Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project ... · The Management Measures Technical ......
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NEARSHORE ZONE The Management Measures Technical Report is one element of PSNERP’s multi- faceted investigation of Puget Sound. The measures will be used to design and implement process-based nearshore restoration. This work builds on PSNERP’s Change Analysis, which identifies physi- cal changes to nearshore ecosystems and the Strategic Needs Assessment, which evaluates solutions to identified problems. Management Measures are tools that can be applied individually at specific sites or combined to form large scale, more comprehensive restoration and protection actions at the sub-basin or watershed scale. Areas to Restore Areas to Protect Change Analysis Strategic Needs Assessment Degraded Areas Intact Areas Solutions to Degradation Structural Shoreform Change Restoration Tools Management Measures Remove dikes, cul- verts, and fill to allow water to flow naturally to the nearshore (BERM OR DIKE MODIFICATION OR REMOVAL) (CHANNEL REHABILITATION OR CREATION) (HYDRAULIC MODIFICATION) (TOPOGRAPHY RESTORATION) (GROIN REMOVAL OR MODIFICATION Remove nonnative plants and animals (INVASIVE SPECIES CONTROL) Protect important nearshore areas for plants, animals, fish, and people (PROPERTY ACQUISITION AND CONSERVATION) (HABITAT PROTECTION POLICY OR REGULATIONS) (PHYSICAL EXCLUSION) Return native plants and animals to the nearshore (REVEGETATION) (REINTRODUCTION OF NATIVE ANIMALS) Remove bulkheads from the nearshore (ARMOR MODIFICATION OR REMOVAL) Add sand and gravel to rebuild eroded beaches (BEACH NOURISHMENT) (SUBSTRATE MODIFICATION) Work together to ensure continued understanding and enjoyment of near- shore resources (PUBLIC EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT) Remove debris and un- needed structures and protect the nearshore from harmful pollutants (CONTAMINANT REMOVAL AND REMEDIATION) (DEBRIS REMOVAL) (POLLUTION CONTROL) Create habitat for native plants and animals (LARGE WOOD PLACEMENT) (SPECIES HABITAT ENHANCEMENT) Remove or modify piers and docks (OVERWATER STRUCTURE REMOVAL OR MODIFICATION) PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN PHOTO BY HUGH SHIPMAN Action to help protect the nearshore (MANAGEMENT MEASURE) LEGEND Brief description of action(s) PSNERP Management Measure(s) defined in Technical Report Photos and pictograms to help describe action PSNERP identified 21 management measures for restoring Puget Sound. Measures include restoration, rehabilitation, and enhancement actions as well as protection, management, and regulatory endeavors. This poster illustrates the linkages between individual measures and improvements in ecosystem processes, structure, and functions. Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project MANAGEMENT MEASURES Actions intended to protect and restore nearshore ecosystems and processes. Management Measures Structure (Habitat) Stressors Processes APPLY TO REMOVE TO RESTORE Function TO SUPPORT TO BUILD/ MAINTAIN PSNERP EFFORTS AND OUTCOMES Processes Landforms Management Measures Primary Restorative Measures These measures exert long-lasting effects on ecosys- tem processes and will often provide the best chance of achieving complete restoration of processes. This group includes measures that involve rehabilitation and en- hancement actions using engineered approaches (including water control approaches to Hydraulic Modi- fication, for example) which may not completely restore natural water flow processes. A TIME RESTORED FUNCTION ACTION 1 2 3 Supplementary Enhancement Measures Includes mainly structural measures that provide imme- diate but often short-lived benefits in terms of habitat structure. These should frequently be applied in concert with primary restorative measures. In fact, some mea- sures such as Revegetation will likely be a component of all restoration efforts to some degree. B TIME RESTORED FUNCTION ACTION 1 2 Protective Measures Measures such as Public Education and Involvement and Habitat Protection Policy and Regulation, which focus on human behavioral changes, may have as much value as stand-alone actions as when they accompany other measures. These types of measures will often en- hance the effect of other restoration actions but may not always be essential to achieving site-specific restora- tion goals. These measures tend to take effect over rela- tively long timeframes and may need continued and on- going application in order to achieve lasting benefits. C TIME RESTORED FUNCTION ACTION 1 2 3 No. Management Measure Description Armor Removal or Modification Removal, modification, or relocation of coastal erosion protection structures such as rock revetments, bulkheads, and concrete walls on bluff-backed beaches, barrier beaches, and other shorelines. Beach Nourishment The intentional placement of sand and/or gravel on the upper portion of a beach where historic supplies have been eliminated or reduced. Berm or Dike Removal or Modification Removal or modification of berms, dikes and other structures to restore tidal inundation to a site that was historically connected to tidal waters. Includes dike/berm breaching and complete dike/berm removal. Channel Rehabilitation or Creation Restoration or creation of channels in a restored tidal wetland to change water flow, provide habitat, and improve ecosystem function. Contaminant Removal and Remediation Removal or remediation of unnatural or natural substances (e.g., heavy metals, organic compounds) harmful to the integrity or resilience of the nearshore. Pollution control, which is a source control measure, is a different measure. Debris Removal The removal of solid waste (including wood waste), debris, and derelict or otherwise abandoned items from the nearshore. Groin Removal or Modification Removal or modification of groins and similar nearshore structures built on bluff-backed beaches or barrier beaches in Puget Sound. Habitat Protection Policy or Regulations The long-term protection of habitats (and associated species) and habitat-forming processes through zoning, development regulations, incentive programs and other means. Hydraulic Modification Modification of hydraulic conditions when existing conditions are not conducive to sustaining a more comprehensive restoration project. Hydraulic modification involves removing or modifying culverts and tide gates or creating other engineered openings in dikes, road fills, and causeways to influence salt marsh and lagoon habitat. This measure is used in managed tidal systems (as opposed to naturally maintained systems). Invasive Species Control Eradication and control of nonnative invasive plants or animals occupying a restoration site and control measures to prevent introduction or establishment of such species after construction is complete. Large Wood Placement Installment of large, unmilled wood (large tree trunks with root wads, sometimes referred to as large woody debris) within the backshore or otherwise in contact with water to increase aquatic productivity and habitat complexity. Overwater Structure Removal or Modification Removal or modification of overwater structures such as piers, floats and docks to reduce shading and restore wave regimes. Physical Exclusion Installation of exclusionary devices (fences, barriers, mooring buoys, or other devices) to direct or exclude human and/or animal use of a restoration site. Pollution Control Prevention, interception, collection, and/or treatment actions designed to prevent entry of pollutants into the nearshore ecosystem. Property Acquisition and Conservation Transfer of land ownership or development rights to a conservation interest to protect and conserve resources, enable restoration or increase restoration effectiveness. Public Education and Involvement Activities intended to increase public awareness of nearshore processes and threats, build support for and volunteer participation in restoration and protection efforts, and promote stewardship and responsible use of nearshore resources. Revegetation Site preparation, planting, and maintenance to manipulate soils and vascular plant populations to supplement the natural development of native vegetation. Species Habitat Enhancement Installation or creation of habitat features (sometimes specific structures) for the benefit of native species in the nearshore. Reintroduction of Native Animals Reestablishment of native animal species at a site where they existed or as replacement for lost habitat elsewhere. Substrate Modification The placement of materials to facilitate establishment of desired habitat features and improve ecosystem functions, structures, or processes. Topography Restoration Dredging, excavation and /or filling to remove or add layers of surface material so that beaches, banks, tidal wetlands, or mudflats can be created. A B A A C C A C A B B A C C C C B B B B A Potential of Management Measures to Influence Nearshore Processes Relationship to PSNERP Nearshore Ecosystem Processes = strong effect; = weak effect; blank = no relationship Management Measure 1 Sediment Supply and Transport Beach Erosion and Accretion Distributary Channel Migration Tidal Channel Formation and Maintenance Freshwater Input Tidal Hydrology Detritus Recruitment and Retention Exchange of Aquatic Organisms Solar Radiation (Sunshine) Wind and Waves 1 Some management measures are broken out into separate rows labeled (a) and (b) to distinguish variation in the degree of process restoration between full removal of a stressor and partial removal/modification of the stressor. T This measure influences process via specific regulations such as the Shoreline Management Act and Growth Management Act, which limit shoreline armoring, overwater structures and removal of riparian vegetation; stormwater regulations, which require management of runoff, infiltration, etc.; and other regulations that protect processes. 3 Measure has the potential to influence all processes to some degree and is essential for the long-term protection of ecosystem processes. 4 Public Education and Involvement potentially influences most processes, albeit mainly indirectly and with varying durability. Relationship between Ecosystem Processes and Geomorphic Landforms Geomorphic Systems and Landforms 2 =strong relationship Rocky Shores Beaches Embayments Deltas PSNERP Nearshore Ecosystem Processes 1 Plunging rocky shores Rocky platforms Pocket beaches Bluffs Barrier beaches Open coastal inlets Barrier estuaries Barrier lagoons Closed lagoons and marshes River-dominated deltas Wave-dominated deltas Tide-dominated deltas Fan deltas Sediment Supply and Transport Beach Erosion and Accretion Distributary Channel Migration Tidal Channel Formation and Maintenance Freshwater Input Tidal Hydrology Detritus Recruitment and Retention Exchange of Aquatic Organisms Solar Radiation Wind and Waves 1 Key local process identified by PSNERP as being essential to recovery efforts. 2 Based on Geomorphic Classification of Puget Sound Nearshore Landforms (Shipman 2008). Strong Relationships between Geomorphic Landforms and Management Measures Geomorphic Systems and Landforms 1 = strong relationship Rocky Shores Beaches Embayments Deltas Management Measures Plunging rocky shores Rocky platforms Pocket beaches Bluffs Barrier beaches Open coastal inlets Barrier estuaries Barrier lagoons Closed lagoons and marshes River-dominated deltas Wave-dominated deltas Tide-dominated deltas Fan deltas Armor Removal or Modification Berm or Dike Removal or Modification Channel Rehabilitation or Creation 2 Groin Removal or Modification Hydraulic Modification Overwater Structure Removal / Modification Revegetation 2 Topography Restoration 1 Based on Geomorphic Classification of Puget Sound Nearshore Landforms (Shipman 2008). 2 These two measures can sometimes be process-based or restorative measures when applied in the proper contexts. CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR BERM OR DIKE REMOVAL OR MODIFICATION MANAGEMENT MEASURE OVERVIEW BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT MEASURES AND THEIR TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SCALES Reintroduce full tidal prism, flooding frequency and duration Juvenile salmon access to shallow water habitat Recolonization and growth of emergent tidal marsh vegetation Scouring (erosion) of tidal channels Suspended sediment transport into subsided marsh area Increased nutrient delivery and transformations High tidal channel network complexity Sediment accretion on subsided surface Increase production of benthic invertebrates and insects Increase juvenile salmon residence time Higher growth and survival in nearshore Increase juvenile salmon prey consumption Contaminants Non-indigenous species Potential Constraints Increased habitat edge, higher channel order system Increased sediment trapping Rate dependent on subsidence Enhanced detritus-based food web RESTORATION ACTION RESTORATION PROCESSES STRUCTURAL CHANGES FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE STRONG: Measure has the potential for durable and sustainable effects on process; typically full restoration. WEAK: Measure mainly targets structural ecosystem elements or has less durable/sustainable effects on process; resulting in partial restoration or enhancement. NONE: No relationship. These ratings are based on best professional judgment, not on empirical data. They are intended to highlight broad distinctions be- tween management measures, assuming that the measure is applied at the ideal scale for influencing processes. Actual effects will always be context-specific. Armor (a) Removal (b) Modification Beach Nourishment Dike or Berm (a) Removal (b) Modification Channel (a) Rehabilitation (b) Creation Contaminant (a) Removal (b) Remediation Debris Removal Groin (a) Removal (b) Modification Habitat Protection Policy or Regulations 2 Hydraulic Modification Invasive Species Control Large Wood Placement Overwater Structure (a) Removal (b) Modification Physical Exclusion Pollution Control Property Acquisition and Conservation 3 Public Education and Involvement 4 Revegetation Species Habitat Enhancement Reintroduction of Native Animals (Non-Plant) Substrate Modification Topography Restoration Margaret Clancy 1 , Ilon Logan 1 , Jeremy Lowe 2 , Jim Johannessen 3 , Andrea MacLennan 3 , F. Brie Van Cleve 4 , Jeff Dillon 5 , Betsy Lyons 6 , Randy Carman 4 , Paul Cereghino 7 , Bob Barnard 4 , Curtis Tanner 8 , Doug Myers 9 , Robin Clark 9 , Jaques White 6 , Charles Simenstad 10 , Miriam Gilmer 5 , and Nancy Chin 5 Prepared in support of the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ESA Adolfson Phillip Williams and Associates Coastal Geologic Services Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife U.S. Army Corps of Engineers The Nature Conservancy National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service People for Puget Sound University of Washington TECHNICAL REPORT Management Measures for Protecting and Restoring the Puget Sound Nearshore The protection and restoration of nearshore habitats in Puget Sound requires the application of recovery actions or “management measures” that address nearshore ecosystem processes, functions, and structures. Management measures (MMs) are specific actions that can be imple- mented alone or in combination to restore the nearshore ecosystem. PSNERP has identified 21 management measures for implementing near- shore ecosystem restoration recognizing that (1) the measures can be capital projects, regulation, incentives, or education and outreach, and (2) the measures contribute to ecosystem recovery via protection, resto- ration, rehabilitation and substitution/creation. This technical report helps determine how to most effectively use the 21 management measures to accomplish process-based restoration in Puget Sound. Copies of this report are available at: http://pugetsoundnearshore.org/technical_reports.htm AUTHORS Margaret Clancy Ilon Logan Jeremy Lowe Jim Johannessen Andrea MacLennan F. Brie Van Cleve Jeff Dillon Betsy Lyons Randy Carman Paul Cereghino Bob Barnard Curtis Tanner Doug Myers Robin Clark Jaques White Charles Simenstad Miriam Gilmer Nancy Chin ESA Adolfson ESA Adolfson Phillip Williams and Associates Coastal Geologic Services Coastal Geologic Services Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife U.S. Army Corps of Engineers The Nature Conservancy Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service People for Puget Sound People for Puget Sound The Nature Conservancy University of Washington U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Army Corps of Engineers PRESENTER Margaret Clancy, ESA Adolfson [email protected] or 206-789-9658 www.adolfson.com Margaret Clancy is a Professional Wetland Scientist specializing in shoreline planning and the integration of ecological restoration and land use planning. She was the project manager and lead author for the management measure technical report for the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP). www.pugetsoundnearshore.org
Transcript of Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project ... · The Management Measures Technical ......
NEARSHORE ZONE
The Management Measures Technical Report is one element of PSNERP’s multi-faceted investigation of Puget Sound. The measures will be used to design and implement process-based nearshore restoration. This work builds on PSNERP’s Change Analysis, which identi�es physi-cal changes to nearshore ecosystems and the Strategic Needs Assessment, which evaluates solutions to identi�ed problems. Management Measures are tools that can be applied individually at speci�c sites or combined to form large scale, more comprehensive restoration and protection actions at the sub-basin or watershed scale.
Areas to Restore Areas to Protect
ChangeAnalysis
Strategic NeedsAssessment
Degraded Areas
Intact Areas
Solutions toDegradation
StructuralShoreform Change
RestorationTools
ManagementMeasures
Remove dikes, cul-verts, and �ll to allow water to �ow naturally to the nearshore (BERM OR DIKE MODIFICATION OR REMOVAL)
(CHANNEL REHABILITATION OR CREATION)
(HYDRAULIC MODIFICATION)
(TOPOGRAPHY RESTORATION)
(GROIN REMOVAL OR MODIFICATION
Remove nonnative plants and animals(INVASIVE SPECIES CONTROL)
Protect important nearshore areas for plants, animals, �sh, and people(PROPERTY ACQUISITION AND CONSERVATION)
(HABITAT PROTECTION POLICY
OR REGULATIONS)
(PHYSICAL EXCLUSION)
Return native plants and animals to the nearshore(REVEGETATION)
(REINTRODUCTION OF NATIVE ANIMALS)
Remove bulkheads from the nearshore(ARMOR MODIFICATION OR REMOVAL)
Add sand and gravel to rebuild eroded beaches(BEACH NOURISHMENT)
(SUBSTRATE MODIFICATION)
Work together to ensure continued understanding and enjoyment of near-shore resources(PUBLIC EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT)
Remove debris and un-needed structures and protect the nearshore from harmful pollutants (CONTAMINANT REMOVAL AND REMEDIATION)
(DEBRIS REMOVAL) (POLLUTION CONTROL)
Create habitat for native plants and animals(LARGE WOOD PLACEMENT)
(SPECIES HABITAT ENHANCEMENT)
Remove or modify piers and docks(OVERWATER STRUCTURE REMOVAL
OR MODIFICATION)
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Action to helpprotect thenearshore(MANAGEMENT MEASURE)
LEGENDBrief description of action(s)
PSNERP Management Measure(s)de�ned in Technical Report
Photos and pictogramsto help describe action
PSNERP identi�ed 21 management measures for restoring Puget Sound. Measures include restoration, rehabilitation, and enhancement actions as well as protection, management, and regulatory endeavors. This poster illustrates the linkages between individual measures and improvements in ecosystem processes, structure, and functions.
Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project
MANAGEMENT MEASURESActions intended to protect and restore nearshore ecosystems and processes.
ManagementMeasures
Structure(Habitat)
Stressors ProcessesAPPLY TO REMOVE TO RESTORE FunctionTO SUPPORTTO BUILD/MAINTAIN
PSNERP EFFORTS AND OUTCOMES
Processes
Landforms
ManagementMeasures
Primary Restorative MeasuresThese measures exert long-lasting effects on ecosys-
tem processes and will often provide the best chance of
achieving complete restoration of processes. This group
includes measures that involve rehabilitation and en-
hancement actions using engineered approaches
(including water control approaches to Hydraulic Modi-
�cation, for example) which may not completely restore
natural water �ow processes.
A
T I M E
RE
ST
OR
ED
FU
NC
TIO
N
AC
TIO
N
1
2
3
Supplementary Enhancement MeasuresIncludes mainly structural measures that provide imme-
diate but often short-lived bene�ts in terms of habitat
structure. These should frequently be applied in concert
with primary restorative measures. In fact, some mea-
sures such as Revegetation will likely be a component of
all restoration efforts to some degree.
B
T I M E
RE
ST
OR
ED
FU
NC
TIO
N
AC
TIO
N
1
2
Protective MeasuresMeasures such as Public Education and Involvement
and Habitat Protection Policy and Regulation, which
focus on human behavioral changes, may have as much
value as stand-alone actions as when they accompany
other measures. These types of measures will often en-
hance the effect of other restoration actions but may not
always be essential to achieving site-speci�c restora-
tion goals. These measures tend to take effect over rela-
tively long timeframes and may need continued and on-
going application in order to achieve lasting bene�ts.
C
T I M E
RE
ST
OR
ED
FU
NC
TIO
N
AC
TIO
N
1
2
3
No. Management Measure Description
Armor Removal or Modification Removal, modification, or relocation of coastal erosion protection structures such as rock revetments, bulkheads, and concrete walls on bluff-backed beaches, barrier beaches, and other shorelines.
Beach Nourishment The intentional placement of sand and/or gravel on the upper portion of a beach where historic supplies have been eliminated or reduced.
Berm or Dike Removal or Modification
Removal or modification of berms, dikes and other structures to restore tidal inundation to a site that was historically connected to tidal waters. Includes dike/berm breaching and complete dike/berm removal.
Channel Rehabilitation or Creation Restoration or creation of channels in a restored tidal wetland to change water flow, provide habitat, and improve ecosystem function.
Contaminant Removal and Remediation
Removal or remediation of unnatural or natural substances (e.g., heavy metals, organic compounds) harmful to the integrity or resilience of the nearshore. Pollution control, which is a source control measure, is a different measure.
Debris Removal The removal of solid waste (including wood waste), debris, and derelict or otherwise abandoned items from the nearshore.
Groin Removal or Modification Removal or modification of groins and similar nearshore structures built on bluff-backed beaches or barrier beaches in Puget Sound.
Habitat Protection Policy or Regulations The long-term protection of habitats (and associated species) and habitat-forming processes through zoning, development regulations, incentive programs and other means.
Hydraulic Modification Modification of hydraulic conditions when existing conditions are not conducive to sustaining a more comprehensive restoration project. Hydraulic modification involves removing or modifying culverts and tide gates or creating other engineered openings in dikes, road fills, and causeways to influence salt marsh and lagoon habitat. This measure is used in managed tidal systems (as opposed to naturally maintained systems).
Invasive Species Control Eradication and control of nonnative invasive plants or animals occupying a restoration site and control measures to prevent introduction or establishment of such species after construction is complete.
Large Wood Placement Installment of large, unmilled wood (large tree trunks with root wads, sometimes referred to as large woody debris) within the backshore or otherwise in contact with water to increase aquatic productivity and habitat complexity.
Overwater Structure Removal or Modification Removal or modification of overwater structures such as piers, floats and docks to reduce shading and restore wave regimes.
Physical Exclusion Installation of exclusionary devices (fences, barriers, mooring buoys, or other devices) to direct or exclude human and/or animal use of a restoration site.
Pollution Control Prevention, interception, collection, and/or treatment actions designed to prevent entry of pollutants into the nearshore ecosystem.
Property Acquisition and Conservation Transfer of land ownership or development rights to a conservation interest to protect and conserve resources, enable restoration or increase restoration effectiveness.
Public Education and Involvement
Activities intended to increase public awareness of nearshore processes and threats, build support for and volunteer participation in restoration and protection efforts, and promote stewardship and responsible use of nearshore resources.
Revegetation Site preparation, planting, and maintenance to manipulate soils and vascular plant populations to supplement the natural development of native vegetation.
Species Habitat Enhancement Installation or creation of habitat features (sometimes specific structures) for the benefit of native species in the nearshore.
Reintroduction of Native Animals Reestablishment of native animal species at a site where they existed or as replacement for lost habitat elsewhere.
Substrate Modification The placement of materials to facilitate establishment of desired habitat features and improve ecosystem functions, structures, or processes.
Topography Restoration Dredging, excavation and /or filling to remove or add layers of surface material so that beaches, banks, tidal wetlands, or mudflats can be created.
A
B
A
A
C
C
A
C
A
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B
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C
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A
Potential of Management Measures to In�uence Nearshore Processes
Relationship to PSNERP Nearshore Ecosystem Processes = strong effect; = weak effect; blank = no relationship
Management Measure1
Sed
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t Sup
ply
and
Tran
spor
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Bea
ch E
rosi
on a
nd
Acc
retio
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Dis
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Cha
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Mig
ratio
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Tida
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Fo
rmat
ion
and
Mai
nten
ance
Fres
hwat
er In
put
Tida
l Hyd
rolo
gy
Det
ritus
Rec
ruitm
ent a
nd
Ret
entio
n
Exc
hang
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A
quat
ic O
rgan
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s
Sol
ar R
adia
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(Sun
shin
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Win
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aves
1Some management measures are broken out into separate rows labeled (a) and (b) to distinguish variation in the degree of process restoration between full removal of a stressor and partial removal/modification of the stressor. T This measure influences process via specific regulations such as the Shoreline Management Act and Growth Management Act, which limit shoreline armoring, overwater structures and removal of riparian vegetation; stormwater regulations, which require management of runoff, infiltration, etc.; and other regulations that protect processes. 3 Measure has the potential to influence all processes to some degree and is essential for the long-term protection of ecosystem processes.4 Public Education and Involvement potentially influences most processes, albeit mainly indirectly and with varying durability.
Relationship between Ecosystem Processes and Geomorphic Landforms Geomorphic Systems and Landforms2
=strong relationship
Rocky Shores Beaches Embayments Deltas
PSNERP Nearshore Ecosystem Processes1
Plu
ngin
g ro
cky
shor
es
Roc
ky p
latfo
rms
Poc
ket b
each
es
Blu
ffs
Bar
rier b
each
es
Ope
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asta
l inl
ets
Bar
rier e
stua
ries
Bar
rier l
agoo
ns
Clo
sed
lago
ons
and
mar
shes
Riv
er-d
omin
ated
delta
s
Wav
e-do
min
ated
de
ltas
Tide
-dom
inat
edde
ltas
Fan
delta
s
Sediment Supply and Transport
Beach Erosion and Accretion
Distributary Channel Migration Tidal Channel Formation and MaintenanceFreshwater Input
Tidal Hydrology
Detritus Recruitment and Retention
Exchange of Aquatic Organisms
Solar Radiation
Wind and Waves 1Key local process identified by PSNERP as being essential to recovery efforts. 2Based on Geomorphic Classification of Puget Sound Nearshore Landforms (Shipman 2008).
Strong Relationships between Geomorphic Landforms and Management Measures Geomorphic Systems and Landforms1
= strong relationship
Rocky Shores Beaches Embayments Deltas
Management Measures
Plu
ngin
g ro
cky
shor
es
Roc
ky p
latfo
rms
Poc
ket b
each
es
Blu
ffs
Bar
rier b
each
es
Ope
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asta
l inl
ets
Bar
rier e
stua
ries
Bar
rier l
agoo
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Clo
sed
lago
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and
mar
shes
Riv
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omin
ated
delta
sW
ave-
dom
inat
ed
delta
sTi
de-d
omin
ated
delta
s
Fan
delta
s
Armor Removal or Modification
Berm or Dike Removal or Modification
Channel Rehabilitation or Creation2
Groin Removal or Modification
Hydraulic Modification
Overwater Structure Removal / Modification
Revegetation2
Topography Restoration 1Based on Geomorphic Classification of Puget Sound Nearshore Landforms (Shipman 2008). 2 These two measures can sometimes be process-based or restorative measures when applied in the proper contexts.
CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR BERM OR DIKE REMOVAL OR MODIFICATION
MANAGEMENT MEASURE OVERVIEW BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT MEASURES AND THEIR TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SCALES
Reintroduce full tidal prism, flooding
frequency and duration
Juvenile salmon access to shallow
water habitat
Recolonization and growth of emergent
tidal marsh vegetation
Scouring (erosion) of tidal channels
Suspended sediment transport
into subsided marsh area
Increased nutrient delivery and
transformations
High tidal channel network complexity
Sediment accretion on subsided
surface
Increase production of benthic
invertebrates and insects
Increase juvenile salmon residence
time
Higher growth and survival in nearshore
Increase juvenile salmon prey consumption
Contaminants
Non-indigenous species
Potential Constraints
Increased habitat edge, higher channel order system
Increased sediment trapping
Rate dependent on subsidence
Enhanced detritus-based
food web
RESTORATIONACTION
RESTORATIONPROCESSES
STRUCTURALCHANGES
FUNCTIONALRESPONSE
STRONG: Measure has the potential for
durable and sustainable effects on process;
typically full restoration.
WEAK: Measure mainly targets structural
ecosystem elements or has less
durable/sustainable effects on process;
resulting in partial restoration or enhancement.
NONE: No relationship.
These ratings are based on best professional
judgment, not on empirical data. They are
intended to highlight broad distinctions be-
tween management measures, assuming that
the measure is applied at the ideal scale for
in�uencing processes. Actual effects will
always be context-speci�c.
Armor (a) Removal
(b) Modification
Beach Nourishment
Dike or Berm (a) Removal
(b) Modification
Channel (a) Rehabilitation
(b) Creation
Contaminant (a) Removal
(b) Remediation
Debris Removal
Groin (a) Removal
(b) Modification
Habitat Protection Policy or Regulations2
Hydraulic Modification
Invasive Species Control
Large Wood Placement
Overwater Structure (a) Removal
(b) Modification
Physical Exclusion
Pollution Control
Property Acquisition and Conservation3
Public Education and Involvement4
Revegetation
Species Habitat Enhancement
Reintroduction of Native Animals (Non-Plant)
Substrate Modification
Topography Restoration
Margaret Clancy1, Ilon Logan1, Jeremy Lowe2, Jim Johannessen3, Andrea MacLennan3, F. Brie Van Cleve4, Jeff Dillon5, Betsy Lyons6, Randy Carman4, Paul Cereghino7, Bob Barnard4, Curtis Tanner8, Doug Myers9, Robin Clark9, Jaques White6, Charles Simenstad10, Miriam Gilmer5, and Nancy Chin5
Prepared in support of the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
10.
ESA AdolfsonPhillip Williams and AssociatesCoastal Geologic ServicesWashington Department of Fish and WildlifeU.S. Army Corps of EngineersThe Nature ConservancyNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServicePeople for Puget SoundUniversity of Washington
TECHNICAL REPORTManagement Measures forProtecting and Restoring the Puget Sound Nearshore The protection and restoration of nearshore habitats in Puget Sound requires the application of recovery actions or “management measures” that address nearshore ecosystem processes, functions, and structures.
Management measures (MMs) are speci�c actions that can be imple-mented alone or in combination to restore the nearshore ecosystem. PSNERP has identi�ed 21 management measures for implementing near-shore ecosystem restoration recognizing that (1) the measures can be capital projects, regulation, incentives, or education and outreach, and (2) the measures contribute to ecosystem recovery via protection, resto-ration, rehabilitation and substitution/creation. This technical report helps determine how to most effectively use the 21 management measures to accomplish process-based restoration in Puget Sound. Copies of this report are available at: http://pugetsoundnearshore.org/technical_reports.htm
AUTHORSMargaret ClancyIlon LoganJeremy LoweJim JohannessenAndrea MacLennanF. Brie Van CleveJeff DillonBetsy LyonsRandy CarmanPaul CereghinoBob BarnardCurtis TannerDoug MyersRobin ClarkJaques WhiteCharles SimenstadMiriam GilmerNancy Chin
ESA AdolfsonESA AdolfsonPhillip Williams and AssociatesCoastal Geologic ServicesCoastal Geologic ServicesWashington Department of Fish and WildlifeU.S. Army Corps of EngineersThe Nature ConservancyWashington Department of Fish and WildlifeNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationWashington Department of Fish and WildlifeU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServicePeople for Puget SoundPeople for Puget SoundThe Nature ConservancyUniversity of WashingtonU.S. Army Corps of EngineersU.S. Army Corps of Engineers
PRESENTERMargaret Clancy, ESA Adolfson
[email protected] or 206-789-9658www.adolfson.com
Margaret Clancy is a Professional Wetland Scientist specializing in shoreline planning and the integration of ecological restoration and land use planning. She was the project manager and lead author for the management measure technical report for the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP).
www.pugetsoundnearshore.org
