Published Online September 2019 in IJEAST …Tesma405,IJEAST.pdflaboratories, Mumbai, India and used...

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2019

Vol. 4, Issue 5, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 285-301 Published Online September 2019 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

285

STUDIES ON SORPTION PROPERTIES OF SOME

BIO-POLYMERS IN THE ABSORPTION OF

TOXIC METAL ION

Shreelatha Holla G Dr. Savitha M.B Dr. Prasad P Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Department of Nanotechnology

S.C.E.M Adyar, Mangalore-7 S.C.E.M Adyar, Mangalore-7 S.I.T Valachil, Mangalore

Karnataka, India Karnataka, India Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT: Toxic metal ions such as Fe (II) and Hg (II)

present in industrial waste water can be absorbed by

certain biopolymers in parts per milligrams. Biopolymers

like Guar Gum, Xanthan Gum, Acasia Gum, Gum

Tragacanth, Sodium Alginate, Carboxymethyl Cellulose,

Methyl Cellulose and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose

were tested for the same. We found Hg (II) metal ion can be

absorbed only by Xanthan Gum and Gum Tragacanth

whereas Fe (II) metal ion absorbed by all these biopolymers

from waste water. Maximum possible absorption of metal

ions determined using minimal quantity of bio-polymer

sample. Sorption kinetics and solution property studies of

biopolymers conducted also sorption of Fe, Hg metal ions

characterized at different temperature and concentrations

of biopolymers. Absorption maximum for all these mixtures

obtained through spectrophotometric study.

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Biopolymers, Sorption

Property, Temperature effect.

I. INTRODUCTION

Sorption is a physical and chemical process whereas

Biosorption is a physico-chemical process that occurs naturally.

In these days treating industrial waste water is a challenge since

it contains toxic metal ions, pesticides and other organic

compounds. Certain existing methods for the treatment of

industrial waste water are expensive and ineffective. So we can

go for biosorption method which is environment friendly

filtering technique. Biopolymers are produced by living

organisms also they are renewable, compostable and

biodegradable [10]. In order to remove these metal ions, waste water can be treated with some biopolymers which have

hydrogel properties. Hydrogels are crosslinked polymers,

hydrophilic in nature, able to swell in water [1, 4, 9]. Heavy

metals are naturally occurring but various activities of human

have altered the balance of the same. Once it enters into the

environment or to the aquatic system heavy metals cannot be

degraded or destroyed easily since they are stable. They tend to

accumulate in nature [3]. They move from one ecological

trophic level to another by damaging the ecosystem. Due to

biomagnifications or multiplication process they accumulate in

living tissues, causing several health issues in humans [12].

Many metallic elements like Zinc, Iron, Copper, etc. are

essential for living organisms. Although they are necessary,

they become toxic at high concentrations [11]. When present

above threshold concentrations, all heavy metals can be toxic.

Geological weathering, solid waste dump, leaching of metals,

industrial processing of metals are some sources through which

metal pollution occurs. Metals used in electroplating, tanning and textile industry are highly toxic to humans [6]. Existing

biosorption methods for removal of metal ions from waste

water like ion-exchange, reduction, precipitation, etc. are

expensive and inefficient in treating large quantities. New

trends in removing heavy metals from industrial waste water

are being processed [2]. The natural affinity of biological

compounds for metallic elements could contribute to the

purification of metal loaded waste water [8]. Thus biosorption

is a beneficial option because it is both efficient and cheap [5].

II. EXPERIMENTAL

2.1 Materials and Methods Biopolymers selected based on availability and price. Guar

gum (GG), Xanthan gum (XG), Acacia gum (Ac.G), Gum

tragacanth (GT), Sodium alginate (Na Alg), Carboxymethyl

Cellulose (CMC), Methyl Cellulose (MC), Hydroxypropyl

methyl cellulose (HPMC) were obtained from Himedia

laboratories, Mumbai, India and used without additional

purification. All chemicals were of Analytical reagent grade.

Mohr’s salt, K2Cr2O7 and ZnSO4.7H2O obtained from Merck

India, Ammonium thiocyanate obtained from Himedia. BaDS

(Barium diphenylamine Sulfonate) indicator, HgSO4, Dithizone

(1, 5-Diphenylthiocarbazone) and 1, 4-dioxane solution

obtained from Loba chemie. Distilled water used wherever necessary. Digital pH meter (Systronics, MK-IV) used for pH

study. Ultrasonic Interferometer for liquids F-81 (Mittal

Enterprises) used for the estimation of ultrasonic sound

velocity. Spectrophotometric analysis performed using Vis

Double Beam Spectro 1203, Systronics.



286

2.2 Polymer sample preparation

1000ppm Stock solution of Fe and Hg metal ions were

prepared by Mohr’s salt (Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate) and HgSO4 respectively. Crystals of Mohr’s salt and HgSO4 were

dissolved with dil.H2SO4. Bio-polymers such as Guar gum,

Xanthan Gum, Acasia gum, Gum tragacanth, Sodium Alginate,

CMC, Methyl cellulose and HPMC are taken with different

quantities that are 20%(200mg), 15%(150mg), 10%(100mg),

5%(50mg), 1%(10mg), 0.5%(5mg), 0.1%(1mg), 0.05%(0.5mg)

and 0.01%(0.1mg). Each bio-polymer mixtures taken in

different beakers, to that separately added 10ml of 1000ppm Fe

(II) and Hg (II) metal ion solution. Then for all the mixtures

10ml of waste water was added. These biopolymer- metal ion

mixtures along with waste water mixed thoroughly with the

help of magnetic stirrer. After proper mixing, the resulting mixture taken for further studies.

2.3 Sample preparation for Spectrophotometric study

For all biopolymer mixtures containing Fe (II) metal ion,

ammonium thiocyanate solution and HNO3 were added.

Whereas to the mixtures containing Hg (II) metal ion, equal

volumes of Dithizone and 4.5M sulphuric acid were added. To

this 1, 4-dioxane solution was added later.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Interaction of bio-polymer mixtures with toxic metal

ions

3.1.1 Study of absorption of Fe and Hg metal ions

Initially we applied simple titration method to determine the

absorption properties of bio-polymers. Solution containing10ml

of 1000ppm Fe (II) metal ion was titrated against 0.003N

K2Cr2O7 solution using BaDS (Barium diphenylamine

Sulfonate) indicator at lab temperature (300C). K2Cr2O7

standardised with 0.003N Hypo solution. Solution

containing10ml of 1000ppm Hg (II) metal ion was titrated

against 0.02M ZnSO4.7H2O solution using EBT indicator at lab

temperature (300C). Initially ZnSO4.7H2O standardized with

0.02M EDTA. Strength of Mohr’s salt (N Mohr’s) and Strength

of HgSO4 (N HgSO4) calculated using formula N1V1 = N2V2 (1)

Where N1 is the strength and V1 is volume of Mohr’s salt

solution, N2 is the strength and V2 is volume of K2Cr2O7

solution in case of Fe (II) analysis and N1 is the strength and V1

is volume of HgSO4 solution, N2 is the strength and V2 is

volume of ZnSO4.7H2O solution in case of Hg (II) analysis. By

this, amount of only Fe and Hg can be calculated as

NMohr’s*Molar weight of Fe*1000 in ppm. (2)

NHgSO4*Molar weight of Hg*1000 in ppm. (3)

Where NMohr’s is the strength of Mohr’s salt solution and NHgSO4

is the strength of HgSO4. Titration of 10ml of 1000ppm Mohr’s salt solution against 0.003N K2Cr2O7, considered as blank

titration. Similarly titration of 10ml of 1000ppm HgSO4

solution against 0.02M ZnSO4.7H2O solution considered as

blank titration. Solution which contains only 1000ppm of

Mohr’s salt, considered as blank solution of Fe and solution

contains only 1000ppm of HgSO4, considered as blank solution

of Hg. By titration method, amount of only Fe present in

1000ppm of Mohr’s salt solution (blank solution of Fe) was found to be 201ppm and amount of only Hg present in

1000ppm of HgSO4 solution (blank solution of Hg) found to be

782ppm at lab temperature. Sorption properties of the metal

ions are characterized by different concentrations of bio-

polymer mixtures. Then different concentrations of bio-

polymer mixtures along with corresponding metal ion solution

were tested for absorption of Fe (II) and Hg (II) metal ions in

the same way at lab temperature. It was observed that Guar

gum, Xanthan gum, Acasia Gum, Gum tragacanth, Na

Alginate, CMC, MC and HPMC mixtures could effectively

absorb Fe (II) metal ion, only Xanthan gum and Gum

tragacanth mixtures could absorb Hg (II) metal ion. Thus we can use corresponding bio-polymer mixtures for the effective

removal of Fe (II) and Hg (II) metal ions from industrial waste

water. Details of the observations have given in the Table 1.

Table 1. a.) Absorption of Fe (II) metal ion by different biopolymer

mixtures (ppm) at 300C.

Amount of Fe (ppm)

Concen

trations

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

GG 114 121 129 134 137 140 144 147 151

XG 117 130 147 150 154 157 159 163 167

Ac.G 114 120 127 131 134 137 139 142 144

GT 107 116 122 128 134 140 144 146 149

Na Alg. 134 137 141 145 147 150 154 157 159

CMC 95 105 115 119 124 129 131 136 139

MC 117 126 134 136 139 141 144 146 149

HPMC 119 128 139 143 149 152 156 159 162

1. b.) Absorption of Hg (II) metal ion by XG and GT mixtures (ppm) at 300C.

Amount of Hg (ppm)

Conc

entrat

ions

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

XG 538 572 610 644 678 690 702 715 722

GT 702 714 726 738 750 757 762 766 770

At 300C since the polymer concentration is high maximum

absorption of Fe (II) and Hg (II) metal ions has observed for

20% each bio-polymer. According to the intension of this study

we found that, minimal amount i.e., 0.01% (0.0001gms) of

biopolymer mixtures could absorb Fe metal ion as; 151ppm



287

using Guar gum, 167ppm using Xanthan gum, 144ppm using

Acacia gum, 149ppm using GT, 159 ppm using Sodium

Alginate, 139 ppm using CMC, 149 ppm using MC and 162 ppm using HPMC mixture out of 201ppm (blank solution of

Fe). Also 0.01% mixtures of XG and GT could absorb 722ppm

of Hg metal ion and 770ppm of Hg metal ion respectively out

of 782 ppm (blank solution of Hg) at lab temperature. The

absorption of Fe, Hg metal ions goes on increased as bio-

polymer concentrations decreased since concentration getting

closer to blank concentration. i.e., 20% < 15% < 10% < 5% <

1% < 0.5% < 0.1% < 0.05% < 0.01% . Experiment has stopped

at 20% (0.2gms) of each bio-polymer mixture because it is

difficult to carry out the experiment since the thickness of

mixture becomes too high after 0.2gms.

3.1.2 pH study

pH of blank Fe, Hg solution and different concentrations of

biopolymer mixtures were noted at lab temperature (300C).

Acidic pH range of 2-3 has observed in blank solution of both

Fe and Hg metal ion as well as in every bio-polymer mixtures

with corresponding metal ion. pH of blank solution of Fe was

found to be 3.81 and that of Hg was 3.10 at lab temperature. pH

values of various biopolymer mixtures along with

corresponding metal ion at lab temperature are mentioned in

Table 2.

Table 2. a.) pH values of different biopolymer mixtures contain Fe (II) metal ion.

Co

nce

ntr

atio

ns

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

GG 3.78 3.63 3.85 3.80 3.74 3.71 3.80 3.83 3.81

XG 3.37 3.58 3.34 3.21 3.33 3.29 3.03 3.06 3.07

Ac.

G 2.80 2.79 2.78 2.88 2.80 2.82 2.84 2.75 2.76

GT 2.87 2.85 2.88 2.89 2.78 2.80 2.88 2.79 2.89

Na

Alg

.

3.55 3.48 3.33 3.39 3.22 3.25 3.22 3.19 3.20

CM

C 3.33 3.17 3.10 3.07 2.94 3.00 2.91 2.96 2.90

MC 2.90 2.91 2.86 2.89 2.86 2.95 2.85 2.93 2.85

HP

MC 3.15 3.12 3.15 3.16 3.11 3.10 3.12 3.15 3.10

2. b.) pH values of XG and GT mixtures contain Hg (II) metal ion.

Co

nce

ntr

atio

ns

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

XG 2.91 3.03 2.91 2.98 3.07 3.10 3.05 2.98 2.81

GT 3.08 3.07 3.10 2.79 2.98 2.88 2.94 3.08 2.82

3.1.3 Density and Viscosity studies of biopolymer mixture

Density and viscosity measurements were carried out for

both Fe and Hg blank solution and also for different

concentrations of biopolymer mixtures with corresponding

metal ions at lab temperature. At 300C we found density of Fe

blank was 0.3950*103 (kg/m3) and its viscosity was

0.2805mm2/sec, density of Hg blank was 0.3950*103 (kg/m3)

and its viscosity was 0.3189mm2/sec. Density and viscosity

values of various concentrations of biopolymer mixtures along

with respective metal ions at are shown in Table 3 and 4 respectively. Both the parameters decreased as we move from

higher concentration (20%) to lower concentrations (0.01%) of

each biopolymer mixture. Mass of the substance goes on

decreases from 20% to 0.01%. As a result value of density

decreases.

Thickness of the substance decreases from higher

concentrations (20%) to lower concentrations (0.01%).

Therefore internal resistance of the mixture decreases. We

know that, a liquid with high internal resistance to flow is

described as having high viscosity [7]. A liquid with low

internal resistance to flow is described as having low viscosity.

Therefore decrease in viscosity has observed from higher concentrations (20%) to lower concentrations (0.01%).

Table 3. a.) Density values of different biopolymer mixtures contain

Fe (II) metal ion. Co

nce

ntr

ati

ons

Density values [103 (kg/m3)] at 300C

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

GG 0.39

70

0.39

69

0.39

68

0.39

67

0.39

66

0.39

65

0.39

64

0.39

63

0.39

61

XG 0.397

8

0.39

70

0.39

63

0.39

62

0.39

61

0.39

60

0.39

59

0.39

58

0.39

57

Ac.

G

0.39

75

0.39

73

0.39

69

0.39

65

0.39

61

0.39

59

0.39

57

0.39

55

0.39

54

GT 0.39

74

0.39

71

0.39

69

0.39

65

0.39

62

0.39

61

0.39

60

0.39

59

0.39

58

Na

Alg

.

0.39

80

0.39

74

0.39

69

0.39

67

0.39

66

0.39

64

0.39

62

0.39

61

0.39

60

C

M

C

0.39

73

0.39

71

0.39

68

0.39

65

0.39

63

0.39

62

0.39

61

0.39

58

0.39

55

M

C

0.39

71

0.39

66

0.39

62

0.39

61

0.39

60

0.39

59

0.39

58

0.39

57

0.39

56

HP

M

C

0.39

72

0.39

68

0.39

63

0.39

61

0.39

59

0.39

57

0.39

56

0.39

55

0.39

53

3. b.) Density values of XG and GT mixtures contain Hg (II) metal

ion. Co

nce

ntr

Density values [103 (kg/m3)] at 300C

20%

(200

15%

(150

10%

(100

5%

(50

1%

(10

0.5

%

0.1

%

0.05

%

0.01

%



288

atio

ns

mg) mg) mg) mg) mg) (5m

g)

(1m

g)

(0.5

mg)

(0.1

mg)

XG 0.40

41

0.40

16

0.40

03

0.39

93

0.39

89

0.39

80

0.39

74

0.39

70

0.39

65

GT 0.39

80

0.39

76

0.39

73

0.39

70

0.39

68

0.39

67

0.39

66

0.39

64

0.39

62

Table 4. a.) Viscosity values of different biopolymer mixtures contain

Fe (II) metal ion.

Co

nce

ntr

ati

ons

Viscosity values(mm2/sec) at 300C

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

GG

14.4

142

9.98

78

4.80

55

2.18

18

0.69

42

0.56

65

0.34

96

0.32

14

0.29

06

XG 36.6

945

25.4

141

13.8

747

8.31

35

2.32

79

1.17

63

0.89

96

0.50

43

0.29

02

Ac.

G

0.43

25

0.41

51

0.40

37

0.39

56

0.37

48

0.36

04

0.34

66

0.32

82

0.31

82

GT 0.64

86

0.48

48

0.34

73

0.33

65

0.32

80

0.31

61

0.30

91

0.30

03

0.29

49

Na

Alg

.

0.41

42

0.40

08

0.38

49

0.36

54

0.34

71

0.33

53

0.32

80

0.31

33

0.30

91

C

M

C

2.25

55

1.86

45

0.76

98

0.55

87

0.38

90

0.35

11

0.32

32

0.31

56

0.30

87

M

C

7.61

77

5.67

30

1.59

10

0.77

56

0.35

12

0.32

45

0.29

50

0.29

34

0.29

01

HP

M

C

1.21

65

0.99

89

0.56

25

0.44

9

0.30

44

0.29

93 0.29

0.28

86

0.28

16

4. b.) Viscosity values of XG and GT mixtures contain Hg (II) metal

ion. Co

nce

ntr

atio

ns

Viscosity values(mm2/sec) at 300C

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

XG 28.4

53

17.3

13 8.45

4.06

54

2.34

7

0.76

53

0.43

31

0.38

75

0.32

83

GT 0.39

07

0.36

4

0.35

71

0.34

21

0.33

32

0.33

08

0.32

84

0.32

08

0.31

99

3.1.4 Study of Ultrasonic sound velocity of biopolymer

mixtures

Determination of ultrasonic sound velocity carried out as a

part of solution property studies of biopolymers with heavy

metal ions. Study conducted for blank solution of Fe and Hg

also for various concentrations of biopolymer mixture with

corresponding metal ion at lab temperature using Ultrasonic

Interferometer for liquids F-81 (Mittal Enterprises). Ultrasonic

sound velocity of blank solution of Fe was 1609m/s and for

blank Hg solution it was 1605m/s. The obtained values of ultrasonic sound velocity for various concentrations of

biopolymer mixtures with respective metal ions are given in

Table 5. No characteristic changes observed in the values of

ultrasonic velocity for different concentrations of biopolymer mixtures.

Table 5. a.) Ultrasonic sound velocities of different biopolymer

mixtures contain Fe (II) metal ion.

Con

cent

ratio

n

Ultrasonic velocity (m/s) at 300C

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

GG 1724 1655 1646 1612 1708 1688 1630 1661 1645

XG 1609 1588 1607 1613 1594 1595 1604 1611 1616

Ac.

G 1575 1581 1565 1579 1590 1588 1566 1587 1597

GT 1621 1645 1630 1616 1636 1604 1639 1626 1620

Na

Alg. 1584 1596 1599 1579 1595 1575 1569 1591 1588

CM

C 1602 1598 1600 1621 1603 1597 1591 1616 1594

MC 1586 1593 1601 1603 1585 1590 1607 1587 1605

HP

MC 1619 1624 1594 1612 1599 1587 1602 1579 1601

5. b.) Ultrasonic sound velocities of XG and GT mixtures contain Hg

(II) metal ion.

Con

cent

ratio

ns

Ultrasonic velocity (m/s) at 300C

20%

(200

mg)

15%

(150

mg)

10%

(100

mg)

5%

(50

mg)

1%

(10

mg)

0.5

%

(5m

g)

0.1

%

(1m

g)

0.05

%

(0.5

mg)

0.01

%

(0.1

mg)

XG 1610 1595 1605 1607 1613 1616 1594 1610 1607

GT 1607 1604 1603 1600 1605 1608 1604 1602 1607

3.2 Sorption kinetics studies (Temperature Study)

3.2.1 Effect of temperature on absorption of toxic metal ion Study of effect of temperature on absorption of Fe (II) and

Hg (II) by biopolymers, their pH values, density, viscosity and

ultrasonic sound velocity were conducted. Both blank solution of Fe, Hg and various concentrations of biopolymer mixtures

containing corresponding metal ions were tested for the same.

Temperature increased starting from lab temperature to slight

higher temperatures. That was from 300C to 600C. Absorption

of Fe (II) and Hg (II) from industrial waste water was found to

decrease with increasing temperature for all the biopolymer

mixtures even for blank solutions of metal ion. As we increase

the temperature the rate of reaction increases. Particles can



289

react only when they collide. By heating, particles move faster

and collide more frequently. That will speed up the rate of

reaction. Fig.1 and 2 represent the effect of temperature on absorption of Fe and Hg blank solutions respectively. Effect of

temperature on absorption of Fe (II) metal ion by different

concentrations of Guar gum mixtures (Fig.1.a), Xanthan gum

mixtures (Fig.1.b), Acacia gum mixtures (Fig.1.c), Gum

tragacanth mixtures (Fig.1.d), Sodium alginate mixtures

(Fig.1.e), CMC mixtures (Fig.1.f), MC mixtures (Fig.1.g) and

HPMC mixtures (Fig.1.h) have given below. Temperature

effect on absorption of Hg (II) by Xanthan gum (Fig.2.a) and

Gum tragacanth (Fig.2.b) also mentioned. Absorption curves of

Fe, Hg blank (Fig.1 & 2) taken as reference curve. Remaining

curves of all biopolymer mixtures with corresponding metal ion

when compared with respective reference curve, lesser absorption values obtained. From graph it is clear that

temperature has greater effect on reaction rate of biopolymer

mixtures resulting in, decreasing temperature curve. After

600C, absorption found to be constant also there was negligible

difference in absorption values. Hence temperature study has

stopped at 600C for all the mixtures.

30 40 50 60

160

180

200

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

1000ppm Fe Solution

Fig.1 Effect of temperature on absorption

of Fe blank

30 40 50 60

650

700

750

800

Am

ount

of H

g (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

1000ppm Hg solution

Fig.2 Effect of temperature on absorption

of Hg blank

30 40 50 60

60

80

100

120

140

160

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% GG

15% GG

10% GG

5% GG

1% GG

0.5% GG

0.1% GG

0.05% GG

0.01% GG

Fig.1.a Effect of temperature on absorption of Fe using GG mixtures

30 40 50 60

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% XG

15% XG

10% XG

5% XG

1% XG

0.5% XG

0.1% XG

0.05% XG

0.01% XG

Fig.1.b Effect of temperature on absorption of Fe using XG mixtures

30 40 50 60

60

80

100

120

140

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% Ac.G

15% Ac.G

10% Ac.G

5% Ac.G

1% Ac.G

0.5% Ac.G

0.1% Ac.G

0.05% Ac.G

0.01% Ac.G

Fig.1.c Effect of temperature on absorption

of Fe using Ac.G mixtures

30 40 50 60

60

80

100

120

140

160

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% GT

15% GT

10% GT

5% GT

1% GT

0.5% GT

0.1% GT

0.05% GT

0.01% GT

Fig.1.d Effect of temperature on absorption

of Fe using GT mixtures.



290

30 40 50 60

100

120

140

160

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% Na Alg.

15% Na Alg.

10% Na Alg.

5% Na Alg.

1% Na Alg.

0.5% Na Alg.

0.1% Na Alg.

0.05% Na Alg.

0.01% Na Alg.

Fig.1.e Effect of temperature on absorption

of Fe using Na Alg. mixtures

30 40 50 60

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% CMC

15% CMC

10% CMC

5% CMC

1% CMC

0.5% CMC

0.1% CMC

0.05% CMC

0.01% CMC

Fig.1.f Effect of temperature on absorption of Fe using CMC Mixtures

30 40 50 60

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Am

ount

of F

e (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% MC

15% MC

10% MC

5% MC

1% MC

0.5% MC

0.1% MC

0.05% MC

0.01% MC

Fig.1.g Effect of temperature on absorption of Fe using MC mixtures

30 40 50 60

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

Am

oun

t o

f F

e (

pp

m)

Temperature (0C)

20% HPMC

15% HPMC

10% HPMC

5% HPMC

1% HPMC

0.5% HPMC

0.1% HPMC

0.05% HPMC

0.01% HPMC

Fig.1.h Effect of temperature on absorption of Fe using HPMC mixtures

30 40 50 60

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

Am

ount

of H

g (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% XG

15% XG

10% XG

5% XG

1% XG

0.5% XG

0.1% XG

0.05% XG

0.01% XG

Fig.2.a Effect of temperature on absorption of Hg using XG mixtures

30 40 50 60

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

Am

ount

of H

g (p

pm)

Temperature (0C)

20% GT

15% GT

10% GT

5% GT

1% GT

0.5% GT

0.1% GT

0.05% GT

0.01% GT

Fig.2.b Effect of temperature on absorption of Hg using GT Mixtures

3.2.2 Effect of temperature on pH values pH of both blank solutions and their corresponding

biopolymer mixtures were slightly decreased with increase in

temperature. Acidic pH range (2-3pH) noticed in every mixture

even though the pH values decreased. Temperature plays a

significant role on pH measurements. As the temperature rises,

molecular vibrations increase which results in the ability of

water to ionize and form more hydrogen ions. As a result, the

pH will drop. pH values of blank solutions of metal ion at

different temperatures and effect of temperature on pH values

of different concentrations of biopolymer mixtures are given in

Table 6.

Table 6. a.) Effect of temperature on pH of Fe and Hg blank solutions Tempe

rature 0C

30 35 40 45 50 55 60

pH of

Fe

blank

3.81 3.66 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.88 2.68

pH of

Hg

blank

3.10 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.77



291

6. b.) Effect of temperature on pH of different biopolymer mixtures containing Fe metal ion

Tem

pera

ture 0C

GG mixtures

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 3.7

8

3.6

3

3.8

5

3.8

0

3.7

4

3.7

1

3.8

0

3.8

3 3.81

35 3.7

0

3.5

0

3.5

5

3.6

3

3.5

3

3.5

9

3.5

8

3.7

6 3.49

40 3.6

4

3.2

6

3.0

4

3.4

5

3.1

6

3.4

8

3.1

2

3.5

1 3.11

45 3.4

6

3.1

1

2.9

8

3.2

9

3.0

4

3.3

1

3.0

1

3.2

8 3.02

50 3.0

6

2.9

5

2.9

1

3.1

3

2.8

9

3.1

9

2.9

6

3.1

7 2.90

55 2.9

4

2.8

8

2.8

8

3.0

1

2.8

6

3.0

6

2.9

1

3.0

9 2.84

60 2.8

5

2.7

9

2.8

3

2.9

1

2.8

4

2.8

8

2.8

0

2.8

7 2.75

Tem

pera

ture 0C

XG mixtures

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 3.3

7

3.5

8

3.3

4

3.2

1

3.3

3

3.2

9

3.0

3

3.0

6 3.07

35 3.2

8

3.4

4

3.2

5

3.1

4

3.2

8

3.1

8

2.8

8

3.0

2 2.98

40 3.0

6

3.3

2

3.0

2

3.0

5

3.0

9

3.1

1

2.8

3

2.9

5 2.86

45 2.9

9

3.1

6

2.9

5

2.9

6

3.0

1

3.0

4

2.7

9

2.8

8 2.79

50 2.9

4

3.0

7

2.8

8

2.8

8

2.9

3

2.9

7

2.7

6

2.8

1 2.75

55 2.9

0

2.9

7

2.8

1

2.8

1

2.8

5

2.9

0

2.7

1

2.7

4 2.73

60 2.8

5

2.8

6

2.7

7

2.7

7

2.7

1

2.8

2

2.6

4

2.7

0 2.69

Ac.G mixtures

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 2.8

0

2.7

9

2.7

8

2.8

8

2.8

0

2.8

2

2.8

4

2.7

5 2.76

35 2.7

4

2.7

3

2.7

5

2.8

1

2.7

7

2.7

6

2.8

0

2.6

9 2.73

40 2.7

3

2.6

6

2.7

2

2.7

7

2.7

3

2.7

0

2.7

7

2.6

4 2.68

45 2.7

1

2.6

4

2.7

0

2.7

4

2.7

1

2.6

7

2.7

6

2.5

8 2.67

50 2.7

0

2.5

1

2.6

9

2.6

9

2.7

0

2.6

5

2.7

4

2.4

5 2.66

55 2.6

8

2.4

1

2.6

5

2.6

3

2.6

8

2.6

3

2.7

1

2.4

2 2.63

60 2.6

6

2.3

6

2.6

4

2.5

8

2.6

6

2.5

8

2.6

9

2.3

9 2.61

GT mixtures

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 2.8

7

2.8

5

2.8

8

2.8

9

2.7

8

2.8

0

2.8

8

2.7

9 2.89

35 2.8

6

2.8

1

2.8

6

2.8

3

2.7

5

2.7

4

2.8

5

2.7

3 2.84

40 2.8

4

2.7

4

2.8

2

2.7

2

2.7

0

2.7

0

2.8

1

2.6

6 2.81

45 2.8

2

2.7

0

2.8

0

2.6

6

2.6

8

2.6

5

2.8

0

2.5

5 2.80

50 2.8

0

2.6

6

2.7

8

2.6

3

2.6

6

2.6

1

2.7

7

2.4

8 2.78

55 2.7

8

2.5

1

2.7

6

2.5

8

2.6

4

2.5

5

2.7

4

2.4

1 2.74

60 2.7

6

2.4

6

2.7

4

2.5

0

2.6

1

2.5

0

2.7

2

2.3

2 2.72

Na Alg. Mixtures

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 3.5

5

3.4

8

3.3

3

3.3

9

3.2

2

3.2

5

3.2

2

3.1

9 3.20

35 3.4

6

3.3

6

3.2

8

3.3

1

3.1

7

3.2

0

3.1

5

3.1

5 3.12

40 3.4

2

3.1

8

3.2

2

3.2

5

3.1

2

3.1

5

3.1

1

3.1

1 3.05

45 3.3

3

3.1

1

3.2

0

3.1

7

3.0

7

3.1

3

3.0

8

3.0

6 3.02

50 3.2

9

3.0

5

3.1

8

3.1

1

3.0

5

3.0

6

3.0

6

3.0

4 2.98

55 3.1

8

2.9

6

3.1

5

3.0

8

3.0

2

3.0

0

3.0

2

2.9

9 2.93

60 3.0

8

2.8

8

3.1

0

3.0

3

2.9

9

2.9

5

2.9

8

2.9

4 2.86

CMC mixtures



292

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 3.3

3

3.1

7

3.1

0

3.0

7

2.9

4

3.0

0

2.9

1

2.9

6 2.90

35 3.3

0

3.1

1

3.0

4

3.0

3

2.8

8

2.9

3

2.9

0

2.9

1 2.86

40 3.2

4

3.0

2

3.0

0

2.9

8

2.8

4

2.8

4

2.8

6

2.8

0 2.81

45 3.2

0

2.8

8

2.9

8

2.9

2

2.8

0

2.7

7

2.8

3

2.7

3 2.79

50 3.1

8

2.8

3

2.9

4

2.8

6

2.7

8

2.6

1

2.8

0

2.5

5 2.77

55 3.1

1

2.6

9

2.9

0

2.8

1

2.7

5

2.5

0

2.7

6

2.4

9 2.72

60 3.0

8

2.6

4

2.8

9

2.7

7

2.7

2

2.4

6

2.7

4

2.4

0 2.69

MC mixtures

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 2.9

0

2.9

1

2.8

6

2.8

9

2.8

6

2.9

5

2.8

5

2.9

3 2.85

35 2.8

8

2.8

6

2.8

2

2.8

3

2.8

3

2.9

0

2.8

3

2.8

8 2.82

40 2.8

4

2.8

4

2.7

5

2.7

5

2.7

6

2.8

1

2.7

7

2.7

7 2.76

45 2.8

0

2.7

4

2.7

3

2.6

6

2.7

5

2.6

6

2.7

4

2.6

3 2.75

50 2.7

6

2.6

6

2.7

2

2.5

1

2.7

4

2.6

3

2.7

3

2.6

0 2.73

55 2.7

3

2.6

1

2.7

0

2.4

8

2.7

1

2.5

9

2.7

1

2.5

4 2.70

60 2.7

1

2.5

3

2.6

8

2.3

5

2.6

9

2.5

5

2.6

9

2.4

9 2.68

HPMC mixtures

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 3.1

5

3.1

2

3.1

5

3.1

6

3.1

1

3.1

0

3.1

2

3.1

5 3.10

35 3.1

0

3.0

8

3.1

0

3.1

1

3.1

0

3.0

8

3.1

1

3.1

4 3.09

40 3.0

8

3.0

7

3.0

6

3.0

9

3.0

8

3.0

4

3.0

7

3.1

0 3.06

45 3.0

5

3.0

6

3.0

5

3.0

5

3.0

6

3.0

0

3.0

5

3.0

8 3.05

50 3.0

2

3.0

3

3.0

4

3.0

3

3.0

5

2.9

9

3.0

2

3.0

4 3.07

55 3.0

1

3.0

0

3.0

3

3.0

0

3.0

3

2.9

5

3.0

1

3.0

0 3.03

60 3.0

0

2.9

7

3.0

2

2.9

7

3.0

2

2.9

3

3.0

0

2.9

3 2.99

6. c.) Effect of temperature on pH of XG and GT mixtures containing

Hg metal ion

XG mixtures

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 2.9

1

3.0

3

2.9

1

2.9

8

3.0

7

3.1

0

3.0

5

2.9

8 2.81

35 2.8

6

3.0

1

2.8

8

2.9

5

3.0

3

3.0

7

3.0

1

2.9

1 2.78

40 2.7

7

2.9

6

2.7

7

2.9

0

2.9

8

3.0

5

2.9

6

2.8

5 2.73

45 2.6

1

2.9

2

2.6

4

2.8

8

2.9

1

3.0

4

2.9

0

2.7

7 2.66

50 2.5

3

2.8

8

2.5

9

2.8

4

2.8

7

3.0

0

2.8

6

2.6

3 2.62

55 2.4

7

2.8

3

2.5

3

2.7

9

2.8

3

2.9

6

2.8

4

2.5

5 2.57

60 2.4

0

2.7

7

2.4

0

2.7

5

2.6

9

2.9

4

2.7

7

2.4

2 2.55

GT mixtures

Tem

pera

ture 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 3.0

8

3.0

7

3.1

0

2.7

9

2.9

8

2.8

8

2.9

4

3.0

8 2.82

35 2.9

6

3.0

3

3.0

2

2.7

4

2.8

4

2.8

5

2.8

8

3.0

3 2.78

40 2.8

4

2.9

9

2.9

8

2.7

0

2.7

7

2.7

7

2.8

0

3.0

0 2.62

45 2.7

9

2.9

1

2.8

6

2.6

5

2.7

4

2.7

6

2.7

8

2.9

7 2.56

50 2.6

2

2.8

6

2.7

2

2.6

1

2.6

8

2.7

2

2.6

2

2.9

4 2.48

55 2.6

0

2.8

1

2.6

2

2.5

5

2.6

6

2.6

9

2.5

0

2.8

6 2.45

60 2.5

4

2.7

7

2.5

8

2.4

9

2.5

2

2.6

7

2.4

8

2.7

8 2.33



293

3.2.3 Effect of temperature on density Density changes with temperature because volume changes

with temperature. As temperature increases, the volume usually increases because the faster moving molecules are further apart.

Thus increasing the volume decreases the density. Change in

density values of Fe and Hg blank solutions with increasing

temperature are given below in Fig.3 & 4 respectively. The

temperature effect on density values for various concentrations

of biopolymer mixtures containing Fe metal ion are given in

Fig.3.a, 3.b, 3.c, 3.d, 3.e, 3.f, 3.g, 3.h for GG, XG, Ac.G, GT,

Na Alg., CMC, MC, HPMC mixtures respectively. Similarly

effect of temperature on density values of XG-Hg, GT-Hg

mixtures are given in Fig.4.a, 4.b respectively. The density

curves of Fe and Hg blank (Fig.3, 4)) taken as reference curve.

Density curves of all biopolymer mixtures containing different metal ions when compared with corresponding reference curve,

higher density values were obtained.

30 40 50 60

0.391

0.392

0.393

0.394

0.395

0.396

Den

sity

(Kg/

m3 (

103 ))

Temperature (0C)

1000ppm Fe Blank

Fig.3 Effect of temperature on density

of Fe blank

30 40 50 60

0.390

0.392

0.394

0.396

Den

sity

(K

g/m

3 (10

3 ))

Temperature (0C)

1000ppm Hg Blank

Fig.4 Effect of temperature on density

of Hg blank

30 40 50 60

0.392

0.393

0.394

0.395

0.396

0.397

Den

sity

of G

G (

Kg/

m3 (

103 ))

Temperature (0C)

20% GG

15% GG

10% GG

5% GG

1% GG

0.5% GG

0.1% GG

0.05% GG

0.01% GG

Fig.3.a Effect of temperature on density of

GG-Fe mixture

30 40 50 60

0.3925

0.3930

0.3935

0.3940

0.3945

0.3950

0.3955

0.3960

0.3965

0.3970

0.3975

0.3980

Den

sity

of X

G (

Kg/

m3 (

103 ))

Temperature (0C)

20% XG

15% XG

10% XG

5% XG

1% XG

0.5% XG

0.1% XG

0.05% XG

0.01% XG

Fig.3.b Effect of temperature on density of

XG-Fe mixture

30 40 50 60

0.392

0.393

0.394

0.395

0.396

0.397

0.398

De

nsi

ty o

f A

c.G

(K

g/m

3

(10

3))

Temperature (0C)

20% Ac.G

15% Ac.G

10% Ac.G

5% Ac.G

1% Ac.G

0.5% Ac.G

0.1% Ac.G

0.05% Ac.G

0.01% Ac.G

Fig.3.c Effect of temperature on density of

Ac.G-Fe mixture

30 40 50 60

0.394

0.396

0.398

Den

sity

of G

T (

Kg/

m3 (

103 ))

Temperature (0C)

20% GT

15% GT

10% GT

5% GT

1% GT

0.5% GT

0.1% GT

0.05% GT

0.01% GT

Fig.3.d Effect of temperature on density of

GT-Fe mixture

30 40 50 60

0.393

0.394

0.395

0.396

0.397

0.398

Den

sity

of N

a.A

lg (

Kg/

m3 (

103 ))

Temperature (0C)

20% Na Alg.

15% Na Alg.

10% Na Alg.

5% Na Alg.

1% Na Alg.

0.5% Na Alg.

0.1% Na Alg.

0.05% Na Alg.

0.01% Na Alg.

Fig.3.e Effect of temperature on density

of Na Alg.-Fe mixture



294

30 40 50 60

0.3935

0.3940

0.3945

0.3950

0.3955

0.3960

0.3965

0.3970

0.3975

De

nsi

ty o

f C

MC

(K

g/m

3

(10

3))

Temperature (0C)

20% CMC

15% CMC

10% CMC

5% CMC

1% CMC

0.5% CMC

0.1% CMC

0.05% CMC

0.01% CMC

Fig.3.f Effect of temperature on density of

CMC-Fe mixture

30 40 50 60

0.3935

0.3940

0.3945

0.3950

0.3955

0.3960

0.3965

0.3970

Den

sity

of M

C (

Kg/

m3 (

103 ))

Temperature (0C)

20% MC

15% MC

10% MC

5% MC

1% MC

0.5% MC

0.1% MC

0.05% MC

0.01% MC

Fig.3.g Effect of temperature on density

of MC-Fe mixture

30 40 50 60

0.393

0.394

0.395

0.396

0.397

De

nsi

ty o

f H

PM

C (

Kg

/m3

(10

3))

Temperature (0C)

20% HPMC

15% HPMC

10% HPMC

5% HPMC

1% HPMC

0.5% HPMC

0.1% HPMC

0.05% HPMC

0.01% HPMC

Fig.3.h Effect of temperature on density

of HPMC-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0.390

0.392

0.394

0.396

0.398

0.400

0.402

0.404

De

nsi

ty o

f X

G (

Kg

/m3

(10

3))

Temperature (0C)

20% XG

15% XG

10% XG

5% XG

1% XG

0.5% XG

0.1% XG

0.05% XG

0.01% XG

Fig.4.a Effect of temperature on density

of XG-Hg mixture

30 40 50 60

0.392

0.393

0.394

0.395

0.396

0.397

0.398

De

nsi

ty o

f G

T (

Kg

/m3

(10

3))

Temperature (0C)

20% GT

15% GT

10% GT

5% GT

1% GT

0.5% GT

0.1% GT

0.05% GT

0.01% GT

Fig.4.b Effect of temperature on density

of GT-Hg mixture

As we move from higher to lower concentrations of the

mixture, mass of the substance decreases density values

become less. Density values of 20% and 15% mixtures of

Xanthan gum-Fe (Fig.3.b), Sodium Alginate-Fe (Fig.3.e) and

Methyl Cellulose-Fe (Fig.3.g) are very high. These

biopolymers when mixed with Fe metal ion solution, form very

thick mixture and Sodium alginate mixture becomes turbid too.

Hence respective density curves lies at the top. All

concentrations of Guar gum-Fe mixtures (Fig.3.a) are thick. Their initial density will be high. Later as temperature increases

(after 350C) density slightly decreases. Acacia gum-Fe (Fig.3.c)

and Gum tragacanth-Fe (Fig.3.d) mixtures dissolve quickly

with Fe metal ion solution. Hence they do not form compact

solution. All the mixtures of Ac.G-Fe and GT-Fe showed good

difference in density values. CMC-Fe (Fig.3.f) mixtures also

become little bit thick. But all these mixtures exhibit good

density differences. In case of Fig.3.h, all lines are close to each

other this is because of negligible difference in density values

between different concentrations of Hydroxypropyl methyl

cellulose mixtures. At higher concentrations Xanthan gum usually becomes

thick when it mixes with Mercury metal ion solution. Therefore

such mixture 20%, 15% and 10% of XG-Hg (Fig.4.a) will give

large density values. After 10% (5% XG-Fe - 0.01% XG-Fe),

density values found to be closer since these mixtures will not

become that much thick. All GT (20% to 0.01%) mixtures are

quickly soluble with Mercury metal ion solution. Also solution

will not become thick. So differences between the density

values are very less.

Sorption kinetics of change in density with respect to

temperature also favors the absorption of metal ions from waste

water.

3.2.4 Effect of temperature on viscosity The viscosity of liquids decreases with increase in

temperature. The cohesive force between molecules of liquids

decreases. At high temperature these molecules have high

energy and overcome strong cohesive forces and move freely.

Therefore viscosity of liquids decreases with increase in

temperature. Change in viscosity values with temperature for



295

Fe and Hg blank are given below in Fig.5 & 6 respectively.

Fig.5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 5.d, 5.e, 5.f, 5.g and 5.h represents the

temperature effect on viscosity values for different Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Acacia gum, Gum tragacanth, Sodium alginate,

CMC, MC and HPMC mixtures respectively which contain Fe

metal ion. Similarly Fig.6.a and 6.b represents temperature

effect on viscosity of XG-Hg and GT-Hg mixtures respectively.

Fig.5, 6 considered as reference curve. Viscosity curves of all

biopolymer mixtures containing different metal ions when

compared with corresponding reference curve, higher viscosity

values were obtained.

30 40 50 60

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Vis

cosi

ty (

mm

2/s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

1000ppm Fe Blank

Fig.5 Effect of temperature on viscosity

of Fe blank.

30 40 50 60

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

Vis

cosi

ty (

mm

2 /sec

)

Temperature (0C)

1000ppm Hg Blank

Fig.6 Temperature effect on Viscosity

of Hg blank

30 40 50 60

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Vis

cosi

ty o

f GG

(mm

2 /sec

)

Temperature (0C)

20% GG

15% GG

10% GG

5% GG

1% GG

0.5% GG

0.1% GG

0.05% GG

0.01% GG

Fig.5.a Effect of temperature on viscosity

of GG-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

Vis

cosi

ty o

f XG

(m

m2 /s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

20% XG

15% XG

10% XG

5% XG

1% XG

0.5% XG

0.1% XG

0.05% XG

0.01% XG

Fig.5.b Temperature effect on Viscosity

of XG-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Vis

cosi

ty o

f Ac.

G (

mm

2 /sec

)

Temperature (0C)

20% Ac.G

15% Ac.G

10% Ac.G

5% Ac.G

1% Ac.G

0.5% Ac.G

0.1% Ac.G

0.05% Ac.G

0.01% Ac.G

Fig.5.c Effect of temperature on viscosity

of Ac.G-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0.2

0.4

0.6

Vis

cosi

ty o

f GT

(m

m2 /s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

20% GT

15% GT

10% GT

5% GT

1% GT

0.5% GT

0.1% GT

0.05% GT

0.01% GT

Fig.5.d Effect of temperature on viscosity

of GT-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

Vis

cosi

ty o

f Na.

Alg

(m

m2 /s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

20% Na Alg.

15% Na Alg.

10% Na Alg.

5% Na Alg.

1% Na Alg.

0.5% Na Alg.

0.1% Na Alg.

0.05% Na Alg.

0.01% Na Alg.

Fig.5.e Effect of temperature on viscosity

of Na Alg.-Fe mixtures



296

30 40 50 60

0

1

2

Vis

cosi

ty o

f C

MC

(m

m2/s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

20% CMC

15% CMC

10% CMC

5% CMC

1% CMC

0.5% CMC

0.1% CMC

0.05% CMC

0.01% CMC

Fig.5.f Effect of temperature on viscosity

of CMC-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0

2

4

6

8

Vis

cosi

ty o

f M

C (

mm

2/s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

20% MC

15% MC

10% MC

5% MC

1% MC

0.5% MC

0.1% MC

0.05% MC

0.01% MC

Fig.5.g Effect of temperature on viscosity

of MC-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0.5

1.0

Vis

cosi

ty o

f H

PM

C (

mm

2/s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

20% HPMC

15% HPMC

10% HPMC

5% HPMC

1% HPMC

0.5% HPMC

0.1% HPMC

0.05% HPMC

0.01% HPMC

Fig.5.h Effect of temperature on viscosity

of HPMC-Fe mixtures

30 40 50 60

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

Vis

cosi

ty o

f X

G (

mm

2/

Se

c)

Temperature (0C)

20% XG

15% XG

10% XG

5% XG

1% XG

0.5% XG

0.1% XG

0.05% XG

0.01% XG

Fig.6.a Effect of temperature on viscosity

of XG-Hg mixtures

30 40 50 60

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

Vis

cosi

ty o

f G

T (

mm

2/s

ec)

Temperature (0C)

20% GT

15% GT

10% GT

5% GT

1% GT

0.5% GT

0.1% GT

0.05% GT

0.01% GT

Fig.6.b Effect of temperature on viscosity

of GT-Hg mixtures

Out of all biopolymer thickness of Xanthan gum-Fe

(Fig.5.b) and Xanthan gum-Hg (Fig.6.a) mixtures are very

high. Its viscosity values also higher than other. Thickness

remains high till 10% XG whereas after 10%, becomes less

thick also viscosity curves of 1%-0.01% XG mixtures of both

metal ions seem to be very close or overlapping. Mixtures

which become too thick when mixed with Fe metal ion solution

will give higher viscosity values. Respective viscosity curves

lies at the top. Such observation we can see at 20% and 15% Fe metal ion mixtures of Guar gum (Fig.5.a), Gum Tragacanth

(Fig.5.d), CMC (Fig.5.f), MC (Fig.5.g) and HPMC (Fig.5.h).

As concentration of mixture decreases they lose their stiffness.

Hence least concentrated mixtures almost occupy the same line

in the curve. Viscosity values of all Acasia Gum-Fe (Fig.5.c)

and Sodium alginate-Fe (Fig.3.e) mixtures showed good

difference throughout. In Fig.6.b all GT-Hg mixtures (20% to

0.01%) are quickly soluble with Hg metal ion solution also it

will not become thick. Hence their viscosity curves lies very

close to each other, also 1% to 0.1% mixtures seem to be

overlapping.

We observed that minimal amounts of 1% to 0.01% polymer mixtures are easy to handle for effective absorbance of

Fe and Hg metal ions from industrial waste water. They

dissolve quickly with metal ion solution. Thickness is also less.

3.2.5 Effect of temperature on Ultrasonic sound velocity Sorption kinetics of ultrasonic sound velocity carried out as

a part of solution property studies of biopolymers with heavy

metal ions. Temperature is also a condition that affects speed of

sound [13]. Molecules at higher temperature have more energy

thus they can vibrate faster. In this experiment, velocity of

ultrasonic sound decreases as temperature rises. Ultrasonic sound velocity of blank Fe and Hg solution at different

temperatures and effect of temperature on ultrasonic sound

velocity of various biopolymer mixtures with corresponding

metal ion are given below (Table 7). All these values decreased

with increasing temperature but no characteristic changes

observed between the values of ultrasonic sound velocity for

different concentrations of biopolymer mixtures.



297

Table 7. a.) Effect of temperature on ultrasonic sound velocity of Fe, Hg blank solutions

Temperature

(0C)

Ultrasonic

Velocity of Fe

blank (m/s)

Ultrasonic

Velocity of Hg

blank (m/s)

30 1609 1605

35 1603 1602

40 1600 1600

45 1595 1593

50 1574 1589

55 1561 1576

60 1543 1557

7. b.) Effect of temperature on ultrasonic sound velocity of biopolymer

mixtures contain Fe metal ion

GG mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 172

4

16

55

16

46

16

12

17

08

16

88

16

30

16

61

1645

35 165

7

16

23

16

38

16

09

16

89

16

59

16

14

16

38

1622

40 160

6

16

11

16

19

15

88

16

55

16

33

16

01

16

15

1608

45 159

1

15

96

15

93

15

70

16

43

16

11

15

86

15

93

1580

50 158

6

15

63

15

77

15

57

16

18

15

99

15

70

15

78

1566

55 157

0

15

41

15

46

15

46

15

82

15

74

15

59

15

63

1545

60 153

6

15

16

15

31

15

22

15

63

15

55

15

41

15

54

1521

XG mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 160

9

15

88

16

07

16

13

15

94

15

95

16

04

16

11

1616

35 160

3

15

83

16

01

16

02

15

90

15

86

15

98

16

05

1608

40 160

0

15

76

15

93

15

93

15

82

15

71

15

90

15

97

1591

45 159

7

15

69

15

86

15

72

15

60

15

63

15

79

15

84

1583

50 159

1

15

50

15

63

15

66

15

48

15

48

15

71

15

72

1568

55 158

4

15

47

15

55

15

58

15

22

15

42

15

56

15

59

1554

60 157

8

15

38

15

41

15

44

15

04

15

33

15

47

15

43

1539

Ac.G mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 157

5

15

81

15

65

15

79

15

90

15

88

15

66

15

87

1597

35 156

4

15

77

15

55

15

63

15

73

15

74

15

58

15

79

1587

40 155

2

15

62

15

42

15

45

15

60

15

58

15

49

15

69

1575

45 154

8

15

48

15

30

15

38

15

48

15

49

15

26

15

47

1566

50 153

0

15

30

15

19

15

15

15

28

15

29

15

17

15

31

1542

55 152

2

15

22

15

08

15

06

15

06

15

15

15

09

15

25

1533

60 150

9

15

16

15

03

14

94

14

96

15

02

15

00

15

14

1511

GT mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 162

1

16

45

16

30

16

16

16

36

16

04

16

39

16

26

1620

35 161

3

16

26

16

22

16

07

16

25

16

00

16

22

16

13

1611

40 160

8

16

18

16

14

15

95

16

18

15

98

16

10

16

04

1602

45 159

4

16

01

16

08

15

79

16

10

15

83

16

04

15

94

1591

50 158

7

15

88

16

01

15

56

16

02

15

71

15

91

15

84

1579

55 156

4

15

74

15

96

15

44

15

93

15

66

15

86

15

68

1573

60 154

5

15

60

15

83

15

36

15

89

15

59

15

77

15

50

1568

Na Alg. mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 158

4

15

96

15

99

15

79

15

95

15

75

15

69

15

91

1588

35 156

4

15

88

15

86

15

63

15

75

15

46

15

47

15

76

1568



298

40 154

7

15

67

15

66

15

42

15

44

15

23

15

36

15

64

1535

45 151

4

15

39

15

42

15

35

15

32

15

11

15

18

15

48

1514

50 149

4

15

28

15

33

15

28

15

15

15

06

15

09

15

37

1500

55 147

6

15

21

15

18

15

17

15

04

14

78

14

86

15

17

1490

60 146

6

15

09

15

07

15

06

14

86

14

64

14

73

15

01

1479

CMC mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 160

2

15

98

16

00

16

21

16

03

15

97

15

91

16

16

1594

35 159

4

15

90

15

88

16

14

15

96

15

76

15

71

16

11

1588

40 159

1

15

84

15

79

16

04

15

88

15

49

15

62

16

04

1580

45 158

6

15

77

15

71

15

95

15

63

15

38

15

47

15

99

1577

50 157

5

15

60

15

63

15

80

15

41

15

26

15

36

15

91

1563

55 156

4

15

55

15

48

15

71

15

38

15

21

15

22

15

79

1544

60 156

0

15

43

15

35

15

62

15

26

15

17

15

18

15

62

1531

MC mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 158

6

15

93

16

01

16

03

15

85

15

90

16

07

15

87

1605

35 157

4

15

86

15

91

15

87

15

73

15

80

15

90

15

67

1599

40 156

1

15

66

15

83

15

63

15

54

15

66

15

77

15

63

1588

45 154

5

15

47

15

76

15

51

15

38

15

44

15

61

15

45

1553

50 152

8

15

33

15

66

15

43

15

26

15

25

15

49

15

38

1563

55 151

2

15

18

15

53

15

28

15

14

15

11

15

39

15

21

1558

60 150

8

15

09

15

38

15

17

15

03

15

01

15

26

15

14

1542

HPMC mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 161

9

16

24

15

94

16

12

15

99

15

87

16

02

15

79

1601

35 160

6

16

12

15

63

16

04

15

86

15

75

15

90

15

70

1589

40 158

6

16

01

15

40

15

84

15

74

15

45

15

79

15

58

1569

45 156

9

15

85

15

31

15

75

15

58

15

21

15

62

15

45

1533

50 155

5

15

73

15

20

15

53

15

33

15

09

15

46

15

29

1520

55 153

8

15

59

15

19

15

48

15

10

14

99

15

22

15

11

1503

60 151

4

15

46

15

07

15

21

14

96

14

76

15

03

15

00

1488

7. c.) Effect of temperature on ultrasonic sound velocity of biopolymer

mixtures contain Hg metal ion

XG mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 161

0

15

95

16

05

16

07

16

13

16

16

15

94

16

10

1607

35 160

3

15

89

16

04

15

84

16

07

16

00

15

93

16

05

1601

40 159

7

15

84

15

99

15

74

15

76

15

89

15

70

15

95

1600

45 158

6

15

75

15

96

15

67

15

43

15

76

15

65

15

82

1598

50 157

3

15

66

15

87

15

54

15

39

15

52

15

26

15

72

1584

55 156

0

15

48

15

62

15

43

15

26

15

43

15

08

15

68

1580

60 155

3

15

12

15

43

15

18

14

98

15

10

14

96

15

43

1575

GT mixtures (m/s)

Tem

perat

ure 0C

20

%

15

%

10

%

5% 1% 0.5

%

0.1

%

0.0

5%

0.01

%

30 160

7

16

04

16

03

16

00

16

05

16

08

16

04

16

02

1607



299

35 160

0

15

88

15

81

15

96

15

96

15

91

16

01

15

90

1604

40 159

6

15

77

15

73

15

85

15

89

15

81

15

96

15

70

1586

45 158

9

15

63

15

61

15

63

15

79

15

76

15

72

15

63

1583

50 158

0

15

53

15

37

15

46

15

43

15

57

15

29

15

52

1561

55 157

4

15

26

15

06

15

31

15

38

15

45

15

11

15

39

1553

60 156

7

15

04

14

98

15

20

15

20

15

30

14

98

15

01

1545

3.3. Spectrophotometric study

Solution containing Fe (II) and Hg (II) metal ions with

different concentrations of bio-polymers analyzed using Visible

Double Beam spectrophotometer. Absorption maximum

obtained for different concentrations of biopolymer mixtures.

Maximum absorption has obtained at 355nm for all the

biopolymer mixtures containing Fe metal ion as well as for

blank solution of Fe. Similarly maximum absorption obtained

at 491nm for Hg blank also for its XG and GT mixtures. Absorption values, for Fe blank at 355nm is 0.051 and for Hg

blank solution at 491nm is 0.504. For every mixture, respective

blank reading has taken. Spectroscopic readings for Guar gum,

Xanthan gum, Acacia gum, Gum tragacanth, Sodium alginate,

CMC, Methyl Cellulose and HPMC mixtures which contain Fe

metal ion are shown in Fig.7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g and 7.h

respectively. Fig.8.a and 8.b represents spectral readings for

XG-Hg and GT-Hg mixtures respectively.

0 10 20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2nm355max

Abso

rban

ce (n

m)

Concentration (%)

GG blank

GG

Fig.7.a Spectral readings for GG-Fe mixtures

0 10 20

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

nm355max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)

Concentration (%)

XG blank

XG

Fig.7.b Spectral readings for XG-Fe mixtures.

0 10 20

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

nm355max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)

Concentration (%)

Ac.G blank

Ac.G

Fig.7.c Spectral readings for Ac.G-Fe mixtures

0 10 20

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30 nm355max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)Concentration (%)

GT blank

GT

Fig.7.d Spectral readings for GT-Fe mixtures.

0 10 20

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5nm355max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)

Concentration (%)

Na Alg. blank

Na Alg.

Fig.7.e Spectral readings for Na Alg.-Fe mixtures

0 10 20

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20 nm355max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)

Concentration (%)

CMC blank

CMC

Fig.7.f Spectral readings for CMC-Fe mixtures



300

0 10 20

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35 nm355max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)

Concentration (%)

MC blank

MC

Fig.7.g Spectral readings for MC-Fe mixtures

0 10 20

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

nm355max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)

Concentration (%)

HPMC blank

HPMC

Fig.7.h Spectral readings for HPMC-Fe mixtures

0 10 20

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.60

0.62

0.64

nm491max

Abs

orba

nce

(nm

)

Concentration (%)

XG blank

XG

Fig.8.a Spectral readings for XG-Hg mixtures.

0 10 20

0.50

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.60nm491max

Ab

sorb

an

ce (

nm

)

Concentration (%)

GT Blank

GT

Fig.8.b Spectral readings for GT-Hg mixtures

IV. CONCLUSION

Study has shown that biopolymers such as Guar gum,

Xanthan gum, Acacia gum, Gum tragacanth, Sodium alginate,

Carboxymethyl cellulose, Methyl cellulose and HPMC

mixtures can absorb significant amount of Fe (II) metal ion

whereas Xanthan gum and Gum tragacanth mixtures can

absorb significant amount of Hg metal ion from industrial waste water. Minimal quantity of biopolymer mixture that is

0.01% or 0.1mg of biopolymer can effectively absorb Fe (II)

and Hg (II) metal ions from waste water instead of using large

quantity. Sorption kinetics of biopolymers studied at different

concentrations at different temperatures. Study revealed that,

solution property studies like change pH, viscosity, density,

absorption capacity and ultrasonic sound velocity with and

without the sorbed metal ions, decreases with increase in

temperature. Acidic pH range of 2-3pH noticed throughout in

every mixture. Biopolymer mixtures which form very thick

with Fe and Hg metal ion solution will have greater density and

viscosity values. Remaining mixtures either close to each other or seem to be overlapping. Maximum absorption observed at

355nm for all Fe related biopolymers also for Fe blank. For Hg

blank solution, XG-Hg and GT-Hg mixtures absorption

maximum obtained at 491nm.

V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study is supported by Department of Chemistry and

Research Centre, Sahyadri College of Engineering &

Management, Adyar. Mangalore. India. On behalf of all

authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict

of interest.

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