108

PUBLICATIONS CONSULTED

(Those not referred to in the text are marked *.)

Acta Ling. = Acta Linguistica, Revue Internationale de Linguistique Structurale, Copenhague (Volume I, 1939 etc.)

Actes 4. = actes du quatrieme congres international de linguistes, Copenhague, 1936·38. Arch. Ling. = Archivum Linguisticum, A Review of Comparative Philology and General

Linguistics, ed. by I. M. Campbell and S. Ullmann, Glasgow (Volume I, 1949 ~tc.) Artymovicz, A., Fremdwort und Schrift, Charisteria Mathesio, Prague, 1932, p. 114·117.

Baudouin de Courtenay, J., Versuch einer Theorie der phonetischen Alternationen, Strassburg, 1895.

Becker, R., Wie erkennt der Deutsche Fremdworter?, Charisteria Mathesio, Prague, 1932, p. 111·113.

Bloch, B., A Set 0/ Postulates for Phonemic Analysis, Language 24, 1948, p. 3--47. Bloch. B. and Trager, G. L., Miscellanea, Language 18, 1942, p. 146ff. Bloch, B. and Trager, G. L., Outline 0/ Linguistic Analysis, Special Publications of the

Linguistic Society of America, Baltimore, 1942 (= Linguistic Analysis) Bloomfield, L., Language, London, 1950. Bloomfield, L., A Set 0/ Postulates lor the Science 0/ Language, Language 2, 1926,

p. 153-164. Bloomfield, L., The Stressed Vowels 0/ American English, Language, 11, 1935, p. 97·116. Brendal, V., Linguistique structurale, Acta Ling. I, 1939, p. 2-10. Brendal, V., Sound and Phoneme, Proceedings 2, p. 40-45. B.S.L. = Bulletin de Ia Societe de Linguistique de Paris. Biihler, K., Phonetik und Phonologie, T.C.L.P. IV, 1931, p. 22-53. * Buyssens, E., Mise au point de quelques notions /ondamentales de la phonologie, C.F.S.

8, 1949, p. 37--60.

C.F.S. = Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure, Geneve (Volume 1, 1942 etc.) Charistcria Mathesio = Charisteria Guilelmo Mathesio Quinquagenario oblata, Prague,

1932.

Durand, MIle M., Essai sur la nature de la notion vocalique, T.C.L.P. VIII. 1939, p. 43-50.·

Durand, MIle M., Voyelles longues et voyelles breves. Essai sur la nature de la quantite phonologique, Collection Linguistique publiee par la Societe de Linguistique de Paris, XLIX, Paris, 1946.

Eliason, Norman E., On Syllable Division in Phonemics, Language 18, 1942, p. 144-146. Eringa, P., Het Phonologische Quantiteitsbegrip, (diss.) Leiden, 1948.

Firth, J. R., Linguistics and the Functional Point of View, English Studies, 16, 1934, p. 18-24.

Firth, J. R., Sounds and Prosodies, Transactions Philological Society, London, 1948, p. 107-152.

109

Firth, J. R., Speech, Temple Primers, London, 1930. Firth, J. R., The Use and Distribution 0/ Certain English Sounds, English Studies, 17.

1935, p. 8-18. Fischer·J0rgensen. Miss E., Neuere Beitriige zum Quantitiitsproblem, Acta Ling. II,

1940-41, p. 175-181. Fischer-J0rgensen, Miss E., Phonologie. Bericht iiber Arbeiten in germanischen und

romanischen Sprachen, Archiv fiir vergleichende Phonetik. Band 5, Berlin 1941, p. 170-200.

Fischer-Jorgensen, Miss E., Remarques sur les principes de l'analyse phonemique, Recherches structurales, 1949, p. 214-234.

Frei, H., Saussllre contre Saussure?, C.F.S. 9, 1950, p. 7-28. Fry, D., The Frequency of Occurrence of Speech Sounds in English, Archives neerl. de

phon. exp., Tome XX, 1947, p. 103-106. Funke, 0., Versuch eines Au/risses einer Strukturlehre des modern Englischen: Zur

Charakteristik des englischen Sprachsystems. Wege und Ziele. Bern. 1945, p. 122-156.

Gimson, A. c., Implications 0/ the Phonemic/Chronemic Grouping 0/ English Vowels, Acta Ling. V. 1945-49, p. 94-100.

Ginneken, J. van. De Nederlandsche Consonantgroepen, Onze Taaltuin, 7, 1938-39; p.33-46.

Ginneken, J. van, De Phonologie van het algemeen Nederlandsch, Onze Taaltuin. 2. 1933·34; p. 321-340.

Ginneken, J. van, De Phonologische Regels van het Algemeen Nederlandsch, Onze Taal­tuin, 3, 1934-35; p. 8-22.

Ginneken, J. van. Het Phonologisch Systeem van het Algemeen Nederlandsch, Onze Taaltuin, 2, 1933:34; p. 353-365.

Gougenheim, G., Elements de phonologie /rant;aise. Etude descriptive des sons du /ranr;ais au point de vue /onctionnel, Publication de la Faculte des Lettres de l'univ. de Strasbourg, 1935.

Groot, A. W. de. Phonologie und Phonetik als Funktionswissenscha/ten, T.C.L.P. IV. 1931, p. 116-147.

Groot, A. W. de, Structural Linguistics and Phonetic Law, Arch. neerl. de phon. expo XVII, 1941, p. 75-106; also Lingua, I, 1947. p. 175-208.

Groot, A. W. de, Voyelle, consonne et syllabe, Archives neerl. de phon. expo Tome XVII, 1941, p. 21-41.

Groot, A. W. de, De 117 etten der Phonologie en hun betekenis voor de studie van het Nederlands, Nieuwe Taalgids, 25. 1931, p. 225-243.

Hall, Jr., Robert A., American Linguistics, 1925-1950, Arch. Ling. Vol. 3, 1951. p. 101-125.

Hall, Jr., Robert A., French; Structural Sketch I, Language Monographs 24, Baltimore, 1948.

Harris, Zellig 5., Methods in Structural Linguistics, The University of Chicago Press, 1951. (= Methods)

Haudricourt, A. G. and Juilland, A. G., Essai pour une histoire structurale du phone-tisme /ranr;ais, Paris, 1949.

Haugen, E., The Analysis 0/ Linguistic Borrowing, Language 26, 1950, p. 210-231. Haugen, E. and Twaddell. W. F., Facts and Phonemes, Language 18, 1942, p. 228-237. Havranek, B., Zur Adaptation der phonologischen Systeme in den Schri/tsprachen,

T.C.L.P. IV, 1931. p. 267-278. * Heffner. R.-M. 5., A Note on Vowel Length in American English Speech, Language 16.

1940, p. 31-47.

110

Hill, A. A., Phonetic and Phonemic Change, Language 12, 1936, p. 15-22. Hintze, F., Zur Frage der monophonematischen Wertung, Studia Ling. IV, 1950,

p. 14-24. Hjelmslev, L., Accent, intonation, quantite, Studi Baltici VI, Roma, 1936-1937, p. 1-57. Hjelmslev, L., Essai d'une tMorie des morphemes, Actes 4, 1936, p. 140-151. * Hjelmslev, L., Langue et parole, C.F.S. 2, 1942, p. 29-44. Hjelmslev, L., On the Principles of Phonematics, Proceedings 2, London, 1936, p. 49-54. Hjelmslev, L., Quelques reflexions sur Ie systeme phonologique de findo-europeen, . Melanges Pedersen, Aarhus, 1937, p. 34-44. * Hjelmslev, L., Structural Analysis of Language, Studia Ling. I, 1947, p. 69-78. Hjelmslev, L., La structure morphologique, Rapports, Vme Congres Int. de Ling.,

Bruxelles, 1939, p. 66-93. Hjelmslev, L., The Syllable as a Structural Unit, Proceedings 3, Ghent, 1938, p. 266-272. Hockett, Charles F., A System of Descriptive Phonology, Language 18, 1942, p. 3-21. Hockett, Charles F., Review of Recherches Structurales, Int. Journal of American

Linguistics, 18, No.2, April 1952, p. 86-99. Householder Jr., Fred. W., Review of Phoneme, (D. Jones), Int. Journal of Am­

erican Linguistics, 18, No.2, April 1952, p. 99-105.

Jakobson, R., Die Betonung und ihre Rolle in der Wort- und Syntagmaphonologie, T.C.L.P. IV, 1931, p. 164-182.

Jakobson, R., On the Identification of Phonemic Entities, Recherches Structurales, 1949, p.205-213.

Jakobson, R., Observations sur Ie classement phonologique des consonnes, Proceedings 3, Ghent, 1938, p. 34-41.

Jakobson, R., Remarques sur !'evolution phonologique du russe, T.C.L.P. II, 1929. Jakobson, R., Fant, C. Gunnar, M., and Halle, Morris, Preliminaries to Speech Analysis.

The distinctive features and their correlates, Technical Report No. 13, January, 1952, Acoustic Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (= Prelimin­aries).

Jakohson, R. and Lotz, J., Notes on the French Phonemic Pattern, Word 5, 1949, p. 151-158.

Jones, D., Chronemes and Tonemes, Acta Ling. IV, 1944, p. 1-10. Jones, D., The Phoneme, its Nature and Use, Cambridge, 1950 (= Phoneme) Jones, D., Outline of English Phonetics, 6th ed., Cambridge, 1948. (= Outline) Jone~, D., An English Pronouncing Dictionary, 11th ed., London, 1950. Joos, M., Acoustic Phonetics, Language Monographs, No. 23, 1948.

Korinek, J. M., Zur Definition des Phonems, Acta Ling. I, 1939, p. 90-94. * Kruisinga, E., The Phonetic Structure of English Words, Bibliotheca Anglicana, Vol. 2,

Bern, 1942. (= Phonetic Structure) Kurylowicz, J., Contribution Ii la tMorie de la syllabe, Bulletin de la Societe Polonaise

de Linguistique, Fasc. VIII, 1948, p. 80--114.

Language = Language. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America (volume I, Bal­timore, 1925 etc).

Lawrenson, A. C., Some Observations on the Phonology of the English Vowels, Pro­ceedings 2, 1936, p. 131-134.

Laziczius, J. von, A new category in phonalogy, Proceedings 2, p. 57-60. * Laziczius J. von, Zur Lautquantitiit, Archiv fiir vergl. Phon., Band 3, Berlin, 1939,

p. 45-50.· Lingua = Lingua. International review of General Linguistics (volume I, Haarlem,

1947 etc.)

111

Malmberg, B., Bemerkungen zum quantitatillen Vokalsrstem im modernen Franzosisch, Acta Ling. III, 1942, p. 44-56.·

Malmberg, B., Observations sur Ie srsteme lIocalique du Iranr;ais, Acta Ling. II, 1940·41, p.232-246.

Malmberg, B., Die Quantitiit als phonetisch·phonologischer Begrill. Eine allgemein­sprachliche Studie; Lunde Universitets arsskrift. N.F. Avd. 1. Bd. 41. Nr. 2., Lund· Leipzig, 1944.

Malmberg, B., Srsteme et methode, Trois etudes de linguistique generale. Lund, Gleerup, 1945.

Malone, K., Phonemes and Phont:mic Correlations in Current English, English Studies, 18, 1936, p. 159-)64.

Martinet, A., Equilibre et instabilite des srstemes phonologiques, Proceedings 3, 1938, p. 30-34.·

Martinet, A., Au sujet des 'Fondements de la tMorie linguistique', B.S.L. XLII, Fasc. 3, 1942.45; p. 19-42. (= Fondements)

Martinet, A., Neutralisation et archiphoneme, T.C.L.P. VI, 1936, p. 45-57. Martinet, A., Occlusilles and Allricates with Relerence to some Problems 01 Romance

Phonologr, Word 5, 1949, p. 116-122. Martinet, A., La phonologie du mot en danois, Paris, 1937. Martinet, A., Phonologie srnchronique et diachronique, Conferences de I'Institut de

Linguistique de l'universite de Paris, VI, 1938, p. 41-58.· Martinet, A., Un ou deux phonemes, Acta Ling. I, 1939, p. 94-103. Martinet, A., Review Grundziige (Trubetzkoy), B.S.L. XLII, 1942·45, Fasc. 2, p. 2~. Martinet, A., OU en est la phonologie?, Lingua, I, 1947, p. 34-58. Martinet, A., Phonologr as Functional Phonetics, London, 1949. Martinet, A., About Structural Sketches, Word 5, 1949, p. 13-35. Mathesius, V., On the Phonological Srstem 01 Modern English, Donum Natalicum

Schrijnen, Nijmegen·Utrecht, 1929, p. 46-53.· Mathesius, V., Zum Problem der Belastungs· und Kombinationslahigkeit der Phoneme,

T.C.L.P. IV, 1931, p. 148-152.· Mathesius, V., La structure phonologique du tcheque moderne, T.C.L.P. I, 1929,

p.67-84. Mathesius, V., Ziele und Aulgaben der flergleichenden Phonologie, Xenia Pragensia,

Prague, 1929, p. 432-445.· Meillet, A., Linguistique historique et linguistique generale, Paris 19261. Melanges·van Ginneken = Melanges de Linguistique et de Philologie, offerts a Jacq.

van Ginneken, Paris 1937. Meyer, E. A., Englische Lautdauer, Skrifter Kongl. Humanistiska Wetenskaps Sam·

fundet i Uppsala VIII, Uppsala, 1903. Menzerath, P., Neue Untersuchungen zur Lautabgrenzung una Wortsrnthese mit Hille

flon Tonlilmaulnahmen, Melanges·van Ginneken, p. 35-41. Menzerath, P., Neuere Untersuchungen zur Wortartikulation, Actes 4, 1936, p. 67-73. Menzerath, P., Der Diphthong, Bonn·Berlin, 1941. Merlingen, W., Zur Phonologie der Englischen Diphthonge und langen Vokale, Acta

Ling. VI, Fasc. 2-3, 1950·51, p. 87-93. Messing, Gordon M., Structuralism and Literarr Tradition, Language 27, 1951, p. 1-12.

Nida, E., Morphology, the descriptille Analrsis 01 Words, 2nd ed., Ann Arbor, 1949.

O'Connor, J. D., Review of An Outline 01 English Structure (Trager, G. L. and SDiith Jr., H. L.) Maitre Phonetique, 3me serie, No. 96, 1951, p. 42-44.

Paardekooper, P. C., De Lettergreep en zijn Begrenzing, De Nieuwe Taalgids 42, 1949, p. 232-241, and ib. p. 290-297.

112

Paardekooper, P. c., De Phoneemwaarde van de Svarabhakti vocaal, De Nieuwe Taal· gids 42, 1949, p. 74--84.

Palmer, H. E., A First Course of English Phonetics, 2nd. ed., Cambridge, 1930. Passy, P., Petite phoneeique comparee, Leipzig, 1912. Paul, H., Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, Halle, 192()5. Pike, Kenneth L., Grammatical Prerequisites to Phonemic Analysis, Word 3, 1947,

p. 155-172. Pike, Kenneth L., Phonemics. A Technique for Reducing Languages to Writing. Univ.

of Michigan Pub!., Linguistics, vol. III, Ann Arbor, 1947. Pike, Kenneth L., On the Phonemic Status of English Diphthongs, Language 23, 1947,

p. 151-159. Proceedings 2 = Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Phonetic Sciences,

Cambridge 1936. Proceedings 3 = Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Phonetic Sciences,

Ghent 1938. Projet de terminologie phonologique standardisee, T.C.L.P. IV, Prague, 1931, p. 309:-323

Recherches structurales = Recherches structurales 1949, Interventions dans Ie debat glossematique, publiees Ii l'occasion du cinquantenaire de M. Louis Hjelmslev, Tra· vaux du Cercle linguistique de Copenhague, vol. V.

Reichling, A. J. B. N., Het Woord, (diss.) Nijmegen·Utrecht, 1935. Reichling, A. J. B. N., What is General Linguistics?, Lingua, I, 1947, p. 8-24. Richter, E., Lange und Kurze, Archiv fiir vergl. Phon., Band 2, Berlin, 1938, p. 12-29. * Rosetti, A., Le Mot, Esquisse d'une tMorie generale, 2me edition, Copenhague·Bucuresti,

1947. Rositzke, H. A., Vowel Length in General American English, Language 15, 1939,

p.99-109. Ross, A. S. C. and Josephs, J., Triangular Tables for the Phonemes of English, Arch.

Ling. I, 1949, p. 41-43.

Sapir, E., Language, New York, 1921. Sapir, E., The Sound Patterns in Language, Language, 1, 1925, p. 37-5l. Saussure, F. de, Cours de linguistique generale, 4me ed. Paris, 1949. (= Cours) Sechehaye, A., Les trois linguistiques saussuriennes, Vox Romanica, V, 1940, p. 1-48. Sp.rech, J., Phonema Errans, Lingua II, i950, p. 399-418. Sommerfelt, A., Can syllable division have phonological importance?, Proceedings 2,

p. 30-33. * Sprang· Hanssen, H., On the Simplicity of Descriptions, Recherches Structurales, 1949,

p. 61-70. * Stetson, R. H., Bases 0/ Phonology, Oberlin College, 1945. Stetson, R. II., Motor Phonetics. A Study 0/ Speech Movements in Action, 2nd ed.

Oberlin College - Amsterdam, 1951. Strong, H. A., Logeman, W. S. and Wheeler, B. I., Introduction to the study 0/ the

History 0/ Language, London, 189l. Studia Ling. = Studia Linguistica. Revue de linguistique generale et comparee (volume

I, Lund 1947 etc.) Swadesh, M., On the Analysis 0/ English Syllabics, Language 23, 1947, p. 137-150. Swadesh, M., The Phonemic Interpretation 0/ Long Consonants, Language 13, 1937,

p. 1-10. Swadesh, M., The Phonemic Principle, Language 10, 1934, p. 117-129. Swadesh, M., The Vowels 0/ Chicago English, Language 11, 1935, p. 148-151. Swart, J., Some Remarks on the Phonology 0/ English, Neophilologus, 1951, p. 166-167. Sweet, H., Elementarbuch des gesprochenen English, Oxford, 1886.

T.C.L.P. = Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague.

113

Trager, G. L., The Phonemic Treatment of Semivowels, Language 18, 1942, p. 220---222. Trager, G. L., La systematique des phonemes du polonais, Acta Ling. I, 1939, p.

179-188. Trager G. L. and Bloch, B., The Syllabic Phonemes of English, Language 17, 1941, p.

223-246. (= Syllabic Phonemes) Trager, G. L. and Smith Jr., H. L., An Outline of English Structure, Studies in Linguist·

ics; occasional papers No.3, Oklahoma, 1951. Trnka, B., On the Combinatory Variants and Neutralisation of Phonemes, Proceedings

3, p. 23-30. * Trnka, B., Some Remarks on the Phonological Structure of English, Xenia Pragensia,

Prague, 1929, p. 3,')7-364. Trnka, B., A Phonological Analysis of Present-Day Standard English, Studies in Engl­

ish V, Prague, 1935. (= Phonological Analysis) Trnka, B., General Laws of Phonemic Combinations, T.C.L.P. VI, 1936, p. 57-62. Trubetzkoy, N. 5., Zur allgemeinen Theorie der phonologischen Vokalsysteme, f.C.L.P.

I, 1929, p. 39-67. Trubetzkoy, N. 5., Arileitung zu phonologischen Beschreibungen, Bmo, 1935. (= Antei­

tung) Trubetzkoy, N. S., Die Aufhebung der phonologischen Gegensiitze, T.C.L.P. VI, 1936,

p. 29-46. * Trubetzkoy, N. S., Die Quantitiit als phonologisches Problem, Actes 4, p. 117-122. Trubetzkoy, N. S., Die phOlwlogischen Grundlagen der sogenannt,en Quantitiit in den

verschiedenen Sprachen, Scritti in onore di Alfredil'Trombetti, Milan. 1938, p. 155-174.

Trubetzkoy, N. S" Grundzuge der Phonologie, T.C.L.P. VII, Prague, 1939. (= Grund­zuge). Translated by J. €antineau, Principes de phonologie, Paris, 1949 (= Prin­cipes).

Twaddell, W. Freeman, On Defining the Phoneme, Language Monographs, XVI, Bal­timore, 1935.

Twaddell, W. Freeman, A Phonological Analysis of Intervocalic Consonant Clusters i~ German, Actes 4, p. 218-225.

Uldall, H. ]., On the Structural Interpretations oJ Diphthongs, Proceedings' a, p. 272-276 Ullmann,S., Principles of Semantics, Glasgow, 1951.

Vachek, J., Daniel Jones and the Phoneme, Otaristeria Mathesio, Prague, 1932. p. 25-33.'"

Vachek, J., Phonemes and phonological units. T.C;L.P. VI. 1936. p. 235-239. Vachek, J., Ueber die phonologische Interpretation der Diphthonge mit besonderer Be­

rucksichtigung des Englischen, Studies in EngliAh, IV, Prague, 1933, .p. 87-170. (= phonologische Interpretation)

Ward, Ida C., The Phonetics 0/ English, 4th ed. Cambridge, 1948. (= Phonetics) Wartburg, W. von, Einfuhrung in Problematik und Methodik der Sprachwissenschaft,

Halle (Saale) 1943. Wells, Rulon 5., De Saussure's system o/linguistics, Word 3, 1947, p. 1-31. Wells, Rulon 5., Review of Recherches Structurales, Language 27, 1951, p. 554-570. Wijk, N. van, Kwantiteit en Intonatie, Med. Kon. Ned. Ac. v. Wetenschappen, Afd.

Letterk., N.R .. dl. 3, No.1, Amsterdam, 1940. Wijk, N. van, Scherp enzwak gesneden Klinkers, Nieuwe Taalgids 35, 1941, p. 15-24. Wijk, N. van, Phonologie. Een hoo/dstuk uit de structurele taalwetenschap. 's-Gravell'

hage, 1939. (= Phonologie) Wijk, N. van, Silbenschnitt en Quantiteit; Onze Taaltuin IX, 1940-41, p. 229-235. • Word =,Word, Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York. (Volume I, 1945 etc.) Wyld, H. c., A History 0/ Modern Colloquial English, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1936.

114

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Baudouin de Courtenay, J., 4, 5 Bloch, B., 6, 16, 26, 55, 58n, 63, 77, 86,

91f,93 Bloomfield, L., 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 51, 56,

58n, 62, 79, 99 Buy&Se1lll, E., 27, 460

Durand, Mlle. M., 84

Eringa, P., 86

Firth, J. a, 2, 4, 49, 49n, so. 51, 77, 78, 89n

Fischer.Jergeasen, Misa E., 26, 37, 84, 85 Frei, H., 27 Fry, D., 45

timson, A. C, 2111, 46n, 791, 86 Groot, A. W •. de, 28, 64n, 81n

Harrie, Zellig S .. 6, 12, 13 Haugen, E., 54, 87. 92, 93 Heffner, R .• M. 5., 80 Hintze, F., 25, 26, 45 Hjelmslev, L., 6, 7, 12, 13, 18, 29, 34, 37,

38,53,64n Itockett, Charles F., 102n

Jakobson, R., 5, 10, 11, 13, 30, 34n, as, 36, 4On, 49n, SIn, 84, 106

Jones, D., 2, 16, 19. 23, 42, 43,. 43n, .as. 4ft, 48, 61, 62. 70n, 76, 79, SOn, 81f, as. 87f, 89, 100. 101, 106

JoGS, M., 21. 106

Karcevsky, 5., 5 Kruisinga, E., 2, 78, 98, 99, 103 Kurylowicz, J., 64n

Lawrenson, A. C., 77, 97

Malmberg, B., 521, 53n, 81 Malone, K., 77. 97 Martinet, A., 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 24, 25, ~ so.

31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 43, 45, 63, 75f. 77, 82, 95n, 100, 102

Menzerath, P., 20, 21, 21n, 90£, 93, 94 Merlingen, W., 87n, 98n Mesaing, Gordon M., 1, 2, 9 Meyer, E. A., 81n

O'Connor, J. D., l04n

Paardekooper, P. C., 64n Paul, H., 8 Pike, Kenneth L., 12, 13, 26, 37, 62, 89n,

95, 97, 100, 102

Reichling, A. J. B. N., 17, 18, 28n, 31n, 36 Rositzke, H. A., 80

Sapir, E., 5, 19, 47 Saussure, F. de, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, 18,

27, 29, 82 Sechchaye, A., 8, 9 Serech, J., 53 Smitli, Jr., H. 1.., l03n Stetson, R. H., 22, 64 Swadesh, M., 63, 64n, 77, 85. 87, 91, 9%,

93, 102 Swart, J., 78 Sweet, H., lOOn

Trager, G. L., 16, 26, 40, 52, 58n, 63, 77, 86, 91f, 93, l03n

Trnka, B., 2, S511i 61n, 63, 71, 76. 83, 90, 97, 101, 102, 1M, 105, 106, 107

Trubetzkoy N. S., 4, 5, 10, 11, 16, 17, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 38, 63, 70, 76, 78, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89,,90, 91, 97, 100, 101, 104, 106

Twaddell, W. F., 5, 87, 92, 93

Uldall, H. J., 86, 91, 98 Ullmann, S., 19

Vachek, J., 2, 76, 77, 78, 90, 97

Ward, Miss Ida C., 76,94n, 100 Wartburg, W. von, 9 Wells, Rulon S., 7, 27 Wijk, N. van, 14, 37, 38, 841, 90 Wyld, H. C., 58n, 98

able 62 abrupt 65 accept SO, 76 act 28, 30, 65, 66 Act n 28 addle 43 adze 43, 68 affect 76 again 22 against 69 -al 103, lOS allusion 76 amble 69 ample 69 and 47 anger 48 angle 69 ankle 69 ant 47, 65 apple 65 apt 65 are 75 .. 43 ask 66 at 75 awe 106 Au I (G.) 38 axle Ii?

bail 31, 32, 33, 4S bait 22, 91 bake 32 bake it 30 ball 42 balm 87, 92 bane 31, 95 bar 88, 92, l03n bam 79 barrage 46 base 32 bat 91 bathed [bC:lIet] 65, 68

115

WORD INDBX 1)

bathed .£beilSd] 68 baths 68 bats 65 bay 31, 95, 98 be 98 bean 79, 95 beard 103 beast 79 beat 86, 91 beauty 60 beckon 66 bed 32 bee 95 beer 32 beige 45, 46ft bet 22, 76, 91, 96 better 76 biD 42 bin 23, 27 bit 86, 91 bite 92, 96 bitter 107 blitz 10, 53 blitzed 10, 53 bloom 60 bluer 77, 102 blush 60 boa 98 boat 91, 94 bob 98 bone 95 boo 95, 98 boodle 88 boon 79, 95 boost 79 boot 79, 86, 93 bore 88 born 79 boss 98 bottle 61, 63, 65 bottling 62 bough 96, 98

boum(e) 103 bout 92 bow [bou] 95, 98 bowel 104 bower 104 bowl 42 boy 52n, 98 brew 88 broom 60 brush 60 bubble 68 bugle 60, 67 bulb 67, 68 bulge 69 bur 88 bum 79 burr 103 burst 79 bushel 45, 66 busy 107 butter 61 button 20, 61, 63, 65, 67 buy 96, 98

cabot (F.) 38 cairn 103 cake 32 calf 49 call 42 calx 69 came 34 camouflage 46 cap (F.) 38 capes 94, 98 car 79, 88 case 94 cat 48 catch 65, 66 caw 79 chain 33, 44, 59 change 67 chaos 94, 98, lOS

1, All words listed here are English except those marked·D. (= Dutch), F. (= French), G. (= German).

chase 32 chased 51 chasm 63 chaste 51 chill 59 chin 25, 44, 59 china and glass 104n chip 46 chuckle 66 city 76 clasp 65 claw 58 clean 21, 59 cleanse 67 click 59 clink 66 coal 42 cod 98 coddling 63 codling 63 comb 46 cone 46 coo 56, 79 cope 46 copse 65 core 88 correct 65 cot 98 coward 104, 105 coy 98 cram 43 cream 43, 59 crick 59 crooks 78 crux 78 cue 56, 58, 88 cur 79, 88 curdle 88 cure 58 cut 92 cute 9

dreg (O.E.) lOOn dale 31, 33, 34 dame 33, 34 damn 25 Dane 33 dare 103 ray 33, 52n dazzle 67 deal 33 dear 103 deem 43 deer 34

116

delve 67, 68 demur 88 depth 65 destroyer 104 dew 60 dial 105 dialect 104 dill 42 distinct 69 do 88 dole 42 door 88, 100 doyen 104 dram 25 dream 43, 60 dreamed 10 dreamt 10 drink 60 due 57, 60 duel 58, 105 duke 58, 99 dupe 60 dwarf 60 dwell 60 dziggetai 43 Dzungaria 43

eat 50 eel 50 effect 76 Ei ! (G.) 38 eighth 36, 47, 65 elm 66 employer 104 -en 63 enthusiastic 99 -er 102 err 106 espionage 46 est (F.) 35n et (F.) 35n except 76 exercise 77 exorcise 77 extra 70 eye 106

fail 31, 33 fait (F.) 35n false 88 far 88, 103 fats 61, 63 fatten 41, 61, 63 fatter 41, 61, 63, 76

fatty 41, 61, 76 fear 56, 102, 103 fearing 102, 103 fee (F.) 35n feel 48, 62 feud 56 few 57, 59 fiance( e) 55 fickle 66 field 48 fields 12 fierce 103 fifth 66 filch 69 fill 51 finger 48 fire 101, 105 fit 43 fits 43 fix 43, 66 fjord 56 flea 59 flesh 59 for 75 foreign 21 fortnight 42 fourths 67 foyer 105 free 59 fresh 59 fun 48 fur 88, 103 fuse 59 fuzz 48

gale 32, 34 gall 42 gaol 32, 33 garrulity 70n gewgaw 60 gill 42 gin 60 glimpse 69 glimpsed 69 gloom 60 glow 60 gnat 75 goal 42 gourd 103 groom 60 grow 60 grower 41 grows 41 growth 41

Gwen 70

had 75 hail 32, 34 hair 20 hairy 102 half 49 hand 67 handle 69 hanged 68 harry 102 haste 61, 65, 99 hat's (G.) 25 head 75 heal 50 hear 58, 60 hearing 101 heat 50 heathen 67 heb (D.) 35 hebben (D.) 35 help 65 hew 58, 60 hid 75 higher 51, 104 hill SIn hip 24 hire 51, 104 hob 42 hock 42 hod 42, 75 hog 42 hoist 99 holy 48 home 49 hood 75 hop 42 host 99 hot 42 hue 58, 60 huge 58, 60 hugged 68 hunch 69

idea 87, 96, 103 ·ier 58 -iest 58 ill SIn illusion 76 import (n.) 82n import (v.) 82n

jam 25, 60, 88 joie de vivre 55 judged 25

keen 30 kennel 67 kettle 65 key 79 kill 42 kin 48 knit 75

lack 75 lake 32 lame 33 lane 94 lapse 65 late 36n later 36n laughs 66 launch 88 law 87

117

law of 89, 104n lawyer 97 lax 66 lead [lild] 42 leaf 48 league 42 leak 42 leap 42, 48 learn 51 least 86 leat 42 leaven 67 ledger 25, 43, 46n leisure 25, 43, 45, 46n length 68 lest 75 letter 45 level 67 lewd 99 liar 105 lick 75 lief [Ii'f] (D.) 85 lief [lilf] (D.) 85 light 48 line 104 links 69 lion 104, 105 lip 24, 48 list 75 lock 48, 75 loin 94, 97 long 46 look 75 loom 49 loopplank (D.) 70n loot 57

lore of 89, 104 loss 48 lost 75 lot 46 loved 68 loveliest 86 loyal 97, 104 luck 75 lump 65 lunch 66 lurch 88 lust 75 lute 57, 99 lyre 105

rna 89n, 97 macadam 62 MacAdam 62 mail 31, 33, 46 mais (D.) 99n make it 30 man 18 mantle 69 many 92 mar 88 mast 65, 88 maw 88 meal 48 measure 45 men 18 metamorphosis 55 mice 54 midst 69 milk 66 mole 31 month 67 moo 88 mooch 88 moot 59 more 88 mouse 54 much 65 mulct 69 mute 59 mutton 65

nail 32, 34, 46, 48 nation 66 near 20 net 75 new 57, 99 news 60 nip 28 nipped 28

noose 60 not 75, 86 nOlJght 86 nut 75

o ! (G.) 38 obey 96 of 75 often 66 old 67 ooze 56 oppakken (D.) 70n oven 67 oxen 54

pa 89n, 96, 97 pain 94, 94n paint 99 pale 31, 33, 46 pall 42 pan 101 par 79 parliament 22 part 79, 88 passed 61 pat 75, 87, 91, 92 patched 25 pate 94 paw 79 paye (F.) 39 pays (F.) 39 pea 79 pear 101 pearl 88 peat 79, 94, 101 peer 101 pelt 65 pen 94, 94n pencil 69 penknife 48, 70 people 62 peopling 62 perfection 77 pent 65 pert 79 pet 75, 87, 91, 92 phthisic 55 piano 57, 58 pie 96 pierce 59, 103 pill 42, 48 pin 23, 27, 28, 36n pint 99 pious 104

118

pistol 69 pit 48, 75, 87, 91 plane 59 play 59, 94n player 101, 104 pleasure 45 poet 105 point 99 pole 42 pooh 79 pool 48, 86, 88, 101 poor 101 port 79, 88 pot 75, 87, 97 pout 96 power 101, 105 pray 59 prank 59 prestige 45, 46 prism 63, 66 prison 67 procedure 46n profession 77 professor 77 prolix 55 prompt 65, 66, 69 prompts 69 puce 59 pull 86 pummel 66 pure 58, 102 purr 79 push 78 put 75, 78, 87 putt 75, 78, 87

queen 59 queue 58, 59 quick 59 quite right 42

rabble 67 raffle 66 ragf' 46 raids 46 rail 32, 33 rain 48 raised 68 ram 43 range 46, 69 rasp 65 ready 76 real 103 realm 66

ream 43 redder 76 reel 103 rendez-vous 55 rhythm 66 rib 42 rick 42 rid 42 ridden 67 riddle 67 rig 42 rip 42 roam 49 robbed 68 robs 68 romp 65, 66 room 49 rouge 45, 46n rouged 68 rower 104 royal 104 rudder 77 ruddy 77 rude 45 ruin 97

sail 32, 33 saw 79, 91, 93 say 91, 93 scarce 103, 105 schaats (D.) 61 science 104 screen 60 .screw 60 sculpt 69 sea 79, 91 sear 102, 103, 104, 105 see 50, 91, 93 seeing 94 se~r 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 seIzure 46n self 66 sew 91 sewer 60 shaft 65, 66 sheep 80n sheer 32, 34 shin 25, 44 ship 46, 80n ships 12 should 75 shrew 45 shrewd 59 shrink 59

shun 45 sieve 48 sigh 93 silk 46 sill 24 sin 48 sing 24, 47 sink 46, 47 sir 75, 79, 91, 93 sit 24 sitter 76 sixth 69 skate 61 skew 57, 60 skill 59 sky 30, 59 sleep 41, 60 sleeper 41 sleeps 41 sleepy 41 slight 60 smack 59 smell 59 snack 60 sneeze 60 so 91 sofa 77 soften 66 solely 48 some 77 soot 57 sot 86 sought 86 soul 52n sow [saul 93 sow [sou] 91 sphere 55, 56, 59 sphinx 55, 59 spill 59 spin 28, 36n splay 60 spleen 60 spot 59 spray 60 sprint 22 spruce 60 spume 60 square 60 squeal 60 stain 59 stalk 88 star 88 start 88 stay 21, 35, 36n

steeple 65 steer 56 ~tew 60 sthenic 55 still 59 stilt 65 stir 88 Rtork 88 strain 60 strong 60 .tupid 57

119

sue 79, 93, 99 suit 57, 99 summer 77 sure 102 sweep 60 swim 60 sylph 66

tail 43 tale 31, 33, 99 talk 30 tall 42 tame 36n tar 79, 93 tarn 79 tarring 104 taw 79 tawn 79 tea 79 team 20 tear [tea] 18 teen 79 ter 79 text 69 thane 31, 33 thanked 65 thank you 50 that 48 the 56, 75, 76 theatre 103, 105 them 75 thews 60 they 31, 33 thin 48 think 66 three 21 throw 60 thrush 60 thwack 60 thwart 60 tier 104 tight 48 tile 99, 104

till 42 tin 25, 48 tip 24 tire 104 tiring 104 toil 99 toll 42, 99 tomb 20 too 79 took 78 Tottenham 42 toughs 66 tower 104 towering 104 town 104 trail 43 train 43, 44, 59 tram 43 treasure 45 trick 59 trio 105 trip 46 triumph 66 triumphant 94 Tsana 43 tsetse 43 Tsushima 43 tube 59 tuck 78 tune 57, 59, 99 turn 79 twain 43, 59 twelfth 69 twig 59 type 104 tyre 104 use (n.) 56 use (v.) 56, 58 usher 45 usual 103

vanilla ice 104n veil 31, 33, 48 very 21, 29 vessel 67 view 60 violent 104 vision 45, 67 vlijt (D.) 99 vlo (D.) 99 vloei (D.) 99 vlooi (D.) 99 vloot (D.) 99 vowel 104

120

waffle 66 whilst 69 yam 58 wail 31, 33, 58 whisk 66 yawn 58 waltz 67 wholly 48 year 102 warmth 66 width 68 yearn 51, 58 wash 25, 44 will 51 yelp 65 washed 65, 66 win 46 yes 56 watch 25, 44 wince 67 yew 57, 99n wave 20 wing 46 yield 58 way 93 wish 45 yolk 58 wealth 67 wit 48 you 58 wear 18, 20 witch 58 weird 103 with 48 zakdoek (D.) 69 welsh 66 wraith 48 zeal 33 whale 58 writ 42 zed 32 what 25, 44, 97 zehn (G.) 25 whelk 66 Yale 32, 33 zip 48 which 58 yard 58

121

SUBJECT INDEX

[ ell] 78, 79, 80, 88, 90, 103n letl 88, 89, 89n, 107 ere] 75, 79, 80, 88, 101 lrel 88, 101, 102, 105, 107 [aj] 95-97, 98, 100, 104 lail 97, 106 [au] 95-96, 100 laul 97, 106 [aua] 104, 105 Ahlaut 12 Achlaut 29 acoustic, -al 11, 13, 21, 21n, l06n acute (v_ grave) 11 affricates 32.; see also mono- or hipbone-

matic interpretation [aia] 104, 105 allophones 21, 50, 92, 93 alternations 12 alveolar 10, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36 American English 3, 57, 58n, 80, 91-93,

97,99 American linguists 9, 79 archiphoneme 35 articulatory 13, 21, 21n, 106 associative analysis 89, 100 aural 13

[h] 30-31, 34, 42-43 Ibl 30-31, 34, 42-43, 60, 68, 72, 73, 74 back resonance (v_ front res_) 11 back vowels (v_ front vowels) 11 hehaviour (of language users) 13, 14, 16,

17, 19, 20-21, 30, 35n, 39, SO, 55, 95, 107

hilabial 10, 11, 30-33, 36 bi- or monophonematic interpretation: see

mono- or hiphonematic interpretation hiphonematic clusters: see clusters hlunt vowels 85 British Standard English: see Standard

English

cardinal vowels diagram 106 careful speech 22

ceneme (Hjelmslev's term) 38 centrifugal diphthongs 90 centring diphthongs 89, 91, 100-103, 107 centripetal diphthongs 90 checked vowels 75, 85, 87 chroneme 79-80, 82 classification, principles of 40-41 classification of (English) consonants

40-41, 52, 53-59, 70-74, 106 classification of English vowel phonemes

40, 106-107 clear (v_ dark) vowels 86 clear [1]: see [1] close quality (v_ open) 85 close stress (v_ open stress) 85 close-knit nucleus 96 cl usters 54, 58, 72-74, 98, 105 clusters, final 61-69, 74

hiphonematic 65-68 quadriphonematic 69

" "triphonematic 69 clusters, initial 56-60, 73

hiphonematic 59-60 " triphonematic 60

" medial 69 Cockney 96, 97 codes of communication 3, 6, 9 comhinatory rules 47; see also classifica-

tion of consonants combination of soundslphonemes 16, 21,

23, 39, 40, 52, 56, 57, 70, 73, 74 combinatory variants 23n; see also variants commutation test 20, 25, 30, 37, 42, 43, 44,

45, 75, 94, 99, 100 commutation test, limited applicability of

23, 25, 43f, 47, 63 complementary distribution 12, 16, 26, 41,

46, 87, 91, 92 complexes of attributes 47, 81, 82 consonant phonemes 19, 21, 37; see also

consonants and vowels consonant phonemes (of English): see

table of contents consonants and vowels 37-41, 61, 63, 106

122

consonant clusters: see clusters constellation 12 content (as opposed to expression) 7 (cf.

signifie) contrastive elements 16 correlation of voice 44 culture language I, 9

Cd] 25, 33·34, 42-43, 44 Idl 36, 42·43, 60, 61, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74 d, suffix 41, 61, 69 Cdr] 43 [dz] 43 [d3] 25, 43·45, 46 Id31 46 Danish 75, 76, 100 dark (v. clear vowels) 86 dark [1]: see [1] dehnbar (extensible) 83 dental 31, 33; see also [t], dental dependencies 12, 18 descriptive linguistics 8, 9; see also syn·

chronic approach determination 12 diachronic approach 8·10, 52·54 diachronic data (in descriptive linguistics)

18, 41, 45, 63, 70, 81, 100 diachronic (v. synchronic) linguistics: see

synchronic v. diachronic dimorphemic 102, 103 diphthongs 21n, 26, 86.87, 89·103, 105; see

also centring; movement; positional diphthongs, mono· or biphonematic inter·

pretation: see mono· of biphonematic interpretation

distinctive features (or qualities) 6, 11, 13, 16·17, 27, 29, 30·36; see also relevant features

distribution 6, 7, 12, 16, 16n, 40, 46, 47, 52, 79, 93, 96, 97, 99, 104, 105; see also complementary distribution

distribution rules of 40·41, 70, 83, 105 double consonants 70 Dutch 64, 69, 70n, 84, 85, 99

[e] 75, 88, 94, 96, 100, 101 lei 88, 102, 107 rea] 89, 90, 100·103, 105, 107 [a] 20, 39, 51, 61·64, 75, 76-78, 82, 87, 88,

90, 91, 94, 101 [a] and [r] 77, 100, 102·105 /al 61·64, 76-78, 88, 107 [a:] 75, 78·79, 88, 90, 103n /a/ 88·89, 106, 107

rei] 80, 89, 90, 91, 94·95, 98 leil 96, lOS, 106 [eia] 104, 105 etat de langue 8·9, 56 expression (as opposed to content) 7 (cf.

signifiant) extensive vowels 97 external open juncture: see juncture

[f] 48 If I 59, 66, 72, 73, 74 features of phonemes 29, 81; see also

distinctive; relevant features of sounds 4, 6, 8, 16, 29; see also

distinctive; relevant final clusters: see clusters final [r]: see [r], final flapped [r]: see [d, flapped foreign words 43, 54·56, 99n, 105 form (acc. to Hj elmslev) 7

(acc. to de Saussure) 27 (v. meaning) 8, 54·55

" (v. substance): see substance formal (related to shape) 40 fortis (v. lenis) 10, lOn, 23, 27, 31; see

also voiced v. voiceless free vowels 85, 90 French 38, 45, 58, 95, 98n fricative [r]: see [r], fricative fricatives 48·51 front resonance (v. back resonance) 11 front vowels (v. back vowels) 11 function (ace. to Firth) 77

(ace. to Hjelmslev) 12, 37 word.differentiating 4; see also

significant function functional burdening 45, 78

[g] 10, 42·43, 46 Igl 42·43, 60, 69, 72, 73, 74 German 38, 84, 85, 93, 94 Gestalt (= pattern) 50 glide, diphthongal 85, 93 glide sounds 21n, SIn, 92 glossematic approach 6, 7, 12, 18, 26, 37,

38, 38n .glottal stop 42, 50 grammatical categories 19, 39; see also

morphemes grammatical criteria in phonemic analysis

25, 36·37, 61, 63, 102·103; see also morphological function

grammatical function: see morphological function

123

grave (v. acute) 11 glottal (articulation) 32, 34

[h] 20, 23-24, 41. 46-47, 48, 49-51, 58, 87 [h] and [U], problem of 20, 23-24, 46-47 [h], prosodic 50 [hw] 58 /hI 50, 51n, 57, 58, 60, 72, 73, 87 /hj/58 historical assimilation 45 historical linguistics 8-10; see also dia­

chronic

[i] 52, 57, 75, 76, 79, 82, 88, 101 (cf. III) [i] as element of diphthong 86, 92, 95 III 75, 88, 102, 107 [il] 51, 79, 86, 88, 90, 95, 96, 101, 102,

103 (cf. Iii) IiI 79, 88, 103, 105, 106; see also Cia] ria] 100-103, 105, 107; see also [d,

potential Ich-Iaut 29 identification of phonemes 31 identification of word form 27, 28 image acoustique 7 immediate constituents 96 implications 12 indirect oppositions: see oppositions indistinctive opposition: see oppositions initial clusters: see clusters intellektuelle Bedeutung 6; see also

meaning intensity 84 interchangeable (sounds) 29 interdependence 12 interjections 38, 39, 106 intonation (= pitch) 96 intrusive [r]: see [d, intrusive invariants (Hjelmslev's term) 29 inventory of English phonemes: see pho-

nemes, establishment' of irregularities (in system) 10, 18, 41, 53,

54, 103, 105, 107; see also diachronic data

irrelevant features 78; see also marking qualities; redundant features

[j] 41, 49, 51-52, 56-58, 92, 93, 94, 99 /j/ 51, 56-58, 60, 71, 72, 73, 74, 92, 97, 98 [Ii] (= voiceless [j]) 58 [jul] 56-57, 99, 102 juncture 39, 42,50,69-70; see also prosod­

ies

[k] 10, 28, 30, 42, 43 Ikl 59, 60, 66. 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 Korean [d and [l] 49

[I] 48, 49, 49n, 61, 62 PI 48, 63, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74 [1], clear and dark 48, 78 [1], syllabic 61-64 labial; see bilabial language, science of (ace. to de Saussure)

3-4 language, science of (ace. to Paul) 8n language; see also langue; linguistics; sys-

tem language, van Wijk's definition of 14 langue (v. parole) 4, 16, 17, 18, 82, 84 lateral 32, 33, 46 lax (v. tense) SIn, 81n, 84, 85 learned words 54 length 19; see also quantity lenis v. fortis 10, 23, 27, 31; see also

voiced v. VOiceless lexical function 74 lexical words 51, 69; see also nuclear

words linguistic feeling 14, 17, 24n, 47, 95

.. form 18; see also form function: see function

:: sign: see sign, linguistic linguistics (as autonomous science) 14-15 linguistics, synchronic: see synchronic linking [d: see [d, linking loans 9; see also foreign words London English 80; see also Southern

English long (v_ short) 78, 80, 82, 83, 84-87; see

also quantity long vowels 86, 87-89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 97,

101

em] 30, 46, 47 [m], syllabic 63 Iml 46, 59, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74 marking qualities (of phonemes) 35n, 36,

63 meaning 4, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 16n, 18, 36 medning v. form: see form medial clusters: see clusters medial position 75 minimal distinction 6, 82 minor function (Firth's term) 51 modern linguistics 3, 10 modifications, phonetic 40, 47, 50, 101,

105; see also allophones; variants

124

mono- or biphonematic interpretation 24-26 mono- or biphonematic interpretation of

afficates 25-26, 43-46 mono- or biphonematic interpretation of

diphthongs 51, 89-105 mono- or biphonematic interpretation of

[a] and [d 77, 102 mono- or biphonematic interpretation of

[h] and [:IJ] 23-24, 46-47 mono- or biphonematic interpretation of

long vowels 86, 87, 90, 92, 93 monosyllables 39, 61, 64, 75, 87 monosystemic (Firth's term) 50 morphemes 36, 37, 39 morphological function (of elements of

speech) 39, 41, 51, 61, 63, 69, 74, 77, 94, 98, 101-102

morphological structure 10, 18, 25, 26 morphological suture 102 morphophonemic 26 movement diphthongs 90, 91, 93-99

en] 41, 46, 47, 48, 54 Inl 45, 60, 61, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74 [g] 10, 38, 41, 46-48, 85; see also [h] and

[g] IIJI 46-48, 69, 70, 72, 74 [gg] 47-48, 70 en], hiatus 99 en], syllabic 61, 63 nasal 11, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46-48,,55 neutral vowel, interpolation of 20, 61-64;

see also [a] neutralisation of opposition 35, 83; see

also archiphoneme noise sound 35 non-extensible 84 non-interchangeable (sounds) : see in­

variants non-phonological considerations in phone­

mic analysis 44 non-significant differences 20; see also

variants, phonetic non-vocoids (Pike's term) 37, 39, 40 notional unit (Hjelmslev's term) 38 nuclear words 39, 42, 48, 61, 63, 75, 98,

99, 100, 102, 103, 105 nucleus, close-knit 96

[;,] 75, 79, 86, 88, 94 11:)1 88,98, 102, 107;

as part of diphthong: see [ail [;'1] 79, 80, 86, 88, 100; see also [00] [;,] 88, l04n, 106

[;)<I] 89, 90, 100, 101 [;,i] 91, 95, 97-99 /;,il 99, 107 [;,ia] 104, 105 foul 91-95, lOOn loul 95, 105, 106 [oua] 104, 105 Old English 18, 57, 81 opcn stress v. close stress 85; see also

Silbenschnitt oppositions 4, 10, 11, 12, 17, 23, 24, 27,

29-30, 31-36, 50, 82, 83, 86, 97 analysis of 31-36 definition of 5, 27 indirect 24 indistinctive 29 limited number of 30n

" pattern (system) of 17, 107 oral (v. nasal) 11, 31, 32, 33, 34 outer sandhi 39, 69; see also juncture over-differentiated phonemes 22

[p] 6, 28, 30, 42-43 Ip/ 35, 42-43, 59, 60, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 palatal 11, 32, 33 paradigmatic 37 parole 4, 16-17, 27; see also langue parole organisee 9 pattern 11, 12, 15, 18, 28-29; see also

Gestalt pattern congruity 12, 24, 26, 44, 70, 92 permutational characteristics 87; see also

distribution phonema errans 53 phonematic (= phonological) function 51,

77; see also lexical function phoneme 4-6, 10-13, 16, 19, 27-36, 40, 82,

86; see also distinctive features;

"

"

oppositions acc. to Bloch & Trager 16 acc. to Bloomfield 6 acc. to de Groot 28n acc. to J akobson 11 acc. to Jones 16, 79 acc. to Projet 5 acc. to Reichling 36 acc. to de Saussure 27 acc_ to Trubetzkoy 4, 30, 35, 36 acc. to van Wijk 14n

" aspects of, distributional 28-29 " " "identificatory 40 " and variant 51, 76, 93; see also variants

125

phonemes (as members of oppositions) 4, 17, 35, 82, 86

phonemes, classification of: see classifica· lion

phonemes, establishment of English 39·41 phonemes, establishment of English con·

sonant 42·52 phonemes, establishment of English vowel

75·107 phonemic analysis, principles of 4, 6, 7,

12·13, 16·37, 82, 91; see also gram· inatical criteria

phonemic distinction (between consonants and vowels) : see consonants and vowels; oppositions

phonemic notation 2, 79, 101 phonemic pattern (structure) 11·12, 27 phonemic system: see system phonemics 4, 6, 10, 22, 87, 92·93, 102·103;

see also phonetics v. phonemics phonemics v. phonetics: see phonetics v.

phonemics phonetic data (as a phonemic criterion)

12, 13, 24.26, 45, 85, 90, 93; see also phonetic similarity dissimilarity 47 habitus (of sounds) 29, 36, 37 modification: see modification notation 17, 79, 81, 101 similarity 12, 16, 23, 24, 26, 87, 91,92 variants: see variants

phonetically homogeneous 25 .. heterogeneous 25

phoneticism 24, 30 phonetics: see acoustic; articulatory phonetics (v. phonemics) 8, 15, 16, 17,

25, 30 Phonologie 4, 16 pitch 19, 84, 85

.. movement 84 place: see position plosion 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 plosives (in English) 42·43 polyphonematic: see monophonematic in·

terpretation position 39·41

.. as a criterion in classification 47, 70, 72, 83; see also distribution

.. significant function of 16, 22·23 positional diphthongs 90 potential [d: see [r ], potential; / (r) /,

potential

Prague school 2, 5, 6, 10, 15, 16, 19, 23, 29, 35, 82, 97

Prague terminology 44, 83 productive 10; 53·54, 63 proper names 43, 70n prosodic (attributes) 19, 38, 49·51, 79, 83,

89; see also suprasegmental .. [h]: see [h], prosodic

prosodies (Firth's term) 49n, 89n psychological (approach to linguistics) 5,

14·15 pure vowels 92

quadrangle of vowels 106 quadriphonematic clusters: see clusters quality (as opposed to quantity) 79·81 quantity 78·88 (see also quality)

[d 22, 29, 48, 49, 77, 100, lOOn, 101, 102 [d and [a]: see [a] and [d [r], intrusive 89 [d, final: see [d, potential

[r], intrusive [d, linking

[d, flapped 21, 29 [d, fricative 21, 29, 49 [d, linking 89n, l04n, 107 [d, one·tap: see [d, flapped [r], potential 88·89, 103, 104n, 105 /r/ 49, 50, 60, 71, 72, 73, 77, 102 / (r) /, potential 103, l04n, 105, 107 redundancies: see redundant features redundant features 35n, 86, 90 relevant features 6, 10, 11, 27, 30, 31, 35,

81.82; see also distinctive features resonance, back v. front 11 rising diphthong 99 Romance words 45

[s] 35, 48 /sl 60, 61, 63, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74 s, suffix 11, 41, 61, 63, 69 U1 25,45,48 /Sf 45, 59, 69, 72, 73, 74 sandhi: see juncture Schallgegensatz 4 Scottish English 80 secondary phonemes 62, 79 segmental phonemes 19 semantics 3, 6, 19 semivowels 51·52, 92·93 sharp vowels (Swadesh's term) 85 short vowels 75, 78·80, 86, 91, 92, 100,

101; see also long v. short

126

lip. linguistic 3, 7, 27 lignifiant 7, 27 significant contrast 16 significant features 11; see also distinctive;

relevant features significant function 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 29,

30, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, SO, 51, 64, 75, 90, 93, l04n

significant function of place 22

" of silence 28

" " of syllable 62

signifie 7, 27 Silbenschnitt 83, 84, 85 simplicity 93 sounds of speech 4-5, 11, 15, 64; see also

variants sounds, features of: see features of sounds

frequency of occurrence 7 " shape (or form) of 12, 13, 29; see

also substance " significant aspect of 16

structural relations between 10, 18, 23; see also distinctive features

sound-types 26 Southern English 42, 80, 87, 103n speech 16, 17; see also parole spelling pronunciation 22, 58n spiritus asper SO Sprachgehildelautlehre 4; see also phone-

mics Standard (British) English 22, 64, 94 stress 19, 96 structural approach (in phonemics) 3, 6,

13, 16, 18, 23-24, 27-29, 78, 102; see also pattern

structural layer (Pike's term) 96, 100 structural pressure 13, 24 structural relations between sounds: see

sounds structure, phonemic: see phonemic pat­

tern subsidiary members (of a phoneme) 21;

see also variants substance v. form 7, 29 substitution of sounds 20 suction sounds 39 suprasegmental 19, SO, 79 suspicious segments 12, 13 svarabhakti vowel 63-64 syllabic consonants 61, 63, 64 syllabic contact (= Silbensehnitt) 84-85 syllabicity, phoneme of 62 syllable 38, 62, 64, 65, 89, 96

synchronic approach 8, 9, 41, 52 synchronic v. diachronic 9, 17, 52-54, 83 syntagmatic relations 27, 37 system 3, 8, 12, 13, 14, IS, 17, 24, 26, 44,

52, 53, 54, 78, 102 system of English phonemes: see classifi­

cation systematic features 17 systemic fragments (Haugen's term) 54

[t] 20, 21, 25, 28, 30, 36, 4243, 44 /t/ 42-43, 59, 61, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 [t] dental 35-36, 47 I, suffix 41, 61, 69 [·tI] 61, 62, 63 [·tn] 61, 62, 63 [trJ 43 [ts] 43 hJ] = [e] 25, 26, 43-45, 46 /tI/ 46 [6] 41, 48 /6/ 45, 49, 60, 68, 72, 73. 74 Us] 48 . /t;1 48, 57, 69, 72, 74 tamber 81, 84; see also quality tense v. lax SIn, 81n, 84, 85 terminology, standardised 5 tonality 106 triangle of vowels 89, 106 triphonematic clusters: see clusters triphthongs 101, 104, 105

[u] 52, 75, 78, 79, 88, 93, 101; as element of diphthongs 86, 94

/UI 88, 102, 107 [UI] 57, 58, 78, 93, 101 lui 78-79, 91, 106 [ua] 100, 103, 105, 107 [A] 78, 80, 88, 92 IAI 88, 105, 107 utterances, concrete 4, 9

[v] 48 /v/ 48, 60, 68, 72, 73, 74 variants, phonetic 16, 21, 30, 50, 58, 76-77,

78; see also allophones; complemen­tary distribution; phoneme and variant

velar 10, 11, 31, 32, 34 vocalic nuclei 91, 92 vocalic features of consonants 49n vocoids (Pike's term) 37, 39 voiced v. voiceless 10, 23, 31; see abo

lenis v. forti.

127

vowels acc. to Hjelmslev 38 .. acc. to J akobson 40n .. acc. to Martinet 38·39

acc. to Pike 37 acc. to Trubetzkoy 38

.. acc. to van Wijk 38 vowel phonemes, classification of: see

classification vowel phonemes of English: see table 01

contents vowel and consonant, commutation of

63, 94, 98, 101; wee also consonants and vowels

vowel shift 83 vowel-quadrangle 106 vowel· triangle 89, 106

[w] 49, 51-52; as element of diphthongs 92, 93, 94

Iwl 71, 72, 73, lOS, 106 [ M.] (= voiceless [w ]) 58 weak forms 75 word 3, 18, 19, 27, 30, 36, 39, 51

.. differentiation 30

.. forms 22, 27, 28

.. junction 19n word·marking function 64 word structure 69, 70, 71

.. .. of English 98, 102

.. variants 22 written texts 15, 17, 55

[z] 11, 41, 48 IzI 48, 61, 69, 72, 74, 75 z, suffix 11, 41, 61, fIJ [3] 25, 45-46, 48 131 45-46, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74 zero morphemes 39

129

POSTSCRIPTUM

I have never felt satisfied with the rather abrupt ending of this thesis. This was mainly due to the fact that, whereas the distributional criteria seemed admirably suited for dealing with consonant phonemes, this principle did not enable me to come up with such a nice classification in the case of vowel phonemes.

Later studies involving experiments with synthetic speech have con­vinced me, however, that no such correspondence ought to have been expected. In fact, vowels do seem to behave differently from consonants. Just as some words even stripped of contextual cues can be recognised and interpreted for what they are, e.g. proper names, so, on the whole, can any vowel be identified in isolation, with the possible exception of l'd/. In other words, vowels may be characterised sufficiently on their own acoustic strength, thus being identifiable as such and distinguishable from others even within similar contexts.

In the study of speech perception the emphasis has shifted in the direction of identification or recognition of words through their phonemic make-up. As indicated in the preface, I have meanwhile felt the need to apply experimental criteria towards solving phonemic problems. The major technique which makes such a procedure possible is that of per­ceptual analysis. The main technical feature of this type of analysis is a piece of apparatus, the phonetic segmentiser, which enables the investi­gator to select any desired stretch of speech anywhere in the speech chain.

This method lends itself admirably to the study of diphthongs and clusters. In actual experimental practice a panel of native listeners is required to judge the perceptual value of the stimuli obtained from the segmentiser.

For the latter reason I have largely devoted myself to the study of Dutch speech phenomena and I would be loath to apply the same technique to English in the absence of English listeners. The few tests that have nevertheless been made on English material suggest the necessity of clel,trly modifying the analysis as presented in the thesis.

In this respect I may point out that, though I still believe that in this book a good case has been made out for the biphonematic interpretation of the initial consonants of words such as chain and Jane, the very fact that Anglo-Saxon phonemicists seem to concur in a monophonematic interpretation could be taken as a strong warning that something may be amiss after all.

180

Basically, the same technique would make it possible to carry out "concrete", i.e. actual commutation. For some of the results of this approach the reader is referred to 't Hart-Cohen, Gating Techniques as an Aid in Speech Analysis, Language and Speech 7, 1964, 22-39. I believe that the outcome of this type of experiment constitutes a more realistic approach to the problem of how language users behave in speech com­munication. It goes without saying that no profitable tests can be made unless carried out against a linguistic background, which should provide the necessary theoretical framework within which the results have to be interpreted.

A. C.