Puma

CougarMountain Lion

Panther

Felis concolor

Classification

The Six Kingdoms

Terminology• Taxonomy Species

• Genus Morphology

• Taxon Classification

• Phylogeny Rank

• Binomial nomenclature

• Hierarchical classification

(Use the e-book chapter 1 to find information)

Classification

Identifying, Naming, and Classifying Species

• To date, scientists have identified about 2 million species on Earth.

Although 2 million is a large number and new species are discovered every day, it is thought that this is just a fraction of the total number of species on Earth.

Source: Holt Modern Biology

Binomial Classification System.

• Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: (Division for plants) Chordata

• Class: Mammalia

• Order: Primates

• Family: Hominidae

• Genus: Homo

• Species: sapiens

Examples of Binomial Classification

Cheetah: Acinonyx jubatus Tiger: Panthera tigris

Lion: Panthera leo

Jaguar: Panthera onca

Felis libyca

Felis domesticus Felis silvestris

House cat European: Wild cat

African wild cat Asiatic Wildcat: Felis silvestris

Bobcat: Lynx rufus Canadian Lynx: Lynx canadensis

1700’s Carolus Linneaus used a method of naming organisms using TWO words. This is the Binomial system of Nomenclature still used today.

Robins

Turdus migratorius, also called North American Robin

Erithacus rubeculaEnglish Robin

Mnemonic

• King Kingdom

• Philip Phylum

• Came Class

• Over Order

• For Family

• Good Genus

• Soup Species

Hierarchy.

• Like a ladder or nesting circles

• Goes from most general to more specific

• Each progressively smaller group is called a TAXON (Pl Taxa.)

• Taxonomy: Taxis = arrangement, nomos = law.

AnimalsShark, cats, worms

ChordatesSharks & cats

MammaliaCats

Lay People

Priests

Bishops

Cardinals

Pope

Hierarchy of the Catholic Church.

10. A The table below shows the classification of a praying mantis, an insect that preys on smaller insects.a. What is the scientific name for the praying mantis?b. Which is the broadest category of classification for the praying mantis?c. What is the narrowest rank and taxon that the praying mantis and the grey wolf have in common?Do you think these two organisms are closely related? Why or why not?

Determining How Species Are Related

Vocabulary

•Ancestor •Anatomy •Physiology •Phylogenetic tree

Ancestor: an organism (or organisms) from which other groups of organisms aredescended

Origins of the Giant Panda

A and D show the skull and upper teeth of the newly found 'pygmy' giant panda, while B and E belong to Ailuropoda baconi, a later ancestor, and C and F to today's giant panda

An American anthropologist and his colleagues in China report the first discovery of a skull from the earliest-known ancestor of the giant panda that lived in south China some two million years ago.

The Telegraph, 19 Jun 2007

Looking for relatedness

Fossils.

Fossil Evidence

Infer Which similarities might prompt you to think that the oviraptor and the cassowary are more closely related than was commonly thought?

Chimpanzee

a) sea lamprey, b) a turtle, c) a chicken, d) a domestic cat, e) a human.

Comparison of Embryo Anatomy

Homologous Structures

Physiology

Both used to be considered Rodents, The protein Insulin in guinea pigs is so different from other rodents that suggestions have been made that they have be reclassified into a taxon of their own.

Figure 1.11 DNA evidence suggests that the turkey vulture (A) is really more closely related to the wading stork (B) than it is to the vultures of Asia and Africa. Both turkey vultures and storks are the only birds known to urinate on their legs, which they do to help keep their bodies cool during hot weather as well as to kill bacteria and other pathogens that cling totheir legs.

DNA Evidence

Figure 1.12 This phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships among various species of plant-eating hooved mammals.

Interpret To which other organism shown in the phylogenetic tree is Cervus elaphus most closely related?

In summary

Relatedness can be determined by:– Looking at the fossil record.– Checking anatomical structures such as

embryonic development– Homologous structures– Physiology– Genetics – DNA sequences

The Importance of Classification to Technology, Society, and the

Environment

• When scientists are looking for sources of pharmaceutical drugs, hormones, and

other important medical products, they can narrow their search to species closely

related to organisms already known to produce valuable proteins or chemicals.

Mad cow to Mad people?

• Understanding phylogeny can help scientists trace the transmission of disease and develop and test possible treatments. Diseases can spread more rapidly between species that share certain genetic characteristics. For example, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, (CJD) a disease that affects the nervous system, may be transmitted from cows to people.

Kingdoms and Domains

• Key Terms

• Structural diversity

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic

• Dichotomous key

• Autotroph

• Heterotroph

The Six Kingdoms Until the 1800s, the highest category for classifying

organisms was the kingdom and there were only two: Plants and Animals. In the 1800s, single-celled organisms were added to the classification system through the creation of the kingdom Protista, bringing the total to three. In the first half of the 1900s, some single-celled organisms were found to be extremely small and without a cell nucleus, so a new kingdom, Bacteria, was created for them, bringing the total to four. By the 1960s, it was known that fungi were so different that they also needed their own kingdom, bringing the total to five. During the 1990s, with new genetic information, the bacterial kingdom was divided in two, giving the current six-kingdom system.

Aristotle’s system

Since 1969 most biologists have recognized 5 kingdoms. New findings suggest that a portion of the Monera may belong in a new group.

Describe one other difference between the prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell shown above.

The Three Domains

Dichotomous Keys

A dichotomous key is a system for narrowing down the identification of a specimen, one step at a time. The word key is used as a solution, and a dichotomy is a two-pronged fork, where there are two choices. So, a dichotomous

key is an identification solution that uses many two-part choices to narrow down the solution. An example of a two-part choice could be something as simple as red and not red.

Each taxonomic category can contain a number of smaller categories. For example a kingdom contains many phyla or divisions, a phylum or division contains a number of classes, and so on. The smallest category, the species, is defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. The full name of a species is written in the form Genus species. The full name is sometimes abbreviated by using the first letter of the genus name, followed by a period and the species name, as shown above

Assignment

Find ONE Canadian species that is on the

“at Risk” list.

• You will need a Picture and then to correctly classify this species from Kingdom to species using the major taxons discussed so far.

• Create a 81/2 X 11 poster showing this correct classification.

• “For hundreds of years, all living things were classified as either plants or animals. These two kingdoms, Plantae and Animalia, worked just fine until organisms like the species Euglena, shown below, were discovered. If you were a taxonomist, how would you classify such an organism.”

• http://marshallteachers.sandi.net/teacher_sites/mcquillan/04.Classification/Readings/SixKingdoms.html

• Organisms were classified according to their common characteristics.

• The problem with Euglena is that it has characteristics of both Plants and Animals

• This led to the creation of a third group known as the PROTISTA

Another Problem…• What about FUNGI?• They aren’t plants,

they aren’t animals, they aren’t protists like Euglena

• Another Group --- FUNGI

What about Bacteria?

• “Bacteria are extremely small single-celled organisms. Bacteria are different from all other living things in that they are prokaryotes, organisms that do not have nuclei.”

• Many biologists divide bacteria into two kingdoms, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

http://marshallteachers.sandi.net/teacher_sites/mcquillan/04.Classification/Readings/SixKingdoms.html

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html

Archaebacteria are found in extreme conditions.

Archaebacteria

• Are considered the oldest and most primitive life forms on this planet

• Are found in very extreme conditions from high temperatures of deep sea vents to extreme cold of the arctic ice

• Salt lovers, (halophiles) sulfur loving, methane producing bacteria (methanophiles), living in acid conditions (acidophiles)

• (Root words: Philia – to love, phobia – to hate)

Fountain Paint Pots Hot Springs

http://www.spaceref.com/redirect.html?id=0&url=www.bact.wisc.edu/bact303/b1

Octopus Spring

Sulfur Spring –Yellowstone Park

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDivers_class.html

6 Kingdoms

http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/classification_lab.html

Plants

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDivers_class.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/Animalclassification/Polygenetic/phylogenetictree/phylogenetictree.htm