APA STYLE CITATIONS and REFERENCES-011211_112511-230913_125458-1
PUNCTUATION MARKS ETC. for Writing References & Citations.
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Transcript of PUNCTUATION MARKS ETC. for Writing References & Citations.
PLUG-INs A Student’s Guide toInformation Literacy
PUNCTUATION MARKS ETC.
for Writing References & Citations
Today we will review the
pesky little symbols called PUNCTUATION
MARKS.
We need to use Punctuation
Marks correctly when we write References and
Citations.
Don’t worry; they don’t
bite or pinch like a
lobster.
Use it after a book title and at
the end of a reference.
Always put a space after a
dot.
This is a PERIOD,
FULLSTOP or DOT .
Let’s start with the easy ones.
This is a
COMMA ,
For example, use a Comma
after the author’s name in MLA style.
A Comma is used between words to
separate them. Always put a space after a
comma.
Also a Colon is used after a
book title and before a subtitle.
Always put a space after a
colon.
Use a Colon after the city
and before the publisher in
citations.
This is a
COLON :
This is a
SEMICOLON ;
A Semicolon is not used in formatting MLA or APA citations.
But, a semicolon
might be in text that you are quoting.
Quotes come before and after the borrowed words.
They are used to show you are
using words from another
person.
These are QUOTATION MARKS or QUOTES
“ … ”
These are PARENTHESI
S MARKS
(……...)
Use them for intext citations.
They show something
inside something else.
These areSQUARE BRACKETS
[…….…]Use them to add words
to a text.
ANGLE BRACKETS look like this
<……..> Use them for URLs.
This is a SLASH /It leans to the
right.
Use a Slash in URLs. There is no
space after a slash.
A DASH –- is 2 hyphens. Use to divide
ideas.
This is a HYPHEN
–Use a hyphen to
divide words.
Use an Elipsis to show that
words are missing.
An ELIPSIS is three dots
. . .
Use an apostrophe to make noun
possessives or a contraction. Sometimes a
book title has an apostrophe
in it.
An APOSTROPHE looks like a comma
but it is over a letter. For example
it’s.
This is an AMPERSAND
& It means and.
Sometimes book titles use an Ampersand
instead of the word and.
An ASTERISK * is like a little star.
It is not very common. But a
book title may have one.
An EXCLAMATION
POINT ! indicates surprise or
something strong or funny. Some book titles have
one.
A QUESTION
MARK ? indicates a
question. Some book titles have
one.
ROMAN NUMERALS
are sometimes used in book
titles.
Roman Numerals use
the letters X, I, V, C, M, D
instead of 1,2,3,4,54,6,7
etc.
Sometimes book pages before the
main text are written in Roman
Numerals.
For example, CEO means
Chief Executive Officer.
Book titles sometimes use an ACRONYM. This is a word spelled
with the first letters of other
words.
Be careful with CAPITAL
LETTERS in book and article titles.
Use a Capital Letter for CONTENT
WORDS like nouns, verbs, adjectives
and adverbs.
Do not use Capital Letters for
FUNCTION WORDS like articles,
conjunctions and prepositions.
Ask your English teacher to explain if you have forgotten
about these words.
If an father and son have the same name,
write Jr. after the son’s name. This means junior.
Sometimes an author uses a
middle INITIAL. A dot
follows the initial.
This is the first letter of a name. For
example J. for John.
Tim J. Smith
INDENT or TAB OVER
means to put 5 spaces from the left side of the
page.
In for the Reference List in MLA, you do not indent the first line of a reference
but additional lines are indented.
In a long intext citation, you do this.
To learn more about punctuation marks, go to
http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/department/docs/punctuation/node00.html
FUN ! ! ! Just kidding.
I hope this helps you understand
punctuation marks for writing
references.
Ask your teacher or your friendly librarian if you
have any questions.
Thank you for listening.
HAPPY WRITING
!