PURPOSE, RESON AND RESULT, CONTRAST

Tamar Mikeladze

II –year students’ group

English Grammar (paragraphs 21, 22, 23)

11/10/2012

PURPOSE: TO AND FOR WE USE ALL THESE TO SAY WHY WE DO THINGS:

Infinitive – e.g. Tania visited her teacher to discuss her problem.

‘in order to’ – e.g. I met the secretary in order to hand in my application.

For + noun – e.g. I went to the post office for stamps.

PURPOSE: SO THATSO THAT + SUBJECT + VERB

Habitual purpose - can/present simplee.g. I leave the window open so that the cat

can get in and out. Future purpose – can/will/present simplee.g. We’ll take a taxi so that we aren’t late for

the meeting. Past purpose – could/would/past simplee.g. Mary left the class early so that she could

catch the 1 o’clock train. e.g. She put her tickets in the purse so that she

wouldn’t lose them.

REASON AND RESULTTO EXPLAIN THE REASON FOR SOMETHING USE:

Because (linking word)e.g. Mike didn’t come on time because his car

broke down. As (formal, at the beginning of the sentence)e.g. Mike didn’t come on time as his car broke

down. Since (formal, at the beginning of the

sentence)e.g. Mike didn’t come on time since his car

broke down. So – result (linking word)e.g. Mike’s car broke down, so he didn’t come

on time.

FOR EMPHASIS WE USE

So many/much – (many – count /much – noncount)

There is so much rain that we can’t go out.He had so many toys that he could share them

with others So little/fewWe have so little time before flight that we

can’t have breakfast.There were so few students in the classroom

that the teacher got angry.

So + adjective + thatIt was so hot last night that I couldn’t sleep. Such + a + singular count nounIt was such a lovely dress that I decided to buy

it immediately. Too + adjective - more than is necessary or

good. Something can’t be done. The box was too heavy so I couldn’t lift it. Too + adjective + infinitive - the action

which is difficult to doIt was too far to walk.

Not + adjective + enough - less than is necessary or good.

She is not tall enough to become a model.She is too short to become a model. Too many/much, too few/littleThere are too few books in the class Adjective + enoughHe is smart enough to pass the exams Enough + nounShe has got enough money to buy a brand-

new car.

It’s very expensive (a fact) It’s so expensive (I’m surprised, but I still might buy it) It’s too expensive ( so I won’t buy it)

RESULT PHRASES:

As a result In the end Eventually

CONTRAST

But (linking word)Maria felt ill, but she went to school (anyway). Although (formal, linking word)Maria felt ill, although she (still) went to school Even though = althoughEven though she felt ill, Maria went to school Though (informal, in two separate sentences)Maria went to school. She was ill, though.

While/whereas - to compare two facts or things.

Nick loves cats, whereas David loves dogs. Despite / in spite of + noun/ noun phrase/

verb+ ing – to contrastDespite her illness, Maria went to school.Despite being ill, Maria went to school. However (formal, linking word) – contrasting

sentence.Maria was ill. However, she went to school. On the other hand – contrasting opinion

RELATIVE CLAUSES I

RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative pronouns – who, what, which … Relative clauses – relative pronouns (who,

what, which) to define or describe people or things.

Relative clauses

Defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses - to identify exactly which person or thing we mean.

The doctor who treated me told me not to worry.

Non-defining relative clauses – to give extra information, which is not necessary for the sentence to make sense. In writing we use comma to show this.

Pablo Picasso, who died in 1973, was a painter and sculptor.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS Which – thingsThe bus which goes to Batumi leaves from here. That – people and things (more common)The man that we met was my father’s boss. Who – peopleThe people who live next door make a lot of noise.The people that live next door make a lot of noise. Whom – people (objective form, less common)I talked to the lady whom you sent the invitation

card. Whose – belongs someoneThe girl whose mother works at the theater

disappeared.

LEAVING OUT THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

Relative clause refers to subject or object of the sentence

Subject of the sentence: The doctor who treated me told me not to

worry.

The doctor(subject)

treated

(verb)

me(object)

Object of the sentence: The doctor whom I spoke to told me not to

worry.

The doctor I spoke to told me not to worry.

I(subject)

spoke to

(verb)

the doctor(object)

Leave out relative pronoun after superlative:This is the best coffee (that) I’ve ever had!

COMBINING SENTENCES

1) A bus goes to Batumi. 2) It leaves from here The bus that goes to Batumi leaves from here.

1) A woman teaches us English. 2) She also works at university.

The woman who teaches us English also works at university

1) A girl’s purse was stolen. 2) She started crying.

The girl whose purse was stolen started crying.

RELATIVE CLAUSE WITH -ING

I approached the woman who was sweeping the street.

I approached the woman (who was) sweeping the street.

(leaving out relative pronoun and be)

I sent a card to the girl who was reading a book in the garden.

I sent a card to the girl (who was) reading a book in the garden.

What - the thing(s) thatWe understood what the teacher explained to

us.(the things that she explained)

What I want now is a holiday in Spain! (the thing that I want)

THANK YOU. ANY QUESTIONS?