Public Transport creating agglomeration economies
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Transcript of Public Transport creating agglomeration economies
Investigating the role of public transport in agglomeration economies and centres NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013
7th-8th August 2013
Professor Corinne Mulley
Chair of Public Transport
Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies
University of Sydney Business School
http://sydney.edu.au/business/itls
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Outline
› Background
- Agglomeration economies and centres
- Role of public transport
› Research questions
1. Industry concentration in centres:
Which industry sectors locate in centres of different size
2. Public transport use to centres
3. Worker interactions:
What type of informal, unplanned interactions workers have
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NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Background: agglomeration economies
› Centre theory: von Thunen, Weber, Christaller, Losch
› Centripetal (agglomerating) forces vs centrifugal (dispersing) forces
- Role of transport costs
› Agglomeration economies = benefits of concentration
- Intra-industry economies from labour supply, production and markets
- Inter-industry economies
- Social interactions: personal networking
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Agglomeration economies
Source: Metropolitan Strategy, Dec 2005
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Role of public transport – some hypotheses
1. Efficient use of land for access
- High value of land in dense locations
- Public transport: road-based or rail-based
- Higher density threshold before negative impacts
of congestion
2. Public transport encourages informal interactions
- Public transport trip has higher density of people
travelling together in proximity
- Walking to and from common origins and
destinations
- Opportunities for more informal, unplanned
interactions
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How can public transport lead to agglomeration economies?
Source: Brisbane Times, 29 March 2011
Source: www.rta.nsw.gov.au
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Empirical evidence and importance
› US
- Knowledge-based industries more likely in CBDs
- Govt sector has greatest affinity for transit locations
› Seoul, Korea
- BRT influenced location of creative industries and service sectors
- BRT increased employment density within 500m of stops
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Research Question 1: Industry concentration in centres Which industry sectors locate in centres of different size?
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Industry concentration in centres
› Functions as Global City
› Polycentric city with suburban centres
› Hierarchy of Strategic Centres
- Global Sydney (5 CBD precincts+1)
- Regional Cities (4)
- Major Centres (10)
- Specialised Centres (9)
› Data
- Jobs by 1 digit industry from Census 2006
- Calculation of concentration ratios
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Sydney
Metropolitan Strategy, Dec 2005
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Concentration ratios
› Concentration ratios were calculated to identify if an industry was more or
less concentrated than the average of all industries in different locations
- A concentration ratio of 1 means an industry has the same proportion of its jobs
in that location as that location has of all jobs.
- A concentration ratio of more than 1 means an industry is more concentrated in
that location than average.
› The maximum possible concentration ratio varies according to the location
- If 100% of the jobs in a specific industry are located in Sydney CBD which has
17% of Sydney’s jobs, the maximum concentration ratio for that industry in
Sydney CBD is calculated as 100/17 = 5.8.
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NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Location (centre type) and industry Concentration
Ratio Maximum possible concentration ratio
Sydney Statistical Division
1.7 Financial and Insurance Services 1.38
Information Media and Telecommunications 1.32 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1.28 Wholesale Trade 1.24 Strategic Centres
2.5
Financial and Insurance Services 2.02 Information Media and Telecommunications 1.69 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1.49 Sydney CBD
5.8
Financial and Insurance Services 3.31 Information Media and Telecommunications 2.06 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 2.00 Regional Cities
25.1
Public Administration and Safety 3.24 Financial and Insurance Services 3.21 Health Care and Social Assistance 1.58 Major Centres
18.5
Retail Trade 2.16 Health Care and Social Assistance 1.53 Public Administration and Safety 1.48 Specialised Centres
9.2
Transport, Postal and Warehousing 2.75 Wholesale Trade 1.86 Health Care and Social Assistance 1.33
Industry concentration by centre type – results
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In this example:
57% of jobs in Financial
and Insurance Services
industry are in Sydney CBD
compared to 17% of all
Sydney jobs in the CBD
= 3.31 times more jobs than
expected in Financial and
Insurance services are
located in the Sydney CBD
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Most concentrated industries by specific centres
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Industry Centre Concentration
Ratio
Arts and Recreation Central Sydney: Ultimo-Pyrmont 14.34
Transport, Postal and Warehousing Airport 11.35
Arts and Recreation Sydney Olympic Park 9.12
Health Care and Social Assistance Westmead 7.26
Transport, Postal and Warehousing Port Botany 5.38
Health Care and Social Assistance Kogarah 5.16
Information Media and Telecommunications Central Sydney: Ultimo-Pyrmont 5.14
Education and Training Central Sydney: Education and Health 4.90
Information Media and Telecommunications Chatswood 4.79
Education and Training Randwick 4.35
Health Care and Social Assistance Randwick 4.23
Financial and Insurance Services Central Sydney: CBD 4.22
Retail Trade Castle Hill 4.04
Example:
In Ultimo-Pyrmont, 20% of jobs are in Arts and Recreation industry
compared to only 1.5% of all Sydney jobs in that industry
= 14 times more industry jobs than expected for Arts and
Recreation in Central Sydney
Research Question 2: Public transport use to centres
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Public transport use to centres: Public transport use for JTW and centre size
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
% o
f pub
lic t
rans
port
for
Jou
rney
To
Wor
k to
cen
tre
Size: No. of jobs in centre
Global Sydney
Major Centres
Regional Cities
Specialised Centres
All centres: r=0.592, p=0.001
Exc CBD: r=0.358
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Public transport use to centres: Public transport use for JTW and centre density
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
% p
ub
lic tr
ansp
ort
fo
r Jo
urn
ey
to W
ork
to
ce
ntr
e
Density: Jobs per hectare in centre
Global Sydney
Major Centres
Regional Cities
Specialised Centres
All centres: r=0.838, p=0.000
Exc CBD: r=0.772, p=0.000
Bondi Junction,
Chatswood
Redfern
Research Question 3: Worker interactions What type of informal, unplanned interactions do workers have?
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Exploratory survey of workplace interactions
› Online pilot survey
› 76 responses from 3 companies
- Information, Media & Telecomms/Professional Services industry in CBD
- Professional Services industry in Chatswood
- Waste Services/Transport industry in CBD (Pyrmont)
› We asked respondents about ‘Your activities last week’
- Opportunities for interactions vs unplanned interactions
- List of activities
- Mode to work
› We also asked questions that tested quality of recall
- Diary
- How easy to remember
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Method
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Workplace interactions – results
› Interactions
- 457 opportunities for interactions (leaving office for coffee, lunch, break, other)
- 11 unplanned interactions: met colleagues, friends
- Survey week was representative re more, less or usual activity
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Freq. of activity (no. of days last week)
Total
activities
Respondents
with activity
No. % Activity
0
days
1
day
2
days
3
days
4
days
5
days
Opportunities for interactions
Left workplace…
for meetings 38 25 6 3 3 1 63 38 50%
for coffee or break 34 9 4 8 13 8 133 42 55%
for lunch with colleagues from same org 39 22 4 5 6 69 37 49%
for lunch with colleagues from different org 68 8 8 8 11%
for lunch with friends 64 9 1 1 1 18 12 16%
for any other purpose 35 25 10 6 63 41 54%
Went to work-related activity after work 60 12 4 20 16 21%
Went to social event after work 32 21 11 8 4 83 44 58%
Total opportunities for interactions 457
Informal interactions 0%
Met colleagues from different org unplanned 74 1 1 3 2 3%
Met friends unplanned during the day 69 6 1 8 7 9%
Total unplanned interactions 11
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Workplace interactions – results
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› Role of public transport
- Public transport users slightly more likely to report meeting and talking to people they know on JTW than car drivers
Meet and talk to people you know while travelling to work
Journey to Work mode in survey week
Almost everyday
About once a week
About once a month
Almost never
Total resp.
At least monthly
Almost never
Public transport 4 or 5 days 4 5 5 23 37 38% 62%
Car driver 4 or 5 days 3 1 1 14 19 26% 74%
Walk or bike 4 or 5 days 1 2 0 3 6 50% 50%
All other 2 1 0 11 14 21% 79%
Total 10 9 6 51 76 33% 67%
Source: Daily Telegraph, 15 Oct 2009
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Future research
› Pursuing this needs a survey which
- Increasing response rates
- Distinguishes between meeting new people during
work vs outside of workplace
- Captures personality and work style
- Allows for the role of e-comms vs face-to-face
interaction
- Asks about the impact of interactions on work
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Role of public transport in interactions
Source: SMH, 15 Oct 2008
Source: Brisbane Times, 29 March 2011
NSW Transport Infrastructure Summit 2013, 7-8th August 2013
Summary/Conclusions
› Issues - Established theories of centre formation, size and hierarchy
- But not industries benefit most from agglomeration and whether this differs by centre/city size
- Role of transport: roads vs public transport
› Findings from Sydney - Some industries more concentrated in different types of centres
- Strong association between centre density and public transport use for JTW
- Exploratory survey: can recall previous week’s activities, pt users more likely to report meeting and talking to people they know on JTW
› Future directions - Extending survey of workers’ unplanned interactions to other industries,
and centre sizes and densities
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