www.thetruckersreport.com/facts-about-trucks/
Wood, R. (2009, January 24). Concrete truck crash traps driver . Retrieved June 4, 2012, from Taranaki Daily News: http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/807571/Concrete-truck-crash-traps-driver
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