Punctuation 1: Comma, Series
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Punctuation 1: Comma, Series
• Separate three or more equally ranked words, phrases, or short clauses with commas. Place a comma between each item and before the conjunction and, but, or nor.
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Example with words:
Example with phrases:
Example with short clauses:
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Comma, Parenthetical
Set off with commas any words that are unnecessary for the grammatical completeness of the sentence and that interrupt its natural flow. A partial listing of these parenthetical expressions are:
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Accordingly Indeed
Also Nevertheless
Consequently Of course
Furthermore On the other hand
Hence Perhaps
However Secondly
In addition Therefore
In fact Too
In the meantime Yes
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Comma, Parenthetical
Beginning
Middle
End
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Comma, Direct Address
Set off with commas nouns used in direct address. Capitalize only proper nouns.
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Beginning of a sentence
Middle of a sentence
End of a sentence
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Comma, Appositive
An appositive renames or explains the noun that appears directly before it. Set off with commas appositive expressions.
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Within a sentence
End of a sentence
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Comma, Appositive
When appositive expressions are needed to identify the nouns they rename or explain, omit the commas. Also, omit the commas with one-word appositives.
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Indicates which one
One-word appositive
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Comma, Appositive
Another appositive form is a college degree that follows directly after the name of an individual. Set off the degree in commas.
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Degree abbreviated
Degree written in full
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Comma, Dates
Separate combinations of weekday, calendar date, and year with commas. No commas are used, however, with a calendar date expressed alone.
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Calendar date—no commas
Calendar date and year—commas
Weekday and calendar date—commas
Weekday, calendar date, and year—commas
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Comma, Dates
Expressions of month and year are written without commas.
Without commas
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Comma, Addresses
Use commas to set off a state name following the name of a city.
Within a sentence
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Commas, Addresses
In the body of a document, spell out and separate with commas the parts of an address.
Name and complete address
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Comma, Coordinating Conjunctions
When two complete independent thoughts are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor), place a comma before the conjunction.
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Comma, Independent Adjectives
When two or more independent adjectives modify a noun, separate the adjectives with commas. Reverse the adjectives and insert the word and to test whether or not the adjectives are independent.
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Independent adjectives
Adjectives not independent
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Comma, Introductory Phrases and Clauses
A sentence appearing in normal order follows a subject-verb-object pattern.
Normal order
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However, when a sentence is inverted, it contains an introductory phrase or clause.
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Comma, Introductory Phrases and Clauses
Place a comma after an introductory expression that contains any verb form.
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Comma, Restrictive Phrases and Clauses
Restrictive phrases and clauses are essential to the meaning of a sentence. If they are removed, the meaning of the sentence would be altered or unclear.
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Essential for identification or meaning
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Comma, Nonrestrictive Phrases and Clauses
Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses add an additional idea but do not substantially modify the meaning of a sentence. If they are were removed, the meaning of the sentence would not be altered.
Use commas to set off nonrestrictive word groups from the remainder of the sentence.
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Additional idea
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Comma, Contrasting or Contingent Expressions
Contrasting or contingent expressions should be set off by commas. Come words often used to introduce contrasting expressions are but, never, not, seldom, and yet.
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Comma, Clarity
Separate with a comma two identical verbs that appear together in a sentence.
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Comma, Clarity
Words repeated for emphasis are separated by a comma.
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Comma, Short Quotations
Use a comma to separate from the rest of the sentence a complete sentence set off in quotation marks.
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Beginning Quotation
Ending Quotation
Interrupted Quotation
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Comma, Short Quotations
No comma is needed when a quotation at the beginning of a sentence ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.