Pupillary Physiology Stuart R. Steinhauer, Ph.D. Biometrics Research Program
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Transcript of Pupillary Physiology Stuart R. Steinhauer, Ph.D. Biometrics Research Program
Pupillary PhysiologyStuart R. Steinhauer, Ph.D.Biometrics Research Program
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System
(http://www.wpic.pitt.edu/research/biometrics)
Society for Psychophysiological Research Workshop, Boston, September 14, 2011
little is achieved by one alone,
Thanks to all of the following:
Greg J. Siegle, Ph.D.Ruth Condray, Ph.D.
Samay Jain, M.D.Beatrice Chakraborty, Psy.D.
Adam L. Clarke, B.S.Erin E. Kelly, B.S.
J. Richard Jennings, Shirley Y. Hill, Lisa A. Morrow
Gad Hakerem, Joseph Zubin, Samuel Sutton
Work has been supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs and National Institute of Mental Health
Pupil of the Eye.net
• Pupil of the Eye ... United in Spirit ... In Service to All
• • “Bahá'u'lláh once compared the coloured people
to the black pupil of the eye surrounded by the white. In this black pupil you see the reflection of that which is before it, and through it the light of the Spirit shines forth. In the sight of God colour makes no difference at all, He looks at the hearts of men. That which God desires from men is the heart...”
Gray’s Anatomy, 20th Ed., via Wikipedia
http://www.ndrs.scot.nhs.uk/Train/Handbook/drh-21.htm
http://www.army-technology.com/features/feature1644/feature1644-4.html
www.center4sight.com/anisocoria
Measuring sustained cognitive load via pupil dilation
Horizontal Diameter Measured to .025 mm, 60/sec
Average Pupillary Light Reaction
5.5
6
6.5
7-2
00
20
0
60
0
10
00
14
00
18
00
22
00
26
00
30
00
34
00
Time (ms)
Pu
pil
Dia
mte
r (m
m)
Start
End
Light
Amplitude of Light Reaction
Alexandritis, 1985
n.III Oculomotor Nucleus
Edinger Westphal Nucleus (4 on right figure)
Alexandritis, 1985
Hypothalamic Nuclei
Posterior Hypothalamic
Nuclei(sympathetic)
Lowenstein, 1955
Dilation
Constriction
12 Oculomotor nucleus
7 Hypothalamus
Inhibition of
White & Depue, J.Pers.Soc.Psychol., 1999, quoting Ranson & Clark, 1959
White & Depue, J.Pers.Soc.Psychol., 1999, quoting Ranson & Clark, 1959
Autonomic Contributions to Pupillary Dilation
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Time Course of Immediate Processing:
Prestimulus; 300-500 msec (motor) 600-1000 msec
1100-1500 msec
Task sensitivity:
Increasing Ambient Light:
Sustained Processing (memory, effort) Motor Initiation Anticipatory Responses Increased response with smaller initial diameter
Immediate Processing of Stimulus Significance Orienting Responses No substantial differences (within limits)
Experimental Dissociation of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Components
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Recording in Dark:
Recording in Light:
Minimize Dilation Increase Dilation
Normal Dilation Normal Dilation
Block sphincter:
Block dilator:
No Dilation Normal Dilation
Normal Dilation No Dilation
Tasks: Digit Span Serial Subtraction Motor Responses (Voluntary, Cued)
“Oddball” Counting & Choice Reaction Guessing Missing Stimulus Paradigm
Begin Data Collection
Verbalize
End Data Collection
Instructions:
Subtract 7
or Add 1
Serial “Subtraction” Task
Reticular Activating System inhibits Edinger-Westphal center of Oculomotor Nucleus
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) inhibits E-W &
Activates Posterior Hypothalamus
5 sec 60 sec
Pupil Diameter Increases With Task Demand
Steinhauer et al., Int. J. Psychophysiology, 2004
What can interfere with the light reflex? (other than brightness, visual field, hue)
• Fear (Szabadi, Bitsios, 1996)
• Apprehension (Loewenfeld, 1958; 1993)
• Motor response (Loewenfeld, 1993; Gavriysky, 1991)
• Cognition (Steinhauer, 2000)
Light Reaction Amplitude by Cue Delay
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
No Cue -1000 -750 -500 -250 0 250 500
Cue to Light onset (msec)
Lig
ht
Rea
ctio
n (
mm
)
Control =8
Motor Response cued by tone inhibits Light Reaction even after onset of light stimulus
Light Duration = 1000 msec, Tone Duration = 40 msec
Effect of Task Demand on Light Reaction
Light Reaction, Superimposed at Baseline
Placebo
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
-200 200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 3400
Time (msec)
Ch
ang
e in
D
iam
eter
(m
m)
Placebo, Subtract 7
Placebo, Add 1
Placebo, No Task
Light Stimulus
(n = 29 healthy subjects)
Prestimulus Pupil Diameter
Serial -7Serial +1Light Only
Pre
-stim
ulus
Dia
met
er (
mm
)7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
GROUP
Control
Schizophrenic
Alcoholic
Group: F1,35 = 5.6, p=0.008
Condition: F 1.4,50.1 = 47.1 , p < 0.001
Constriction: Group by Condition
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Control = 12 Alcohol = 15 Schizophrenic = 11
Ch
ang
e in
Dia
met
er (
mm
)
Light Only
Add 1
Subtract 7
Condition: F 1.6,56.6 = 5.99, p = 0.007
Loewenfeld, 1993
Loewenfeld, 1993
Dapiprazole
Blockade of Sphincter or Dilator on Diameter in relation to Task Demand
Steinhauer et al., Int. J. Psychophysiology, 2004
Average Pupillary Light Reaction
5.5
6
6.5
7-2
00
20
0
60
0
10
00
14
00
18
00
22
00
26
00
30
00
34
00
Time (ms)
Pu
pil
Dia
mte
r (m
m)
Start
End
Light
Amplitude of Light Reaction
Placebo Dapiprazole Tropicamide
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
-20020
060
010
0014
0018
0022
0026
0030
0034
00 -20020
060
010
0014
0018
0022
0026
0030
0034
00-2
00 20060
010
0014
0018
0022
0026
0030
0034
00
Time (msec)
Dia
met
er (
mm
) Subtract 7
Add 1
No Task
No Task and Add 1 superimposed
(Block Dilator) (Block Sphincter)
Steinhauer & Zubin, 1982
Steinhauer & Hakerem, 1992
Cued Response: Placebo
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
-992 -592 -192 208 608 100814081808 22082608
Time (msec)
Ch
an
ge
in P
up
il D
iam
ete
r (m
m)
Cued-Dark
Cued-Light
Self Initiated Response: Placebo
-0.07
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
-992 -592 -192 208 608 1008 1408 1808 2208 2608
Time (msec)
Ch
an
ge
in P
up
il D
iam
ete
r (m
m)
Placebo-Dark
Placebo-Light
(n = 11 healthy subjects)
(n = 11 healthy subjects)
Harrison et al., SCAN, 2006
Irene E. Loewenfeld, Ph.D.
Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University
Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University
Funded by the National Library of Medicine Grant #G08 LM07919-02 A collaboration of the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah, and the North American
Neuro-Ophthalmology Society (NANOS)
H. Stanley Thompson, M.D. Randy Kardon, M.D.
Neuro-opthalmology Service, University of Iowa
Gad Hakerem & Irene Loewenfeld, 2005 Pupil Colloquium, NY
Eckhard Hess
Daniel Kahneman, Ph.D. Jackson Beatty, Ph.D.
Iridology?