Public Safety Department Respiratory Protection

ONLINE SELF-STUDY

UNC Respiratory Protection Program for Public Safety Department

Page Title

Class Objectives

Class Objectives Introduction to the Respiratory Protection Program

Understand why Respiratory Protective Equipment has been issued to UNC-CH Police Officers.

Be able to discuss the types of chemical inhalation hazards including riot control agents, CBRN agents, and miscellaneous chemicals used at UNC-CH.

Review biological agents.

Explain the different types of Respiratory Protective Equipment Used.

Review Respirator Use Procedures.

Review Medical Evaluation Procedures.

Understand the purpose of respirator fit-testing

Review Respirator Inspection, Maintenance, and Storage Procedures.

Introduction

Introduction

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH)Respiratory Protection Program describes written policy andprocedures for the use of respirators to protect the health of

employees in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Respiratory ProtectionStandard, 29 CFR 1910.134 (General Industry Respirator

Standard).

The purpose of the Respiratory Protection Program is to

prevent occupational illnesses and disease as resultof employee exposure to unsafe levels of airborne hazards inthe occupational setting.

Introduction

The primary means to control occupational exposures caused

by breathing contaminated air is through the use of feasible

engineering controls, such as enclosures, confinement of

operations, ventilation, or substitution of less toxic materials.

When effective engineering controls and other types of

workplace controls (administrative, product substitution, etc.)

are not feasible, or while they are being instituted,

appropriate respirators shall be used. The use of respirators

is the last line of defense.

An effective respirator program is critical for the safe use of

the issued respiratory protective equipment.

Purpose of Respiratory Protection for Public

Safety

Purpose of Respiratory Protection for

Public Safety

Why does Public Safety need a respirator? Some examples include:

Maintaining the perimeter at “crowd-control” incidents where tear

gas is used

Terrorism/Chemical/Biological threat incidents (warm & cold zone

requirements);

To prevent exposure to airborne respiratory infectious agents (i.e.

influenza virus)

The following slides explains these examples further.


Public Safety

1) Maintaining the perimeter at “crowd-control”

incidents where tear gas is used:

Crowd Control includes riots, disorders, and violence arising

from dissident gatherings and marches, rock concerts,

political conventions, and personal violence among two or

more persons.

Respirators could be used by officers during the release of

“warning smoke”, “tear-gas,” or other types of riot control

agents when there is a potential for exposure to airborne

forms of these agents such as when encountered when

maintaining crowd control.


Public Safety

An example of an incident which law enforcement

personnel used respiratory protective equipment for

protection against riot control agents was in Seattle, 1999,

during the World Trade Organization protests and

demonstrations.

Police officers used tear gas and other devices to control

crowds of protestors. The following slides were taken on

Wednesday, December 1, 1999 in downtown Seattle, WA.

The following two pages illustrate the demonstrations that

occurred and use of tear gas by Seattle Police Officers to

control the crowds of protestors. The third slide illustrates

riot police in full dress (including gas masks at their sides)

where they arrested hundreds of protestors in Westlake

Park, downtown Seattle.


Public Safety

Left Picture: The line is drawn at 4th and Pike Street.

Right Picture: Tear gas is launched at 4th and Pike Street.


Public Safety

Left Picture: After dark, 4th and Pike Street

Middle Picture: Police Use Teargas Again

Right: Police occupy 4th and Pike Again


Public Safety

Left Picture: Riot Control Police at 4th and Pike St, Seattle, Dec 1, 1999.

Right Picture: Police contain and arrest hundreds of protestors in Westlake Park


Public Safety

2) Terrorism/Chemical/Biological threat incidents:

It is a threat that we hope never happens, but we must beprepared if an incident does occur. Public Safety may be in the area of a threat or incident or may be required to helpenforce exclusion/barrier/ security zones once exposureconditions are understood. Public Safety may also help victimsand the public around the incident area.

The respiratory equipment (gas mask with P100 filter &chemical cartridge) issued provides protection against gasses, vapors, and all biological aerosol agents that could potentiallybe encountered.


Public Safety

2) Terrorism/Chemical/Biological threat incidents (Continued):

The issued gas mask also provides protection against low level

chemical warfare agents such as nerve and blister agents, but

it is not designed to be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres

or in areas where levels of agents exceed the limitations of the

respirator chemical cartridge and are considered Immediately

Dangerous to Life and Health.

Purpose of Respiratory Protection for Public

Safety

3) To prevent exposure to airborne respiratory infectious agents (i.e. influenza virus):

In the event of a pandemic influenza outbreak, research

indicates that a N95 filtering face piece respirator is an

adequate form of protection against the inhalation exposure

hazard to the influenza virus due to the respirator’s ability to

filter out very small size particles including the size of viruses.

In addition to your issued disposable N95 respirator, you use a

combination filter/chemical protective cartridge (P/N 817588)

with your MSA gas mask. The prefilter, is a P100 filter, which has

the highest filtering efficiency (99.97% against very small

particles) of all NIOSH approved respirator filters. It is also

protective against respiratory infectious agents.

Review of Airborne Hazards and Chemical

Inhalation Hazards


Inhalation Hazards

Airborne hazards which public safety could be potentially exposed

during an incident generally fall into the following basic categories:

Gases. Gases are formless fluids that occupy the space or enclosure and which can be changed to the liquid or solid state only by the combined effect of increased pressure and decreased temperature.

Vapors. Vapors are the gaseous form of substances that are normally in the solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure.

Smoke. Smoke consists of carbon or soot particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials such as coal or oil. Smoke generally contains droplets as well as dry particles.


Inhalation Hazards

Dusts. Particles that are formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing their size through mechanical processes such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading, or blasting.

Fumes. Particles formed when a volatilized solid, such as a metal, condenses in cool air. The media usually confuses the definition of vapor with fume.

Oxygen deficiency. The respirators issued to Public Safety are not protective against oxygen deficient atmospheres. Only approved air supplying respirators (e.g. SCBA’s such as used by Fire Fighters) can be used in this type of environment.


Inhalation Hazards

Acute health effects are the negative effects from a substance that occur after one or multiple exposures in a short period of time. (e.g. the immediate effects of riot control agents explained on the next slides)

Chronic health effects are the negative adverse health effects from a substance that occur over a longer period of time, usually from repeated exposure of low doses. Sometimes delayed for years. (Ex. Asbestos exposure)

Review of Chemical Inhalation Hazards-

Riot Control Agents


Riot Control Agents

Riot Control Agents: Are compounds that cause temporary

incapacitation by irritation of the eyes and irritation of the upper

respiratory tract.

They are often called irritants, irritating agents, and harassing agents.

The general public usually calls them tear gas.


Riot Control Agents

When using riot-control agents you could be exposed to different

airborne hazards through breathing fine droplets or particles in the

air, or a combination of forms of agents.

Some of the different riot control chemical types include:

-CS (Coroson/Stoughton), malenonitrile

Pepper spray (Capsaicin)

Oleoresin capsicum, the “active” ingredient of OC tear gas.

CN (commercial); Mace; chloracetophenone

-DM (vomiting agent)

Your issued MSA phalanx gas mask is protective against

CN-Mace, CS irritant, and OC tear gas agents.


Riot Control Agents

Riot Control Agents Acute Health Effects of Exposure:

Eyes- burning, lacrimation, injection, blepharospasm

Nose- Burning, rhinorrhea, sneezing

Mouth- burning of mucosa membranes including palate and tongue.

Airways- burning, tightness in the chest, coughing

Skin- Burning, stinging, erythema


Riot Control Agents

Long-lasting exposure or exposure to a large dose of riot control

agent;

especially in enclosed, unventilated areas can cause severe effects

such as the following:

Eyes- Blindness, Glaucoma (a serious eye condition that could lead to blindness).

Nose- Severe burning

Mouth- Severe chemical burns to the throat

Airways- Severe chemical burns to the lungs

Skin- Severe burns


Riot Control Agents

Characteristics of Riot Control Agents:

Usual forms of dispersal and delivery consists of solid primarily

(CS, CN,) and aqueous solution (e.g. CN-Mace).

Dispersal devices consist of: pressurized canisters (spray devices) & explosive cartridges (pen guns, shotgun canisters)

Dispersal forms consist of:

-solid suspended in the air (aerosol, smoke).

-solution suspended in the air (true aerosol).


Riot Control Agents

Degrees of Hotness: -Measured in Scoville Heat Units (SHU) *Green bell pepper – zero *Jalapeno pepper – 5,000 *Pepper Spray – 5000,000 to 2 Million *Pure capsaicin – 15 Million

The Scoville Organoleptic Scale was developed by Wilbur Scoville in 1919as a way to quantify a chile pepper’s heat. Originally, tasters were asked to judge how many parts of sugar water added to one part of chile essencewere needed to completely erase the chile’s heat.

Now a chemical process called High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) measures capsaicin concentrations in chiles, but the Scoville scale isstill very accurate, approx. 16 times the HPLC calculation.


Riot Control Agents

How can you protect yourself from exposure to riot control agents?:

If released outdoors, move away from the area where released. Avoid dense, low-lying clouds of riot control agent vapor.

Go to the highest ground possible, because riot control agents will form a dense cloud that can travel close to the ground.

If the release of agents was indoors, get out of the building.

Additional guidance can be found on the Center for Disease Control website at http://emergency.cdc.gov

http://emergency.cdc.gov/


“CBRN” & Toxic Industrial Chemicals



Classes of Threat Chemicals

CBRN is an acronym for “Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and

Nuclear” usually followed by a word like “agents”, “weapons”, or

“warfare”.

CBRN includes a full spectrum of potential and non-traditional

threats from terrorism including chemical warfare agents and

toxic industrial chemicals.



What is a Chemical Warfare Agent?

Synthesized substance used to incapacitate, seriously injure,

or kill man as a result of its physiological effects.

Can be disseminated by a variety of Means: artillery, aircraft, or by non conventional methods

Examples include Nerve Agents, Blistering Agents/Vesicants, Blood Agents.

Can be disseminated by a variety of Means: artillery, aircraft, or by non conventional methods

Can be in form of Gas, Vapor, or Aerosol (droplets)

Additional guidance on specific types of chemical warfare agents can be found on the Center for Disease Control website at http://emergency.cdc.gov




What is an example of a situation in the past where CBRN agents

were used in terrorism?

Sarin (Nerve Agent)- On a Monday morning in March 1995, Aum

Shinrikyo cultists released a cloud of impure Sarin gas in a crowded

Tokyo subway. Even in dilute form, the chemical killed 12 and

sickened thousands. Though they posed no threat in the U.S., the cult

had an office in New York City, just a few blocks from the Times

Square subway station.

Cyanide- A London plot to release cyanide gas on the

Underground tube network was foiled with the arrest of three

reported to have links to Al Quaeda.



Toxic Industrial ChemicalsToxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) is a term that refers to

chemical agents that are used in industrial operationswhich could be used by terrorists. The intentional use ofTICs could cause not only health effects, but flammable

and explosive hazards.

Some examples of chemicals that are considered TICs

Include Anhydrous Ammonia, Acrylontirile, Propane, Ethylene Oxide, and Chlorine.



Toxic Industrial Chemicals

The University uses a variety of chemicals for researchprocedures and in industrial work areas for work processes.

There are federal and state regulations (e.g. HAZCOM andenvironmental regulations) to ensure that these materials areproperly controlled, inventories of materials are maintained,and to ensure that employees that work with themunderstand the potential hazards and safe use requirementsfor these materials.



Examples of chemicals at UNC

Ammonium Nitrate

Fertilizer

Propane

Tanks, forklifts

Acetylene

Welding

Bromine

Water treatment

Chlorine

Pools



Toxic Industrial Chemicals

For more information regarding specific typesof TICs, the Center for Disease Control andPrevention Website is an excellent resource.The following link takes you directly to theirChemical Emergencies Section where you canobtain more information regarding TICs:

http://emergency.cdc.gov/chemical/

http://emergency.cdc.gov/chemical/

Review of Biological Agents


What are Biological Agents? Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi,

and biological toxins. Examples of Biological agents that

could be used for terrorism:

-Anthrax,

-Botulism toxin,

-Smallpox,

-Plague,

-Staphylococcal bacteria, etc.

Some agents are contagious, some are not. They require time

after inhaled/ingested to multiply enough to overcome the

body’s defenses. Routes of exposure: inhalation, dermal route,

orally, percutaneously (injected through skin).


Bioterrorism: the intentional use of microorganisms, or toxins, derived form living organisms, to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants.

Bioterrorism- Did you know that the first bioterrorism incident against a U.S. community occurred in 1984? Oregon’s local heath authorititesclosed down restraunts with salad bars after nearly 400 people became infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. A total of 751 people were victims of a bizarre scheme to hold down voter turnout. A religious cult called the Rajneeshees grew their own bacteria and intentionally contaminated salad bars.

Anthrax- In October 2001, the testing Lab at For Detrick Maryland, found that anthrax spores sent to Senator Tom Daschle were extremely potent. It took months to clear all traces of the weapons –grade anthrax from the Hart Senate Office Building.

2 postal workers in a mail facility that handled the anthrax-tainted letters also died.

Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment


There are two primary types of respirators. They are called air-

purifying and atmosphere supplying.

1) Air-Purifying Respirator (APR): Both Negative & Positive Pressure

Types. Removes contaminants by mechanical removal of particulates

using filters and chemical cartridges used for the removal of gasses &

vapors by adsorption (surface binding). They can’t be worn in

oxygen-deficient or IDLH atmospheres. The air concentration must be

within the maximum use concentration of the respirator.

2) Atmosphere Supplying: Provides fresh breathing air (“Grade D”

quality) from an external source. Examples of types of supplied air

are Airline respirators, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA),

and Escape only respirators.


What type of Respirator does Public Safety use?

Air-Purifying Respirator: A respirator with an air-purifying filter,

cartridge, or canister that removes specific air contaminants (such as

gas, vapor, particulate, or combinations) by passing ambient air

through the air-purifying element.


A Filtering Facepiece Respirator is a particulate respirator with the entire facepiece composed of the filtering medium. It is protectiveagainst aerosols of very small size which could enter your respiratorysystem (less than one micrometer size) such as particles, dusts,generated from dusty operations and infectious diseases.

The 3M 9211 N95 respirator issued to public safety is also protective againstbiological & infectious agent aerosols and viruses such as influenza viruses andcould be used for inhalation protection in the event of an Influenza pandemicoutbreak..


MSA Phalanx Gas Mask:


MSA Phalanx Respirator/Gas Mask: The MSA Phalanx

respirator/gas mask that has been issued to you when used with

canister P/N 817589 is also effective against the following

chemical warfare agents: Nerve GA, GB (Sarin), GD, VX, Blister:

mustard and lewisite and ALL Biological Warfare agents.

It is also effective against OC (Oleoresin Capsicum) Riot Control

Agent and HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide), but is not approved nor

has it been tested by the National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH).


MSA Phalanx Respirator/Gas Mask Manufacture Information:

(Please click on link below to pull up Phalanx Gas Mask Specifications)


MSA Phalanx Respirator/Gas Mask: The respirator canister (cartridge)

is composed of a combination particulate filter (P100 filter) and treated

activated carbon bed. In combination, this cartridge is protective against

aerosols, gasses, and vapors. The issued gas mask is equipped with a

combination filter/and chemical cartridge. The P100 filter has greater filtering

efficiency (99.97%) against aerosols of 0.3 um median diameter size). It has a

higher filter efficiency than the 3M 9211 N95 filtering facepiece.

http://www.msanet.com/gasmaskinformation/images/Phalanx_Cart_Right.jpg

http://www.msanet.com/gasmaskinformation/images/Phalanx_Cart_Right.jpg


Gas Mask Chemical Cartridge/Canister: It is important to implement a

chemical cartridge change out schedule. For Public Safety the change schedule is

to dispose the cartridge and obtain a new one after each response action.

The change schedule will ensure that canisters or cartridges are

changed before their end of service life.

This will help prevent “break-through” of the chemical cartridge and

will prevent the wearer from being exposed to air contaminants as a

result of overuse of a saturated chemical cartridge. When using a

respirator for protection for gasses and vapors, if you detect a

chemical taste, smell, or irritation, you should exit to a clean area and

replace the cartridges and inspect the respirator immediately.


Atmosphere-Supplying Respirator is a respirator that supplies the user withbreathing air from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere. Typesinclude supplied-air respirators (SARs) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.

The types of respirators used by Public Safety are not air-supplying!! They areair purifying respirators.


Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is an atmosphere supplying

respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the

user. This type of respirator is considered to provide the highest level of

respiratory protection. Pressure-demand types of SCBAs are used for fire

fighting, rescue, emergency response, and other situations.

This respirator is acceptable for oxygen-deficient conditions, and against a wide

variety of contaminants, and for entry into IDLH atmospheres.

Disadvantage is that the work time is limited to amount of air in the external tank

and the extra weight of the tank.

Respirator Use Procedures


Respirator Instructions for Use and Care: At this time, ensure that

you read and understand the MSA Phalanx Alpha respirator/ gas

mask manufacture instruction manual. Review and understand the

content which includes:

1) Instructions for Use and Care

2) Preparations for Use

3) Test for Tightness

4) Replacing the Canister

5) Using the Inlet Port Plug

6) Maintenance

7) Cleaning & Disinfecting

8) Storage

9) Other Gas Mask Uses

The following slides will review important content from the Gas Mask

Instruction Manual.


Preparations for Use: There are five inspection points, that must be checked

before donning the respirator. Under no circumstances should a respirator

that fails inspection be used. The respirator must be repaired or replaced.

1. Head harness: Check to see that the head harness straps still have their

elasticity. Inspect for cracks or tears and make sure all buckles are in place

and working properly.

2. Facepiece: Check facepiece for dirt, debris, cracks, tears or holes.

Inspect the shape of the facepiece for possible distortion that may occur

from improper storage and make sure the rubber is flexible, not stiff.


Preparations for Use (Cont’d):

3. Inhalation and exhalation valves: Check for cracks, tears,

distortion, dirt or build-up of material between valve and the

valve seat.

4. Facepiece inlet port: Check to make sure the inlet port

threads are free of damage such as crossed threads and that

the canister sealing surface of the facepiece is clean and free

of dirt or other foreign matter. Make sure the inlet port

plugs are in place on the side of the facepiece opposite the

canister.


* Note the face piece inlet port on the Left is securely in place;

* Note that on the right side of the illustration the chemical cartridge is securely

fastened and not cross-threaded!!


Preparations for Use (Cont’d):

5. Canister: Make sure the canister is clean. Never try to

clean canister by washing it or using compressed air.

Inspect the canister for dents, scratches or other damage.

Assemble Gas Mask as Follows: Place canister onto inlet

port carefully. Hand tighten by turning clockwise to ensure

a good seal against the gasket or facepiece.


Donning the Mask:

1. Extend all headband straps.

2. Put your chin in first

3. Grasp the two side straps in each hand, and pull the harness back

over your head.

4. To tighten straps, pull straight back, not out.

5. Adjust straps as necessary to position face piece.


Respirator Tightness Test:

The facepiece must be subjected to the following tightness test before each

use. Close off the inlet opening of the canister by covering with the palm

of the hand inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath

for ten seconds. If the face piece remains in its slightly collapsed condition and no

Inward leakage of air is detected, the tightness of the respirator is considered

satisfactory.

The Face piece must pass the tightness test before the user

should attempt to enter any toxic atmosphere. The mask will

not furnish protection unless all inhaled air is drawn through

the canister.

http://keats.admin.virginia.edu/images/os_negative_fit_test.jpg

http://keats.admin.virginia.edu/images/os_negative_fit_test.jpg

Safety Issues/Problems with Use of Respirators


The use of Personal Protective Equipment (including a respirator) can

itself create significant worker hazards such as:

-Heat stress,

- Physical and psychological stress,

- Impaired vision, impaired mobility, and impaired communication.

In general, greater levels of PPE can cause the associated risk to

increase. The next couple of slides addresses specific problems with

the use of a respirator.


Impaired Vision: Peripheral vision is impaired when using most typesof full face respirators. Dependent on the type of respirator, you canonly see a limited field of view. In addition, certain weather conditionssuch as high humidity and cold weather can fog the interior lens of therespirator which can further impair vision.

Impaired Situational Awareness: With the respirator donned, youmust be cognizant of the surrounding work environment such asdistance away from hazardous equipment, moving objects, potential slip,trips, and fall hazards, moving vehicles, etc.

Impaired Communication: Is much more difficult. Especially if using radios or talking to a buddy in PPE with background noise.


Facial Hair- facial hair that lies along the sealing area of the

respirator such as beards, sideburns, or even a few days of

growth of stubble, shall not be permitted because it will

prevent a good seal and may cause leakage of the respirator,

which could cause contaminants to enter your breathing zone.


Heat Stress: In the summer months, this is a major

concern. Ensure everyone is aware of the signs and

symptoms of heat related injuries (e.g. heat rash, heat

exhaustion, & heat stroke).

In addition, a person working in high temperatures is under

increased levels of stress. Wearing a respirator causes

additional stress. Cooling packs are recommended to help

cool responders. They come in different styles by safety

manufacturers.


Fatigue: has both a physical and psychological effect. During

major response events, 1st Responders and support staff could be

faced with a work schedule where routine meals or breaks are

suddenly interrupted. Work conditions suddenly change from an

office or training environment to real conditions.

Recommendations consist of adequate work/rest cycles;

Use of the buddy system to identify signs of fatigue;

and enforcement of operational periods and fatigue

recommendations in the field.

Medical Evaluation Requirements


Using a respirator may place a physiological burden, which varieswith type of respirator worn, the job and workplace conditions inwhich the respirator is used, and the medical status of theemployee. Potential negative physical demands of wearing arespirator include:

Extra strain on the heart Increased body temperature Heat Stress Dehydration Other ill health effects

Each employee assigned to wear a respirator in carrying out his/herjob responsibilities is to receive a medical evaluation to determinehis/her ability to wear a respirator. The medical evaluation mustbe performed to determine the employee’s ability to use a respirator,before fit testing and use.


OSHA requires employees to complete a medical questionnaire. At UNC-

CH this is done at the University Employee Occupational Health

Clinic (UEOHC), 145 N. Medical Drive. The medical staff will

review the medical evaluation and determine the ability of the employee

to wear a respirator.

The UEOHC will provide the employee and their supervisor a written

recommendation if any limitations are needed.

Employees are encouraged to discuss the questionnaire and examination

results with a member of the UEOHC medical staff.

Respirator Fit-Testing Procedures

Respirator Fit-Testing Procedures

Why?

Performed to make sure the respirator properly fits your facial

structure and to ensure that you know how to properly don the

respirator without assistance.

OSHA requires prior to initial use, whenever a different respirator

(size, style, model or make) is used and at least annually

thereafter

Your fit is affected by changes in facial structure due to weight

loss, scarring, surgery, facial hair, etc.

Respirator Maintenance & Storage Requirements

Respirator Maintenance & Storage

Requirements

Inspection

N95 should be inspected prior to use for rips tears or holes in the

respirator

Gas Mask should be inspected prior to each use and at least

monthly thereafter.

Check for proper function before and after each use (i.e.

tightness of connections, and the condition varies part including

facepiece, head straps, valves, connecting tube, and cartridges,

canisters or filters, elastic parts for pliability and signs of

deterioration)


Requirements

Storage

Respirators must be protected from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals

Place your respirator in a clean individual bag

Store masks with the face piece, exhalation valve, and breathing tubes in a natural, undistorted position

Face pieces and other parts can be permanently deformed if they are smashed out of shape during storage. After it’s deformed, your respirator won’t fit you anymore.


Requirements

Repair

Any defective respirator shall be removed from service, and shall

be adjusted, repaired or discarded and replaced as

appropriate.


Requirements

Cleaning and Disinfecting

Follow Manufacturer instructions!!!

Clean in warm soapy water with disinfectant after each use;

Take care to clean the exhalation valve in the facepiece and all

other parts that exhaled air contacts.

References

1) Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Emergency Preparedness and Response Website; http://emergency.cdc.gov/

2) History Link, The free encyclopedia of Washington State; www.historylink.org

3) United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense-Field Management of Chemical and Biological Casualty Course-Workbook.

4) Mine Safety Appliances (MSA) Company Phalanx Riot Control Gas Mask Instruction Manual


http://www.historylink.org/

Questions?

Any questions regarding UNC-CH Respiratory

Protection Program, please call:

Phone: 919.962.5507

Web: www.ehs.unc.edu

http://www.ehs.unc.edu/

Public Safety Department Respiratory Protection

Education

Transcript of Public Safety Department Respiratory Protection