Purdue University Winter Hydrology and Erosion Research
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Transcript of Purdue University Winter Hydrology and Erosion Research
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Purdue University Winter Hydrology and Erosion Research
Keith A Cherkauer, Dazhi Mao, Tushar SinhaAgricultural and Biological Engineering
Jeff EvansElectrical and Computer Engineering Technology
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Outline
Field measurements Historical analysis Watershed scale simulations Basin scale simulations Land use change Climate change
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Field Observations
Spring 2000, Vermillion River, Minn.
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Spatial Variability
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Time Series of Observations:Winter 1998-1999
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5 cm Soil Thaw Dates:Winter 1998-1999
Last Day of Frozen Soil, 1999
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Current Field Measurements
Self contained units 10 locations – 2 per
field type 10 and 20 cm
depths Temp and Moisture
Field surveys Wireless sensor
network
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Sensor Network Deployment Diagram
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Location: ACRE
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Historic Analysis
Soil temperature observations from mid-1960’s
Early records must be digitized
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Study Area
Pinney-Purdue Agricultural Center (PPAC) near Wanatah
Soil – Tracy sandy loam
Agronomy Center for Research and Education (ACRE) near West Lafayette
Soil – Russell silt loam
Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center (SIPAC) near Dubois
Soil – Zanesville silt loam
Soil temperature data collecting station (since 1966)
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*SIPAC average statistics estimated from 1985 - 2004
Meteorological Variables PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Snow (cm)* 107.8 53.9 23.2
SCI (cm-day)* 710.5 331.5 80.8
Days minimum Tair ≤ 0°C 137.4 131.3 108.0
Precipitation (cm) 94.9 95.1 119.3
Annual Average Statistics
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Bare soil PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Soil freeze-thaw cycles
5 cm 29.3 19.5 9.1
10 cm 4.9 9.3 9.5
20 cm - 5.3 0.7
Soil frost days 5 cm 79.3 61.1 22.8
10 cm 24.5 48.8 22.4
20 cm - 33.2 3.1
Freeze-thaw cycles per soil frost days
5 cm 0.37 0.32 0.40
10 cm 0.20 0.19 0.42
20 cm - 0.16 0.23
Average statistics for selected soil frost variables.
PPAC – Annual snowfall (107.8 cm), Soil – Tracy sandy loamACRE – Annual snowfall (53.9 cm), Soil - Russell silt loamSIPAC – Annual snowfall (23.2 cm), Soil – Zanesville silt loam
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PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Selected Surface Variables
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PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Bare soil at 5 cm soil depth
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Watershed Scale Simulations
Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model (DHSVM)
Physically based hydrologic model that represents the effects of Topography Soil Vegetation
Solves the energy and water balance at each grid cell at each timestep
1-D Vertical Water Balance
Surface/Subsurface FlowRedistribution to/from Neighboring Pixels
DHSVM Model Representation
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Erosion and Sediment Transport Module
HILLSLOPE EROSION
Soil Moisture Content
CHANNEL ROUTINGPrecipitationLeaf Drip
Infiltration and Saturation Excess Runoff
DHSVM
Q
Qsed
Sediment
MASS WASTING
Erosion
Deposition
ROADEROSION
Sediment
Channel Flow
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Yellowwood Lake Watershed
Current land holdings: 80% Yellowwood State
Forest
20% - 55 private owners
Legacy of intensive
agriculture “experiment” in
early 1900’s Highly eroded hill-sides
Large alluvium storage?
Legend
Water
Low Intensity Residential
High Intensity Residential
Commercial/Industrial/Transportation
Bare Rock/Sand/Clay
Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
Transitional
Decidous Forest
Evergreen Forest
Mixed Forest
Shrubland
Grasslands/Herbaceous
Pasture/Hay
Row Crops
Small Grains
Urban/Recreational Grasses
Woody Wetlands
Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
±Source: National Land Cover Data (NLCD) 2001
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Cumulative Erosion
Ero
sio
n/D
epo
siti
on
(m
)
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Basin Scale Simulations
Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Hydrology Model
Mosaic Type Land-use Variable Infiltration
Curve Arno Baseflow Curve Full surface energy
balance Full water balance
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VIC Model Snow Algorithm
2 Layer Ground Snowpack
Full Energy Balance with Thin Surface Layer
Heat Exchange with Ground Surface
Canopy Interception Wind Profiles
From DHSVM
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VIC Model Frozen Soil Algorithm
Heat and moisture fluxes solved independently
Bottom boundary Constant
Temperature Constant Flux
Permafrost capable
Cherkauer and Lettenmaier, 1999
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Distributed Frozen SoilTemperature Distribution Ice Content Distribution
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VIC-WEPP Coupled Model
- iterated process
30 arc-sec DEM
Soil loss
- original input data
- data processingIterated for sampled slopes
- data for WEPP-HE - intermediate data
Dailyclimate forcing
Hourlyprecipitation
30m DEM
Slope profile
Soil &vegetation
Adjusted erodibility, friction factors, & random roughness
WEPP-HE Code
WEPP model
ArcGIS
Precipitation& runoff output
VIC
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Point Simulation: Rosemount, MNWinter 1993-1994
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Upper Mississippi River:Average Annual Mean Frost Depth
Winter Spring
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Upper Mississippi River:Annual Average Spring 10 cm Soil Moisture
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Upper Mississippi RiverAnnual Average Spring Runoff Totals
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St. Croix River: Flood of Record Spring 1960
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West Lafayette – Bare Soil (10 cm)
Damping Depth = 10 m
No. of Nodes = 8
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West Lafayette – Grass Site (10 cm)
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Stelle – Grass Site (10 cm)
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Land Use Change
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Annual Average Differences
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Climate Change Simulations
Three models Gfdl Hadcm3 Pcm
Two senarios A1fi – rich and poor equalize, intensive fossil fuel
use B1 – Disparity between rich and poor increases
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Precipitation Change
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Evapotranspiration Change
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Runoff Change
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Change in Number of Days with Snow Cover
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Change in Number of Days with Soil Frost
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Change in First Day with Soil Frost
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Change in Last Day with Soil Frost
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Soil Frost Simulation Profiles: Spring
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Soil Frost Simulation Profiles: Winter
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Upper Mississippi River:Winter Sensible Heat Flux
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PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Bare soil at 10 cm soil depth