Pump-Up

• Explain how you would change the horrible working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.

Pump-Up

• What do you think are some positive and negative effects that industrialization will have on people’s lives?

Reforming the Industrial World

Today’s Vocabulary • Urbanization – When people move to cities and the cities rapidly

expand and grow.

• Laissez faire– “Hands off.”

• Capitalism– Economic system in which the factors of production are

privately owned.

Today’s Vocabulary

• Socialism – Economic system in which the factors of production are

owned by the gov’t.

• Communism – Economic system in which the factors of production are

owned by all citizens.

Changing Life• People move to cities in search of work—urbanization

• Living conditions – No proper sanitation

• Lived in dark, dirty, hot one bedroom apartments .– Sickness was widespread.

• Average life span to be 17 years for working class in the city.

• Working conditions– To increase production, factory owners wanted to keep their

machines running as many hours as possible.• 14 hours a day, 6 days a week.

– Factories were not well lit and often very hot.• Many injuries occurred

• Factory owners employed mostly women and children.• Cheaper than men.

Class Tensions Grow• Middle Class– Entrepreneurs and factory owners

grew wealthier than the aristocrats.• Aristocrats looked down on those who

had made their fortunes from “rags to riches”.

• Working Class– Laborers saw little improvement in

their living and working conditions.• Machines replaced their way of life.

– Smashed the machines that were putting them out of work. • Luddites

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Despite the problems the

Industrial Revolution created, it had a number of positive effects.– Created jobs for workers.– Contributed to the wealth of the

nation.– Led to technological process and

invention.– Increased the production of goods

and raised the standard of living.

Capitalism • Laissez faire economists believed

that if gov’t allowed free trade, then the economy would prosper.

• Adam Smith– Three natural laws of economics:

• The law of self-interest: – People work for their own good.

• The law of competition:– Competition forces people to make a

better product.

• The law of supply and demand:– Enough goods would be produced at

the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

Capitalism Continued • Thomas Malthus

– Argued that population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply.• Without wars and epidemics to kill

off the extra people, most were destined to be poor and miserable.

• Laissez faire supporters opposed gov’t efforts to help poor workers.– Thought that it would lower

profits, and undermine the production of wealth in society.

Socialism • Utilitarianism

– Jeremy Bentham• He argued that the gov’t should try to promote

the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

– John Stuart Mill• Questioned unregulated capitalism and

believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives.

• Utopian Ideas– Robert Owen

• Founded New Harmony, an utopian community, to escape the horrors of the world.

• Socialism – Argued that the gov’t should plan the

economy.• Would end poverty and promote equality.

Communism • The Communist Manifesto– Karl Marx predicted that the workers

would overthrow the owners of businesses.

• Gov’t would wither away as a classless society developed.– All goods and services would be

shared equally.

• Communism never takes hold as Marx had hoped.– The gap between the rich and the

poor failed to widen too much b/c of gov’t intervention.

Labor Unions• Unions– Practiced collective bargaining.

• Negotiations between workers and their employers with a large group of workers.

• Wanted better working conditions, higher pay, and a 40 hr work week.

– If factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike.• For a while, gov’ts outlawed unions.

• Gov’ts began to pass laws limiting the maximum working hours and working ages.

Reform Movement Spreads • Abolition of Slavery– Britain ended slavery in 1833.– The U.S. ended slavery in 1865.

• Women’s Rights– Women earned lower wages

than men.– Pushed for the right to vote.

• Why should rights be denied based on gender now that slavery has been abolished.

• Also pushed for public education and prison reforms.

Reflection

• Explain the methods and theories used to reform the industrial world.