pulmonary fibrosis: the disease process and supportive...
Transcript of pulmonary fibrosis: the disease process and supportive...
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the disease process and supportive care
Michael Kallay, MDProfessor of Clinical Medicine
University of Rochester School of Medicine
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Our caseThis patient is referred because of lung fibrosis. He is 69 years old, and has noticed a worsening in his breathing especially beginning in October such that he become short of breath walking up hill. He said he was diagnosed as having fibrotic lung disease at the VA 10 years ago and was followed by chest radiograph and was told he was stable. He did not have any PFTs done. He then saw his primary care physician recently because of this increased shortness of breath, underwent a cardiac evaluation which apparently was normal. It was found that he desaturated with exertion and this prompted further evaluation. Of note, he does have a mother who also has pulmonary fibrosis but she is 89 years old. He denies any rheumatic disease. There has been no joint pain but he does have reflux. He did have an episode of fractured ribs in the past.
He has been treated with back surgery in 2017, had nasal surgery in 1979. He underwent prior appendectomy and back surgery. He is retired, worked in the financial services.
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Presenting symptoms in IPF
Guenther et al. Respiratory Research (2018) 19:141
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CT scan
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Ct scan 2010
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Features of CT in UIP
• Subpleural reticular shadows, basilar predominance
• Traction bronchiectasis• Honeycombing• Lack of adenopathy, pleural effusions, ground glass infiltrates, nodules
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PFT evaluation
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Lung mechanics vs gas exchange
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Determinates of lung volume
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Diagnosis
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Ground glass infiltrates and mosaicismNot typical of IPF
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IPF –the most common idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
Guenther et al. Respiratory Research (2018) 19:141
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• Familial predominance• Associated with environmental causes• Increase incidence with aging• Disease process imited to the lung alone• Universally progressive• Irreversible (maybe)• Similar radiology and pathology in Rheumatoid arthritis, asbestosis (UIP pattern)
• Oxygen desaturation and restrictive lung picture• Temporal heterogeneity on pathology
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
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Pathology
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Abnormal lung repair in IPF
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Potential injurious factors
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Genetic causes of IPF‐ role of abnormal mucous
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N Engl J Med 2018;379:2209‐19.
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Telomeres and aging
Cell division 50‐70 x
Telomeres shorten with each division, until there are none remaining
This end stage is known as senescence and proves the concept that links the deterioration of telomeres and aging.
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Telomere length vs survival in IPF
Jinghong, DAI Respirology (2015) 20, 947–952
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Short telomere syndrome
• Premature graying• Cryptogenic cirrhosis• Bone marrow disease• Family history of IPF
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The disease process
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Dyspnea from restriction
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Dyspnea in COPD and IPF
Minute ventilation vs WR Saturation vs WR
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 193 Number 3 | February 1 2016
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Respiratory Mechanics
Resp frequency vs work rate Tidal volume vs Ventilation
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Effort to breathe
Lung volume changes with ex Diaphragm Stimulation vs WR
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Work of Breathing
Intrinsic PEEP vs Work rate Elastic work vs work rate
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Diffusion capacity
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Gas kinetics‐ CO vs O2
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Pulmonary pressure vs FVC
CHEST 2007; 131:650–656
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Predicting pulmonary hypertension
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GAP staging and mortality
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Effect of DlCO and PAP on survival
CHEST / 131/3/ MARCH, 2007
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Supportive treatment in IPF
Sufficient supplemental oxygen in a convenient means to provide it.Considerations
• Weight• Pulsed vs continuous flow• Maximum flow rate• Durability• Cost• Use in airplanes or altitude
(travel)
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Co‐morbidities in IPF
Guenther et al. Respiratory Research (2018) 19:141
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IPF=Isolation and deconditioning
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Goals of rehabilitation
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Effect of rehabilitation on exercise tolerance
CHEST 2009; 135:442‐447
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Improvement in exercise fatigue with intensive exercise
Respiratory Medicine (2015) 109, 517e525
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Cochrane Review 2014
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Anaerobic threshold‐ so what
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Pulmonary rehabilitation improves long‐term outcomes in interstitial lung disease:A prospective cohort study
Respiratory Medicine (2014) 108, 203e210
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Why rehabilitation?
Guenther et al. Respiratory Research (2018) 19:141
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COPD and/or IPF?
• Shorter lifespan• Pulmonary rehabilitation improves lung function• Pursed lip breathing has an important role in relieving shortness of breath
• Genetic factors play an important identifiable role• Medical management prevent disease progression
• Pulmonary hypertension can aggravate dyspnea on exertion
• Muscle function is adversely affected