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AUTHOR Mehallis, Mantha, Ed.TITLE Improving .Decision Making.INSTITUTION q ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior

Calif.National Inst. of EducationISBN-187589-813-0; USPS-121-710Sep 11400-78-0038124p.,Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers, 433 CaliforniaSah Francisco, CA 94104 ($6.95, Order No.-CCNew Directions for Community 'colleges; v9 n1981

SPONS AGENCYREPORT 10PUB' DATE'CONTRACTNOTE

1

AVAILABLE FFOM

: JOURNAL CIT

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

JC 810 573

olleges, Los Angeles,

) Washington, D.C.

MF01 /PC05 PlusPostage.Budgeting; College Planning; *Community Colleges;*Decision Making; Educational Finance; *EducationalPlanning; Intormation Needs; *Institutional Research;Master Plans; Public Policy; Research. Needs;*Research Utilization; Statewide Planning; StudentCharacteristics; Two Year Colleges; Two Year CollegeStudents

ABSTRACTThis collection of essays focuses on the,laportance

of aceazate`tind timely information for effective decision making.First, Ivan -Lath considerS the proliferation of statewide planningand policy forlation and discusses problems with and ways to. improvestatewide research. Next, Cheryl Opacinch focuses on decision makingfor federal postsecondary policy,' discussing strategies forinfluencing the policy-making process by improving the use ofcommunity college research. After tracing trends in two-year collegeresearch, William'Ramsey presents-plans for action. to Involveresearch as a tool in the developie4t of master plan. JosephRossmeier places his discussion ofIrformation resource management inthe context of the growing importance cf computers, the role pfinformation as a primary institutional asset, ana a hierarchrofinformation needs. M. Kathryne Baratta examines the use of studentdata in planning and for better management. The utilization ofstudent information systems is further discussed by Toni Hall and JimReed, who recommend a'p/anned approach to student follow-up,strategies fororganizing.research and promoting data utilization,and'ways that decision"aakers should use student information. Mike,Stetenson and Dan-Walleri present nine guidelines for financial

' decision making in a period of retrenchment. Mantha hehallis dealswith the improvement of decision making through institutionalresearch Finally, Dolina Dzierlenga cites relevant ERIC aocuments;(AN)

.

************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made. *

Afrom the original document. *

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NEW DIRECTIONS FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGES41/

Improving Decision Mating

Mantha Mehallis, Editor

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U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITUTE Of EDUCATION

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Contents

Editor's \otes1

tlarttha 1 Iletal/i,

Chapter 1 Research for Polio Formulation at the State Leuel 5Larirf Lad?

ttarc so, irfo planning and peeps.. tor ItIllid(1,,ITihd \ 1.tYt. ad% illt ft , ;std in st opt andsignific ant but ',tat( ksidr- rc sc arc h to support de( ision making has not

Chapter 2 Federal Postsfcondars Polio(hen! OparinchFr do ral posts( c )11(laR p()11( IS art ( ingrna Its press Tic r 1, r it ar but Its CT( anonand ittlific atioti is hao.

Chapter 3 sing Research for Planningtt 1tharn, I RanbelMastcr plans II« r ssitatc a «,ritinLit% of r(gularls sc hr duly d rr sr arch r fforts

Chapter 4 Information Resource 11anagementJ9sephG Rossmetermanagt.iiit lit of M11,111011 it SWAN t s 15 U4111/t d for ss stc man(planning 'of rational d« !stun making

irostitutionNnic

Chapter 5 I sing Student Data for Academic PlanningKathnne Baratta

Student data r an hr its d as an aid to academic planning in c ommunits «)Ilegcs

Chapter6 Utilization of Student Information SvstemsIont V hall, Jim I' Reedtudent inttattiatmt ssstr HIS pros kic. information aunt SRA( T115 that Call lit

fulls 11I111/«1 hs «111eg«Il c ISItill 111611.(15

17

25

'35

49

63

Chapter 7. Financial Decision Making in a Period of Retrenchment 831dike R. Stet enson, R Dan 11 allenNitic gwde l to s arc pros ided for disc loping an c flfctic c mironnic tit for dc alrig wish f itiam tai do (.1sto'll making in a pc nod of Hirt 11(..11111t ut

Chapter 8 Improving Decision Waiting' ThroughInstitutional Researchtl,int%Ld I t1 ,-1-,,i,'1,

rm- huts, ,,t !,,,,ruuri,,i,.11T,,,,11,i) s i,,, ,I,e d ,,,, ,/,11,,,geNte Hr pl,i,,I;wv andcdluxpir, t,r cuitiltn:,thltp., , t,Hi,h itlakil,

95

( hapter 9 .Sources and Information Research and Plan' ing ' 105. L).. ,t tw, /.).7J .

Index 1194

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Editor's Notes

Effectise decision making is dependent upon the utilization qaccurateand umek infoifnation Such information is best obtained from anongoing, sstemanc institutional research effort In order for thateffort to be meaningful in the communit college, it must be closetsaligned with the president and the exec otke administration Focusupon management, planning, and esaluanon will prmide the infor-mation necessary for administratne decision making to develop andmonitor policies and procedures

. The first two chapters of this sourcebook deal with policyformulation The first, bs han Lach, demonstrates how statewideplanning and polies formulation h proliferated in scope andsignificance Howe\ er, stateside rese ch has failed to support thele\el of decision 'making that has been fostered Good statewideresearch about commuri colleges cannot be obtained mermght,but such research can and should be used to ad ocate the communitycollege role in postsecondar education

The second chapter, M Chekl Opacmch, focuses on decisionmaking for federal postkidan, polies Policy-making powers aredesignated those in positions to influence polies As a senior policyanalyst at the federal It.el, she discusses strategies for influencing thepolicy-making process means of improving the utilization ofcommunity college research

Ramsey's chapter presents a plan for action andimolsement wf research as a' tool in the developmental, decision-making 'stages of prbducing a master, plan He traces the trends in

I am indebted to Arthur St Cohen, dire( tor of the ERIC Clearoghouse forJuimir Colleges at the nisersits of California at Los Angeles, for the assistatice hehas rendered to tht National Council for Researc h and Planning tits most heartfeltthanks go to Bgnme Sam hez, for her emciuragement, and to Gasle Bs ock, also ofERIC, who helped to inmate this stuff( ebook and bring its publication to fruitionthe entire Clearinghouse staff has been most en«iviaging and helpful Eastbutdefirmels not least I thank the members of the National Council for Research andPlanning who served as authors'for this solunit. We are all truls commuted to theanprosement of dec ision making through the utilization of institutional research inthe tonnininits college end hope that this soluiebook will bring that realization

lose r

2

research at mo -N ear Colleges and raises questions to be answered if thecolleges are to conduct useful research, leading to planning Thes,master plan contains information about. "%Allene the instuutio,p is,

where it is going, and hoa. to get there with a continuits of regularlAscheduled research efforts 1 I

Information resource managemers is a chMlenge that JosephRossmeux.«mfronts in his chapter He bases his remarks on threemajor assumptions 1 The computer is destined to become one fthe most important societal and, technologital advancements,information is a primary institutional asset anfIlloarran Is the sarecognition and status as human, physical, and fiscal resources, an

3 colleges have a 'basic hierarchs of information needs closelyaligned to their yrgamrational management lesels With a guidingmanagement philosophy, a planning process for applsing computertechnology to management information and a computing servicesmaster plan IA ere des eloped and implemented locally ,

Student data call ,be used to aid academic planning in thet comm units college VI Kathrsne Baratta gives examples of student

data that can be used for planning purposes The data can contributeifto better manage ierct by pros iding information that facilitates choices

among planning a ernanvesThe mill/anon of student information systems is further de-

scribed by Toni Hall and, Jim Reed They call for the coordination ofinformation with the decisions to be made Participation by users inthe design and execution of student follow-up studies will result mgreater utilization of results to im pros e educational planning anddecision making Hall and Reed describe survey implementation,utilization strategy, and the monitoring of the uses

Research of the literature bn cornniunit college resourceallocation/budgeting resealed nine guidelin s, which are presentedby Mike Stevenson and Dan Walleri They deal with financial decisionmalutig tn a period of retrenchment They call for the use of data as anaggressive communication tool to confront, not react to, the financialen VIM r1111 e 11 (

,

Mantha Mehallis'cleals with the improvement of decisionmaking through institutional researc h The history of institutionalresearch is traced with projections concerning its future in the corn-

.m units college The foc us is on triinagernen't, planning, and evaluationfor administrative decision making, with a cloise alignment at thefriilic s- making les el

;

3

The final chapter, by Donna Orterlenga, presents referencesources reg'arditng the role of institutional research in the planningaud management process

S1

*nthaV Mehallis '1tor

hirlthll L 1'1141(1111S is the ithintiltate past prestdent of the National(,0107(1007- Researrh and Planning and dire( tar of InstatitmnajRecearrh at Bong and l,ornmunit% College to Ft auderdale, Honda

As_

A

Statettute planning and policl formulation hate greatINincreased in scope and sigruficarue, but statet ide researchto support decision making has riot

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Research for Policy Formationat the State Level

Ivan J Lach.1-

One of the significant changes that has occurred in communitycolleges during the past two decades is the major shift in primary fiscalsupport" from the local to the state level Martorana f 1978) wmpileddata from financial statistics on higher eddcation collected by the

. National Centel for- Educational Statistics to shoW that while localcommunities were 'the predominant source of operating revenue forthe community colleges prior to 1960, the state has beCome thepredominant source of fiscal suppOrt for the institutions during

. recent years, Nationwide surveys of practices in financing communitycolleges in several states, conducted by Wattenbarger and ins col-leagues (Wattepbarger and Starnes. 1976: Wattenbarger and Stepp.1979), show not orilv that the state has become predomiQant inproviding support for community colleges, but that in a numb'er ofstates the local tax support for community colleges has ch'saippearedThis shift is of particular importance because these institutions, astheir names' imply,- wtre *signed to be local community collegesMartorana, one of the leacOng.vommunity college scholars, bemoans

1 Slrhalln, F d \tr, Dire( fro or ( prrurtunt4 ( ollegnImproi trig bericton Waking, nn S5 San F ran( is( 0 JOsSeN Bass, Sf pew her 1981 5

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this depariiiit;!froin predominant local fi awing (,)f «minnow\ ,colleges and consul( is it I ( ) 1) (' il \,m.ard Inn, to state and fecleiadoiniliain «if the «iiii'mitint\,( ()Meg(' ino\ einem t VI di t ( )fa II a 1976

.I tic trud, tu\said increased, titian( mg of «animal-it\ colleges

\Nitri stateiiii(41s has resulted in a substantial in( tease in the amount ofsignificant yoric\ humiliation regarding «iiiiiinsint\ colleges thattakes pla«at thc st te to el State-lcAel'poilc decisions-deal not poly

4.NAltli. matters. rc late to *rate foie ig but also \.ithsuch critical us,ues.. ,,as mission. t'clu( arion progiai al-limy-ad and e\ aluation, ultv,4( 111111 ancl ionipenation, at Ow (.1-\ 'existerice ol, irislitt is in(.scitain IiI('ality' *rues and Aellnian 197 q )?lase do( umented t lielIguttlialit rcrlt tt agencies ha\ c' in vlanning, coordinafing,,,appnlvillgi and e\ aluitn4, naniumt\ college ins-trtic Holm! progranisIn "(limo's, imix).rtant niisston questions are bring considered at. thestate few!, sue Ii as NA hat s \ stem of post se«ilicran,*edr anoti shouldtiae the limit-al, mission of pro\ idiug remedial education to adults'and \\ hat is the proper mission (;f the tumersities, the cbinnitinie\ i

.

..,«ille,res, aim the public st hook in pm\ riling adult !task education,a.cluitse«Indan,,r(laation, and ontiritiing education' It is clear that,poll( \ roimulation on sue h maim issues made at the state le\ el Callsignific ailik affect t'aL 11 lot al communit \ «illege

The Need for Infillin4tion and Research-.,

State-le\ el polic \ formulation required state\\ Rc' informationand research on the «iiiiimunit\ «illeges \\ ithm the state Soundinhumation and lesean li is a batc ingreient in the dc.,cision-makingpio( ess at must state agenc ies, the go\ etnor's office, and the legislatieholies 0.ertaink, .6 olitical «insiderations are not igij2red, but cdu-( mots often inidereS'timate the c-\ en, da \ use of sophisWated informa-tion and restart h b\ businessmen, modem farmers, and other pro-fessiolials v.ho sere as state legislators or members of the \actousstate «midinating,boards Specific examples of needed informationand resar! It fru pulic\ fortnidation at the state le\ el involving thecuiniminit\ wilegt s of IflinoiS and mining from tale state legislative!iodic., in the hum ( .114,111.' ited resolutions during 1980 inc lode thebillii\., lug L an c it\ s (I\ of «iiiimunit\ «illegc funding todetermine' if thtsless \\ealthv distil( is \.ere ci\ erburdened in financingth it '«illeges, 2 a .stncl\ of reinedialoon in the higher educationilictinitions of Illinois, and i--.3i1(1\ of ,alai me reases, 1;\ inc ine

,J

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le\ el, pros idecl'ifot fac Lilt\ achnuustiators, whet piofesionals, andclassified s,,A1f

Their h cell a dramatic growth in the demand for informa-non about.«)101 aunt\ «311(.0. students, nistr id( tional programs, fat

1u,ersoririel b the anent,' 'statr agencies that lea. a 1 ratimpat_t un polic formulation hit- communio, cone ges Although in aft.v% status the cormintint Colleges hale attempted to rcsporid ro thisincreased demand for information and research through the de clop-merit of stato%ide inanagefhent information s, sums, stateY:ide re-search studies, and statc,Aide-iwilanning ss stems, in most states thecornthurin s sterns havt. (d1),C11 a reactionar approacll Inresponding to 11115 increased demand for niatton Each infor-mation request is responded to s%lth the best data aailable or IAcondo( ring a spec tai stir\ of the worimium.tx «dirges The Informa-tion prosided is often in\ alid and misleading In addition, conductingsun.c. s at arious tunes during the sear imposed a st-\ ere burden onthe lo( al institutions

Problems vs ith State-Level Community College Data

01 he present atus of state-le.1 resean h and informationabout «nnNunit colleges is \ en inadequate Most informationobtamcd1 s based on traditional definitions and' proc edures ,cle el-oped for um\ ersines or seccmdar. schools and is often inappropriatefor comminut colleges tutor-4'11;mm required IA the National Centerfor Education Statistics in its Higher Education GenAeral Informanonrf Survey , H EGIS and the Vocational Education Data S\ sterns VEDS,

...

reports, pros ides the major source of state data abot)14orinnurnocolleges Yet, both th'e' HEWS and VEDS reports hale serous defini-tional and pro( edit al 111)1)1ms for «mnimuntx «Aleges

-flic tumor problems cs it h state -It's el data about coinmunitNmlleges are caused b\ , I the nontraditional nature of «miming%( ()lieges, 2 t he greet diversity among common ( alleges, and (3± thelack of coope4,ive effort IA 'lot al «)Ilegs agencies

.Von(raffitional .Vature at CommunIty C e nontraditional..,

nature of (minium, \ olleg,,es make,s*qa ccurateb, describe.the Outputs of a «ifinnunik college educinon 0 in terms that are readily

understood -14A state ageric stafhas w4.11 as IA the general public Mall\traditional definitions and output measures ale simpli, inappropriatefor «iinnuant «illege fronctions "For example, program retention

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ciIld 01111/1(.11()II tdtc S alt int asuu s of program clip( t11 t SS

in educational institutions, but thus( has( little' III( ailing v.1irn apple dto hasic allot lull It IIallIII1g, (II implm tug \ diurnal skills oq to"adults \%ho auC ( Inplmd lull-time and cluollc,;(1 ul ( allege part-time

dropout' cri leave t 'has In( orittig ul tht seconclai. sc hook, butft' tit( tts..uns are not appropriate for communit \ colleges that seri. e

,primoni \ Joints enrolled on a part -nine basis A transit1 stud(nt \%ho( hanks «dleges but put sots tio( same program is inuc fi differ( ntfoyli a student \slur c nrolls ul a «)IIIIIIIIIIII1 ()Ilegt.'s data proc( ssingprogram aft( r I umplcting t\%o sears In histor, at a neat 1.)\

(,Iasslfi(atiun Of students 1)y program of enrollment is anotherconfusing area in the «)111111(111IR colleges Research In\ \ mg reasons\sli \ stud( at (multiunit \ ()lieges Induates I hat the marorit \of students do not enroll to pursue a program at the «iflelr) Lich,I 97 ,s Sheldon and H Latter, I 97 S These students have other obrec-\ es that often in\ ole completing ()II(' or Mort' course's II) their desired

areas Elle( \ methods to arm ulate arid ad \ ocate this .c.r\ impnftantfun( non of «uniiiimir\ colleges hale not been de. (loped to date

ot mil\ do communit \ c ()lieges sent nontraditional clientele,but the \ use ummit p;rocedures and nistruc withal formats \Ian \cornintunt. (Meg( sr do not hies e traditional semesters, or quarterIc 111)5 Courses soften start an during the sear and ale designc'dfor \ ariahle lengths of tune Students enroll at some communityc ()lieges on almost an\ (la\ of the sear

Great 4mong ( ommunitj Colleges \cit oils are «mi-.minim 'Zolleges different from traditi4d1 um \ ersitics and secondar\s( hook, but the\ ale also \ cr, different from each (niter A com-mimic\ college in a metropolitan area \sill 14.4.1\ pro. ide muchdifferent educational ser. ices to N. SIMIld to the needs of its cinIctisMari \% iW a minimum colleguin a rural setting Hence, It is chili( Lilt tomeasure and report the processes and outcomes of these different«inimunit \ ges on a I otnpdrahle hash

Lack,ol ( °operative 'fort Between Local Colleges and ,State Agencies

Mans «untininit \ (dirge administrators do not understand thenuportalic e of guru! state -1(..el data for poll( \ formulation StatesideIS(',IN 11 pruie( IS, as \sll as stateside ' requests for info! mation, oftenre(ene a Oho. pr.iont \ and arc delegated to the lo\%est level of theadministionc structui l hese sur.( s, data requests, and studies areoften «insidenci as tome( .ssar\ state impositions at the local collegeT he responses that are pro\ ided are not alsAas vatnined calefull\ foi

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their impac ton the 101 al collegr cm on the state co.stem of communit \colleges \ rt. the impact of suc h poor inicrimation'ori' importantpt( onsidtations at the state.lei I ( 0111(1 clo pig

Man% ,tat( dgellt les are staffed s. irli pyr scum( I Lot- crylimited:m(1er standing cd the imicpu'ilaturtg; the «ifinnullit1 « olh g,.stern Based on the it traditional um\ Cr s'111 b,61( kgt ()Wilk tilt sN statfmeitihers4.aithccugh intentrond, make scum. f7tIse as,sumption,

muitnumt% (0.gt data For there pet z;otirrtc1 to ti() all Oft I II\ e.`-rtfir need to \\co lose!' ortrininut\ c (-dirge prsomic1

to make sure tiles art ac ( Ilfatt 1. des( t11,1101)* tflt sIttlatIM1 III theommunit gi s\ stein

1 lack of «HiperatiNt effort lc% «,minimm colleges and stateLagent s hurts not orik. the State aget1( r but the-conrinimit s as

%%ll fhrough c oop(- rati.e effort, the hig-h-pric.)rit data net (Is dhowt-N,«0111niunit \ «illeges c an he 51 parated ffoin those that arc of little

(.glut I oc al coll1 ges co,111 not (nil\ help support it seat( 11 effort, thatIII til)! hest, uttete SI but hell) litl1 eh-1-1T tilt Illt)St Oft( Mt(((Is 1r-( tunsJtaty es lit the (,011.1111t11111% MileVS I all he

alit/ 1,1 state age staffs and appropriiite methods can hiound to mutuall \ handle thew slilla,11( 011

)roving State-Level Resean h

'..Din to the rilau prohlems . ith state-le\ i 1 «untiiiinit «dlege

(1a,;a, it is c teat that nie traditional, teat notiat-\ ,apploac h to meetingstair-Ici-c,I needs for InformAtion about the commutot \ i ()lieges tiitht rttft,

serkes the-nerds of the \ arious state agericts\nor ittlrnterrs(s of theelocal «unriiimit \ «dleges 1A, hat Is needed is a me approa( h tot, state-l-e\ el «)n)uunm «Ilt.ge research needs A ley, states 41a\ e

- initiated sill ii statesid prole( tsind the results ire \ er\ encouragingliw,(ahlornia (Allege Student 1,onKitudinal ,Studs The ';'rar.. td

longitudinal stud\ of «untrituntt college students being (cinch -rm.(' in. ( alifurnia is an (...«.11ent ex-ample of the IA pc "irf statesid research

that is ncectd This stud\ dciFs not start 1,,sith talc,* assumptions about- iAll% students 'enroll In 1 oniniumt\ collg'i.s nor does It use the

traditional lc\ efs tri c lassif\ mg students Inst.ead, it attempts to identdthe man\ different ohje( ttv that students has(' for enrolling at

.1 ()minium \ «lieges and tirritiank different .sass ttiat the «mu-mum\.e.((dirges help these students a( hteve their (Alallt't M',. _

10.«ifidtu t i \ alit' and meaningful Ion iiditial stud \ in the

1

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tlITirnit% «dirges is a maior undo staking th'at requires a great dealof time and resources The California stud\-, %%ha h tnc luds fifteenolleges, ssas untia`ted in 197)5 and is scheduled to (.011IIIILIC for sec oral

scars Personnel resources sscie contributed hs the fifteen colleges,and the effort in% oled %et-% significant he Chan(ellor's Office ofthe California Com-mimics College Ssstem is providing, financialsupport for the anak sis and reporting of the results of the srud

It's -S/S 1 he Texas /Student Folios -up Information S% steme \ -`)IS is an tAarnpIC of a stateside communal. stud'ent

Jollos-up that %sas designed to oLtam imaningfil data about theout( otnes of community college ethic anon Using t omm-)nk cisel-/Ted definitions and pro( (lures, this ssstrm enabled the c omn-Rmit,scolleges in Texas to pool their rescued es and conduct folloss-upstudies that are mut h more reliable at the local le,sel and are alsouseful for stateSsidc flu-pose's

Tx-SS %%as funded from a %arlyt% of scion es, inc Riding a stategeneral reente appropriation state No) ational. cdy(atron funds,fedeitsi %of anonal edit( anon funds, and -mntributions front the localoinnuvants colleges Not only sere all SOUR CS Inc Oh ed in the

'funding of Tee -SIS but all levels sere also in%olsed 4411lopmg`andimplementing this system

Illinois State-wide Studies Ilhnots has had a number of toopera-tke efform de% eloping st'ate%,. idc information about «mirhuna%colleges 1969, thic onununa% ollrges, in mOperatioll %sith theIlhnots Communits College Board ICCB , developed a state%Nide

uit cost study This studs has been ondu( red hs tlr-% college in thestate sin( e fist at sear 1970 Pt 71) The 1Ce..B pros ides the tec hnuala4sistan«', mordination, ompuicriied processing of the data, andanal% sis of the results Eat h ollcge has its part to.plas in the studs,ssluc.11 ito rides reporting the mst information in a uniform and«ifisistent manner and assigning certain «)sts 'according tri utuallsagreed upon procedures Conummits,mllege personnel are u1\olsed9p the rcLB I' ost Studs Committee, shit h deselops theguide-'Imes and pro( edures to be used in the studs and makes rceoni,inundations for needed recisions from sear to sear At the request ofthis otntttttter, the ICCB de% eloped 3sprt tat, «Anpulenied om-paraus anarssis report, %Om h has the apabilits ref «Anparingollege's unit cost results hs the % anous ost catrgortes %sith similar

results from a wk.( red giOup of onumina% «dirges1 he otntnunttc «dleges of Illinui reali/ed the inadequacs of

statesside data about ) ffininutut% ollrges III 1972 During that seat,

1

11A

11

the Illinois filconotivc and Fisc al ( om mis sum compiled a statesidereport regarding the «flumultit% c)illeges for the sittt legislatur! Thisrt port, %%hit h used the hest data a \ adak tie, was Stir. neg-ati% I toward the«iiiimunit% colleges Although must of the implications of the reportsere qustionablc, it i,. as c.% ident that statewide d'ata ahout «nn-Inunit% college,. in Illinois N%t re 111adetillate As a result of thisc \Tent tux the Illinois ( ()min unit% .College 1 rustres Assoc iatirm, theIllinois Conn( it of puk,IR cmuinumt% College P-reItlf H1',, and theIllinois ( ortimunit% Collgc Board work( d tcietlit r to ohtain aspec iar dila-opt-mm(4] from tilt state to clet clop a conoirt hiensRtstarei.i4t- Managenit !It Itifurtiloallt)11 Ss stern for the puhlic communit%«ill( gc s housed, at the IC( B Offi«.

/ I'hrs t omputtindt d off ()mimic s 5 stem was specific alts de--

signed for c onittimmt% colleges Li 111,.!? et{ \teitst% de% e101)111ettt ofdefinitions and pro( «lures that were suited for muitnunit% (4)11egesAn ads ise.in. c Hininittee that was responsihle for guiding the de% el-optiu lit of this svi,,tem was formed and.incluifed lot al cornmur/r---college trlItes pre'sidents, tacult%, and students. Ic;gislame staffnicinht rs, and staff nullifiers from-se% cral state atinc les This coin,,nutter, will( h was ( haired 61)% a local c otrununitil college trustee,insisled that this new information s% stem he uniciutik designed toa« uratek represent tilt processes and otitcl mum of coniniunikt (ilk gtis

. ,I he Illinois «,rmininit% colleges hare also des eloped.stNtew ide

follow-up studit s of hoth ifansfer and oci< upational students Thesestudies artit«ptlui ted hi% the local colleges but are coorrImated ht% theI( CB I hi I( CB also !ant ides technical as,,istan«i, cotnputeriiedpp)c es,,it) of responses, at t4 anak sis of the results Although thesestatrwidc studies are !!!!1(111( tech %slthttlIt spot cal funding, a great dealof. resoinic i s are desisted to these studies b% hoth the communitt«illtiges aril the ICCB In addition, a spec la! «nrunittee of. ( otti-nitwit% «illege personnel has peen forimed to work %.ith the If:CBstaff in designing, implementing, anairrrrk, and reporting eat h ofthcstudit s I sus loc at input has he )cid make these studies uniqueltdesigned for c canniunitt c ()lieges , - ,

4

Kel, Feattirewof Stl«-essful Statewide Research

F fi of these \ amides of sue ( essful statewide research proles is

; had sr% etalJ,e% frathres, although ea( ft. was «nicht( ted in a different-,state and for different purposec Nom of these Llrojec is %%as c treated to

'4

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A

1.2

}model( (. a .(1111( ,1 eon."( to an 111111k (hat( III e (1 tot (1,04 111,k adUri( h I1fl,lrc t V.,1**, ( dr( hull p1,1111111 I() IA ()%idt -111h)1111dIlt)11 Ih.it l..i)11111

Ilratt lV 111)1( tLt \. hat haiii)(11111g IR 4,(IIIIIIllttl(% yditt's IIIme t r tiltutt r1f t radii t than untin that( nties 1 h(c mpliasispheie ts %sits id% CIII( lit ()) «ffilInt11111% T ()II( g( prstuitic

rh.111 ,)II 11111%( 1,11% t,\l)(IN WI (ht. 1()i)111( nI of II( <11( (1

1)1 Ifp)( (IUT(. [hall ()11 naditinnal fugfic rt du( ,ittnit If aud,nit d pinac ills apptual fl I,/ ((aIllffillin

h T,101( I that, d If d1 II\C till(tic Ku awn .tt« .tats Idt' .)II( w

.11 ,11( t1 lq()1( I I, di(I ')(iIuu, and Inc dmni2fni

((Jilt izt prsnunt I\ )1\ CM( lit (If I((( al ( ()111111111111%

1 tic d, ( 1111( ,11 1(,d1( h hoot< s In the 11,

(ir, till dill"; .i( that Or( prole ts arc «,n(lt4( t«; %.ith mim[11(1111 Inc al f(urcleti and prttchlt r validand rt hanic

1 ',tat( \(I dis,,,P,t,-ffic c iirco.tcled In connitunt. ges its

(nuidut tit44 the IC *..t at1 h prole t*, Arid In anak /mg the result's for Inc al

1 nrolvine I o( ( ommun)tl ollekes One 1,1 I fic major errnr,made ,tate, arc , nticluc ling statt -1(.%(1 sear( h I, the

,r1 of MCI% (111rIlt I)f IOC curitnunto. ge prscSnnt I Localminimum% ge s h( eel% ed In tdentlf% t tee ( rItH alt sc:11- kl needs pt ioriti /mg these needs se lee nog the statetdre ,earth peniec t, (1(,,glIffig the pr())c( f11111111g the studies,and reporting the result, V)! Onl. (10t, the Ok(11(Ilt (lf IO(dI

((liege iirrY)1111C1 pr()%c(1(' fora ht 'It( 01( (M)1)(1,1(1()I1

and d netter understanding hlt the le)( (If the need for abarn( tiler ti ear( 11 pri)r t, but It also identifies pitfalls and pronlerns

oiling the sr pitfalls and preChlenis at the initial stages usua11%results nl nitic h greater ajicht% and reilialeilit of the results olltained

he, pro( of in% tit% rtnent of lot al C ()minium\ college personnelalso he Ips the slate age 11( re;it sontiel keep in tout h ..11.11 the mrty)t...nature Of the %minus minimum% colleges thsit.t lyeitate stivking

111( ge Board make sitti of a spry ialRc,tr( 1(1% i*o)r-%. ( ()until which onlimscd ()1 IOC .II cOnlniunit\

ge pcp,utirif I 1(1 pro (meta and iLiput on tateiisstclei

rc scar( h ac mrtie s I 11( R,k,t'r(e11 (it 1.,(er,,, (intuit il often forms spec 1,d"

4

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13

11I\ t \t 1, It4'111131 1)1111(1!(111, ()lit ,4( in 11,t lit( (it \ t 11)1,11Lt it d1 (it 1V.ti ,!t(i(tIt I hIN 111(111

'13, 1/11, '1, ?1( ,( t\ (11( ( 31111 11/1, /2101,111% 11111111A, (1 (111 %/1111h1\f/.

3131 11113LiF111% H 113 ,!/11( '/%'113' ,1 311 .1u411( t«! III 111!111,1,\r,d, at ( rat( at /61ton h bole, It ii%tHt ful III(

Ialt C( ,its ,,,.1( +)tI It \Jill Ell III, ,1 I 111.4t

) ri I IT r),rCt

t I 10.1 ) / ( 0 ,11V) ,111 111 in (,

1 1131 t .11 11,4 Ark. .t3'1 (1( 1111/11'1h/(; 1./.14"3 (1 1 it /1 r At, till0, 111 /111% 1111 '`,1,11/ -:1 I.( I .C:t 11( th(

:III (iN unkr",: ,t. ,11.0) tit it 111Itif 1.% hit tilt IN,Ht

ar( id .1'r It' ,tit( t ,.:111( h 1)1It s ,f(t di)infiptid(t 1)111\t .t L\ill\ t t pl,1111 tit( 11111n/111 f(11 133( 311(1

11 (31, /11( 31( 111E% (10'11411/('(1 11)1 11),/th 1/1111)(1* .11

(10/11 Pit/ r1 /104! anti ( Wirth ri(it10,1 131( \ 1(13 It,t an 11:4 1,1x.hu1,.; atoi ri) inaL( Nun thatO)) 1n4,it 1,Lt )1i, )0, a 1,r( in 1.),{11. At t ,1( Il l,t 111(

,If h.111.t that tN.,(),)t `dart 1%Itit 1it4)140

.st I,1 1 if Ilit 11(11)11> kill d( 1, UI1 1111 II,t al l ()IltNt.dr, L \ ( utlio 11 a.'siNt. till 1(,( 13 ,Intl

tl\t (,11 Hall t rt ,r,tt( dill h plan1,It tint.) prtif i t. r(1 1)1 ( (0)(114( u (1 Val ft N.c ,n

110,111.1 \i d! in 111111

it t (tic !),Ii{r 14}ill

011111( iiiiLl 1.

fe I Nmttinit ILO Nt,itt.N.% Id( It igoic%111 it ,lilt %,i11(1 311(1 1111,11/1«iditi ( nlIcgc

III , 11111,1 ht the 1)111111( it (1 I ()lisp,-ti fit tir ;41 t(11 ()II( ()ordination can al,o 11( In urficIal

I,)( al I ,)Iiirliumm. 1 1111( g( theft Hutt 11,1%i Et (1( (ii t( rc,rap, In illuilll, di( liasa,sispr(1,tht. enimminit% ( ollegcs

ul silt(' -Vit I t( al( 1)1n11 (t,, a,%%(.11, i Hires( al( pruic( ts(11..tv,Iii Hi 1(,t1 .Iii tilt ft)1h ()\,,Ilig \i

« fliiininiik «di( gc pi rsumii i %%orl.,( (I( %( 1,1) the pi()(171incs and ,( al( h itc

s( ',ruck.1 \ (it tilt pro( I() ))( 11,((1 II) a( h

ii ti( an I, ,tri(11. (1),I.I anc.I. is diss( mat ill i() tit(' contiminA,)I1( gc «)riLlItc ring if« Ic a dr( H

11

h 'Ti, 11,, }Hp. r() ( 11111121dt( (itlp11( Jur) andt 111( Riled 111'311111k /111`, 1( / pp ])art flit

14

3 \\ orkshops ate conducted to pr.o\ ide training on oceduresand methods to he thused in the studs (

4 Processing of the rasp uses Is pIo \ tdcd b\ the computerserNic es area of the ICCB ty use of SPSS of SAS soft\%are

5 Analysis and dissemination of the results are pro\ ided bthe ICCB stall:and assistance is pro\ ided to the local «)1111111.1111t\colleges for anal and using the local data for their o\N.ti use

ti A computer- generated comparan\ e analysis is producedfor se\ oral of th( studies, \shk'il enables a local college to compare itsresults \%ith a selected 111.11IWCF Otf other (0111IllUIllt\ colleges

Conclusion.

Although good stateside iiiformatton and research is often\c r\ diffic ult and time consuming to obtain, man\ 'significant deci-sions, \shich are dependent on the best data a\ adable about the«mununit\ «illcges, are made at the state lc\ el Lack of good.information can lead to decisions that might se\ erel\ hurt the commumt\ «illeges \%ithm the state 1. ct good stateside data aboutcommunit\ «illeges cannot be obtained c-)\ ernight Good statc\Aufert'Sfdr( h about (011011Unit\ colleges can shops the great impact that the«ifinnunit \ «illgeges arc' ha mg on'their man\ students' Suc h researchcan and should,be used to ad\ mate the (mum-unit\ college role inpostse«indan education

ReferencesI

I I /( /I p Springfie IdI ( onitm,nit% ( ge Board 1975

I a( h 1 JI-Y, I ,/: omp,Nrat. /1,t7,0h Sprvig-fit Id( (,11111111111R Ile ge Board 195(1 1- D numb( r n assign( d

IA( 11 1 j and othe (),<V,qty,r,Springfi( Id Illinois ( ornmum ( (Mg( Board 1979

5111) F I) 17t ,s25

\Iartorana S \ Shifting Pattern, of 1- man( 'al Stippnrt Ire R 1. Alin d/'r /re,,, no 22 San F ram ism fosse \-Bass, 1975

Shr Idol, S and. If unto r R 1,,rtgati,lm,11 Sttvil hrst Report5S (Hand Hill, ( alit Pierre Lnllege 1975 15p1) F D 101 452

Steyr ; s P and 1,1111,111, F I State,Aldi Planning for Iri,striu none' ProgramsIn \ ( ohe n Fit \ tvN, no 25 San F ran( is( ojr,,Sf Bat, 1979

01, F , ril ,rniminit)1 .1! , Springfie Id Illinois (.orninuitiRlroll( ge

Beard 1979

15io

c'd lrerr e P tt.1 / ,f " p

!.

;i.I i ; ; F ; ; ; r,,i

F r,1' Fi,[144,,, "479 44T, FU iw

I

I. rill I 14( I, Is rlif,rt,d, 01 phiroillik! Oiil re ,tviry II sit flit Illutor,( ,, rIll,H)1', I ,,Ir't ( Bo,:rd 11, S5'17 r 51 515 pt/lillit'iit 0/ OW \ tft/Mi/i/( ,,I le ) 1 for fir , ,,' To ,I 'it li i PI (4' li til Ili: In I (179

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t

b

Federal postcecontlari polul zs an enigma Its presence isclear, but its (reation and mod!fication ale haz3

V

Federal Postseconda)my\Palicy

Cheryl Opaanch

The presence of federal/postsecondary pcilicy is felt in many' waysrequired adherence to a variety of regulations, mandated reporting of amultitude of college information, the effects of changes in, studentfinancial assistance p'rograrls on enrollment, and, sometimes, the(mavailabiJitY, of federal funds to support a needed and creativecurricular proposal This federal presence is both welcomed andresented Funds to support students, programs, and services areapplauded for the opportunities 9i-ey provide But there is a lurkingsuspicionatJeast occasionally that the price the college is requ7e-dto 'pay to receive these funds is unnecessarily burdensome and costly,and there are complaints that many' of the real needs of colleges gounanswered

The reality of federal postsecondary policy is felt at each and'every' college, but the realm, of how to influence its creation andmodification is ague H ow is federal postsecondary policy made?

can colleges successfully, intervene in the process) What infor-mation is Seded and likely to be influential) And how can this in-formation be linked to poll(v making' -and polio, implementation

Nrichall Fri 1r, thre,titm, fo, qrnmtini4 I ollgrsImprol my ft.. isInn 1.1,]king nu i i San Fran( im (1 jrmrs Fins., 5( piernirer PM I

217

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at the federal le%el) But "first, what has been the focus of federal s.'`oiidan polls ' -

-

Policy Focus

Federal postsewndar polio encompasses three major t\ pesof programs 1, financil assistance programS,In the form of grantsand loans for graduate and undergraduate students- that are designedto increase access to higfier education, 2 institutional buildingprograms that assist wltegps in facilities building, and 3. categoricalprograms-that pr ide assistance to improe the.4.1*-of instructionih general, or for a speciahied clientele _These programs9grams are linked b%..,tiommon focus expanding and fostering opportunities for highereduction Student assistance, designed to increase accessfor thoseptesiousk disenfranchised from higher cduCanon, is clearly themajor polio, thrust

There are ntMOIrerous other federal programs that affect highereducation institutions, such as those that provide funds for, screntLficresearch anddc%elopment avid those that providc'educanonal benefits.0 specialised groups, sucKas Soc la' Sec writs beneficiaries Yet th seprograms do not "ha% c higher education as pheir major focus a d,

'therefort'', he outside the major postsecondary polies arenaThe extension and inoc&fic anon of the three types of programs

within the post seccindah polin, arena tend to define the major issuesand pros ule the 41jus for those who seek to alter federal post-secondar polies

Policy- making Powers

The policy-making powers are those in positions to influencepolu v In postse«mdary polio making, thr major powers tN, picallvinclude mernbe,6 of Congress, the federal bureaucracN, and highereducation associations

Congressional powers are those affilited with the House Sub-committee,' on Postsecynclar Educlitumf and the Senate Subcommitteeon Education Included are senators andw_presentatives serving onthose committers,,t heir stalls, and the staffs of thes.subcovritttees.

Polders froin the federal bureaucracy are thcite: from admin-.

istnative units muter thi-assistant secretarv,for postsecondary educationt and, the assistant secretar for planning and bodge.ting in the Depart-_

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inent of Educ atom Inc hided, too, are those in the Education Brain hof'the Ofh(e of Human Resources, Veterans, and Labor at the Of fi«-of Management -and Budget

Higher-education association powers representyl&stsemmiarsinterest groups and program clientele Most are housed at OneDupont Cm le, the National Center for Higher Edut anon TheAmerican Council on Educ'anon coordinates pohcs efforts among the

_mans associations and maintains a Capable research and plannin*offs (e that form !di-, research and armful( information, 111( hiding that011( It deals \%Ith the elle( N of polio alternans es onpostsecondarsStudents and institutions

Most assoc iations, suc h as the American Association of Corn-minus and Junior Colleges, has e their own "pohcs persons'' \.fxtseek to lobbs effect's els for polio modifications and extensions tat

most fasorabls sere that assomanon's constituents Views ofonstuuents are sought, and the constituents thernsels es ma\ be

encouraged to become rd in the polio-making process bsmaking their klibV.I1 to Congress throught letters or te`allTIOTIN

Long-standing and close nes harac terile the polio powersThe informal network is eNtremels strong "Washington is a telephonetoss is an at curate des( ri,ption of the was in w Inch business -is doneThe person aspiring to influence point will need to des elop a'.telephone relationship- with at least one person operating in this

,power sphere and identifs avenues to others Specialised lobbs mggroups that malt-st e on specific issues, usualls as Issues arise, areother possible

The Policy-making Process

"10 sin «.ssfulls influrnce federal polio making requires notonk linkages to influential persons but an understanding of thepohc s -making process This process is not a single (-sent, but a seriesof «intinuou's es ems Ffs en following the enactment of polievonto law,there are admitustranse regulations to he drafted and debated Om;implement the statute, budget appropriations to'be formulated %early,and an an filial,. congressionalls noted appropriation And to further«implicate thca polio-making process, mans politic al powers areinsols c.rd in sonic of the decision-rnaking es ems But seldom, if es er,does one inch\ 'dual, or es en one defitrd Set of political powers, makemaioi program or poll( s dec isions in isolation or in a single setting

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-I here at( it raliiations.aintut federal poll( s makingthat gise it form and tigg-csi \s ht ii it !IA' he influcti« d A case-surdshs (cladif ttfld 0Will111 I976 ( )) M( i the p)ll) s plociss that,

c urred ffuling thc c 'moment of I ht (ill( atli \ ncium (rf

1972 5 is Ids these gem tali/anon, 1 Polio. makillg 1, mriditionedthe hasi« alenciat of Ametican poittics the sc hedule of presidentialand c ongrf,:ssional non, thc eximation dates oh statuNs theatinti;I hdritzet le 2 multiple and disc Ise 5001«.s acisam a

sat if is It polls options and 011 the f(11 I1T,ftl%( ',tat(' of polio

11) l()1111 e t, likiS 10 base a in1)11()I0IS (111 1).11( S. ideas anclfit 1 heaps Most Impottantls .3 lit ss 1)()11C\ c host c 's arc ac 111a115 Inc ccilfi-`

cation; and additions to alheads existmv: poll( leshits the existing federal posts«mclars poll( les define the

s that ssill he drhatecir and the regular calenciat of (Keatscleteimmes %Own these 55111 1)) raised In addition. regulationsthat implinio statutes must he tit,L1..dislic d',411(1 11111(' in()%1(ird for,into rested per sons to mak( their %less, knossn

College Information for Federal Policy Making t

(>nc t. the fed( ral posts( «niciars poll( s-naking issues, possers,and prof esses are identified and the c ()liege has (le( Id(l its positionon these issue, I51011's need N) he Mad(' about the Information15adable, at the «dlege that is most likely to he influential \Vhat 15 pisof research and otfil r information c an he made as ailahle fromolirges' A, hat sorts of researc h infonnation are most Reis to be

Available Community College Research

-1 loll' plohlemsdthough no insurmuuntahle 011(5, inattempting to use much of the as adable «munin115 coder eesean hin federal polics making Ts pi) ails, research from an indRidualollrge is about that college and not generahlahle to the national

sc me Su( h, resean hi is usually about a single sets is e or program andlac ks the simulation capalnlit% to examine the effects of alternatRepolic. options. Further, college .reseatc h iS necessards focused onissues of «m«.rii to that institution. and not intentionally geared tofederal poll( issues or tune-lines Also, f ()Hoge resear( h is presentedin a mode useful tu,c allege decision makers, ssTilti etas he a quitedifferent mode from that useful to federal poll) s del icon makers

21

Bun( olleg,e, do has( 'reseal( h inioimation that ( ant ht; most4'

01 f,( 14) fedrial 1)0111. Illak( I F. \ feCtfla111 kind f:(.1plug-jaw., ()! i 1( us ran gist (ffigicssi(inal tnctt1l,rn .II 1(1C1 of\%ho h kiclaLln"glan'' a"' \'`')l kUlg Rest tit on at 1" and rcltll6nisus can luggc ns% and needed as entits,dold student iissistance orsupport wog-tams Case NtildiS pl()\ PIC Ci.f)((t)ttil inforniationand continental, s% hich t, pain( (dads useful \shell gts, nig cc:40111(msJo mid( ts( 011 p Sttiv But }toss docArfic" ( gc rcSeattftf 111( h o poh(ro 1,110I1 IMO( tCNN

Itrtproink Researc Ii Utilizationbra

Imptos mg Me mill/anon of lesc:irc h information in poll(tiling is a Ntiotis ioiolcM at the kg. al and federal lesels 'and t5 """s---4-..!--pioldeni r c«ls ing increased attention from hoth polic makers and11 scat( hers ReNpoutfillit for enhanotng the likelihood of unit/anon

mCiyasinglh plat ed HI; the reseal( het This responsibilits isres%1 (I a, 111)1 old\ inc 14afing the dissennitatton of researc h rcsults,,hut

also dn. 51r. Issues and probletio, tilt reSeart h attacks',winch( am 1971 suggests 411tat if a study is to has e unlit\

that isetf it IN t() he tnforritanse uul make desirable impactthe s'ix(t tic nd that 11111 roles auc e, IllIp011,111( C, a apesilO'clInc", an' pit \a'l\ "less

Reles,I i(1 requites that the needs of the A11(1'1(.10! Nrs.ho silluse the findings he_clearls identified-A.4AM the questionsasked I the researc h he ( leads related: to these needsImportance tic«.ssuates 'loosing the data to he gakheredthat ss ill he most signific ant to users and to the purposes ofthe studs

sc ope !imes that the reseal( Li eamme all theItticstiemsui iliajo-1 imputative to Ole aticheit«Ltdibilits ins ols es the faith ifiat potential users, u-suallsunskilled tit fudging the ft( funcalJnerits of a studs, place inthe wotip titat wnducis the studsI 1 perhaps the most criiic al of these 'ludas,ructia and demands that the mfoimation teal ft the auch-

,t full thcs it,,d ttPei asi cncs's timik es the dissemmatior of the snick's:finthrigs Arid requires tihtt the b made a ilahle for use ball membets of the identified atichen

I he si\ unfits c MCI Id, Ill add Itlfdllt to th NI finical merits of

422,

the studs, wide! s«ur the difficult a researcher faces as improsedunit/anon is sought and iesponsibilas ford( Is ac«.pted This c flange

""Ttrthe role of tht iest;arc her -111c1N not be «nnfoitable, but it Ilia\ wellhe more relesant, and in the long term mote Focht( Mc" Rosenthal.198n. p 42

Iii int reasing the likelihood for unhianon, not only the studsitself but also the target audience must he assessed Fiont Cot 1977 .

who links the c hard( teristu s of &chant makers with the unhiamm (iffindings-, «nne gentrabiationi that Inas he applicable and useful tothe ieseait het attempting to influence federal poll( makers

Data NN,111 11CN et he the sole sour( c of information and mas

not he used immediate's, but Inas tesurfac e at a later timeReseal( h data must otnpete withith other inforwat* fromother influential sour( esT he dec 'sum maker's intoresis s.tll he specific and concrete.and reseal( h information he titillicti to the extent it isTele\ ant to these interestsDecision makeis are t ase a rather casual attitudetow at ds IStilICS of #

Verbal dissemination is most effec ti e when acminpaniedIA a NN,nttcii report for drmumentation purposes

Perhaps intros mg unli741on of research in polies makingrequires less the training of policN makers in research methodologyand interpretation of results than the training of researchers and those

ho would influence the pro ('55 Knowledge of federal orgamiationaland political realities are needed, as NN,ell as «munuincatiOn skills

Conclusions-

Influent ing federal polio, making requires knowing the federalpostsecondars policy ha us, powers, and process New linkages topoll( making powers must he forged Pant( ularly, members ofCongress and the poll( s dire( tors of educationarassoc iations must bekept aAre of the needs of «immunity «illeges and their clientelePoll( s dtrectots often have newsletters containing polo s issues andaleuclars of eNCIllS as adable to members, in addition to ser mg as

expirts on iitc cessful was ti) make needs known during the poll(making, regulations fornmlipm, and budgeting cvc les

Stuf flrheatn'" 1974, six unlit\ criteria pros a Naluablec her khst against w Inc h an ondu( tea applied researc h can heassessed to inc rease the hkehhocal of use Of researc h results ui policy

23

making Cox (1977 gives insight into the decision maker's charac-teristic s that influence research mill/anon

These factors, coupled with the increased.responsibilik of theresearcher to conduct studies that will be useful to polies makers andto disseminate this information to them, suggest a new role for theconupututs college researcher It is clear that researchers should betalking to polio makers he research needs to consider the type ofinformation and de fo mat in witch it is presentedthat is mostlikely to be useful to Congress, the-federal government. and polio-related audiences The major polio issues, the legislanyv and user -sight needs of «mgressional committees, and the calendar of poliorelated es ems need to be taken into account

But,,perhaps the responsibili for influencing federal poliotiN speaks not only to the researcher ut to others-cm the community

college c ampus Perhaps a new ege linkage is required among theresearcher, college president, and administrator responsible for co-ordniating KOernincinal affairs or resource development The college

a president best_ knows the needs of the college and its students and isable 'to present these views to federal polies makers The resourcedevelopment admrnistrato is knowledgeable about federal policy-making issues, powers, and processes Joining the skills of the presidentand the administrator with the skills of a college researcher suggests a}Ash for successful influence in the extensron and modification offederal postse«mdan polio

References

( B Managerial Stslc I mph( ations for.tfic. l tilliation ()I Program E. salualionInformation f taluaiwn Quirle,11, 1977, I , 494 508()huh( Irk, F and R , nit 'Suitt))1(// Wei( s of higher hlwanon Lexington,%lass Head), 197t)[(u.< nthal S R ht Si lent F is iron of RCSCAN 11 1. till/anon In C Abt F d ,1'n)hlvnt'tn Imertrare Smut/ 1'011,1 Reseal-, h (.ambricige, %lass Abt Books, 1480Stufflebram, 1) I. Vet,/ f abiaitt)ct F taluation Center, College of Ethic a-non Vs, estc On Sin higaii l nisersds, 1974

(he elOtuetn(h (urrerall a seam- phial anah51 m the (Vile of,the Inspeow General, I S Dtpartment of Health and HumanSen u es She dire( ted instautIonal re'sear(h efforts at a (0711711111111)

mllge and has heen 1111011 t'd In federal postsoondan pain analycmin the 0111(e of the IssIstriiit Serretart for Planning and l valuatumIn the forr4r 1 5 Department of Health, duration, and It el /are

9 -.

t

Vaster plans necessitate a continiats of regularll scheduledresearch efforts

Is

Using Research foe Planning

William' L. Ramse'

A master plan is a guide a road mapto the orderly )ournev of thecommunity collegeinto the future The master plan must identify thedestination and suggest the means to get there. In some instances, thedestination may be more controversial than the means to attairvt; inother circumstances, the goal is readily' apparent, but discussionabout the route to get there erupts, into argument. In any event, thedecision-making, developmental:stages of the production bf a masterplan include research as a took

Research Trends "

Three major developments are now beginning to take place inresearch in two-year colleges The need for assistance in institutionaldecision making has brought this about through an increased empha-sis on accountability The first develtipment is a renewed emphasis onapplied rather than theoretical research. This has resulted in more

The author wishes to thank John J Makowski, his vice-president of opera-tions, Dennis W Redovich, his special assistant, and the Research Department of theMilwaukee Area Technical College District, for providing dm* for this presentation

St Sfehallts Ed, . Set, ffirectinns for Lownwli 4 Collegr;Imp)! Iv Dfruitm Waking. no 9S San francs o Josses-Bass, September 1981

U

25

26

usable and less ahstrart models The second di . Cf0pIlICIII Is on thehit us of tesearr h I he fu( us is no.s c h*orging to nu lode enrollmentproiecnotis, outsnes arcer pograms, onomic impacts of thecollege on the «unmumt., (list r Her tkeness, admuoistratke organi-zation institutional goals, c ()liege gO.ernotic e, mstrut nonal effectke-

ss, c oniniunit. needs, and man. related tlpic s These studiesemphasize spec iii( areas Hh. idual needs rather than gem ralstudent harm tt ristit s Ttic, Ise of restart 4 in spec ifit areas mak( s it

possihlt to meet the spec 'allied «p anonal needs of %%omen. ruraland urhan Hers. ethnic and elderk inzens, and others I he thirdde.clopment in resean h helps «uninumr. (diges meet the expectai-nons of their (immunities as sell as the requirements of legislatkeagent I( s

Research Defined

Researc h c an he defined as a process to help institutions definetin it goals anki purposes, identik their programs and policies thatmeet these goals. e.aluate programs to Find out ..hether the areus( ful to the institution. and hart the Ho.s of resour«.s to determinethe ost effec (mess of the programs

Sour( es of data den. (I from the needs of the commumr. orthe requiremerots of the state agent ies The .clue of sot. h resour( esdepends upon fro.s sell the data are collected. organized, andapplied Researt it is a management tolid that planners can use to makeke. del isions as .sell as to bring Ole "net cssar.' hange as a result ofthose de( isions If research hemmes lust "Anindo.s diessing" forde( isit ins that ha.e alreadA hren made. then it .s ill not he acceptableFor resear( h co he a( «Ttable and to -ser.v.-as a management tool. ifmust meet three esserinal conditions I It must help facult.' andadministrators estahlish,onstitutional goals and objectkes, 2 it shouldpia. an integral part in planning, and S it should pro. ide the meansfor c.aLaRing institutional programs and a( tkines in relation to statedgoals

I hese «mdmons ha.t: to he based upon a feeling of theadministration that the researt h Is ne«.ssar. to help formulate dugoals and that resean h hoth prosuies and folio.. s the establishment ofinstitutional goals I n >addititin, rescan h pla. s a kr. role in planningfor the Institution's long-range de.clopment "Itrid finall. there needs

27

frto hr arreognition b% the administration that restan h findings ha% eto hr com,,ltrcl into (lc ision- making alterman% es

Rescan ft in the (*mum\ < ollc g< contains four specificsiihs% stt ni, 1 goal SrttIllg, 2 program deer 'opulent, S programrei( %. and I c ost r f f« ticriess Lac h suhsstein has a

data fir Id 1hr Nt data fi( Ids are c ommunit%, stud( tit,, programs, andresources -I lit n ,ourcrs data field Lila% hr crpanded into fatttnan ,oui staff patter ulatl\ in larger multic'ainpus c allege (11`,11-111`,

k' Planning .and Decision Making

Rt ',rat( h data 11111`.1 for rran.lated into planning concepts andalit rilab% es i hr n is a grt at or rd to con\ ert past, present. and futurerts,t art h data into plannwg (on( r pts Data on program otitcomeshave to h« olk ted and tranNlated ItItt) titt' plat111111gallTrIlatINCS Thismak( s it po,,11:1c foi administrators to formulate some kind ofdecision- retaking sstf,,rn for c onc rang data into action

he absence of a tit (1S1011-tIlakIll s% Stern allow, thi' au 1.1111U-lation of man% un'ans,.t red questions that hinder good educationalplanning 5onir of the,( girt snons are \A hat are the uses of researchdata in onimninit\ « alleges' hat procedures should he used for theomersion of the data into plaffilttlg should hr responsible for

,issr ssmg the implications-of aLlous.data trends and adNising inan-agem( tit of aft( main[ de( 'sums to be made onthe basis of researchdata' \A hat Cs all appropriate balance bemen politics and researc h rnthe plmuung pros ess fivo.. can researc h data he used to impro% emAnagement de( isions \A hat is the salne2f planning in an institution"if politic al con( rns met-ride planning alternanNes) Question's like .

these kfast' to he answered if MO-sear colleges are going to conduct auseful researc h program that leads to successful planning

A prowfam can be des eloped that defines the ens ironMent for()met-ring researc h findings into planning concepts These planning

«m«.pts base to strike an Nen balance between political considera-:4ions and researc h data Sometimes, political expedients. has been thedominant force in decision making, and research has not beenrealistic enot-ih to meet the needs of the planning process Sometifliesadministrators manipulate research findings to fit their own expecta-

.,tions based on political considerationsThe kes is to des elopdifferent alternatives teased on research

28

findings The different alternan% es can pros ide administrators v.Iththe information ne«.ssan to arm e at dec isions for long-rangeopulent A%ailahltodata can he «,mturied %.1th goals and staff inputarn used to form thf dec ision- making alternan% es 13%- niennk mg thepotential alts rnan% es administrators can establish the criteria forfuture planning

Researc h would he of limited %aime if there ,..ere not a decisurn-waking s% item to «rnert the rt search data into planning concepts

alues and interests of «dirge «mstituencies %%ill not ,a1%.a1 s hecompanhle %.ith resear, h data Administrators %%III hale to d( hose a«rnsens4s,on ail ()hie( ti% e base for planning if accurate and meaning-ful information is pros tided A good de( ision model can be des elopedthat Is sensitise to the political climate in %%filch the institutionfun) noes as 1> CH as flexible enough to alloy. time for the de% elopmentof dec ision-making

A Plah for Action and in% olement

Step One 4dopt a Ifmton Statement Fs en «rmni,unit% collegehas some erc use for ht mg perhaps a legal mandate from the statelegislature or the statements in artu les of 4n«,rporatmn The missionstatement is the sic( in( t embodiment of the am.ed purposes of theinstitutionthe reason IA h% it exists It is meant to he the monationfor all fun( turns of the ollegs' All actions must he consistent s.ith it

srs word and onnotanon in the mission statement Is cruicallsimportant Management, to the best of its abilit, prepares or resur-re) is c.he mission statement and distributes it ssidels, seekihg reactionn«iporating suggestions from students, faculty, and staff, and per-

haps irorn the «raunurntN, adrikistrators prepare a resised missionstatement for re% les% 1)% the trustees Even word in the missic4nstatement is ealuate(1 Interaction between gosernance and man-agement final's results in adoption of the mnimunits college's officialmission statement

Step TwoPrepare Departmental Self-Studies Wit the adoptedmission statement ac ting,as a common guide, departme t heads arecharged with «radii( ling their own self-studs The If-studs is a(most. do( ument that mas «ratan) fau'r sections Sec non One is ashort disc ussion of the purpose of thr4lepartment, answering sit( hquestions as.N, hat fun) nuns are ( arTled out' Hoss do these contrihuteT, the mission \\liar sers ices are pros Hied, and for whom

29

Sec non Two Is the. nlntific anon of those. aspect, ur output~that are c onsidered departmental strengths \\ here\ el pOSS,Ible. 015rationale feir c long the strengths should in piesented for example,1,e\ el of pc itiamancr sc c t ding an established nor in, or a demon-

%strable nnpro\ went rncr past performanceSec non -Ifir« I, the identification of thmse el( mnts of lic r-

foi matt( I that are 1(),. a Ie.( I The rationale f.)r II I kidingan ,n In as a \.,( aLni.s>, shonld ited for example frequenc\ ofimnic t deadlines or xi esskc rates of et o-, turnaround time, or unit

lude d Olt pe tee I\ ed ra`OW-1 for eachwcakne ss, that is, pet sown 1, facilities, sc hind polies _or procedural

t Stilt 111,11's

Se ( non Four the final stigmen«if the report the planningHe It efforts to III( rta',C 'the Ole( ell( SS and effic nine 1, of the

depai (mem or for Aclapting ro prtnt ted c hange are discussed Somequestion, that-should-in grse n constderation include Are identical orslunk' see 1c Ise mg pros did m other qrpartmcm s Are all existingdo partitniltal funs nuns -appropriate to the department, or shouldsonic hi' transh rrc d out 4)f the department: Are there trends or

.111thlt 11( s that \Nth <the( t the department in the fonir,..,if so, idennkthem aricl recommend adjustments in the department to accommo-date them Another fin us for this section of the report as III(' recom-mendations for eliminating or amehorayng departmental weaknessesand-en ham mg existing strengths The departmental self-studs shouldnot he an exhaustke den Utheilt, but rather a practical examination _)f-departmental c ons( ten( c with emphasis on the realities of opefationnot on sc holark researc h or Iltercirl merit

After disc uss'ion with the su tinor, the department chairpersonrcc rises ptan«' on the self- s aiN, and the stud,is placed in thedo. Ism) "tic kler" file for rsiew nd recision three sears hence

MI Three Establish Goals, Goals are defined as relatkek lunyrange, ideal out«nnes of the functioning of the college Managementdrafts a list of tentane goals and again'seeks schookside reaction A'

list )f goals is submitted to the trdstres for re iew,mod fic.a-non, arid a check for «nisistrnes with the missionestatement Again,interac non between go\ email«. and management results in officialadoptum of a list of goals Gmernan« has completed its task2Management now has ths...-t4sRonsibilits of -achieving the goals withinthe frarncsork of the mission stall:Died(

Step Four Develop Objectives Obirms es are defined as short-r

30

trim, spelt ificall% id( null( I attairiahlt out( ow( s ot flit functioning Otta cieparini.. it Ea, 1, ol,;( t ti% e int hid( s flit nanit ,d flit i i pit nit, rumand, %shere r pos,Colt onantifit , thil tit sir«i. ( -out( an( I ht ,tfic iallist of goals is dietetic through tilt atiministrati%( SIIII_1(. flirt' of tilt( idle g( In all (I( I-J(11(114'11i ht ads Eat h dt part irTrit lit ad is rt omit d totic %t lop a st It 1 of I /F)1( I tie', III i)( ac ( (.)111)1101( d %,itiiiii Mt %ear fort ac h

v.appli(ahlt goal Dii,ion lit ad, resit s Mt dc patent oral obit c-

tlt. cool %,)thi t au 1, tit partnitnt fit ad, clot ( upon a list td It part,tut litai rd)I(( tr,( N I ht ill( in t sst 11( ( Lit'l ,/IIICs tilt 111(111( 1 ildi

(it ihii till( III ti( a(i 1 nicilicig( int lit" i)% -1)hlt( II\ ( N

Vlt( that the mission IN a br(41(1 start II,(. I,I ha%ing Ind( hint(stabilit% %%hilt tilt finals au III( /I t' sp« Ill( and art re% it's% td b. tiltgo%( rnant ( -management Ram N riodit all% Goal, nitist he reralu-att'd t'%(- thret %Cal`, although s()111(' Ind% t)(' d( flICCd. III d ',if igl%-t at, ( ti 1)( reaffirmed In tilt saint' or modified %ersions for anotherMr( t sear pt riod 01)jec tiles b% dt finition, must 1)( reasonabl%

.{attainable in lint %bar I it( rt I ti() r( al %alL1( in listing of ))ecties thatfkia%( little likelihood ,)I I)( 1r4., rear ht ti %-thin a sear ExperienctslIggCS+1 that 'Wig-rang(' ()hiC(11%.('s (id% t % aluanm, and encouragtlac kadaisic al effort and (%( n do%, might proc rastination

Id( a11%, 'ea( 11-d( partment ht ad %, ill hale completed all obit(to. es nn the IlsI 11%. %ear's end -I- fit Hi( on, her( Is that more progress isohta'inct 1)% a sustained series of sur-footeki small steps than 1)%faltering attempts at a fe%s giant steps progress through colution

I,, rattier than it1()Iiitlrffi

I o rt ali/t. tin full benefit of this approa( h, rat h dt panto( Ilihead IS en( ouraird .to state the of)1(.cti% Cs in a ouantifiablt mariner, -fur era1111)1c, the pun ham. operation %sill redut t - port base orderturnaround time to three (la% s, or the acragt student %sill ( omplen.registration in less than tso hours or all student grades %sill he issued%, ithl t%so %sr( ks n1 tilt end of a grade period, or the number of lossenrollment cla4ses %s ill he rt timed b% 10 percent

\ ()it. also the mandator% three-Near, rer% aluation4 goals and',du annual retut.%, feature fur objecties NrX, 'Mout this r'`equirement,the continuous nature of the plannitag process could not be met Theresult of tilt four steps mission statement, departriiental scilf-stmi%goals, and ()hie( 11,u s has simpl% bet n a fornitivation of existingprat tit t in most «uninunitx ( ()liges

I o r( capitulatt thus far %st Cast establisht d a realistic, c. mum-timed% t %oholig o. stern of Tridnagrm( tit 1)%-ohit ctics and depart-,

31

nit ilia( a If- ,tudi(s with tnvulN.tint tit (it .4(o.c titan( t anti matiagf mew(in all 1 I fit in pito. id< (I (if fil(if calif all% of 1-1%t d ()hit(-(ON hilt (oitain, a tilt!, tit t(i Inntilt(ir HAI\ nival pingpt() art,41n th( ()Pit trial ( , I, al hi( 1t.(1 Aitil ()Int ( tiltIt sort t >II g(kal, !liar III nut> N fit ( I lilt ,tatt'Illt Iii, h(00.t 1t I(his (iut Iptl.«)11StInItt a 111.1,It I Hari

A Plan for a Master Plan

I tit ttiaha'$)tt tl\I and (1/ P' Nutfirst tt)i),p,t at 111,pot I inantimit.t it stills in a st 111(1(.1/(11dt llr(\

liN1(itt( t (1 (It partrin lnuu plcol, %%hilt demanding par-Pt 'pa-nun of all apppippatt parent flint( ing tilt real nn,istetti A -11+Neclinfl part (it tin cif cluptii< Ili (if a master plan mandate s a Int h.anistrii(il nut tele pat tint ntal and inn rdo.numial eiumiume ati(in I he

plan, tntl,r he f used inn, nett nnote I plan II(A. % r a ina,terplan is nut the sum at the mint plan, lath(' it I, a distillation and

c ahration (if ide a, and issue, breilight inn> stictrp iNt tht(it parinit Iltal st If stud% and nut stateint this trout t ae ft depart-Ine lir Ut t I,tt,n waking at the tip Admirlistrato.t ItAl'Is III a coin-won't% I tally hind( re cl le% insufficie tit Interdwisional

oo often a._Iommunicanon (luring :L plan ifirfpulating sit ppniptisal for ( hang( it a( fit , Olt fatal appr(o.al stagy tht desk of drew.hie t admini,trati ()the et %ithuilt adequate «wirnelnie atioette-r

Rst tll\lvt,tlal ati1111111ITaINTS this tins a tit gatiVe, sus-pu inus tea( anti F\ r doifsional afitnisystranirs is a fort.g«)/1( hol()11 I fir imssihilitti of finding ntutttallA acceptable alternatt).:114or of It hing a mniprminse is greatl \ lessened to Stl( h an atmos-phere Continuing muumuu( anon bro.eirn elepartments and di

the c ()liege is fitsperotel rIt'ttlti it 15 a sad fact thatI ()Ilrgc pr.< stilt-Ins talk tci pre sideints, deans talk to other(It ans- the plant engulf.< r goes to mnicrenf es to Inert other engineers.the purchasing agt nit joins with fdloss put( hasing agents but thecollege preside lit lila\ seldom talk to the N% her ma\altruist tic% er taalk to the dean, Ns ho a- olds the pure.hasIng agert; and set,forth I t.,inmull, ( an apparentIN free ((mini( el lei the football field urthe haskerfiall

he brief outline kir master' planning that foll(oAs ontainCmare,' e le intents of a (it program introdu( eel at the \Id.-%%auk( Area I« rum al (,,,illeve I he program places emphasis tin the

(

,32

proc ess rather than the product \s, i.th the proper mix of Ingredientsand control, the product is bound to be salable

.Formation of a Continuous Evaluation Nanning Advisor) Committee.One possible \NJ% to attain sital interdepartmental communication isthrough mnunuous esaluation and planning bs dr:4%yr\ «munutersIt is with a great deal of reluctakce and some trepidation that. onere«rmrnends the format of committees Corminttees base a badreputation dS desices to share the blame and waste time, it is

« m irnords known that the (mimittee assigned the task of designingthe horse actual's produced the camel But in the interest of bringingpeople with diserse interests together to talk with one another, thises il, w ill be a« opted

The Continuous Planning Adsisors Committee resiews thegoals and objectives and deparuental self-studies, as well as aro.proposals for chano initiated rts-where within or outside of thesc hool The tspe of membership 'on the committee is crucial tosuccess lfiobsiousls, there should he representation from al) majordisistOns of the college orgaruranon To sansfs this requireinent inalmost an college wouki result in a large, unwieldls group So a

number of smaller committees are created perhaps , eachhaling an assigned specialts Before describing the fun of thethree cornmatees;it is most important to note that one member ofeach committee the secrerars is from the Research DepartmentThis is an ex officio position to gne continuity to the deliberations andrecommendations of the tommatee and, of equal importance, toproside a direct link to the Research Departmentswhich has theultimate responsibility of drafting the master plan ,

Three committee, are established to review specific areas'1 The Organization and Function Committee resiews and

makes recommendations concerning goals; objectives, and depart-mental self studies; initiates rEtommendations for establishment ofa new sers ice or function, or the elimination of an existing one, altersthe organizational structure and transfer of responsibility or sersicefrom one disision to another

2 The Student and Fiscal Accountability Committee reviewsand makes recommendations concerning goals and objectnes anddepartmental self-studies, inmates recommendations or proceduresfor student enrollment projections, integration of student enrollment.data with budget projec is mechamsins for,prosrding student aridbudget information to appropnatr department heads for future

33

dec ision making, prepares the c ()liege budget, rekle!As procedure forestablishing budget priorities, preparing format, anal% sis, and soforth

i The Phssii al Facilities Committee rrs less s and makes rec-ommendations con«l-ning goals obirc uses, and departmental self-studies, initiates rec ommendanons for konstrui non, remodeling andmaintenance, and ,roc c (lures for spa«e managenient and will/anon

The purpose of the Contuluous Esaluanon Planning AdelsonCommittee is to disc iser identifs, and analsi the effect that a goal,Alec use, or self-studs plan of one department has on other depart-ments and the se hool as a whole Because the committees has e broadrepresentation from departments vs ithin the school, Sch memberdeselops an apprec cation for the work and problems encountered bsthe others Conflic is tend to be resolved at the department-head leselinstead of fc\stering until then rem h the president's desk.,The primarymission of the committee is to communic ate a proposed change to alldepartments and to pros nie the opportunity for reaction Once thishas been ac «implished, recommendations are made to the president

he reccimmenciation for the solution of «implex problems is seldomsimple', and ornrnended solutions are in the form of a series ofalternans es that tylas be gisen a prionts order hs the «ammittee

Drafting the Waster Plan. \,Vit h'input from a host of sources, thetrustees and the preside nt has e adopted a mission statement andestablished long-range goals With a mission and goals in mind,departments hake determined immediate object's es and producedself-studies «mtaming departmental plans All these has e beenres irwed hs the Continuous Esaluanon Planning Ads isors,Committeewith subsequent recommendations to the president The presidente aluates the committee recommendations and disc usse5 them withthe c fuel administrators Decisions are u)nmatels made by the presi-dent Armed with this written documentation, and haying participatedm the disc ussion of the ealuanon planning committees as ex officiomembers, researc h and deselopment personnel find themselves inideal positions to draft a skeleton of the master plan The draft focusesupon issues, pro and con Statistics are included only as the relatedire( tls to the issuev

Review and Redrafting of the Master Plan The skeleton draft of themaster plan es( ntualls goes to the president and then to the trusteesfor re% irks _nd re«immendation The modified draft mas then beexchayrzed betsseen the trustees, president, and administrators seseral

heforr the final clot umnt is «npleted As the drafts um% ebac k and forth, meat- is added to the skeleton h% the Rt Sear( h andDeclopinerrt l)epartnn in the form of the usual Iflographir ddtit mographir data, ( harts, &AIN, all(1tabl( s Preparation of theop% includes photographs anti V,t r that is the pride and of the

\ It 1)epartment 7

SUMInar

c nterplise c an e \ist \whom some 1;nmslcdge of %% here it is,%%hurt it is going and hoss it v, ill get there The master plan «imamsthis Information \o c olle g (aIl he effectp.c. ,aithout one A plan inand of itself has little %Aut unless it is remgm/ed h% go% ernance andall le% els of managt Mum as a king document, realistn(all%ring the «dlege to arnc at a spec 'lied destination Ili the gisen timeImolcment in the. dci.%elopmental stage of a plan, the planningaspcc t, is essential if the completed document is to woke the positiseresponse net dud for sue «.ssful impleillerftation A master plan ishull, around the mission statement and goals of the college, and,u ishere that the influent e of applied research ,.ith its potential alterna-n( s is hrought to hear To remain a king do( ument, a master planIThist f'1.01te in rf,pull4 to a'( hanging emironmnt, or perish Amaster pl,M: the refore, net ssitates a (unnnuz of rc gulark a heatiledreseart h c Horns

14 //ham I karn,r, r, tireifieTil aukre ,4rea Ie, brut al olleqeI )r,tru Ile ,en et! Ct, hall7nan 01 the Boar(' 0/ biro-tors of theimeri, 1%%o, Amor (.alleges

4 0

I,fanagement of information resources is utilized fors)stematic, instztutzonu zde planningE rationaldecision making

Information ResourceManagement

Joseph G. Rossmeter

Higher education in the 1980s is likely to give new currency toHerachtus's dictum, "Nothing is constant but change." To survive,most colleges and universities will need systematic, instautionwideplanning for rational decision making.

The focus of this chapter will be on planning for the use ofinforma; ion technology rather than on the larger education& masterplanning process that encompasses all aspects of the institution.However, the planning pnnciples highlighted are the same as thoseapplicable in the larger planning process. The chapter aims to illustratehoS planning for the use of information technology occurs bypresenting an abbreviated case study of the experience of the VirginiaCommunity College System, a large, complex organizanon.'

Information technology is a means to an end. Inform tionmust be managed like any other major resource by harnes in it as ameans for assisting an institution to meet its goals and objectiveseffectively and efficiently. John Diebold, an internationally. acknowl-edged leader in the field of management technology, defines "infor-

M Mehallis Ed ken threction" for Commura) College'Imp-clung Deruton Making, no 55 San Francisco 4ossev-Bass, September 1981

.135

-11

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36.Or

040------Nation resciur«b managenirit'' as -'the sco, a «unpam manages andrciards its iniormation" "VicA l'nformation N" 11481, p 15 He

emfurther ephasims that an owanization's siir«.ss during the 1980sdi sill he measured tuna large degree fil, its abilitymeianage informatiqn

iformatic sas graduall:re«ignili.d as a major resource inIIIthe, mic to late seennes Tocla, the information resource. manage-

mntlunc lion and its relation to modern management practi«. areic en, mg iric reamlig attention loth in the wrporate sector and innonprofit agent res In the first !CIA Nears ext.c.,iito,e, %s ill he challenged

4.1)% all informatian explosion equal to , hat diet, ha% e , 'messed 'met

the last tvbemo, sears I he nest generation of mformaticin processings sterns %sill pr,oicle xecumes sith the c &pinta\ to make their,managemen fort-tar More effectie than it has been A technolop,has erne d to facilitate the olution from data procep.ing toinforMat on processing, but this linolow, inbpst run. It'e elf« trveb,managed to nieurniie tie use o iformation resourc es

Information Resource Mtagement Function.

The iriformation resour«.managrinent function has beenbroadened in ent times to (Au171 %sell be% ond the traditional realmof computing serK es for example, administrative data processing,academic c )mputing, ant{ resec4c h supporwin Institutions of higherlearning Information resources ricm encompass :I; text manly-ment, including Aorq pro«.ssing, filing and mile\ s' sterns, arid(Iry ument prodm non tools, and ,2 «nnputr/«mununnations net-vbwhrks, inc luding electroriu mail s stems, such as cOrnmunicatingword processors, facsunal and computer-based Message s\ stems,anil icier() Elf erenr ng

P(2)14hat informatimf!tc linolop is still e%ol%tng, it might hevbell to state three major assunipons that -underlie this discussion,Rossinciert 1(tO First. the'compuLer is destined to become the mostimportant ackancemetti souct\ has*deNcloped sin«.-the autornobilethe prinimg.pr the reciprocating engine, and manned. space/Hight, The cum bias giov..irtg importai-ice in hur lives; and It is'

'expanding, our intelic47-4al c trol. of this ssorld around us ILusa,' 1980 Lonsider.the c pate is pervasn,vess in our dad'. lies

tic ropro«.ssor c hips arei-rvaLin games, toys, automobiles, house-,,hold applicim(r.s, «onnikitinations ilevi«.,commerc cal tra el, health

iare, banking, 'cfedit, the office', supermarkets and ot-her retail estab-lisunents, and, edur anon

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37

As we mo into the 'I 9S0s, «miputer Inciacl, Is meiging as a1-C(11111(111M foi high sc hool giaduanoii In Inglan education, micro-coniputc Is old desktop computer (C1111111,11'3 art' 'bC(MIlIng moleabunda.gi to support instrilc non through «nnputer-managed instruc-tion, ptoblem sol\ lug, tutorials, drill and pla'c'uce, and simulationc apabilins regardless of w hat disc ipline the students are pursuing Ina numbet ofr «alleges and uniersines, serious discussions are utykler-wa tolAcnd making «mipun t literal v a fundamental requirement forgradation '4 n smnc, %tcps are being taken toward requiring each,, in to inirciase a pet onal computer and prodding a computerterminal tot eer -fac ult member Magarrll, 19S I

I he sec owl assumption is that information is apt:1111,M instnu-nonciasset and sarrants the same recognition and status as bur ian,plo, sic al, and fisc al resour« s John Diebold, 1979, pi) -I- ssertsthat -Informatioil, ,%1IR h in essence is the analysis and snthesis ofNs.

data, w ill unqustionabk 11 me of tire most sisal corporate resourcesin the 1980s 'It wIll he structured into models for planning anddecision making It will he in«n-poiated into measurents of per-formanc and profitahiht It w ill be integrated and treated as anasset I he c halleng is to learn how to use information most

'Nrife( tiel ..

the third assumption is that «dleges and Link ersmes have abasic hieran by 0.1 information needs that is closely aligned to theirorganifational management lcls 4 he trend is to fire computersAdfill a major role through information systems in meeting thesenerds' 1 f 1r prime role (s .an information system is to facilitate theac fueement of An orgamiation's goals and oblectives more efficientlythan, is otherwise possible Defining the relationship between theorgamratuThal fuerarc by and information needs is c ritical when de-eloping an information sN stern, since planning, organiling, directing,«nitrolling, and operations ac twines ()con- at different levels and vartali information requirements

I he «Annents that follow' focus pomarilv on information sys-tems required to sport the operano'nal and management processes/a( IR 'tics of an institution at all levels of its orgam7ational hierafthWhae hardware and software for :ac ademic «nnputer' support ofresear( h are normall a part of the intormation resour( es inventon,...

the'se two ripe( tit of ( (imputing are no4 disc usse(l further because theyare outside the s«)pc of this c hapter

1 he generic term "information s stems" includes thr threec ategories of systems defined b% Sheehan 1198ft as

, I dal' basic

1 A..,

operational data ,stins, 2 the mainto- pie itt infoiniation s% stet s

and 5 the planning and iintnagine lit s.stt rn, Dining tilt Iasi It II( s, [Han instiltifi()IIS fld found then information ssterm, falling

fat shunt ul supporting management eli.cision making as enginall%sell\ istoned 1)% the t all..ti malt s of t it ( 11 (AIR (Lila processing I ht

pie se lit ( WI( inn ()1 ( I infnttnant,n nianagme tit (Apt( ssd`1)% institu-tional usets n«ntrage s a «nnplte rfen using of «wiputt-teased,\ stems it) id( tint% \%a%, to in Age the gap bet..i (ii data pto«and manage me tit tit( tvun making

Planning Processes

A first major step to%%atcls impio% mg rite management (if!tiff)r indium rusmit( s t, m (It c lop a planning ptm es, for respondingto shunt- and long- range infoiniation nc eds. a continuous planningpro( ess III %%ill( Ca( ( ( ( 111111111dttS Oil Ill( (It ( 101)111t1II of amaster plan If a stn( planning nirthodolop t, Jiot adopted andfollm.ed a 'Like clee leteptrient effort is likel% to ex ur In mostinstances, vdin h at hest results in cathartic, rather than cream(,pursuits

Iii simple trims planning for the us of infw indium ticin(,1., the setting of goal« and ()hi« It% s the- dr% clopment of aintliodolot,r% for achie%ing these goals a d oltfectics, and theimplrnntationlf 14u ()%s-through pro( velure, is fueling the alloca-nun of soffit rc lit finane 'al resour«.s Spec ific plattisisig componentsme ,

1 Strong «nninitinetit and dire( t inolement b% iNtitutionalc\cruti%es

2 Ac ti% e partic ipatfon ii itld-lecl management and users,often through ornnuttces, sue li as art information resource planning(immure', s% stem delopinciit protect teams, operational priont%committees, and so firth,

anon of an organiratronal Mcrae( h. of itiformation,requirements that is based tin institutional prmesesiatn\mesessential information needs for each requirement,

4 Identificatimi of r\isting and anticipated constraints on'fl,(itIll es and le( himlogic,. tic 111(111Ig rnalot dcc ivons &Heeling in-stitutional missionmailagmnt philosopli.«.nnalired %crsus distri-buted priu essing c entrallic d.t t sus distributed sstenis cleelopmenn.dant hase, management sstms liardsate/soft%%at citinpatihilit%

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among organizational units, aallabilm of staff technical epertw:,state procurement regulations, and so forth,

5 Deelopment of achiesable goals that are compatible .ithhardN.are, sofmare, and telecommunications requirements,

6 A cyclical rather than one-time or intermit-tent process thatis guided bl, a .orkiiig calendar containing a series of actions on hattasks .111 be performed, bs %. horn, and fp. . hen,

7 A priority-setting mechanism that sorts out the 'nice tohas e" from the critical- requirements and offers the most cost.*effectise solution to a problem

S Direct linkages N% I t h other strategic and operational planningefforts sittn 11 the institution,

9 Production of a periodic information resource master plan( that reflects in empirical terms the efforts of a planning process, and

10 Designation of a key planning office or officer to set-se asboth energizer and staff resource w the' information resource plan-

.,ning pro( ess ,

Oh\ musk, there are other components that ma\ be deernt:,dhighly essential, gi en the side range of ariance found tod'al amongcolleges and umersines irti their leel oflophistication in t e use andcontrol of computer technologY The significant pomt rte-is thatdecisions regarding information resources have to broad mpac ton the institution's sell -being to be left solely in the h s of thetechnicians \lore importantly, and sometimes quite disconcertingly,major decisions affectingc,omputmg ,seTees meitablk liric a pert*a-siNe impact on most aspect's of an msutuilon dingitrmission,educational programs, enrollment patte,rns, fin' cial soiNena,,,andstaffing Wrongs hale beep difficult to elSf;ect. . ..,Traditionally, compu'usighas beenricontroNer. ,.

steeAsuliject withcrucial decisions about its .management being 1.,:a.'ed less'ts thetechnologl, at hand -than /is ncAil 1 ccrtside4 rations and insti-tutional chnamictr- Robbirlt

.an others-ft 0 riesettftrrr the political

arena is enlarged to include external4_ %Flo get updied to

contain the high cost of information even- rhdugh suchexpenditures, both in the ast and t A, u Is account for nomore than 2 to 4 percent an institution's nnual total operatingbudget Arth, 1§80, Mans institutions looeliidelible scars left in theaftermath of decisions based on ohafs: one set cii considerations,decisions often resulting from a low -id situapQn, which failed toconsider the adequac v of vendor support or pr011ems associated with

. .

40

multiwndor eriNireminents or to pro\ id( potential for ordeth groNsthand de\ cloprrictrt

Forrunat( k, evample, of stic « ssful planning efforts are beouting more eoninyliplac e In highet ( due anon R( e c tit issues of the

bi- itionthlr. journal /- 11 puirlished (.ollgt and LIIIN cNip.5\ steins E flange CAI SF. ,i1c1N( tA(ClitIlt 10! planningIII( th()(101()g1(1 III 1.1`,C at \ art( alS institutions Other studiesBuehanari and s 1980a 1980b, Enter% 1979, 19)sq cite

Naluabl( planning tools to improN t th( management of inf(anianiffirt`)1,1 CS that haN( significant potential for thi! more C()141(:\ 111StItll-t1()111 the \ ere te), /e source:book entidtI- k,;rlif,it4Th\77 1 -1,1"1,r (.,111)?<.'itq: Staman, 1979 alsoillustrates hoNs ad\ an«-s In «,niputing ire affecting the manner in\shit h colleges and UM\ are be mg managed

Information Resource Planning in the VirginiaCommunal, College System,

Vt,e ha had a sigmfie ant personal e\ pc nen( e in the planningand management 2f information resources Ns.rth the Virginia COMMU-Illt \ College SN stem CCS For the last se\ eral \ cars, a rather ambi-tious planning pro«ms has been Lindens aN to de\ clap a statesidecomputing sei' ie es master plan for the VCCS. a comple\ orgam-/amen comprising tserit\ -three (alleges, thin \ -fiNe campuses, andthe SN stern jOffie es staff "I he CCS had a 1980 fall quarter enrollment

110,129 credit students Institutional sue of the t\sent\ -thteecolleges ranges from F aNtern Short ,Corrinaunm College s 481 stu-deNirto Northt rn Virginia Communit College's 33,599 studentsaniong anti uscs

Sine ( CS be gan iii 1966. the inteirmation processing functionhas had a Instur of turbulence primarth hce oust of thetorinnumg.eichrate.about the, proper loe us of control and authorit\ 1)(11m-en theSNStUn Offices and the colleges The problem Nas \a«rbatod as the(.olleges matured and the central staff Ns rested ro maintain centralited«rimed ()Net- «)Ilege operations

New Execuke Management Phdosopk

In the S11111111( r of 1970 .tflr all()Ptrd a IleW C.'s% C( uti\Illallag( fill( lit I/1111(01(Tb Ns hi( ti stated the follms mg The \'CCS

a

41 ,

central staff Ss stern Offices shall focus on management res les, and(Ayr-sight fun( nons, thereby delegating maximum authorits to presi-dents for the (las to-das management of the nulls Attar «)Ilegt-s-1 frgfraa (,,inuair,t11 (.011,'gP S,terrt 1981

This philosophs pros ided the basis for major, discrete func-tions to exist at both the Ss stem Offices and the coWegts The Ss stemOffices would prosidc ssstemssuie planning des el()p policies andproc edures, mnduct audit rcs less s, and pros ide managemeniosersiFht.College presidents. in contrast, woul he accountable for all othermajor aspects 6f-the decision-making management, i-ui-operationalresponsibilities delegated to.he mdi tolual colleges

As the new management philosophs was in vplemented, a state-ide computing sen ices planning committee was established to 1- de-

s clop a panning process for applsing computer tcc hnologx to managenie information and 2 des clop a computing sers ices master planThese -tasks.. ere indeed arduous to accomNsh. and an acceptablemaster Wan was not deseloped untilianuan. 1981, eighteen monthsaster the guldmonanagement philosophs was first enunciated

Planning Assumptions

Ac wall., the original committee failecialto achiese either tasksu« cssfulls. he.n«.. a sec md committee was constituted. s hich finallssu« ceded in producing the long-anticipated plan The major corn-ponems of the planning process deseloped for this purpose weresimilar to the ten points discussed earlier Addinonalls the committeeclarified a set of assumption's that would has e a direct impact on thec ham es of getting ans future plan approsed bs all decision-makingauthorirres

State pros urement regulations dictated the need for fle.xi-bans, shareabilits7-and noiiuplication of applications software bithinthe VCCS emit\ These were deemed fundamental to the developmentand expansion of computing services throughout the statewide cornThunits college orgarnianon

2 Information would tic re«)gmied as a major institutionalresour« along with fiscal, human, phssical, and intellectual resources

i The «nnputing ens ironment would support a.VCCS hier-archs. of ikormanon needs

4 Attainable goals would he established, and the\ would haleto re«lse fir.in corn mitn,),ent from all les cls of VCCS management

f

Rc sour( bc tight although an c aril( st c Hort v.,,uldhr mad( to obtain silffn It nt ,raft and rt-s(A11( to tiles(' goal,

6 31 ()%( rail c (imputing ,en lc es planning c ommittee %%caul('assIIITIc pilltiarl It'spffislE)111I% 1()1- tilt (1)111(110.1(M's p1,11111111V,

V.Ith s citttr TFIC first plan \. a, appro% ed(minion data r lenient cluc tionan, de% eltt-r d

and maintained h% the 5% stc to Otfic c s\I1 .,%,tc in, di tit, c nhan(c tnt lit c tfi)rt; he.

oudin ti (1 111 ,iA«)1-(1,111( .,t,-rt-appro d in tic% r loprtir ntmethodolog, and %.001.1 ft( suppot 11 d h\ full uscrt and technic aldor unic ntani it,

(r ri r timcit to establith and 111dIlltd111statrv.ide commutin collr gc «imputing cm% ironinctit that v,,ouldreflec t state-fit-the-art rct hriolog, gl%c n restricted fist al and humanrf sourcc,

Planning Goals

I he first inaior tasL a( t tunplished fi% the plannurg committeeto c stablish a sr t of goals to be rt %lc v,cci arid appro.«1 h% all

orgamiational units (.(.S 'imputing sn.icc s v,Satisfx data processing rccpiirt mews for «illege.s and the

Sstc in Otfi« s through (-Her me acquisition and use of resource2 Support thr ( ( S mision and the VCCS xectime man-

age mni philo,oph% through data processing and «imputationalcapabiline,

Minumit tfic duplication of resour«.s fr% en«ruraginghigh degree of compatifillit in general s sterns riftv,ari data hasc.,data curnrnuntcanons sofm arc, interactRe ,and hatch retritRal soft-ware, arid applications/anak tic softy, are

4 Mc( t external and internal reporting requirernents in minsof data a« urac r appropriateness, timeliness and accessihilit

mphasli flexibilit in the design of the distributed com-puting c onfiguration to permit c ost-tffec tie hardsNareisoftlsare alter-fleitINT

t) D\ cic)i) applic aeons rune( wig the administram e and ac a-

dflin pro«.sses of the «illeges ratfu r than the orgamiation of theullrges And the N. (.(,S Offic es

Proide (irking shared sofm arc, nemork bac kup andload baldric mg to the extent that suc h c apabilities are cost effectm.

r 43

Encourage information exchange and user input, and pro-mote consensus NsIthlfl the \'CCS

9 Establish a «nnputing em ironment that reflects state- of-the- art technology and enhances computer lore throughout thestudentr)odY, fa( alts, and staff of the.colleges and Sy stem'nices

10 Pros ide a strong central mec hanism for planning, auditing,governing ,and coordinating data processing for the VCCS trzinul-(, rdp 7717,711t ,)//r C.$ S,* 7,2 19x1

In the past. the Sy stern Offices' staff had preiefed a centralizedapproach to both s\ st,tins dey elopment and information processingbecause this approac h \vas deemed more in line with the centralizedmanagement piliosophy The mlleges never really accepted theentralized approach to «nnputerized support, one of the primary

reasons why the ley el of minputirig services in the \'CCS fell sub-stantially below that neededlor adequate support

The 1981 master plan recognizes the new VCCS managementphilosophy major advances in state-of-the-art computing teihnolog-Y,and the increasing importance giy en to spreading a whole array ofa( ti\ ices assoc iated with managing information processing and 5\ s-terns do elvpment among the Yanous organizational unitsthe col-leges Consequently, the plan calls for the establishment of 1 adistributed processing environment and 2 coordinated, sharedsY sterns development These two aspects are described briefly

Distributed Information Processing

A number of factors make the move to distributed informationprocessing attractly e Declining hardware costs, .improved telecom-munications capabilities. reduced need for highly tr red staff at each'tcenter, a increased sophistication can the part ca users Jake thisalternativ quite feasible The proposed configuration reflects four ley.-

,els of computing power, with levels 1, 2, and 3 haying central proc'ess-.,

ing units CPUs that are plug-compatible and have similar operatingsystems Ley el 4 will consist of both remote job entry units andterminals linked to CPUs at the other levels, depending on thefunction to be performed

4 Level 1 N8111 deal with the System Offices requirements that canhe supported by a student reporting system and other'similar planningand management systems, and most hatch academic computingLevel 2 resources will provide most of the support for interactive

44

academic `«imputing'and slec ted, but figs achninistratRe applica-*noes Lc% el 3 kill support the colleges' coniprehensl\e stud nitirifortnation stem and associated administran% e applications dealingsith the c ourse schedule, facilities fac ult.\ management. and possihkfinancial acciaunting and personnel at a later dace

This distributed configuration should allov, the \ CCS to builda strong «insensus among th«lisperseei orgarniational units( r( aung an en% it-mullein that increases the potential for -assigningresponsibilm for a( ti, ines re laced to data processing to staff v, ho havefit,a-hand lknov,I( dge of the tun( lions tieing automated

Oh% iousk the concept of distrihution inc-ans more'than locArig equipment at \ arious remote sites Instead information process'

re( .igni/ed as d major organi/ational resource man\ activitit.s-,each of vs hi( h can he assigned to and coordinated b% one or moreindi%,nivals The full scope of responsibilm assign tents has to becarefully planned, as Buchanan and Linov,es 1980a, p 145 point Out,because assignment of responsibilities I-A default seldom i.sorks."These authors elaborate on a series of ac ti tries associated v,ithmanaging information processing in a distributed emir-am-Tient thatneeds to he delegated do,Anv,ard or assign.ed lateralk

Coordinated Shared Development

Coordinated shared des clopment of systemwide acimmistrameapplications m a distributed processing en\ minment appears to bemost achantag«ius sterns de\ elopment in the VCC S is a rather,cosine issue because it is chisel\ aligned to approN al of personnelpositrons and the pla«Jrnent of these personnel In the past, centraldr\ elopment ssa, fiche, e d b% some to he most efficient arid manage-able ti terms of staff, hov,\cr, in atualit , the trac k record. of«-ntrahred elopiTlillt comphshments has been most unsls-fac ton, although mit all problems ', h this failure \sere attributableto the «mtrahred dr\ clopment concept \team, tide, it has beendemonstrated h, several «illeges %Ann the VCCS that shared de\ el-opulent has pro. vied Lriformanon resoun es v.ithin Awhin\ el \ shorn time period

Shared de% elopment is supported lk the majorm of V.:CSusers ar"Id_therefore has an (rt-rin\ high potential for succeedingbecause of their «immitment and mon\ anon This approach reasesend- usercm ol.e merit, the relk promoting end-user interest and sans-

45

fa( lion Also, maw, per,otincl resources neirssar-s for undertakingthe declupment evst OlitgtS ,

All tic \,s .`.steins kill be designed In act irdance ssith a statesideplanning strut lure supersIseci and «iorcimatcd hs the Ss stem Offices'management N, nsurt sstem compatibiit% and reducr lotig-t( rnis% Stein maintenance One data element dIctionars `.s ill he des Ised

tht uil(uttlation sic yds (If all le\t k of the VCCS orginianonalflierar( aS srlu'sn 111 Figure 1 One,data base management s% stem

ht usc d for adnumstrattf applications ft ',Iding at computingt wets di ,./11 it tick 4)111111dr st t ilrit reciutr( int tits \s ill unorporatuci

11, all ,s ,It III tit 0111 \ tht n1t,sl t ffic 11111 (it 0,411 prt,tu(uls that is

I- 'Kure 1 CCS Ff lera.rr h of Information Needs

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46

h pts as psi titiu«,ii%( sat tonal:1 rttinial I 0 \sill heto hi st ( \Holt oniputer It sour( es ()%r all rrianagtric la and ( ()-

ordination of the es\ stctlis di% lit at II% Inc s NA ill hi tilt 7( spun-,ihilit% id the \ ortiputing 'set\ t t s Planning ( ()minim( arid

see m otru s pe rsonne I in c harge of data set N. lc( sProhichl\ che most e \( while attire (d

dt Nieleeptile tit approae h is the afalit% to design aleph( anon, that Me etti,e ft (pH t Hit /It", ,,t IINt I", at d parts( lila! I it thi intormatiotiha ran h\ For e \ample (tie ste in (Afic t s stud( lit n porting, s% stemIs de sigh«f tot ( eitve manage went and ( \ti trial repot wig

ae e, (inane t snide e mollment !Nils data \s ill ht natistilitte (I in It

trim, ehe ,emit n't it tormattoli .0.steril of the college s hit_h supportsthe ope rations Ot rt'giNtratlt)11 "0.1.1dt II( tIllant I's Mid othe rati(irrit-1( late d non,' 1, I ()Rimini thryd of data e lerne tits runs

41N )ugh rhi stf (-1( all()%sing ea( h s\ ste ni to meet di(turn jut of f ds (it a Ni)1 \t

1 i)t ti,( Is

all% plan niust 'Aar:stand the ti st Ol time hlor the e-\ tent ofIts sui i i NN aft asst this \, ritilig the plan Nco,e)11,11,g .,se II and iiiirquiatimi ft ,( mut manage merit in the (..CS is

tinall% filo% ing in an appropriate and fruitful dircction through shareddi N.e !opulent and distrtheitcd pro(( ssing A major ( ommitmm hashi (II made to nialiag( the se r( source s more ( arelull% strict ffe cti%

de ( ision making ope rarions planning rsan h aluanon andinstitutional repre ..terication depend on high-qualit% information andthe ahilit% c (t store. manipulate and ft tilt t' this informationthrough the list orik (impute! The de\ elopment of a net\sorle, ofintiamatiem stems should lad tt, 111alki'd 11111)NA( infi)r-rna-tiwt (itialit% and a% ailahilit%

I hi !Ili's! ( fin( al hunt lit 1,) ri% t d from the: manage-111cm-Lif miormatioi.., rt soon(, is the e nhati(ed ethilit% to support the

hit tan( h% of irdiamatif)11 11( eels To the c \tent that tileStnerds an met an organs /anon (aiia( hie\ its goals and obje trve sresponding e tic( l% to the flanges ali( !l)med for the 19SOs

References

I) ,1 1( ,1!0: ()ttaI K. IT, ! (, fen,' ( ,,,eig

47

k(.I'd"' k '1 I ' " ' ' ' Pr.,,: " r'4.-

i 11.0,1 N., Dirt,', _ 4: 42

( F.: .'47n f 1 ( !f ( , \A, ..

F .( Fr (

P1+

-,t 1' ' () ' ;,Pr (

\1 i).1 IX

(5. :t

k 44 (, i ( ' I- . P " : .1' r

r ' ' . .. \.% r4,:d,..r. i1 4 ",' [1,',';`, 1 .1..

,

d: F \I'a:

14 1) ! r

, ...1 I F'

j if -t Pr$,1`, ,

/, dir., for7t,10,7rie ril u r ii. , (1' \ ort tit r-71 rota,/ l - ,)nlrtllhit\

IMEIMM=IMPEt

Student data can he used as an aid to academu planningin communit) colleges

Using Student Datafor Academic Planning

M. Kathrpie Baratta

The American public is expressing a growing lack of tolerance forbureaucracy, delas, v.aste, and program that promise solutions but donot delis er This growing current of tE( g will probably prevailthroughout the 1980s, thus, the 1980s" may be characterized as adecade of impatience

Th American peklic is beginning to question the worth of acollege educ ion This is es ident bs the passage of Proposition'l 3 inCalifornia, b e voter-approve, 1 cutbacks in spending for highereducation in Michigan and Ohio, and the "cut the cost" speech madeb" the gosernor of Illinois to higher education ageficies .requestingincreasing funding The public seems to be taking a dim stew ofcluplic anon of effort in higher education

One of the was s in which educational instituttons are attempt-ing to deal with this growing questioning bs the public. and at the sametime deal with emnotnic retrenchment, declining enrollment, andhangitig market demands, is through increased planning efforts. The

bur/ words for the 1980s in educ<ional instittitions seem to be

ti ti challis (1

(-tr4= Y 1),1,1,7 ifikan n.. S; San F Alit U Inttr\ Rau 49

50

planning- and "iltanaging r Administrators are now attempting to re-as-sess the'purposes and obiec to.s of institutions of higher edutkation

In order to plan well, administrators need accurate,

and cs4ric isc information upon w hic h to base their ass?'ssmentsntortunatek prior to the 19 man% educationahnstitutions ere

a« ornmodating nrollment growth and pllnrung was conducted ongut- It el fee ling,, the net d for hard data was not a felt necessit% Mostnew c urric ula su« ceded whether the% were properly planned or notVs hen enrollmentsstarted to dec line, the 'inci attitude tool,. 0% erdu( atiprIcti Ed(t1 c.ollege asked itself w hat it could do to

stirs tie_ The answer to the problem seemed to be expansion As Aresult, the c urn( ula seemed to grow in depth and breadth Studentsonce thought not to heat ademic alNit talented enough for college soonfound that the% were being «ired the %Tn. educational instimuonsthat one shunned them

hi se E fforts to sun. Ise at all «ists.dul licit succeed for allmlleges Thus still fated with problems, educational institutionsfound a new cmswer'that the felt «mid -sok. e all their probteMsretrenchment Reduc non, in budgc staff, and programs' had to hemade, and the had' to be made quo kh. The tudget was the cf mgforce that determined w filch programs and staff would surkie Low«,st. higri-enrollment programs wc re 'in. ,_high4cost, low-enrollmentprograms were out much thought was greet} to w hether sucjireduction was within the framework of the mission and scope of thec allege

Thewpendulurn of Ans,..ers ()liege problenis has swungbetween the extremes of retrenchment an expansion tt appearsthat the pendulum is somewhere in the middle Hoc e% er, whenadministrators asked for 4.pitticatorsof qualm and effecueness Co aidthem in their decision iliakrrig, In mos cases the data were notaailablc Decisions hadlo be made agri with gut-le% el reactionsThe lesson to he learned is that -ethic anonal institutions shourid-beproact.is,c and riot (-cacti% e In order to be proactie, an educational-institution needs muck, a« urate,"and objecne data on which to basedecisions As Peter Druc ker indicektes, "Planning is concerned notwith funire decision but with the futuruN of present decisions" theac tions that are takn toda help us prepare for the uric ertainnes oftomorrow Tarrant, I97h, p 259

The planning process requires muck and a« irate informationthat will allow administrators to

tt:4

befirse The iiiissiole and scope of an institution.Deyelop specific goals as guides to setting 'Twines,Assess the strengths and weaknesses of (fit iAhs and

.programs[(l\ewd\ educational needs consistent with institutionalresources and mission

DotermThe costsand rejsourcesOfprograms and allocate there es cin the basis of institutional priohues

T` Fyaluate the educational, systemsystem on all levels4Planning %hould occur on three---I-cvels Ciperationaly early

planning coinciding with the annual budget cycle, developmentalshort-range planning, rwb to fist: nears focusing on intermecliate

'obrcuyes,, and t ra t g (' planning long -range planning; rive tomerit% ears, focusing on the ipentification of Otces anci, trends thatfare expec tta to affect institutio'nal functioning in the long term

Builder g an instuational data base to support planning is not atas9at can be completed quickfr-Jt taket time, and it requires the

_refinement of prclic esses (Ace they are.in place4 A planning modeldet eloped at one institution will not 'necessarilsucceed at anotherHowever, ibex seen* to be a necessary antrNssential data base(oninion to nniTig model's

Ohe th . each planning procescrevires different data To--enumerate the IN pes of.data thaiwo).ild support each of the planningc. e les woultsi3ake fol uninteresting reading, instead, some examplesNf data that can he collected to support planning will be gi?en

Some underlying t,houghts must be kept in mind when dealingwith data First, data exist CY/ e e , however, ,until they are col-lected, analyzed, synthesiled, and presented in a cogent manner, heare of little Yaluc-- Second, data do not dictate decisions, they aremerely, an aid to decision making Fnallt', it is a rare piece of data thatcan serve only one purpose

Student Itta for Supporting the Planning Process%-

---

Stuchmt data wear in many forms. They- can be used' tocomplete go ci'rn mutt repcirts or as an aid to planning. Severalexamples of how stu7rent data can he used in the planning process arepresented-, each example *selected because it can he used, withsevelloplan ming styles

Need.s'Asseisment. 'This area of research deals with determining

* 52P

the needs and interests of college stRdent high school students, andadults in the area seimedbs the college It mas also include etermin-inK the needs and interests of stafi,*state agencies, federal agencies,and'the broader profession of e canon

Needs assessment can b e cr mal or informal, ongoing orspecial purpose Two examples A forma ongoing needs assessmentresearc h actin me, that exist at NI raise Valles Community College inPalos Hills, Illinois are the scads igh school sun es and the annualcommuints suites *

Each sear, all the high school seniors lc McfraineColl-mms Colleges district are sunesed.he purpos of the highst hool sun es is to pros ide the college s7ith information regarding theneeds and interests' of graduating. seniors, their perception of4heinstitution, their reasons for selecting college, and the colleges where

--these high school seniors plan to enroll This information is used fobboth program planhm 171 recruitment activities CI also allows th«)11rge to monitor its im ge to see if itrs consistent with the college'smission

A communits yudes iy ,one also en a scads basis he

purpose of the «trnmunie. s r-r7s is to 4etermine the approxiiiatesue of4ehe population partici trng IR adult learning acnsines, thedemographic characteristics of the potential mittket, the scope ofdemand for educttional offerings, the c urrent mosir and loCalAN ofdelis ert and the potential expandabilitt of the market This data set isthus an important resour« for institutional program planning, pio-gram assessment, and marketing

An example of airkial-purpose, formal needs assessment isthe surses to determine the interest in conniwing education of the

, Moraine Valley Cominuints College nursing gr uates working in thedostru t Qtiestions centered around whit h topics ms he ofinterkst tothe college's graduates, apes of preferred instructional deli\ en' sys-

totems and time and location cif instruction The information gather #dwas toed mto p. m a «Artmumg education pogram for nursinggraduates

It An example of an prigoing,_ informal needs asesscitrcnt is thestliginve rosponse of the college fat ulti, to student needs For example,fatality noticed that students in their accounting classes had a varletsof e.xpenenctis in dealing with & emitting principles Some studentslad no prey louts expenen«.wrth bookkeeping principles, some had abasic knowledge of bookkeeping prim 'pies; and some were already

ss

%%inking In a« (Arming departmelitaAs a result of this informal needsassessment, the ac «mining «iiiise4rWas redesigned to accommodatethe ,turbot's pre% roils tpt._.rierice %.idi accounting principles

evimple of a ypt ial-purposc, informal needs assessmentins(,lst d sum( fat Lilt% Members at the college %%hi° became interestedin the, genet al edikatrorr reeiimen.ients for o« upaitonal gradua'res Agroup of fa( ult sensed a tic cd for oc upational students to hate anaft( triatie to the c urrent general (dui anon requirenuints The, fcasi-hint% of alicrilati%e courses 1-, nuv. hcing tAplOrcti

`o rnalor III0(1111( atIOII III programs or seni(es at Moraine\ Commumt College is made v...ithout adequate data to aide thedecision-making pros ess After the data are collected, the' arc Inngratc (1 into the planning process

Llanpoterr Nteds Data gash( ring in this area in% oh es making<ireful dt termination of the pre,( III and future malipmer suppl%

and dt inand situations Lurrt nt job openings and salaries at thenational, statt and lo( al It %els art cleternii2c1, as sell as prulectedOh openings %%oik for(( mohilit% and the e( °norm( outlook for theart a in old( r to (It fcrillIlit the nullifier and kind of emplo%rrient-opportimilic s that sill he a% ailabli; for program graduatrs Varioussour( e, of maripiA.t r, suppl% art also etammed At Moraine \,'allc( orninunit college, all ongoing programs hale inalipmNe r studies«)11(111( It fi on a rt gular basis, arid all nits. programs must has eInalito%.t ,flid ( ()TAU( ht fort' an% administrame action (an heIA.( 11 regarding the implementation of the,program

irpluation Programs Another Important arid essential «mi-..

pone,Jititof planning imokes the e%aluation of programs This t% pc ofevaluation, %%fin h can takt man forms, is necessan to obtain usefulinformation for program imprmernent arid appropriate data for

state and federal program a« truntabilm Although collegesIna% has sell-cle% eloped procedures for strident follo\v-up, facultyt aluation, unit c ost allah.,t", and so forth, (hest-elements are seldomititt graft d into a s1stt'lliallt program t'%aillatIO11 SStrIll

1 ht t valuanoll s%Sit In at Moraine A alit v Communio, Collegets di% id( ci Into Iota phases progrfni wk.( non, program ealuation,fer k cirni and ('allItn1011

PhaSt OW' Is the sele non of programs to he ealuatcd I heOf fu of Institutional keseatc fi is responsildc for designing, «Mee (-nig, /ing, and sc hechiling the ealuatiou 'Slur e Moraine Valle( onnininit% (Dili gt off( Is ft that) fifis programs, it rs impossible

v

4

454 6

P

1(1 t'N altlatc eN, ( il. program cast li ,cat I htrt for( a 'program rt\ Icy,mod( I \\ 1,5 (IC% tlityti.(1 It.) (lit 1111111( the program, to be ( onorticrt d loAr( \aluation "II( inuddi, basttYmi plygrant I nrullniiit plat 11111 rit ofgradtat( ..:, unit ()et. prr,grain aura( [Lon and program reit Tilton 1 tin,information Is no ludt it in a hominid to (I( n until( an indt..x.-uuttibcrtot t at li progtalli -I h( molt \ nu MP( r', art tilt II fdllt, tirlitlitli and I hoploglani, t ligii)1( tot ( \aluation art ;do lititit d ..

In 1,114,t p,,,o) tic al teal prrogtam I \ aluation takt .., pia, t \Illimit I \\ ,i, tit \ O 1,iirt'll h(11 th( 'ti-(it HI 1,H .ialli iNalliatio on Chat 1 c li-

ft Ic01 atomind program} duo inn( litanon tot( }lint, op( rat loor, Ntuoti litinto,rmanun I lost, iob markt t intof-rnation and giaduatr intort.nationi« I ahlt 1.;iior Ow .p«111«iata coil( tit d 1 he intormastion is 1114 itc-

gran.d into l'ti audit r(Tort rill, wit, document )ro N. idc000 an a 111111,-

trattil \\ it h dl till st I \ t.r\thillg thcrt 11 in kutovo. a ou.t d programandIn pia,( O m o thcr( is t(*Cdhcif it, r( spouse to tilt program

t \ dilldil()I1 \ pt.( t gtioup-inn igtoup !nod( I \ Idt rt( r and ili)lhro)olo..1'); 5 1, list d to pi(,( It vo. int( I. and oral tc(...dfoaol. oyt progr1111o' \ alllatloli data Ili 0 dIllion, aotti4to.,traloIN program adininistratop,rotogrant la( ult \ and progtain 1lIpim /t I ,tall \t tilt 11 rts,in MN. ( I( ,el,of l( %lit inli)11/0 \ o ollt gt ,tatf prt part ac.tioon-orictit( ti rt ,ptoriNt N tot1,/Illati (Lila UNIIIi4 both tilt «ollt gt N Inanagt nit rit-f)\ -ohit 0 ti \ t-,.,,,,, 111,111(i a in al / \t( Ina, on oot tit rt ,pons( 1%,,tO Ill (it \l'io/pr(11 ii% On'ilillItil RI Jif oi (if \ tillit, \ i,( Atititial and f « hint al f_cltio anion Sampson,1'47; \ an Rat s, 1'47 i (ih,t I\ ation (oll(lu,lon rc«untlit.ndatunis,1( at non,,ld at noon, no h/ talk( 11111d tangt t (tat( s Hr o ortipIction oflast, AN II,t( Ii AN r It Vlo'\\ 111k tin' audit I }-1( at lion plan. is thcrirl pro)dut t d aitti (IINNt 111111,114 (1 to all in\oh. t d unit\

I In final pliaa ItRol (.\ impact t'\ ditiatiom tjttirg prm(JILIP'Sdliolpr«i from Cunningham '1'17 } Hall and otlit:r- 1975 , Kiiyn-rIlritt and A Ills tt 1975 rticarit ii staff asst ss ttiforimpa( t of program

cNtitiation tin piogiatit, du\ cloitint tit and 11s11\. lit. (',a11.141 1011OM t `,` '', 4

',IA 1110)1111r, dirt CHIC ( ts/Illilit 11011 of tin MUIR, tin 1 I1111ILIIIMIdi.

Kt st al( il ()Hit t. LIt.gin it,-ttpitat (and proc-tN (iNaluation 1 lic folloN.-mg otic,tion, guilt till Nalitation V\ hat Is Tin status of tilt- u «ffil-fricriclatiml ' If 01(11 N,,a, ittipititlit manor' of (ht. re4militttidatiott,lioA long after tilt audit %.,1 tit' impit.rtictitation complc t«itatid lioN,,twit 1.1 did tini audit influria titipkituiritation ' If tilt. rciwinitic whom'

appro%(.(1, th( n tin tittt.tioti, %.11( II %%III Ow rcimminettdation bcatria N.litt N% Ill ht. itrimat 11% imol%«1 arc ansv,*(1(.(1 I- mak, If no at ohm

a

Table I Outline for Audit SNstem

I Pr...gran, urn rirarliPrOgialn n i,), In

.0.:;l0;( Reldrlyt,i, In TV.< r grari (,/1i rIrrtt I.!, an,1 fr_IrSt urhri

II Far Writ sPI;,t. di ta In rr (.4., !err dki sf 5 dr!, 1.1.1.

11001,0 inn ST ' r!.( Far 411..drl,r! I r1Jid sia taIr1s5pfl S dii

ran Is\ PirsIli ri ci(Ir rInds %krill, ,,r fit 1 r rIt ii e prr iiard!

d. !l:14 Ti dr irr'4 Pr I ,1 rar,H `)1 rdi in str, Tart !A '1 slflir( (.(rrIrsr r fir sling pdPf TIAI) `)!.-tIt ifs taut

I I-a. .11!r1M101. '.1V

2 fd fill St (fl I s .pro*,r,l!llrir It' 15111411,!: 1 5TT Si Pt r

rr.r1Thitl,,I,\ StrUif It! dr trlograpt ra i N c1( it 1 agt u dJ-..,our lad

liii tririd it IIIH F pr.,grar,r

( F ri'!]rrti r.! !Tr ml it pr,gram fillI) Pr trarr n tentl.,[i raftF Pruuram I dial rrirt rrngratl,r.F 11w d 01.1r1t dial rrixnN.(, ,,tude Tic pr rIrrrf11.1Itr f it (WrseFt Still iii -i i s ralt's It re

Is

( rrs's,(

I; snot s i proer,1;/

\ I tr \lark, I nt,rmatio,Tr, r ris

\ aT lit2 '),ate5 r,(

K I ii00. ,..I10111011.1". Hi( geug ,111111,1! Ii vrrstartis A! ,r.r,w ,( I

II Cratillast 1111,S111...1!1!,11.

\ if trwriwgs

F rrrpl\i I 5eiui ii it grdr111.1tr

I hr jla .Ii.1,r(IIi.ttlrr I rfIr r trill Vrite d it .1t1,1I! ii pint

V

rs

55

5b

has been taken, ClUtSt101.1s such dS ilk not" must be allsV.erCdApproprtate re% ision, are made in the e\ aluanon SS stun based onthis re\ rev.

The s\ stematic and intt graft d proVrarn V\aluatlorl 5\ stem hasbeen in op( ration for ft\ \ ears at Moraine \ Ale\ Commulut\College and, in that pt r rod t \sent programs ha\ been audited-I he audits liat ht t n instrunu foal in the_ re\ ision of courses III some

cc"

( ase s the It \ 1,,l()T1 of f prO`41dIlls arid III ''Eller cases the thcisionto no longt r offer a progralli

El alualton of Support Serrues %Ian% tuns stud( tits du not ( nrollor feu nroll at a college b(( dust their rue eels are not being inct Inout( r to deft rttiific it st Wit III needs are fa mg Int t iii IlOildlddtIIIRan as alt.( \aluatloti of support sera is he rieltdal Lath of Morame

alb Corn! Units C(,ll(xt S support sera art \ aluatcd on a\'earl basis snots liter around \she tiler tht ser it es %se re usedif the\ ,,st re ust i flov. oft( n and fa_ tht \ were hen( fit sal, if the\st rc IIOt Usf d not and vitt( r the 6sen. ice's \sere a\ adable at«itmernt rir time s Stud( nt At twines Fie alth St nice s, Admission \--andRt «irds r,ouns( arc f r Planning arid Pia( (HU III, and FinantAid r\ is es art r aluared Que stions sp.( ific to I at h office' also

ludt along \sith th'e carhe r gent ral questions Probh to areas :ireid( null( d and their solutions then ber'orrie part of the ()fit (11\ es forthat office for T.Iff, titAt ac adernk tcrar

1.111 coons( hog staff dist, fondue Is a C,Un, (;{ all its (hew,(7n« d \ ( ar I \so «eunscling dimt nouns are efkamint ci the counsel-ing proc ess and t ourischng OLIN note s Sttlth its respond to d \ ariet\of state int tits that are then ornbined into seal( s that measure«wrist lor ae c clean( r of c ouRiselee counselor support of (ounseleef,

wristlet' s do c t ptanc t t,f ( ounselor \sorth\shileness of sessions, and( unselt t indepunden(s' I he information Is glen to the counselorsin siumpariord form arid l'e't ornt-part of their e\ aluanon and theirmanagement-1i\ ud)Ie( \ ( for the follo\sing tit aderm( \ ear

Ileasuring Student Outcomes and Goal Accomplishment It is almostni\ ( rs,'1,11\ agreed upon that information front and about students as

progress through «Mew' and after the\ lea\ e collge a importantfor rograin t \ aluatryn and future planning If folio\.- up inforrhation,is reliable It can be a aluable aid to de( ision makers

i\so \ clopint ruts hac increaucf the importan«e of thesestate menrs pain( utark for students In «cmmurnt\ «dleges I re

quire nit its \ o(dflollal cdue anon agent les for data about graduates

6 (}

57

and 2 inc reased pressurc froth state legislatures to hold continuumykoll(ges accountable for the competencies of tften students

Tit( se dr% clopments along %.1th an asareness of th( signifi( anthatiges taking place ill itudrnt populations instructional method-

ologies, and funs non, arid general philosoph% of the commumt%c ()liege led \foram(' N. dile% Commumt% College to des clop a c'ompre-fitinsr%tr program of student follo%s-up sur-Nrs The purpos( of thesunit s is to pro% ide the (olltge %sitfi important information atroutstsident, inclu-ding ttit it demographic% tiaracteristic s bac kgrcrundsgoals, attitudes sansfac mons, tt asons for making certatn (It'( 1Storks,

cintifidl plcinS ()( (npantindl ( ht)1( (', and d( tilccmcnts The sur-t ohraln the--tollosing information1 0« upanonal (,raduat( ollo%s-up Informanori is (01-

d on I mplo% mem statlll rrlamorishlp of cmp10\2nrnt to programtt length 4,1 runt -t riiplord in-present position o,pe and

lor anon of hu,iness In %shit h criiplo%t d, sour( s most helpful infinding icif), caluation of specific )« upational courses, usefulness oftraining to ;oh perforrnan(e ',dart% information reasons for ernplco.-mem in areas unrelated to training, and opinion Of general occupa-tional training, ethic ational expt nen(e, InStrlIt sent( es supportst r% f's insular tirrnal, methods and staff I he sune% also pros tillsinformation alrolit the students future edu( ational plans

Pfripi()%t r F :ahla upational Graduates Thisrim stionnairt i, nAlled to etriploers,of rec ern occ upational grad-!tart s I ht. follosing t% pc, of information are c one( ted opinion ofprogram graduates human relations skills, communications skills,

al prolkm-sol% mg slills,and life skills suitahrlit of ihegradual( tor the lob, Trak% and quannt% of .cork done h% theptograril graduate and the emplo%ers %sillingness to hire otherMoraine \ ally. Communit% College graduates

5 -Transfer (yraduatt Fo110%,-up The purpose of this stud: isto e% aluart Moraine allr% Communit% College ser-r.i«'s;t ()lieges thatstudents attend strident pt Hoar-induct at transfer «,11rges, admissionprohlems at transfer «rIleges, transferahilit% of commumn, mllege

(fir and adlustment prohtt nu 4,t transfer st Foolsi i firer -)( ar (rraduatt. (dims- surr% of students three

t ars, Art ( t)11(111( d to ascc main an% further irt% ()he-it tit %sith Monism k Corumunir% ethic anmial status:.

f id, mmit stani, t %aluatiori of indica programs and sent( es, lengthof unit to press tit position. nurnIn r of 'cif) fiangt- sin(( graduating

)11

fa!

er

a,

4

58

relation of emplo.rriellt to program ( Onnplttfd, usefulness of trainingto joh pertormarit'r m asons for ernplo. merit in an area unrelated tothe program completed, and suggestions for additional dut anon ortraining

"') At hie. e\ r Student aft' studied ho ha. t 'tiec lart dd specific major arid hase «impleted either some or all ad.aiir ed

ourses The purpose of this sur.r. is to (lett rrIlint N.% h% thirst'

students did not graduatt Although tht% had bee n essful theira curse .surk Qut stions on the (it al %%HI the priman t druytionalgoal goal d( tunt pt Plod \sithdra \sal from lasseserriplo.mt rit status %%hile atrc"-.1ding classcs P. pus of financial aiqlrec it 1111111Iier of program c hang( s. sin( e initial enrollment. present

4w t atconal ti. it\ -arid criiplo% went status future educational plansreasons tor \sithdra\sal t.ahiauuu of instrut non stoat rit. and support

es and C(ill(dtIondl prograt-li outcomeso Partial Coruplert r Folios -up Students arc stir. N.Cei %%hi)

ha. t rakt n hgirirting our s \sith either nu area of corn( entrationdt.terrnint d or ()ill\ hroad area of stud. determined The pcirpose ofthis sur.t is to dttt rninit",h% the st stud( tits did not pursue thrlfsnIfilt s f +it litits!,StIOns askt (1 on tins cunt. art similar tO Olt ichie.erFolloig- up

7 Nonstarter Folios -up Tht pnrpost sif this sunc% is to(It termitic ssh: people t troll in murses and then rie.er atn rid lass ortake less than fi.e semester hours of relit Questions deal sith thestudent's priniar, «tut ational goal, time period of \sithdra.sal fromclasses einplcAnient status shilr attending college t pes of finantidlaid ret el% cd, present educational and emplo.nicrit acti.m, futureeducational plans, and reasons for .sithdra.sal

This program of student tollos- up has the folltAsing ad.antagesI It pro. ides a means for «ill« ting data so that the college

ma. inmate, de% clop_modif., or delete programs, serN ices or classes,thereb ing its operation

2 It pro. ides a s. stern for ac ctitiriabilit. as measured b.erfiplo.er r.aluations of the adequac of established curricula arid thedoh perfornaric le. el of purgram graduates

tt identifies thi. educational goals of .arrious students andflu.% the. percei.reheir goal at oniplishmrnt

4 It is flexible in nature, allo.sing sarious administrati.eoffices the option of selecting items to lie included or deleted fromsur.e.S

tr

59

; It is al in nature so c OTTIparalt- data are r oiler-Ted fortrend anahsis

Estimating Budget 41terruthres Stub tit data are used to forecastenrollment patterns of the < allege- attending populations The start ofIllinois funds communns «,lleges ac cording to Their midterm en-rollment in se.cn funding c attgont s Baccalaureate and General-lead( mic Personal, and Public St r-% s. Data Prof tS`)Ireg,Comm( e. \arural Sr wynt and Industrial Tec hnologies HealthTec hnologies Remedial. Dsclopriu nral Gent ral Studies and AdultBasic EMU anon, Gemial Edo> ation .eloptnent, English as a SecondLanguage Eac h ategors i, fund> d at a differtmt lesel Forecasts areMade of the mix of stud( nts and the numb> rot students sshoenroll for the nett academic A ear These forecasts are then used toestimate the ex pee red rest:nue from the. state These data arid otherprole ( red resenue sources are then used to build the budget for theCorning sear.,

Attrition Studies. Attrition studies ha.e become increasingl%important for planning The traditional colleg-age population isdes lining and no longer ( an colleges -go to the \sell for additionalstudftLN One Of the easiest %sass to increase student enrollment is tostop tht retok mg dooronce ,students enroll. the college needs tomake a uric effort to keep, the students enrolled

.ttrition studies can pros ide tnformanon about temporal-%dropouts that rues potnt to oireense a( non Ts% 0 ts pes of sulA es s canbe used: one at the time a student ,Auhdrasss, sometimes known as thewithdrawal or exit mteriel.s, arid a Secoisd suet s, general in nature.go. en to a random sample ,f students current!. enrolled Answers toquestions such as Fiae e.erthought abour ithdra,.% ing from acourse fir from college." and ''s, hal made you dt c ide to seas'" can beresealing

bocurru ntanon should exist for the number and percentage ofstudents who lease an institution or a program of stud,. These trenddata c an pro. ide I hies to the attrition rates of programs Programsthat has high attrition ra.tes c an then be examined to determine sshssue h weaknesses o« nr

If the institution is luck% nougii to hase a highs% sophism andManagement Information Ss stein then'llscurollnu nit trac king- or'417tent information is hem:fie lac ltiith these data models topredu t hors man% and why h students either drop out temporankor leCe the mstuution pc rIndlin(1% can be niacfe

60 V.

Other Uses of Student Data

Enrollment Profile The enrollment profile is a documentde\ eloped to pr(-st lit the ( olnprehensISe data base regarding enroll-ment at the ( ()liege At Moraine \ alle\ Commumt \ College the data

rd intike\ era; (ategorics ( urrrnt- \ ear high school graduatesfirst-time freshmen who are rot current high se hool graduate) firsttour' transfer students first-tofie student) all current-term studentsfreshmen and sophomores Brrakcio\sns an pros ided fit set, credithours enrolled for residence ( redit hours ( ornplt tee!, ethnic (ategor\age OTTlinuror of rtsidence, high sc hool of graduation and programenrollim ru The Institution uses this data to plan. ( tfecti\ t Is forstuck/it., and to continual; \ analsie the sole((', composition, and(plain\ of students

.

Graduation Report This report lists the degrees Ind «-rtificates1 arti«i fp. students The information reseal* \shich program, areas ani,ng the largest numb( rs of degrees hr ( ertificates and ho\s thegraduating class is ft preseritt (1 dcro,, the programs

Grade Dutnhutton Reports Grades 'gis en b\ all instructors in all, ( lasses art dIldh /eti t'at h ter1116 It\ pistriy tor fp, (11S( TIME and 1,N,

program ihi, int,p-rrial;;)11 is II( etif (1 SO that the institution can be«mstarith a\sare of IN grading pram( es and its students academicperforman«.5 ,, ,

_

Student Intent/Reeistratirm .Stud. This stud \ is ,nducv.d duringregistration rat h semester Information is colic( trd regarding reasonfor attendaruc program ( hole e, ,o. hether or not d StIldfnt is seeking a

degree ethnic bat kground, number of credit hours enrolled for\shether the student is prunarils enrolled during the da\ , es ening or\seeken'd kinds of student des elopment services in \stuch the\ \souldlike sistame, and problefrns \sith scheduling or registration Theinforn non is used to plan student de\ eloprnett programs andidentifi problems in sc hedulig that can be corrected in the future

Ori;,ntation Information All nest full -time students at MoraineValles Comminuts College are required to attend an onentanonsession before the beginning (if the term At this time, tests areadministered that measure reading, \s ruing, and mathematical skillsThe data are used to build norms for the placement of students inmurses The tests also help gise the college an academic profile of itsnest students so that programs and courses can be deseloped to meetstudent needs

61

Summar.

4student data ( an ( ontrutc ben( r Management b'. pro\ 'dinginformation that. far 1111aN s 0101(.t s ar11011g de( Is1011 alit \ es Inorder for tht data to he useful the tints( be trinek and acAurattSonic caniplt s of student data that c an he used for planning purpostha\ r in en gi\ tic list is nut \ hdlit)11 C(filertIV and analwingdata is Hard hint planning Is harder \NOrk OrN:1111111t. 1t tltunOntipa\ oi,k, lip ,er\ u t to the pro( ess of planning arid thlrefort thcrc\% ands the N ap fron, the pro( ess are le \\ It on belle% e d.dt tiltfurors cannot hr planncd, then all \ ou can do is «Annnt \ ourself to afuturt go\ t rued ',(nnt- random force o er \s Inch ou can esserciscdo (mutrol

References

( P a, . H K '

s (Pi , k' 47, 4", E I) O7 7)9h,

I..; ! g a' ! Organ t

Ha F s F k ."., 71,7'. h Li s, 'r,,/ , 1 , d ' . ' 1 1 ) A '1'

[ 4 I +7; ;;KI r, r R F ,it A vf, Pap,'our , r rir g ,,t ."1, `t( au. :.( Rt dr, r. Sall

f A p r i l 1 4 2 5 1 ` 0 7 ( , 1 0 . 1 p i , F U 1.2ro h4,

larraht I I 1.v . o, 1' :1., ;1,- ( t r,r rs; '47

. sPal,,s VI,,tairtt ( (..,11, 1t 1;47;r' I if Str,(;,. ho- A oer-,11,4 Itripd, 1(11( s Pap T,r 1,'r t. rig ,f 'hr Aitir T1, al, F dim arl,' it R, ,0,1

1A,/,1.11i) .f. 1) ( -1.;,11, 5 1'47; pi, F H17

%I A 4 16' if) rl, toi trt,Iitill !falai rt ittir,11t)rttirrit I l,r)//,-ze firt,t pr, 0/ Or,

71 /,,r Itt.1

Student information stern, prfA tae informdttnn ahot.'student) that can he `Lit; utilized drrtaon rnakerc

41.

Utilization ofStudent Information Systems

Toni tt HallJim I. Reed

Mans factors hale increased the need for greater effectiveness indecision making ifl community and technical colleges in America Inthe past, educational decision makers have often relied on subjectiveexperiences, attitudes, and vales to make keY decisions that affectvital programs and operations More recently, the inflinZ of the newstudent clientele has placed.greater emphasis on accountability pro-cedures and more efficient allocation of resources These circum-stances point clearly to the need for a carefully designed system ofstudent-based information for decision making Such information isneeded for the planning, improvement, and redirection of programsA planned approach to information gathering and the processing ofsuch data can ensure that student information will be available fordecision making in 4 reit.% ant and tantly \mariner

The community college students Z)f the 1980s will includethose new students who are entering. colleges with even greater~frequycy adults, wUrnen, ethnic ndnormes, senior cairens, the

4d f'' ,rn qatif,

(mprpt ,724? 11,1,13 11,,kiNk irt SArt FrdnnNrn 1,,tSe% has SrpfrIllbC I9S I

-r-

63

64

Littht at«1 anti tart ,t1Ittte N (Jilt tct tht uiia iii tt,at

ha, La ttl, a,11,t t (hp 11,,httit.")!:, H rtit thri.tara tt,tit i a' t ii,rw ii t ft.!, tit it tur ,:utft nt*,,,.ha( kr-,,t.,r,tt., lirt, N ,t at( t tit,(it faitt'ak ii tit it ittt.t

tali arr, ;(., 147 1. j,i) 15 art a, a i ytt,r il1t Iiiali t it itittt4ItattL, t act hi ti thltialt it ()lit ttti

tttatt, TH, ;irirdM iN ,.(1,,pn,. it t Hort La, hit trtH. ,it ''ii ' 1)1, ,-111 Nii,t ,1.411( rN

F.,)( ',a, it t, argt t.t tltt t tii :ht tit !Hal

laht.t.:\ ,Hatt at ni i. r t ,111:,4 iLt

t tit tA,. tit ,t4t,t tti,trut thud: tyr-ran., crid( it 1, it iuniani,r,

h, at ftt ,pat t t,t; ttiRikt prttZlettltra ,ttittt t.t

It. purpo.t d.p.< Ti i11-)\.1(:( it a

w tt,r, (),It ,tutit tt littttittliati01, !NM. ,11_1(1t

t,nuiUi it 1; i2t Tift prt dun , and 0,4.:(re ;)1')%,(4 a frati,tt 'A irk 11,11, ',nu!: dl, 11,,rmtt(thal

appridi iii ',cud( a ttidwo. up ',..1,,rfflafpw nught Ni iii .( lipt d fn,thtt,t 11,1rtarthi2

r,iilt notn-rnan, if. arid 2 tl:f Ii, 1ltitiuiI, alit( ark Ill trapr, it iNl4t ii twg it .( an t, Th( (Lay( It III( a

(Itt tt,11th tit a Hattlir'd apitfttat N iii d, tfortat( ri,de-Hut, %%Hi 1,t in( huh ( d III "II( f rc,c arc t,

,tiggt tiuir,, for 'dal:/i14 fir tollwo.-up it ( art' ft and unliianor, (d,fudrnt invirfriazit,h vtt Ill data

A Planned Approach to Student Follow-up

,11( gi and uf11.f f,ttu gt ncrall% Ia k spf iti«: plan,pri,affic H, (laid «dirc tif)ntn(i claw. piai III and Ii

hi f 11(1t1.( «,tirdwatitifi of information sN,,tf tiN V7..04) ficr Niull

making `)andin 1N77 p 21 t nics, Own tirdwati ii if inftatn,-i-tittlt \sit fl (ju( Hions mad(' ahnur pipgram, and t t I IN tucif iiiinformantni Writ fir talk ut Wit d Out al).-o()a( h Ii prwnwing thcu,«)f full )t., aaflah1(ii i 'fit I WI( t A11,1111)1, f h I I lit it ti drtrl ii it %%tic f hi r

inf4,rmanto, intiuk41,t lii fit. Mt( Ittion of hut mak( r th( iiu,«1 it ii (1,1,44 indkiniz Ito i I( dr, f1(.00.(,,t r that if a (Ni r 1, ism

ii thf pt, f i H1,1'1114.4 t fit Ilif(0111,111(,11 Iii fit rII( I r(fl Olt I( cuIT

65

he an inc react i likhhoocrelhat the data %%ill be al cel)ted aid used Apro( velure that gains iListitimortal a« eptati« of the follov.-t,y data tof,e ,(,,Iler ted v. ill 1111pr(Ae the coordiii,,ktion of cduc atonal dec iiciiimaking and informal-ton tatiniation

Partu IpatIon hl, ( ,ers \Ian% «)itimunit% and te c finical cryllegeha% e e srahlisfic d user ( ()111fIllt If ( , that assist in the (oordination ofstride ;IT ;1,t(vnlati)11 'Aid; i 14 dr( 1,,l()11 making 1-or instanc e,et,re cm\ li,ilio\%- up slulit . t < outfit( it d a '41(iup of , oliet,\1,, No, ,,,,i, ',will!, , a plan il a( non toLsiu h sti9,ris i.k."-t-ipre s Iran% rsiron; all ri ,tior , ,iii1,4t di`.i.u:odis arttusuall% ini l d or* the se ( oni-iii: tit s `,iii h a commitre C \sinild'lio 1p to .

Doc tune tit a f(4Iflal 1111p1111( lifdfl()11-1,lci11Iftt ;Int \ lilt ll'fur111,111()11 II( t * of (1("( IS1011 makers(,,,,,;,,,I,,,. ii,11,,,,,,-,1p ,tirl,e ., \%ith 011v;e)ing e olicg't- operations

an,i11 in data ()lice elfin,F )e re rifl;Tit .(11'-4 pr(e(e (lures for orithu ring ,L1f-1,(1.5>t ` :11:( s tor data pro« ssing and anal% sisPro% id an a. c hue tor camplis,,,,Ide dissemination of ',tilde

,; tiriaut f ()nSi rain t1 ittir t t ffre SS or student -up infor-

manotio,

!Merin/rune ormatton Nedc, adcrit of computrirdintormaiton ins a, inadr ass large amounts of data.inatiageaf,le IT is rtnpo tamr to 7dt:terilirici %%hat kmds of data are

t.1- `..horn and %%hat de( ision inadc4Cesith theinformation ohtaihe d St ral studies hae alread% hero conduc red toeft If mime follow -up data are needed f)% decision makers Ones(md\ r,f dei2aori-re late d data c undue red b the National Center forflight r Edo( anon Managerne tit Sstern \CHF_ \LS has made dearthat spe planning and matAgernnt responsibilities of differentdr( i1oti-itldkITIf4 go Alp', ha\ ti unique information needs Micek and\ me% 1`t74, p 27 This studs indicated' the kinds Of outcomemeasures that s..t re needed t \pc and administratRe structure ofm'stuution, tpc of institutional administrator, and tpe of statc:leelpersonnel three outcome measures in this studs that \sere given arating of "high nerd to kw. h% most responding administrators«illeVC UM\ CFSIT \ and statedr\ '%sere

midi( r of students graduating from the institution after acram period of time as a pen enrage )f the entering c lass

(0,

../

, 66-..-

Number and percentage of graduates foi the sear whotransfelred ftoni another school . _. ,

Number and percentage of students leaving the institution orsprior to receiv rig a degree, diploma, or certificate cyrringla

4rrartitular aco TRic term or sear

The NC EMS ou orne measurement studsnsan exanipleikf4partice.pation

thisu)ers to c eternime strident information needed fcii. , -

decisions In this studs, the assessment,of administravir Informationalnerds %%as formally established pnor to undertaking the design of astudent follow-up information ss stern , ,

A

_ The Ss stem (,harartertqzc ()Mum Study ( CCOS-DELPHI , is anotherexample of a project ,,that included college derision makers in theprocess of selecting student fallow-up data for collection , Cox, 1975 .This studs was designiol to ickntits desirable characteristics for acomprehensive student follow-up system High-priority data needsfor corfl ni unity college and state-lesel administrators were identifiedas the student's educational goals, reasfins for college withdrawal,reasons for not returning_ to college, skills attained in college, salon,infornianow, and opinion of college ,

One sssternatic project to dermine student follow-up infor-mation needs insolsed the review and analysis 44. as ailable follow-up questionnaires Reed, 1975 This project resulted in a classificationsc henic that idwifiedkonsistends used student follow-up data ele-ments Analysts 'if he questiaLaires produced the following's-1u-dent foliow-up n'forniation categories

Student's objecuste or reason for attendanceSatisfaction of intent ,with original objective

s.Withdrawal or discontinuation, informationEmplosment status ''Transfer; status or informationresent status college enrollment, employment status, andso bulb.-Opinion of «illege. secs is es '«niseling, financial aids, andso forth / i ,.Additional assistant e needed f sue h as "desire appointment

s

w-t-th counselor",Future plans or interestsEinploser questionsOther related qiiestions,

Additicnial follow-up data elenients norniaLls found in student,q 0PuesticIntiaes Inc hide the student's majors, suggestions for improve.

4z

67

data r( lant,nfiu tc(f ()H(14( 1)1().0,11, N)) rriii)1(,\ 111( nt nam 1)1

11,11,,t( I ( 011(-g( UN( of t (111( dtl()11 (r)1()}) pf 11( II( NalarN, lo.)is ulahnlitS, nuinh( r ) t (oil( ( ( r(.441ts Ion,Iplct(.(1

Su( ti effortsno identth stUd( tit f()111)5%-up information ha .

Nuit(-(1 nn ai ,i) pt(d poul of q111(1( nt 011t( 111f))1111,111))11 Ilt.C(t(11i c 1111) all(lital (IC( lf()11 111,4,111g I tus pu)! data C11111(111, «)111pit

nsl%( ( nou4i1 pr()%1(1( the Hann( r ith the hashilit(pIlilatliffi RC( d 1)) Iffitlat) f fit PI-0( I v., II).(I1I)(111111( III) fi)11(00.-1.11)date Oil(*) It ()fit I V,'OC111,t11( 1.1)11o\%-l11) pro'« ts that «Juld he

14, I \,,,,, (1, 11 rmurm,g1,)11(0,-uirdara 0c) ,o lo) atcd 011 111111()1,11 ,,,nd \, (.11man 1 (JT \Lir% land i sc h« htchn. I (47t) \I inn( sota

Pm( I 1 `-t7 .) Or von \ marsIsal and Nth( I. 1 (t7t) and \ irguna\, and sr,%dt r

(categories of Students Sun,eed for Folios~ -up

Eoll)v, surs-t:S. HS( mall% uss c))lloSs-up s%.,t( Jn ( an he.01°,1,( sign(.(1 n) as,( s% a Nrti(1( nt s (arc( r, ,0(11 ii, pers)mal and academic

(I)( c1, F(di()%, up ultca111,01()11 ,"at'11ii 416! an bt' 1111p1111( 111("(1 t()orri( uhtin planner in de% clopn4,radequatt; programs A follms-

,111 plamicd t() plw, Id) information for ongoing111,11nulona1 (.%aluatioll L(y% Cr the uses 1)1 d f()11().% -Hp S.,,t(111, a

1)10pf ( fiC11,,I% appp)) 11 h \sill II til(? ()H(') 111H1 of data from,audent,, at 0101,, 1111 111c1 1 eau( 10,,011 1 \periem-rs (sumac t%slit) all s( i4(11( tits of th( student population Is 111(1 ssars Informationfrom full um( part-tulle dav, ( (lung (11(I11 and non( r((ht pro-

ams aNsINt nn 111q1(101(Mal 1111p1MCI11(11

\ part)) ular follms-up s% stem that pr( ides instru( (tonal andstudent set% n ( pnq.,,rain (%alttatIon.has hi.) 11 1( )lopt.d ill e \as 7 heI Eollm% up I ritoreition stt ta I e 1`) is a

f()11(15% s% surly! that is fatitt round the ((.incept of amanagrinent informanon, s.),*(.1n 14 p h, sv stemIll, 'wk., Ntlident 1()110A-111)(itICSr11)1111,11r(.1 In signing (ti

tc0n,(11(. assumpt,on 5.as mad(' that student foll();4,-(11") data %%mildhe 1 oul).1( (1 5% other msting studcnta11(.1 program informal-Intl atthe in.aliawal In this 55,1), foll()%,-111) i!ifottnation and student out-«fmr in( asul( s 1)(.«,m( part (1'1a broader information%

li,f 110,11,11 d11 1,1011 Maker Althot4.7,11 rhel (Ad',st(.111 has 1)(.1 (1( .( 1(4p( (I 55111) the orm,,),p1(v

and Iv( hm( ( gus th( slud( rl,1 populations 11141 (an be

4

si

68 zttirr,1101 Iht' 1.1. of ',,.11., .1It III and Jlt 11 pt (It tillt,P.1,IIS on 1f1(

4,-"tiltrit.t I t.todlok.- up tiiit .r1 tilltit111( \ halt pritN.t it ma till fill ..,(I tottiall,i him', arid iiiiiNit.i.ar% Iii It \-,15 411()1%., h)! to Idennfi( aunt' 'It

,inch it LN. a( :id( Ini, and N.n,,itlf 11,1i i110',2,-1t1111 at( ,IS RC \1111c1fl11011,01%

Up 1tc11,1 , all hr 140\ Pit (I ''1 HAI% idual pruiztarri all a arid t an to,11111/«1 ')% admirii.rriirtir, and tat Nit% i ht I t N.-SP..% sit Iii lir() % id( a...got tii 0 \ 1 17, lt `0. 1,f tt.a (cit'4,,IICS of .ituictit pupulation, ifia.f tilik Li\1111t 1t fl, \ tItii (:f .( tipn,Iii it tLc ..,r ( at gill , is nit ludc(j, ill frill,

,c( ri,,r1

I ntenne StIllitlit I t v -11', Ili( II itit a ,lint N. ittsunInt fit 1111-

id( III( kr/ ii at a ,deli nf'. punt,' trit nu% .t, t hi (Gilt ti( [ la, plantar\put pow- uf thl. l'111A ( \ I \ 10 1St \ l tilt '1111(11 111 \ t (!11( c1111 /Hai ',,al \ I11

addition, Olt smith rir , t rtipitr,riit lit .rattri", turtIrt t rirtillnit Ill plan,iiiaiiir aril! 1\ fit 01 P100",1111 vot..,Q,Ii II alt data t II 111( lit ( 014C( 1C(i 111

fht. sur,t \ -I hi. .1n, t \ -1, normall% unpirtilt.fit«1 doling t olicgt. tig,,,tranuil during « dlt gi (tut fitation st ..ion. or during the' first

( la.. pcuoti. tit a ,(111( ,rt I HI. partit ular I tirriprincint has Lt.( itt ...1;atitliti !It :fit Loft data un tilt \111(if Mt \ 11,(( Ilti 11( ( d, that is,final], taftit fit it ni ii . ph % sti at iii 'all nlc lit and so forth Tht qui .-ttiontairt `la!: t,t il.,«1 n) a.0,1st a toll( v:( in !nu nng N.n( aninialpn )i,4! a wilt nr(o, nn( lit it, porting, it (iiiin In( !IN for the' \ of attonaliiiiii mufti [rata .%.;t ni \. F I) iiii,-,i; 1 ilicatv,r, I if!, rut pit, i,l,

1 i h I is( is of this sun. tiN. int huh 1 i intim ling studt.rits..,N..ithI \ prt..st (I .pt i ial tut t tis hdr-tt.nu thanun, 2 r ()drat ring '411(1(11'1 %., fl0

hat .nn«; Olt N. do 1110 plan to rt-citroll 1\ 1)01(:111111 1r1 M11111(111

) all \ /114 /11) ( ((d (Lira for frittfulitl inhumation, and 4 proN.initing

tilt data on .futit.nr, t du( an()nal goal, In ca( tt f ()first for facultyIt %It N.,,

t411 Ithdraa in Student( I fits t fulltk.-111.) gut stimulant.. al.°

foltriii in I t... 'NIS art di .ignt d for Olt i ()lit( non of infurtnation from,null nu, NA ho NA trhtino.. ir(),,, (()Iltgc during a giN.tri ,nit..u.r Thyqui stiminatu.s au for stuticrit, %N. ho 'outtalk N..ithdraN.. from m(11-,idual ((oars( s N., ho V, 101(i1c1V% f 10111 ( 0iirgC, 01 l\110 le1C1ht 111'4111111011

V% ithunt formal nutitti anon 1.,114,-off I ht',(' (pi( stionnaircs not ofikasst ss t ht. studriit', ft.a.ons for %.itildr,1%.,t1 but also colic( t information011 tilt \1,11(1(111 \ ti.r of ( ollt.gt. St11,1( CS, fut.urt I nrolltnrlit plans,nifitilLif (if t du( animal t \nt itt.fitts, and stiggt snorts for imprikeniclitof ( our.r. or .( 1.,..t t.. ,( 'slit gt and t ourse NAlthdraN..al titic.tionnaircsarc «ifilpictcN.nalk in Ow rt.gistrar's ()Hit t. or «tunseling ( entry1.11(.11 a .titilt nitoittalk N.% ith(jr,ov trim «,nr,s la ( nlIcgc. - 1. ilk off

69

,i,f-,t \ ,., implt ni/ 1,r, ,I, ,1 ,1 ,pail,,ill )111tt. \ 'A alk-utf (rut ,:1,,,Iiialre-

H Nt lit to 1r.iii.,1 tioit 11', 'Alio Ho, Ilot «illii,:( It IL( '. ltb(11a`Ad: lirOi ( ,,,it11111.,:. a 1t1 \ ( 1. ii,t 111t ,1t 1 I sit , iit tit iiit +plc ,11o1inallt i, ilia Illtit .)

i iit.,11 1114: 111itt 11" t. tio iii,iii clic (1 inn It .1 III (II, II.0,101:,, I,\ Itt/. ( ()II( ,d/.( /I,IH( Iiif , 2 ,,,,,i,c ,( lit (1.11111',.; .) tac 11H e ', cd 1. WI; e )11 di ,1i«,tia( tv't.',..! ...ail. ,dt a i,,,tt Il'h.11 It 4 illitiiII lirl

A \orirtturnine. 1E1111(11R ( zlit .:1,,uudir, , ,i( 14rit ki, r ,,i,, ,,, /,/,'ft ".rcr,;, r,:r, ,r1111( ,,,,, f \HI " 1 ( \ SI') ,H ',% ( H ,IN NI Iilt ,I,,It MS II,\far- c,,,1 r)r, 2,,r, \11: ,,,f ,,I4t (111.] th(4II( %%k (If I.t II)p«I \( HE %IS( )III( lilt \ i f , i ' , I , I I 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 l i a l o o i . , Rt ilklt %, it / alit, Bir,%t i 197 7\ i,I;T( 1111(1,1W ',Hitt( 1,t (1i1( itlitlitiall( al( 1)11111,1Hk (1. i,igti( (1 to titmall, (1 ,,, ,rtid, r,H %. Lu Ica\ c a:, in.ntutpir: a11(1 ii , ilut ruturr: trwr:hilt ,,,,f,,,, ,f inc ,u 1 ur- r( lin t, flit 11(' \t Otii I (jut .ti(mrlair( . hatit f 11 it H«: It idt :int\ flit .411111 (it, \, fit, rua E)( iii,t uututtmug tiff 11

t (ii,itional t \ Of lit fir ( ,i Hi a ht rpm; it Hill( ,t,Tuut rath( r thanit I rriarit rid\ (1,:u)1pirig our Ott .t it t:i( fit-1111dr\ 1)1111)(0( ii, Ot 111( (_

tiut NtiOnliallt ii, 1, to 1I'l t( 1 1111,t `,,brill( I lilt ,11.1(i( lit ha' Hirt IL( IIt (tilt <Withal (4( 1 rlt . cit ,Litt tilt .jc ly4th if tiult,r11( \%t r« nroll«1 atIt;( , lit 4( A. \ (I(IIIII.iIdil IILiI/1 ( It IIII( !lel III a 110111(Illirillig St1.1(1( lit,NIA t t. nolltialk Int 111(1k1ilf ;tildt lit S It ai3Oli kir t no hug program

;(,,,, ( :liar it ., \ , tiluk (hod, i ti,t ( t nudituc lit ( cutp1(1%411c lit.rat.u, and r(*lau(al,h11) it t rupli) \dn( Ill 'tit (011fS(' 0 SIMI \ A1S0Int 111(1( ti .41t 1,11,0 t iliplo% It1( lit Ill tilt 11('1(1 Of `OMR (T1111(111 OfAt,«ims,( , prom-ain t ottipirtt ti (11111 Sttidelit seT41 1,1111.0 Ot trallS1( 1t ollf,,,( , fIltklPe twuditucut plan., plohlcul artak dlISICIIII1g4 d11(111,( t4111(`Ss 01 «111( allot' 10 (1111)10\ 111111i STIIIother data (IinotsIlit 111(11 tilt it 1,01011.h11, ol,,t nude S lit t diCei 1)1,1,11S, acgr( t of ( mil-plcuuti (it «Ito ari(ilial ()iii(( tR( titatiihcr (if «Mcg Ittair (tktu4it1( t(.(1,Opinion tt I if ill (tumid] t \ lit lit Ill ( . ,111(1 Suggestion,' fur ittiltrot cm( ht

t d «Alt i , t ,wrst '... and .ia ri.1( ( ,i

hi t ieliiiiiiiim and It ( film al. i oligi ,. graduate> at ( (urn I or a,111,111 fit I( t utag«cf Hu. 411(1( tits % 11(i a( wall IA lit fit nom cduc (tumulic \la I o tic C '.. (jut itt tilt gn alt St ht II( fits Ill ,,( ming. timtreturiting,4,4t ,runt Hi dat,v, that it fit lir, it) tit It 1 1111111 tilt 111.4 nth( I of ,,ttacit.tits %%h()r44(1 114)1 at tuall illaduat( ft,)til a phtgrattt, hilt \, h0 (14(1 Ill fa( t.. .( twiplctt tilt «if f It (pm( 1114 111,, 0f If 'cif tic ati(;hal 01)1C( 11%t I 11(111411r4 1111111111! ,111(It lit ,all.' I \ pthtilt s tilt twainitimt . ith spttlfitmt,,t matt, ,,,,:oi ,...14( t 114 { (ht ',hid( 1.115 ( 1)1111)1t1( if 111E II 04(ilmnalf:(111( ali(ilial 01)I( ( 11%1 s t ,.,t ri IEJiugh tilt (11,(1 NW watittatt I fir, I ( \SI:, ( ()Inpow tit ,I1,0 t ()Ilt H Int()fill,{II(III li(HrIl ',III(If III', Id( IIIIIINI /iS

70

aw.

it ,t1c Is 111 I'..( `I- 1)1 ,%,t( th 1 ,r , (it 0,I (Litci III( Illtif 1 ( 1OilicaII,,c)I1

)f .taft (4, ( (1111_,CP)'.t; )''llt , ',,\.t dl:(? ,I, illINilf I.,1f,4I .itlIit fir ,ritlI, 2

( 11,,,del,,,,, / ,'acre 1,e, ,t'111, e s -, it , I 1111(tIltt IC 1 It 1)( )1 f. i );1 .f11(1t III

Iha',111 lil,d1r1,,I. ,i1DI ; (I.) 11!1( !AdP,()I: Ill .1.,( ( I ..( . ()t 111)14:II aflilal/ .

(,r,i(luatAnz +tueltlit, 111(1(1 Ill,!' unit IIN lit 41,3A111,itt . ()t ( )111-

1111,1;;;\ "lit v . :;,p,r :0 t 1, ,ii 1( :)irt ti '.)% Iltatt% iirMeltlit11)11, atid Matt .

I / \ .1 writ,;(it , a Hict .!,,,,h1;,Err HI I 1( I i it ,ilicaitialt , 2 iztaduate ,

...,,;,,, ,e..e- nr c . ,,..,,\ ,r, in,1, .,,e n,sneutt..n tut trite t 1r it ant: .,

,...r,e(',..re s '.,.' 0.) ! ,0% 0. '!)0 e I. d'.,1% I1',11. i,t 111,t)TIIII,):, t,)! 1111 1t HI,

(,!1(1 ,alt ,t10;t ,,, To .':,,I,' dIt , , AI, )( acittillII,R It li I, I`tif.11(1111,1111

,,/, a ,,,,,( ILI414%, HI,t; IL( %e dI ',.1.',. Data I It Hit I.,I. CIIIHat le, ene,se

;Hu ,; ,,, e'l,t ,,,,I,I, rn.,,n,,,.. ..1_,,n ,,,. Tie stintindirt arc 1,Iste el On flit,!giaiit,at( ,i11( .111:,!hillt . \ ,i(lifl,Ilid: data ( 1( (III Elf. , /II OR '4fi(illcI(,r,,i/ it ,Iii I (11a1II . III' 1.0I/ t( Tit .f . 1,,r t Lt .t Wit It ." pH ..,t He

.,

.,,e;ap. ,e,J, tn.: .,,111't ,,I ( Ilipic I\ r`TA..1( d.011, LI t flipif c \ III( lit It

,III ,i , ,:,rt alt ,, , i,,,,,,,,T,1: H.11,1,11.tr d ie,h 1.1111.4,1Ilt()Inlatl()11, ellid

ri:,):;',,, ','tW;I:, ,,,,I, \I, l',10 0 'g1,1(Ill(ite .1.11AqS art iiiii)1( In( [if( (I Iii

,1 11,(1],,1,t .III I 't,t rt L, r, 6,:radudtt ,(1r H'. Iri,tr(Ititc fit «,11( ( r.

Itit,tt ,,,,1 -( utIlidt t( I, ,i, ,,IIT'lltit (1 It Ott `I- i/c) %,t( III t ,t,Ito alt i It I',11.,t'I'11. I' )! III t, ft It a,t s 2 prenznern n,aireatlut, i

, y.. ,,ent,,,,,,,,In. HIT& .111%f '.. 1 1141.01'1,111(W HI ()I I 1,11/dIP)Ihil program

hr... LIT. ". ) it i/( ,I T. ,,I, tI I .11i ( t ()I .....I1(1t lit, and t, Id( tilt%

t

Inp101r7)

n e a tlllt t t N t U 1 1 , 0

114(1,

lit 10 0 1 1 1 0 , 1,

,1,1.11,( Inplw.(i l l ( 01 117c117\0 001101.40 h1/01 Mi011-Md-

it00i1i Illid1 /%0 r, (I t ill! SI Lid( h(1111 ti0 ad( till( atill ()(

\,1,11 art t (1111,1,)%t (1 dilci artzimrticilr raFi

t)( ,o, t 11,1,1( o.r FI111)1()1ti sprit., art ciutteIt/ I, /It d t1, c 1,Ilt (i Inte)rtntet..n hem, th«-tnieleee rs Ot rztaducete

.0,1% flAtt tumuli:, stud( tit 11,o,e se (1 Itlifl()%

flit it a (fit« the it (Ilic i4t tnittinnz I he h inple.Ne

1,)1110.% 41i, .11r \,t \et 'A:1,1(111,0f and kid(

data I It me lir. ,11( h f Iiii)11)\( 11.11

11« iAt (1 L.% Iht i4r,t(iti(itc dit(1 (tic 'Ilse fultif t;hat trainingt i lit r Mph) I I fI)11(;%.

idi (1,11;1,0), ,,f 1,e !humane and uir\,%arek IITI/h1111\

.11i4gr .11i)11. t1,I !If t (1 Itdituitig i)1()gi,1111, pla( I III('Ilf .((1111

0,, (lit ut the jnezrarn, and IL.11.)1-

m,11,,,,, I Is n,ente ,rnd ,eddre sst s are ohninte d hem, the

izr,e(1n,111 ,,111(,11/t !III ,twit were strojirfircs re turn( d III a Inanmet

71

.01T ,t s iht 1 saTTstaa ,0,1 tiara D's

2 '1,t(,11!t'1,,I. er nit , [1111:11 It \ IsTuIt l (I'stee,1%!,,en. it hie t tut, re leeett,

e r,tt It . /, a ()lit T it111 . .

Witt,1/407,, f (Jul tlttfilt StUlit,a) ',111VTItttlit `c, int Vt artTIT,tT, s ,1

t sThi(itd 11. 41,s, st, '',T sd ttln 1f, t ,T;

" , t st ,,'t It Ihd'a T t I' "Apse sAir,t,d!, Hrw, di.(1

,t t)f r I,Ut it I e ,,,tee 11,111r ,c,'; ci' Er', r;',( t,t 1 t I. Lit

!or t ) ittt:t,14 It atft,It pil pdrctreen. ,t'tIses-",T 41Iplif if atildi

t I'ti tt .:,t .1 rid ft H 'twit 1,T,ttd.Hi a.."'It I f (111( citIT)T, «)111sf 1)f H14111(41'

,1 pd?,1',/11 dr( plt444.1(IfIe par:: 4C,;',11 t slate I:11(01114111,M IN/III

tT,t .tt ,t,If s t,st HI tHt(ilfltIldi s:{Ti:, Iui

,1,tr T,T,,T. 2 I Two.: ,rud,1,,.,,O,o (10) not plan Irit Tt, ti(1%t T )11*st a\ 11110/11II

Organizing fur Student Information Rest-archSuggestions,

Qi4e1troyintlire /),/441i htllit,o. tip (pa ,rtinift,ilfi tit sigItl re TITItT (Tiasait 1,111,01 t ast III( 41.1f and prete the pr (I \st 11 (,n(I the 'slir,tI 01(1'11 le (),..11t ,itillitrialrt tIr ,ulzit tltll,t in cite the ItifetrIttaneetttie e (Is (et t (if ,,sail make I <old Iti( t a,e the ,ttah nr r4,,,i)on,,i rate

itittt)itri,tr( di ,ii11 t LOA( ri S111-1( \ we 111(,(l, that ht-eAe the"ti It s'itatIrd 14,I1 s Int half I d leds()I1,11)It lc Ilgtb of

th«illi ',di-01[141ft 2. simile (firrc nons and clear v,ortfifig ofHon, 5 111,111,1(th TI a sf It ATI(11( \tamp( d (tRe le)pe ut matiout

- an IIIStill1I1t)Ildl re pa-.st in tee rlire (

\III( is e \i(le het ate s th,11 .pentse tate s (it If aSt \slit II III(11.Otte ,TittlITTallt f \t %.t Itil page, ell 41 tqr,th \Ithwigh it v...1111pe,Itantre) ele aI 1..ith the le tc,4Fh Tie stterittatit Cuitticit. ts.tie. the lengthsheetilel the t ( title nt,, ha%

f72

;fa 01( tt,t tlt.t Nt,1111,1'1. I It t ti(At ,th)t :1.111 t

14'; It L, CJi

\1111r,Ht t 1,If t ,I! ,I' tit t t ciNit titHt%t I .11

I" Pitt' Nt' I hi "" IltcV I :0 ti,tt

LliF l,f hAi rtt,,c,on If,.it 11:1,z.',1 t ti to m,0111,111% pp), t )Nt

d', ;), 11(

tit ,t, :No pit 111,17"vt

.e 7" 'Itt.i),It I)t t t,/

lift It Nio /t,Nt ,11,1)111 I. tt,t'4.1

«,t,t I ti,f , " %f t "t I t,).s.t ( rt,,

tht .! trmi ( tr-t ft(

IC III I. tit it-d(1(:1( ,irdript 1,,i)( ,Fitatiti

41 pci(

I NI (!,A ,71 ,111r,WI r III,IIhltllrll prr

i I1)" I d'. I d totalk It( IIINITUII1(

I t/t E It t't/t1,il. d (itift,t1ti1ittaltt (IC %III )p( (4, LN,

,111',.tte H 11.,11 'r,,/ %dint ot

;1 ,lata It ,ill', ,Ihnot tp,t Ititt,i,c1.1it (I

lt,clot 1, or.f ( It (III. N,1( that rittf 1, II') \I% t():r (,tt:t I in,t1ttitio1i, I \d1111)If Of ttIN

,tat, '0,1(4,t f / ,I(,Cf 11111,111,citIC),1 N1( III 111 I ( htgott

and \11..1,11,,,,i 7jif otrTarainItt% J hirtlughout,tot( .1.1 ,11 ,t.nt,rt% flit ,entit ,(at O1 (Ill( 'stil/jIticijr(

hr, 111 ()Id( r IO ( tr.f!114 ()N)(,I ttlhlt1(

1,)1 ,111(! 1, ()II( (411parlY)11,, DC (1,1()II,

«dit , air( ad% (it \ lop( ,ttr-\ in,truttic tot thil

'tit .1',,Int%

0/ Surrt-o I )11( 4«.1( partlt ICI that h ft Tr,t1.,Ihit f())1"

f,11(1,1, lid 1,,J1iNt IC/11(711-11i/ 111I-t !IC( (I, t()

th,f 1, o.h( I, Ii,t W,1,1'.11 CI, , III) I,Idll, hc11( Irt f 11 ()IltIltif (I

IiC LC,I,t 11I,111'r'it («11111«iiifi IC III Itcattnt tit, to ill( riICI It Npoli.f 1-;;t(

\I. II, t ',11,-f h./IA(1111,111(i it it ongo1114 oll(01( ,11.1t1( Nt Itit It gldl cal6)11 pr()«,, (1,1,,p)0111

it 1,:mL kt ,111.rit ritlo raid( inn Iligcnt )t Hilt gf11(1 I ,11,,! flt,\ICI\ Crt ( t)I1( gt 1)( I'0)1111( I %%Ill

.11 Cl NICHict.1 ,1111( `, `At II 1)1,1/.1111 T,Itt Cif C 11)1)

trif 1111 1%, ,; ifi4 1%111

73

r( !fit faimiirtT r,t t rrorNrt t t I tt Irt tht 11(7. t Sr;( tl artfjurl Ili( imp,,trant ,1,111V, ht 1,t d

thakir-4!

I '.it :1:e111,')Lit s'ir,t % 1( Gillet 1 IP); ()hi% C!tar ,ill t lai ,C'r /11)/I ',.(,..r.:, .1 t" '/..,t i'ir'''Ilsr.,-d',/,,I, ,f 0: f;lit 011/1111d11( L'd alr'`,1 THIt tdi,-

tcr-, t, Cr < ". s.,%ttr,,,t, < spw,,,,, I art (,ft a wa'.1 It s+Ir., \ rat, iaRIc,,,r,al, < heir' '',t t',adt ',, < 7, , ','ird.p.rt tLt rtrit tri:. 'r it Itarr '''t- rillPs'Itr1:-

' 1 , r ! a s t ( 1 . , r % s r r I l i t 7', i,<, t./.1 'rid: ( ')',,(11 / '0.1/' " t 7,1 II' irr'r.4 ', ,L. rt rrt'(-,t tri;rr'.%-rtp 11:.)., 't s'vill:Ht II' \ Tral'. a,' '')a'

( ' ' 'Zt r it 11 1.1 '1,1't r: .. !'104)1',1.1r t rr1 ar, 1,irra, sr,,,,, : r ra, tarI e . , ) : 1 c V , t, c.',,1 ,t s ,j t:, .1'1.. ' 1,r1t ; rf si,t)' st Ldt, ,s7 i,r r, <-4,:ii,!., 'PH< nrs %.,..: ,, it re At d ,r:,,r t ,,Ii! t 1 al, tti),,,11:::14 ..,I,I-At % r'r.at,'t,,,st ',%:,,,,,t, ,.,rr, r,2 , ;rt :( t r, 1 t '.% Is Pt7trr it "5.) E '1/4V;Ht's rrl;;:t,a, rrhtat r 'rt irritirt t: 1 rIlt rIrart dill-H.1g 'rr:t Irt,1.11!, rst sslr,i,s r,r,trri:tr'0, rtp 'I hrT1 ri.:ttr 2 i,t ri,,(i1( (1,1',,r(,,,I,,, N rilr:dt rs tri)ji itsir-, 'f),5 ',,It It );:t).% '1;1 ,':r'.(' s ..,Abel t,,< Hitt ( ,,(p,:rtiz Sift \It Mn): r-,It ,,%, ,,,.;!t s',, : ts )< a', -4 a:, " ,flt".ri,c, at (t 1 p,,,tradliatti,t,, ft r, , , ra;,1:1,_ < ar,,,,,t; at a 'Lit ,r;,,r1;,a:N' I ht ,p,:ria] ( utitat Iss, r,,, ,t ,",;,r< ss :!,< s',..d< t:t ..% 0,- tilt ;:tip,,t-rat,t t ut If illf1111,4, ()11,Ht ?/ (J, ".,i:!,,'I' TO 'Ikst'.I1,11rf

Art ( r sr: ct r.r-% ,ii,,tr Po 1:(1, r,) III( it at' irldt riit rr ,p(,t,,,,( rat(,s :he itpdatir, ,,t spiii< r,t attdre ,,t s %%hilt tilt stltd< tit Is ,H1 I nrdlt (iIn tI,t 1,,,sr,711.,,w,, 1)1..1-11,..! '1,,mal st),(it Ilt , ttlitacis 11)1 triallout sitri.n,,f',(it tir, ,hiiild Irit t 1:( ,,,,r,i',.tt d T( 111)(1,of r,< if prtmatif nt atidrs< ,'HI aft trii Hr. a' '.tit ( ,)110 ',7( \ Illmni (thi , s ha.,r (ft N.Hrri. t laht)rarr41111T1111fillanirrl, Nrstr 1Ir tri rlirtiatcahltrwl a(hircs lilt s and rcs< ar-(licrs,h,,ICH Iro,< r14c< rh( pp < ti,,re 1 1,Cd h% Zh( Se ()Hi( ('S Art ( ff( ( tlt%,A% '0'111,111,1(M] a ( Wit Tit' addre tilt !, to rcritte st Nttidt /it"' to fiirrath'},e' Tittillr tilld ttf'I(irt` 01f)1 '0,i11('(it 'AL) \, III kniX Nitrl IM ati(iii NAlthinritf' lit \./ ti1,t r() it tk < ar,

F \pt IP II( Cfl. ( (ii1( dt;()11,11 rcsrar< It is gt Ili rail% .t ref' that at!cast three separate triadttitt art rctplir( (r ct) onstirc tharuntim (Itortlt, tea( h ,twit tits \ «,itiprchttlso.c mallow stinc tails Atitull 1,1-1c.fit1H,%iriv stliz< ,,t< d pastern I ,t,.«)%cr I( tit r an initial (ittcstinimairtall! a td t ridcircsst d stamped cm( lope 1 a firoo<ard reminder,(( n ri, tt 11 (i.iN are r i a third triallmit a NAcck later. in( 11.1(11tig a,r«Wfi ,,,Ivr 1,u,r ,1.1,,t,,,,TITI,111,-ilri 'mf I f addrcsst d ,italTp((i I II-%( Imp( and ; a'ff,111-th attcmprc<i«,ntact ft% mail, NAlth the in(111,,torifii afil)fht r Grit ,i/1,)/ifid/r(' la ,1(1)rit,f( t 1)% 1)}1(111r Or prr,,ortarotitcri.trINI hr wirth stud( tit,,tritat t ( au <it hints n( reds( tItc kttic ic rl t it sp(msc

74

raft /,11 j. 1,,,r I;( i,rptrittf",( ((.1 t fit i11.t Rt 1,11t i,1;1 )t t I; lit

,rrart 1 V. a 't .1'I :(1t jrI f t'Il (1 1,,I t

"ir tI1 ,tt tihdr r, it tH 111 It i),(11(1,1tt

( linz sun el, 1III hi didt t'11(d4t :11

A t t 1 ( s ,n.f w " La.I. I U t ei,t ,1

U It. 1 i ')1t ( ,i1 ' II, t inti/t ,.dt r*- Hd, 'trrtIr tt I ,t1

*( ,Ic Thr .11ddt :(1

/HO ..1(t1t I,' (1,11,1 1,t t (1(1.111 a Ittrtr,hrudirtal La.!.ct; ,rt , tur

al' Ht t ,t tart d d Witt ,)1!:( Ill 1111, ar%/t d/)titt/ Pro-,,/ng 11:t U d (If It U,: ii ,?? h( pf s

it tilt d 1 tit rt 1.,( triri1 Irl%();',f tWIt tilt(Idrd t1;- %%111 1 rIrt taI rht ,rwit Ill nf,trIrlatutri st.tt- Ink zarr,t r ri ( dt ,1.1,1111.1,C,C, (11 /i,11 1111./1111a111(li

It t hrt U U a ,,,rrhat tit 111:110 r 1)1(11 1111`g

( 1.sjit dtit i1111 t 11,,r, ;'r' dtirt Dditi pr')(ft , 0,t (1,11d rht (1« 1.1t(11_111(110

I , nt t (1,r,ttc an(4. mutt k data must tit,r (\t' idtht (1,1 td prot( N, I 1 1 U <1.,11:1\ I it di 11.ahlt inf'trrn.ati;t111 hi dart I1 Ii .pt ii, al, 'out\ id( kri(t;%1( tit iallit d

L,r,, ,1-v dr, ttlaitUt It it Iri anti imit1(Lir ( Hit It r t tit rant tri st I ,ti

rq 1,11,t k tt,r Iliajiwil .1tr-%

T hi data I tt h Ii it it akt, I' (It I III that %%ill

E-111111r1.irt 1..i1i1(:11 tit, ili'/1 hit ti(1(1t (111tai,11 di( t 01(01 1111,0(

attiTitt ddid (1(1,t iaUSt It) IA: dsddit r(I rht .1110( /11%11,11,1

that hat ijrti1I, H t «did It (Id( 01( y0011111,01 1 h( Import-11u I ottilt IL I llr.t ', t aril1(0 H ((\t It Ii

<fit (I I t ,(111/(11.1,14 UI 1, /11( co. tli) 1111.t %. (laid %,,Ith studhitIf)11 11 ,11, 111i,11( 1, /i till it 111111 11t1( J1111,111(4] I It prti0.1(If

II1J110111111 HT( 'ill 'a 1111 ddid i11111/(ifitill

-11) Informatum Primmting Data ("tilt/anon

r tt t U tr;t Ii L Iht .t It i rpm (t,t III' t,)11,ro.

dat.t: Ii 111# t PI( ft H d pldmird awl ,trdt rk

')(4,1,,f dr,,,,d1 (I,1(,!I, and Olt htLITI'at,iLlip r,, 0,, (!;1( arp r; plapht N.t

r Lut.p.a ,,,t1u iatai Lt aPt I ,:p4:11,,((

'r, 11 t 4it ildtapl""

811, ,,it trit' trait ;Putt ',lona]

:

r'r f,(,i;

f rs data LLII/ar:Lr, art .46

F apt)nal r

Pr.c.,H,, a, tIrl" pal it ()-;:,1,1.1'.,

\1 ,1 I N}1)1.

r NI ' ' at it + ,1T( ()lit ch data\:"(

,.! 1:4's 1 Rt d ar,d,; pTa, f,,r rill pit )(hit r,LI'a ' (Ltia LP,,id Lao it 1,11,11 «di( "il:t,,t r 't4,1( Jr) ri 11,f '11V at (nlahic data to.

;;.,(1,,(6 t,,rfr'',:, t arid Florin( oilagt rfit;(,n, Air , art pP (It( d funattad and ca Eurrth'he r r 1,r irr r.rrrair :lc, of. d

. 1.t trt (lard ..1Th tit( iii)te (alai 11',( r group netpat:,( t PLTI .,ttrat tht affor't

Tht: t tf,,T1 Lagp,. at a 4+ nerd{ information11111117,

di,( usaq dF \ platiatiLr, rt !!';( (lf a parri( tilar citIcstIonli,nrc\,,% opAt :AA." (ffidil( tad aid %Olt-) ('(l

6 iv>;,, r,mal it tht 1l it(s.o.n., la.a, our-% (\i d and thc

Itltilt 1,;1t1, aut,t, ttt 1'001( th(-0117.('. Mid an\

)11.1r1e,

",iii.z.ve 'Ur `A hat t rt thr fA.rjr)111) is tIlfIIIt it ,tt

h ;1( it 'II int t tiny \\(,i1{(1 d L\ a v,id(aritt%),t tin 1,nal.u.t T., V Olt 1.11.'0 Plat Ting It ha amintint dthat prl',(11rt d at t ht. tit \t warring arid

S

I

76

1 t

It e

ie word should he passed along 1() olleautis \N ho may, be

ested in the informationThe purpose of the general findings meeting is to'nfentff\ those

toll ge personnel v. ho are most interested in the student inforinantniand to present general findings of the results of ths studs Thepre entano,n #.1f the fIldtendl IS ( rcu lahro the use of the data .This is the

poi t at ie.hi.th most data promoter.sdS linkersfall short of the goal

nformation unhiation to hi \Nell-preparedh its- graphs and so fortth, to assiSt-'m «minium( cuing the messageh general findings meeting could Itisolt

A short restatement'cdth er tvpi of sur\e conducted. w h\ It

done and who.was 1r1((1(4.- and a descriptior.A.of the',Line* itselfI-ios the spec idl issues ha e or be illustrated if possible.).\ the data

twneral finding% presentationResponse to all4iu scionsIdielintic anon of spec Mc priorities to pursiie when athr data further1.isring of specific us( c as Identified/1A the meeting pac 'pants

At tht' end of this meeting. it should he announced that autilization plan.:Wha his has( d on the results of the two meetings' willhr docurnimittcl and disseminated to those in attendance This will/a-

,. min' 1)/311 ',h(>14/d be drafted shord therrAfter and should include1 the identified pt krines of the t\ pe of if ormanon in whit h the group

is most interested and 2 a living of the spec ific intended uses of the

data at this pointFrom the draft of thi Ludy/anon plan should come a final ser-

sion of the- plan " after input is recei rd from the group This docu-

rnent should then di( tate'the selection of.one or more of the strategiesthat he used in terms of 1 responses to indRidual requests,2 prodiu tom of a report, S targeting on the crahanc erne nt ofspecific

programs or nu es, and 4 presentation to other grotips, commu-te( s, .111(1 1) forth

It is at this point that the ext.c untie offic er of'the «ay. (anassist t( a great extent if this person has not alread been olsc d

with the sune findings. it is important to soh( it acme mem atthis I1Hlr '5'111( f-till(1C111-1111W-Iild11()I1 ss StrillS 11.1(' (

c dross, tiles, are in most ( dS('S,11!)1 administrantil -c lean' therefore,

77

lilt ,,k,t int 1,1 t,t f,11f.t-%sidt \e, rol%e. ()HI( r Is r roe la] nosIn% (eke 11,e of t silt In a f foorie)11 (it tilt utilization

till, prollt 01( \x11011, Cita il)t all %%Oh fh;(1((1)11,11-111,tkII,4 t I111,01( t lilt fit pr()(.1-") f()1)( attt r

, Outcomes of I trlization PromotioD

snort 1,i roico%).-up .roormaoori (dr, 1)C ',Hive H.o,r',,roorial dr 11\ 17;f 0tH Of Th< rido,r improtalo hail( FIgt s

le .1(1) It ,t the sorloildoor, r)t ailt rill dr}'(,L.1 Itf (' ,:or It I, 1,e)( rou tanoliar Ariel

Id() U It ril,woh Folk/v.-IT in 11) lirodell% dp1,11cro \ cil, 4ctr aro! oftpro%t cone programs''ariel r%.1( es i-o1roatiori,d1

Thakt rt ,t1( h NiJe '1i0)1.11(if that t(,110V.-iii)-data Alt ,( (1

\hat %e cir %c r -"Ions d1toto «dle tie course ottc r Inv'sF %dlodre t1;e1' of rill( ()LIN( I

Re %Ise rto root liarlIft (It mill% Arial ( our sts) It %)I,1

Proolore 1)1!) through «nor-moot% voldie it ',WWI',\ Ili planningRe ( too arid pia( '.t 1(1)

tictt ilnittc t f I ft)11111-elif gas for soul) ( (If {Al 1,11dPro% \rodent, %soli rip.recciat« ale( ilifolnictrion arid«inns( hog( ommoror,ot %,irh elwetlyn %(su u_di)I,Re .% (' t t fie (FI\t nt ,s of «illegc offering,\ flak firm kt (it rodild i))I mid market satisfae11011 \StiftMph gr,1(111,11)

Df If «)111flIt ft,1 (di( h')' Min,(bell( It for r roisoleldrion IA the ge,%( ming ipiard'n

Re ,t it ( wit rid% imeler-%,d% that is de ,igrie (1 re, deter mule11()%s IY'utili/c(1, arid I). %%lion, tit Me Foamier itt,tI:ste el I Lill I (i's 1 I , and ti,t I, 11,0( ht t ft drcgoll/ed 1)% r% peuser Ree mid Hall I (e's,l I tos edtegoil/ation (dole af)oill from er

c.% %, (1,1rd 1111flatl,fil ilft)(111) Ts re-suiting from the miplememfumi of HI( tudcuf 111161111,1t1()II ...0.,,I(111 III I t \cis and alse log,o)ahci 711""K"I'In "71 h 1'14'cru'l\-11-1". a(!' )1alun'' of I c\-SI"'felts ,ordc to, Id( ult%, coltgi. -ad! !Hesitator,. rcsedre 11 dricl(1e%) lopme ot per soon( 1 In( dl gme ming )drd,, state ,riTel led( IA

.3,

78

acinimistration tfw. gen( rat puff., &lid 11 reditation and appro%ingagent it s use the studult information s%stein data fia% be en hronicicd

he sc groups fia%( been 1111 hided 10 WC list tflosc prof essionsal) andprotessiokial agent lr, attrlf,ute (1 as stakeholders in tilt 1111s*,1O1i.t)t the

01110101111\ «)11( gt Thorogood, I Yhti p 21Student information %sas found useful to students tor c arcr

built , «insumr information. stud( no 0 c ILIII111( III, and impro%ing,

,(mitt, s to soul( tits 'for fac_ult% in tilt I( \ ',uggrw()11, forirnpro%c rill Tit the` uncle rstauditig '«)urse the,

of instruc Ilona! thodolog-% and for course c ontentupdate and studc. rit profile s tot-4,v al administrators-- In Id( rintication

areas ri( (-chug atte tition in manage mien', curric ulurnupdare material determining institutional goals, III( raSE:11 C01111111.1-rIP at1011*., and ass( >sing stud( nit a( hic%ernent, for research and de%el-opine lit prrS01111(-1 111 profiles and c haracteristics, trend identific anonpriblic anon., and poli % implications, for gokrning hoards III a(

\ and budge ting mreung institutional goals. and poiitcisions, for state administration In meeting statc.%sidc. needs

program. ()ordination Inc rtased a%sarc ness, commuriu anon linkssiratq legislation and support for loc al acti% 'tit's, for federal a(11111111-,,IraIlO11 III fed( ral regislation, IaStd alAarellt",S, reporting F-

rcmcnts, lest` r of funding, and at couritahilit%. for the geueral= in advisor % ()immures, ast,essiug ( ()minium% impac t,

4" ePail og>lru v..s releases, student re( ruIt111ellt, III( rtaSed aren't ss,anti marketing, and for a« rrditanon and apprh% al agenciesfor

.program data, do muntah.ilit% and apply gal, and compliance reportingPromoting and monitoring the uses of student information is

f 0( la! If) tilt o110111.1rd sue (_css of sun. CNS front a cost/benefit starid-'pornt Dissernmagon c Hems couldll3e c arritil out through the institu-tion'y tisc r s committet'llnic rirforre.ci earlier in this c hapter For studesntiriforriratu data to be %snick uscA, the data must broken do%sri

into nu ategoric s that tie into- (olk'ge oper#tiviis Forinstall( r. if stud( rit infortnatict (...kbc broken clos%sii instructional

Nit Aprogranks off' red at the institution, Of.ssimiriation. to departmentthAtaic cl In ( a s( s information is

= z3eecet for spre la! categrAtics..--of illopnictiral students, stud( ritefatterfultkl-uccd to he ;(1-(i'll tifi(wct= >r -each of these spc

a ttgorivi. Div t:Itptelio WI 1 dS St \, agr, t911111(

rt:14-;t4ti4111;-11;')11.1:1110111rnst (C414:(1.S0 forth are of signific alit \ aim informatting to-r-eitssimination .1 fir plan for disc initiation

Iii 11,1 (it a] ,.%:U1 Grit ci,111 %% Ldr datd I, «i.( drutdt, I to( fir Hitia`nidtp,11111,c, )( ;2,11tidilic d It dl

" rlif t ,11.,0)Iiir iii;k11c4 ,tudrtig if, 0 rt ,1si114 111111(it tt,f d«,)11111dinilr% fdif '4!

it .(101( /;[ NI( III tititc1 t dl. LIIt ;,11t :Iard IA) It ,tdt( dl,ti 1.di1iwal

it N (it rd: dr( ))11:', d te( alt t I tH, IThI,1], I d'o. 2(6.( dIC fltiir I'll},}1( I d'A 4s2( ',11,iilt t 1,, Ilr dtiti \{ P'1',;:f 1 d'A

;21( 1-)1,b11( I do. )t, I1- ):$1: C,f1111( r, PIII)IN I d.%%

I Itt I t P10,111 Lax, 41-1's )\ Nrf RI ,t ,14( II 113 N, (:( I.'" (IN( dtpn:PIHH:( 1,s2

,;,A1( 11:1+,1141,irs()11(,,,,n dirialno.z( , [ dvv 141 11.0

\,,t1 it titti:1'1()7,,11 F (10,0 ar,f PULIt( 4 is2

stxt ( 1(11 «,[1(1,0-% I du, ati,111),4,,i1, I d%,.

h#,Imati(,i, P11E)II( 1 '04 4 21)-(ii idr:,1)\ ,I1 Irl, \diIuuIdl Oi up:clonal Iiii()trua

( nrrirriitt(A (it'd Star( 0« trpdri()Hdi(

am( oii I dui drN)11 I),,rd rri PtII)11( I d%,. (01- H2I Ft tit'It11 Ot ((tit( I t, Pt 7 7

( 1,111s L11) I)\ 1.11,11 20 77

Summary

1 it ,,r(i) III( lull titillidtimi If studi nrs%,,r( Nis if, «111, ttI11/11,11 And III ISIMI

pit, 1111,11 '1st IS IIII1st ill III\ ()I\ ( (I III tilt (it.M\ ( 1(11/11It III. 11111,11lilt 111,111' ill Ant.1 «14.),(wig «f rdtpm (If till , \',N III I hi ,11,1)1(,,1( II

.,1112 it Mi. rink( yoliim thitim 111111 dll,nifirm, di Wilt It lit pi/1111s III tilt It 1114 1111'111 tilt I y11111111I111%

((lit I-, Ili tilt flit(, 1 Ill( 111(11 till( Silt/1111,11U 1141V11 ,t111,(

411Zza

7

N`t

80

3.

Incdri,odc)logN, data prod))' Huh irt Isurnic I It )1,I111( E., (fl`..`. n11111I1011,

and potential unli/allon Balm Is Ina u% (lc-mut 'tint 'ugh Inclu-ut del !stun mali.cts 111 IfirSLIFN 11111)1('Illt 1itauull Olaf c.NrIcirgee

for use and the munit')nng itt's :,)6.21( \N,111 r11SIIU full tinil/auonanti (,)Ininticd h Iht air .

Ref erenc es6

,,s 1 Pi \. Itt, I,1 I Jud"!( o 1 I) ,tt4 iV

ta't,fin, i

I': , 1 , " 1 dS, '41 3,2 St, a

.." /))5) ' 41.)1, pr,)-}zo s 1. itt rsit

.

h 1 I ,iffirc6.0.11[liii., ,. H I " itt ( ( K,

I ,1-.' K1

, (', 4- .f ' San

)+ 4/ 111. \lit.,Ult, ( ..iEs r'474/1* I I I,F, F l)

\I to t; \"''s \\ K / .5, fm' Alt., t- Ir., 't''tti'it,I /, ! r ( is t't ( ,,rt r lui Hi,.y,s I I 0111(a

..II+Ts \la) ak, II s \ \( ,15 !1, ,,1.'111)1r1. t.0 r F,1w a(p.i)'..(rto tt,) !' I ',",`Yfl, 1,t2 (1

Pu I I [) .1 ". I \1111115

I T.O., f Ft ,.1.1,11'. *Am, 11) ),P, $(*)[ 11 4 P, les fury' 51 15\ 1,01450

( ( 17

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Ian 11.! (,,,1111% kI. )1 ( 1,41, I-1, 4'IH, II) I 2,, 1):,7;

I ..1.1sr. 11 i I I', '. ).' ( lisr r hT ipt,,5111Thw,is r \ titit't I

k , h, trtt,. 11, I

, ( J0,1 1,1ffigh,40,, I i 'ay., TITS \ \,.I Iii ( liLgH

F II:. 1 t't,11.4 71) 1171,111,1,[.' I- ctlit ,?.. 11, ( F

, ;It. ,

-f) (

if4,1 :tto. ttr,t1 'Fr ',Httttio tditt\t,71 \1111 r,! _ oltim41.11 1,11,1,,r t die ,titlwal

1,s, \At, ( pril; ('` p t " (s' ' " /

/ ,o/ /' 4,4; \I'l '9,'[,11[1i',1.1 41 W1.11111,11110161,15.v.5

$11.1/ t -sr I 1 7 (I ,

(t't Olt .t

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( ttito v.( , I( I) ,(Si

vo.

Q

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19,1; 11 11,211, Jun f Ift,1 (

er",,,,, I ',flier fvIritor7rhil'ort rr \'P (

,11-11,,11e,1 ( rrit'r 11'r 11,

\'11' h1V,277 rk,tLy411HI tht-'

,)t Slipport/1,,1 1, err rt r- 1, r, ,tor ,17,??1,:r

yfl .1/4,/ 1orp !;11:,2N-C:,,,1 1t,t1

4$

81

4

4118

.ao

Financiat.Deci:sion Makingin a Period of RetrenchmentI/

H ,/,(j)/

H /9,( 1.1v(t,

1111 , i1,111+41 i pi,Aitit t.. twit v.ilicillirkt , Li t1 (It aitii ,.111,_ tiltait,4,41-,it 1 1,1, tit ilittLiit',.; tit a Ill T I, 'II , Pi If Ilt lit hIlltIVI I tlf, gillfif hitt S 1.\ f'ff

Tt ft try tit. a *-tt ai, 11 ,,1 ill( lot ittittri (tit I toitiiiiiiiii% t tillt ,4i.tie\ ( if*---' i t sttill f <illyt ,iii,11 hItflt Mts.: ?Ind, lints; I H ,01114,0, t \itcrif ill f , Ill

iii.:1111111,,n.ii If st All h AI 3 t f )11tIfItiltIl% t fdlf 1.,,f

lit HI( (it sf Ilt.lIty.: IL( t41.:111(.1.110 Thi -.( ,Oc( ; )i I hl '...( Lipe, 1 1, ---,I, hit( ,1 tt,(i 1,t, \ 0,11, 111,10,111,,11,i1 rc,vot.( , If., It tie Ill 11111f ni art

t St ),1,1( 1% it )11i )tliii ipif \ l,,t (i i 111 41 t 11 {NSW S ,ii( (ii \( L,,Ci 1

list st wait, '1 tt i kit r.liiitli ItT -,.., Ri of I t i hiltl I t s l I t f I I \ f s I I I % ' M t t ) 1 A f 111111h( r .,,t it (f (RUMP.

I111 As111 4 s it( sltlf'ti ,,, it (lilt t 'lilt V,1 t Flu IlfilIffif s \i(trta 1(+7')I ct( r ,iti..1, HI It III 1,1 hill( i it ti tit Alit ad\ lif I I; \$t11 litI 11-

HP ItIf' ti Alt.i Iltt 111(40 th t 111t111`,1 (n1( rillIlf Ill,, ,tall .1)11fillf 14, t Ills Alld...

IS-1,1111.w I {pant to; rIt t 1,,,;t ill Iffifk111V, Illt hill' s ,ItSf)1II ( 1. Allt antiIIIIIVAIltrIt ,11,4(1,,t( f ,,IlItIA,11111% 1 lir, Alst ) lift hid( s tttl 1-4,1( f s`st (iiIMAIIIIli,', lIti;le1111',1 spt 111t111;1. And J??11t111111.: its ?Xi111,111()11 1111.

1

.7.1 TT , ..- ."`---3.- ' r

4 I

84

itu, IT., ?ICI' H uIl tr.ulin ( ,illu cit.1011 il."(I'vlo',11, ',Iti1111 Ii:1( H_v(ivt 1111

pro( fl-v., Fluvo.' :CT ri,t IIII)ut tali' ' it kt (1).11,g tl'Ir firoafle-r perspet m.estraMiami IA I (it i ',lolly . .trt s.t if hcre ,iIIH. ;i: (Hall %.11Iilfl the

?. . .

gIIIi" III!' , j it

I ht gnolf !mi.-, at, :me 1,,it it tot (If . t lopiniz at, I Ht i rive t 1, . 1-

tottvir it tut ,1'',111I.,.."'.% I'L NI,21,.M cr t it tjt II' hill( Illttuhir III, T rie-i, (iu

it utir T a .)1I1' pIII.: I '.1' .'1:1,I'l( r,t ss pit e at li i Oil( git phi, ii.,( ii,),, oft,t', ,,,,, .,r,,,f,,,,11,,z If Tr,t Li ' ''' f ' r .r.r , '11h a Ir ',11(ITINI radon it to ,Ire ( In,

f ',r tIC,,,I1..C,,,, ' ,,, ii,,`, ( , e 1 ',,..P.,?1, I( pt ,CIII ' por miNtalct .I*.i'l4.1',I i ,,,,, V '''., Iv*, I Ai!'.1:,,1 '',1 ( T,.(),( I, Nil( Iliarly.t0rit 1.

':ti, ,1: thal a ':, rJLi '')1 ,,T, ';,,i't I '' i (It ,t1 ',,Ir. It tft tiChT"I' I:T rothf r,i);,, r. ,,,t, .,,, c

O

rnstitutio:nal Responses ro Retrens ( hment

4

, \I( r,,Hrt ; '478. orolight rt from rhirrN,,tart gopf r) ial inflitfti and trrni hrnentv

'wire 44it ')t I round Iv. clitN, -one- ',tat/1K

,,A1111 Nt,i)111/e Ito ,rant ,dt reasing funding ancl( fl ,girt '. ITT, :hi ANNINtIll,(1.1I,g 'lir 1()7 l(i7 7 pi rio(f It

H,,.«: ,t ..,tJt;lvt d i on(I:tion ofre n cs rf trrni n-mem \Aar) out iti appropriations, --4totrs

rt fa( r 'he ,,Ithe iirof)1( ills d, Ih(Ats .lth III (

niiirrt it.( f7thCr'.

tit Ng, that (,,i1NrrItt 1`)78- it 18

\if (,o,r( ,tint te..1../11../ihat the tni,,t ()trillion re stionse5 tode lining tilh(1.1114 rcdttotion of tionim,irrif tiols-talf\ pc ,s in( Iht ot part time fa( cni(Iiingtir stt;(1Clit.,

t(.,t(,11( r Ta ()th( r a( nons alth(mgh useril( ssir« n't1%,rrstricting iii prov.rain ill \(Ii)Lin tT rliminatin programs, andhal tins cnro174,

Jac kson; I arming others has artaki«1 the, prchininarNro:ponsc (it ( oliffirnra s a, the,iwpae tot Propfisition

14 III, studs four morn( finit.nt strategjeis- 1 a'rcduction in

,te s. iirogrom , 2 ,,tcros-t he- hoard cuts i an

- AV' In itc(),Ito option one! I' !collo( anon deli rrrcl maintei-kNi 1'i %(i.

I I7 it ',Cie( Ting dr11()Ile these

Ttl()1111.e1;.( !VP', tr,if it- .;sorpiiit ilefe0rreid maintrtionce lino\wrclirce turm-'poitle ms hot clut had to f grf atcl- firione

atiO'ris.,'11),,r1tf tuna( ()r( isiorituokrrs must also the

irnpat of-..eptt4-:(11( on orptits «instittif irs _Rrilt. mg night

*, .

r,

it

f ,,,r,,t %%11, %._1%, ,1 ,4,t.i't I LH Via:, .,-1 '',t1( ! IN

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w.e I `,e 4,4, `,( aI, 1..'atttt 7'. st ...2,11tat 1,47's rt.!, 4'.tt 1; titat.Iat::. ,'47'4 i,'1, tnr: '7 ,, t . tit ,,,,,attt,,t t,,, r('`.1.,'11,4 71

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i

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rc ,,",. !"..,,1 .,t ',.,(;Lt 1 ,(I,,, .' ; ',.4 a ;tt':Iit ,: ''.( if Illt!,' I ',v/1 ;-1 s . ' : IS' It.ttt ',\ ',It, 't ot t' t It, 44 'I ( trcil \ It!!!! ,t.t ti d!IT,ttI ,,.t ,.,, kt , t , ' tt f ', ' ''',,, , ' , t VIrt '0. '41. r% Ir:d) :lit! a

V.: '),.1j, :, ., ,,i) ',: 1ppl,,1re-',.11,:, r ',I,', t s, ,,, ( (t,tAIL'v', It 'Tr 'a !,1! t : ' , .!! itttl,1 ! V tit,t It t,' i,Itr,,IIt t 1,,,,Ii.:I iIIIItIllia-Tuto,,, t,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,..,,,, ,,,, at,'!....1 f t tt,t t,,,61 'r : iN 1,, rt Ca t t al,IttiJit t',tt, ,,,:, ,..t,,,t, att4! pt:tottit :. tt,,,t t)t :tot `,..?41I d 111'r

t',,e ,4:,r11 ,z, .'t !.i. fit ,,H7,, IF,,,,,, I 't74, kttrtat, r'47 11rt 1-,tt. ,1`it14 (4.,:r" , " , ,,a r4', ,,,, tpr)ii.z.t1t ,i p1,1( ( '1111:11`, i)( tippttrtctit, , ,..tt a1 t.,. 1:at. ',-. t,ttit t ,iIttt ( t a4tIatkt. t, nsig ( Rill%

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Inifii-oving Decision MakingThrough Institutional Re-search

.,

tfantha t Ift'liallt

I h4 fac t that rigotous re earn h design and nu thodologs art unpossiLleto use or ate «ifisidered lrreles ant for most Niue anonal de( isionmaking- IS II() CV use for reheat to a pooling of ignorande hs unin-formed niapuits soue or to an unforced a« eptance of thjudgmentsand de( isions of authonts, hos,cser great the claimed or remgrniedexpertise" Dressy!, I 47n, p 2 Es en 'though theoreticians has echssec ted the:deehsion-making prT elm() models and diagrams, thea( teal pro( esc itself is se EA ( omplex and pulnfac eted 1 hr-kmpac t ofde( isions has not been \Aril-defined, nor has the impact of extratieouspressures and onsnaints fiscal, piolun al,.soc 14 and temporal, uponthe dr( hum itself heen explicated

Dec isions based soleis upon obirc stye resean h are not alss assnll essarils the hest dee poops I he institutional WSCAN her can utili/ePlanning and es aluanon tel hruclurs to explore alternanses, to prole( trannfic anon, of sanous elm ',dons, and to Florin/es the best cje( isionsBoth .the e saluation and the derision should he tested for salulitsesp.( tails internal , rehandits, and ()Helms us There must he (on-

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95

96

moral 111.2111:,,tuon gather mg e.u.,, and re( %cling of informationregarding th( (tcision to as( rtain its full imp& t, Institutional R SC.11( Itis defined here as the «ill( t non. s% iithesis, anal% sis, nit( gm ninon,difil ilpoimnailon of 411,it.t ancf uufurnuauon for putpust of atimmi-stratRt cf( 01011 %%Ithill «mittliunit% ( ()lige ( mite\ t

E.oI of the Institutional Resear( h Function

I- iisto11( a11%, tht institutional rs( ar( 1unc tion %%as ( (induct( (Iin a disjoint( d, hapha/ard fashion N%111. Feb% %el:11011s })( 1 so0111-1 .sere

go. en the n s0Olis101111% of completing I \ n. NIA Fe1101ts.7.%aluatingsp( ( i f i ( programs, arid u« asik4a11% conducting stir, e.s to gatherpuhl1 or student ()pinion tisuall% in l'irparation lot au_ rechicityin

,No sltig1( 111111% 1(111.11 111 01r1( 1' 1 00F(111111ed the efforts' or 1%.11('%% thestatus 01 1111' al 11 % 1111 s I he result .,as the ( nation of man, diri(1,,,Itdata sour(( li \%1111 110 1 0115151(p( , or 1111 esScillks-dU 11F.11-% Art iiistitu-non ((mid %( UN ( asil% report 'Its enrullmeirt -differentl 1 ach tun( aqur\ %.,t, mad( Su( II a( nons old% It'd to «infusion about arid grossmistrust of.th a( ( iliac% of institutional data

nit' da`It of 1(1(11("'al \tcrnal reporting rcqu'r""cnts man-dated Ii% Iav, for ( \amid(' (Is II- rig4N legislation, the \ 01 atonalF. du( anon A( t of 1. 61" and Mc..Amendments of 196x, the Higher4Ed awn' A( 1, and ht \"o( amnia! F.(141( anon -Data S. stern quickl% .made prsidnts reallie that the reporting fun( 11011 had 10 be ( en-traliird, controlled, arid monitored liN a single office or iri(1Q(iiial nilorder to he eft« me and - comp(. ..nth -the. lass Th instItutiomt1resear( h off() t appeared to he most appropt late fot this reporting

Nk. Rote non, and, therefore, that area .,as designated as such and rettrustedvoth Ole e\ ternal reporting Fitt A studs has inch( ated that the

) .releas( of data to the public through one other institutional researcheriliam ed the irnage of the «illege %Nut) the public Chick, 1974 Es eni. oh sill h ( onsohdation, the c hatrgtniitideni population and mfor-manor) (inidrids of state and federal ageric WS bas resulted in( ontradn ton dnialuis upon the 01117 e of instrtutienial rescarchCohen, 1975 ,

. Sine . the roportirq.N.f (used (ilk statistics, man% presidentssch.c tect,rnathrttiatic s instril i %. ith an interest in statistic s to fulfillihru tired 1-1()v,etr, no,.inattcr Thiciv, (.\( clIclit Lilt's Ina. he Milk:pedag,ogN. , itiot «minium( \'' «drew. teat lung fa( tilts are untrained in

r.)

.97

research inc thodologs Around the sable tune, in the sixties, teachereducation institutions began to educate persons ottaining Ph D 's inthe area of higher edu( anon administration N10:1 art emphasA oninstitutional research ash specialts

I ndis rduals with doctorates HI the educaniAr research/Anstuu-clonal researc h area were educated in the mtricaciesofhigheryducationa.cf ministration, lUICkuting gosernance, pones deeisioni-iTakmg, staff-ing, personnel negotiations, finances, resource, ailocanon, facilitsconstrucnota. and studentiacademn affairs, as w'ell as in researchmethodolog-s Tie c ahher of such a hi'ghls s4siUetl mdisidual is farhes and that of a :numher-counter" hose er, the traditional Cornmunm college administration has often failed to distinguish thedifferen.ce and still continues to undertallize the potential of theinstitutional researcher Alfred and others 197; found in a studs ofotnrnunin college institutional researc heeilg that substantialls more

are MN oh cd in routine data-gather-nig and reporting ac tip mcs than inmanagem14, planning, or es aluanon actis airs Part of the reasonIlldN he that when most of the current president were in collegethemsels es, institutional researc h as a program did not exist at thePh D IC\ ( I Therefore, MP presidents tend to he unfamiliar and. ,

hence, unccunfortable with the area It is now the responsilnlits of theresearc her to Mu( ate the president and the exec wise administrationabout the role that institutional researc h should plan in the collegedr( ision-making pro( ss

Professional Des elopment

SI

Professional desclopment ppportunin0 are important 1n-orderto upgrade persons in the institutional rev arch fun( non N% ho are notadeciumels prepared ssith the proper skills and to update the skills ofthose who base been educated so that the). can' utilize the mostel fic fent, tested methods to assist ss Ith decision making and planningGross 1977 found that the ts pu al institutional researcher still exists,at the lowest les el of the administrative staff and generally possesses Ivy;researc h skills 1 he institutional researc h function tends to be highlsd4endent upon the inch\ 'dual researc her's pe.rsonahts and skins

Prof( ssional des elopment actis Ines, as adahle on a regionalhasis, personnel the oppcirt111114\ to upgrade themselves,wufmut,too gre,5 a financ ial burden The ac Ines, thaugh, should he

t.98

Itt

monitored for their quality 'and to ensure that they are of a specific.enough nature to haw actual, deject application ,Ithin the institution

Administracie Applications

The c rnphasrs on compilation of raw data must be checked 4ndrefocused to,,,ard data analysis b institutional researcher's ho arecompetent in the methodologies of research Lasher, 1976 Hartnett197 5 expressed :the need for realis-tic expectations, information as

opposEd to rav, data, and institutional research as institutional pros tication The researcher should. foots en meaningf4#110ademic unitsrelate goals to outcomes uitolye faculty, regard measures as indicators.and not definers, and ealuate outcomes information

Fiamberg 1978 maintains that most administratieXeraturestill concept ualries institutional research,as a cAbernent-...4utral, dataJcollection function initiated in response to the dec.H6n-makting pro-cess He belieses that the institutional researc>professionals must he

free to panic 'pate dire( tls in the policy -makcng process and to suggest

administratise implications of resear,WrIata for that purpose Imple-mentation,of policy shocild belcit'to line ufficers rese)rssible Ten the

function so that the institun7ral research personnelt-in subsequentlycaluate it Ramberg strAigl feels that the research office should beplaced in the exe,c,rdie -administrkon reporting directly, to thepresident and charged vorh 1/1/ tian ng reseach and es al ciatibn

ac ti ines, planning institutional mission and gois Lies elopment, and

mnduc g costibenefit and rnarktlanals ses The research personnel

sho p. also sere as a hrikage between the collige and externalinrirmation, sources

'A synthesis of tl.e literature by Knapp '1999 reseals thatinstitutional research offices ha é been established increasingproporoons, although most has e been relegated to operating on verymeager proportions of the instgutional resources Most report directly

\ to the presrdent in whateser goserronce structure exists within the()liege, The orgamiational structure may he a bureaucratic,'ss stems,ollegial, or political one "Ridgc, 1978 and requires the institutional

rev.arc her to function within the resultant environmentThe ideal «)rnm units college governance system, according to '

Harlac her 1976 , is one w which the hoard of trustees, the chancelloror president, and the immediate staff are concerned prtmarih withgoal' setting and evaluation not with management activnies Themiddle management is responsible for execution of the activities to.

99

ac.

hicv,e the di sired go*als In liarlac he rs iico fcl, institutional rest archrspoilszblu for the ev.aluation of goals achieve Inyr and for proud-.

ing clNia for suhsttiiic lit cic c ision making H(\% twr, trirealitv,'. thepre,;idtrilsatic71 th (\( utiv. ,;(ittutristration itiust Make de( hif)111,f ticortipasing trianagruitnt planning, and cealruation

Manageinent . /w

f)(.c 'stuns arc mad(' at ail lc% els of the «')Ilegt as %sll as b% theadministration hat, and Kahn 1966 p 2Ein cattgorice decisionmaking, in n rt.t.is of poll( s tnalong as the formulationi of stibstanti% cgoals, obit( 11\ cs. pro( etrures and Elev. If (-, for ac hit\ mg goals andc\ heating performarn es routine achMinstration, the application of( I sting poll( is s to ongeringo, 'rations and residual, ad ho( dc( isionsAte( ring organisational sp ithout n mporal implications he andtilt litlin«hate c sent Th ortanc c of a de( ision is tiettrmine(11p.thki. fAtent tHv.k.tnt H it Aft t r, the ntirr instinujon, eternalturnal relations ascsll as internal functioning and the length of Mile ov.,cr %%filch itt ndurts 1

Pohl. !flaking defined as tht dc \lopilit nt of the majoroverall goals of the" institution' is (Jiff( rtrenated h% Vcenri( h andiVv, (lin( h ¶971 p 105 from incitiagem( nt du( ision making or tiltd\ copinnt of int( rint(hatt 'obit( ti.( s and tricans for acme\ mglongrange goals \tanagvInnt is tflf Cesi)011,--Ifillit% of the fa( tilt\ andthe atimmistration It applies to instrm non, tht"butig( t, and fa( s

'Managcnn rit of inscrut non involves r.uperv.ision and tv.alua-non of The instruf tumid pro( es ( mrrchriation of snicduling,opmnt Of course ,-,Citierlf es, Inc or oration o appropriatt etincattotialtic fitiolog-k in «durses and programs. «iort ion of outside (Apt-rich( cs, and Ow list of mitrtinunit.trtsour(tx s ti'r1( h and V, turn h,

p 172 f.a( «mstitutt thcprograminatiagtrs of Ow learningiro1ritncnr and could elf unlice institutional restar( fi for inanagt-

merit, (It( isions \Lido( k rid{ Hogg 19i8 deseribt the continuinged for institutional russtaff to be«nrit more inyikcd in the

inanagnirm (lc( isIonunalking process, fiscal and phvsi( al managtment must he drlineated

so (flat the budguting pro( ss results in the optimum use of resourcesto cif fil% c institIltif)11A4Ohlrf Budgts clae to he pla-ntlf'dcontrolled,, and (valuated Faciltucs must be 'managcti in order totn.aintain the ph% si( al plant, sec urn, and tquipnit4tie InsniutionalIstan h an ide fa( dm, inventories to us( fia fat ilir

100

441(114', 41141 44',1 anctl\S(.43 Ni 4'4,0)1101 the .t.ente cnit ((.t, p(.1 full-01T1( (1111% al('Ilt stud( nt N.1(y.t r( « nrl\ t nrg, Inariatene nt ha,ht ( mile a triajoy one ein (It the achnini,tratiou ttl all atrkflpt Ni .av(11( I-V\ aryl ( lit tilt (ists (it ('1(1 till lt\ and othicrtne rg-A. ,mtirces ii ((l Ire

la( ilit2;>./k0 ( an he,,use-el h% h( pre ,idcrit and the)eard 1111,1( recitic,t, tot pande ii rvi"'itr, order Nihliftll fie tlJe

Planning

pr, 1.. it on) J all into ride el or pIIII('1N (1()0( (Ant I dt trilw,e it pro( e dun S dint ii 11\ It1( s ar(' staf)1101( (I ILLf)r(I( r hritie ,d)out Joie ,irr,ruini( rit ,)1 the ti% Sur\ Ralinthe uric r,t educational I liniate tantmnount Ni good plaenningBoulde ri 1(47) I) 5 t otite,iido. that planning 1, anti( liJat(i l. decisiontriakin dui) d to\Ard th deJ,Jedjil of a de ,irccl future finition-unpile that ,urn( ho'sel% ha, de re mune d \\ hat fif)1-11(11.)( th. (1('Irjc(1future in.titutional ,tuelic, llt111/C(10for h a pitrpro,(

R( srar( h III( th()(1()I,,,,c2;\ s1.1( ft as Ba [)( (14011 Th(q)n.,multi\ ariate anal% st, ,unuldejm-i and euhe r !node lung t« futi 1t s c

he 11,«I fur prole I ti tforts fe in,titutie;ns tuall%

the ,e tee hiniclue ()the r thanto- e nrollnint prole institutionstneet teoAard Intl grate el data ha,(, arid matiagetilent information

NH, in,titutional re ,care ft .s. 111 pia\ a more prornivirit role itj theplaniong pro( c,,

lira 1(s'r nred11/1( tit top a,ting, it 4,('1!) h (all assist V.Ith facplanning, turn( Moen and provtarri de\ t 16prrie nt. hitriget preparation.,joh market anal and ()the r areas of planning Tee hiniclues, sue h asthe triodifie d fielphi. okiintorinaire, and pre- and pest-e% aluations,can he instrumental in the evittrination of mission goat,. and objc-1%r, 1,orig-terra ,trate gee planning -then fin initiatd\Aith a cltaillfoe us of direction

I ri,titutional rescarc h c an renergue th'e planning rnanagernent,\,,trins of higher yin( anon Prr., 1979 The .1( adtnic «unnitinit\and the support ba, appear to be opposing fa( tor, Institutipnalrest -are h can flirt( non as an iivrnidiar\ and aril( afar to enahle theedluational c euruniiiiit. to ()foam the appropriate r,oure orderto fulfill its tnissiotl

F.alu3tion

Punt', ()hi( reJeare h I, unrcali,ne in the durational emi-rioitnent Not on!. 1, it \ toc,tahlifi an untrasecl,

441

101

.

\

\ 1 ) ( ( 1 ( I '4 1 1 I I I h a if rt II( p0SS1111( there ,,t11(,) ssould III(,(,,4)f01),if)l ha\ ( IlIf1( or ,110'aill111(_af1011 (0 the It al1,()/1(1, E aludtvitt hc,ssevet stet) h takes Into act ount tht en% non-'

tactoi s .sluts and otlici intatigiLlc s. appears to he hettLrsuited to I11( e (11.1( aI1011,11 In Id Ls al uatiori should he a primar1l111( ti()Ii of c s et, c citic in( urial in,titution A( 0,rditig to Dressel 1976p 1 An INaluaticni is hod] a iiicignicLtit on On \North or impact of aprogram prt,clbe-Vyt ot units 'dual and rftr proct ss ss In rubs thattucignit nt is mach Ht fun the t star) s that to c s aluatc to tae t means to

;plc

c,alccc c-u to (Ica*, a \ aluc gal of azi....ac non, decision', ort \pt r') n(t p I 1-11.. pilli,,sophic al apploac h to ( alationthe II( rf,,,,it of aloe s c lar ification Iss a prerecluisitt to educational

'e% aluarion Rational cic c Kluft making can orls occur if there is fullidentific anon and c VIIIIIIiar1011 of du institution s salues The CCILlea-110I1,11 ( %.,111.1d(01 h( (.0111( F('Sp0II.,11)1( for this action

Values Clarification

aloe, an inter rent in all aspects of human life, vdietheriml,ltr it or c plic it the cortimunit% c ()lit gc its( It{ is rte ills ridowe,c1ssitfi the %Au( 'that higher education is an opportardt that should bca( « to Olt mass(, E ulftllntc to of loc al ornt}sunity needs throlighscr\ 1( (111-)( tci both Hitt malls and e\ter.nall%' is another N, aimitnplu d 11i flit' no (A of a «initnunits colle:ge H055eser, mostcollege ajiministrations (10 not (011S(101.1`,1% 1(1( Hifi% and clank theirinstitutional aim s The rf ,d111 P.:that IIIIS)1011 arid goal areoftn (jun( ambiguous and 11If diunglcs to the personnel sshu arecharged \.% rinpleinenting ac min( s to bring about the it fruitionlqtrsolial saves tino. 1 in harrnom o,r in conflict \cith Institutionalsaints boss) sir, if salu(s are not clarifi) 1, inch% 'duals do not knov.,lityi positions, grid anoint( ,sill permeatt LIN ens ironmeNt

-The, institutional I( searcher Sr101.11(1 the skills and bc' gicri the respco2sibilitN to ideritth and c lards sale) s and subscquenth

thi guals and ()fiet uses of the institution Once that ac nonis 'talc( Bruit c t, set, a e, procedurc to beeVaticated truest c leads tic fined I he purpose of the (Naluancnishould be ytatt d \plrutls inp.sriting %sill) a ( larlfi( aeon of til( purpose,.,r.c):11s, and ()Inc( uses of shatie) r is hi trig ( saluated Star)clarA ofntilia of ,nisi 11('.(.11,1111101( (1 for the purpose of nit astir( merit

Prot.( dun s for data «ill( c awl anal% sis c an du ri 1)«lesigned( cillecnon and anal sis of clata.shonld ir1( hid( the ins estiganicti

't

102

and mu t 'gelation of 1)(.01i 1)16-1(7. 111( all, and (Mk 0111( s /end,.

Planta d and unpanne (Il)\ -pro ts c idler posit' \ t (hrie gamic rice d

to he idntific ci I he ritipac t the i)ntgi .( n rc ( or poll( s' herriv,

1a11.1,11( (1 s110111(.1 1)( (1(1(11111 ((1 in ter tri of the college internal andthe Y W11111111111\ t \k 111.11 F Walls to ( 0111111( 11(1.111011s Can lire 111,1(1(

v.rrb 1( ga7d 10 (011(111111i( ( 1(1 1s1011, 01 (1(1(11011 01 componnts as

'the \ \\ en (.1 alllak'd I he he lie tits and usfultie ss of applications of the

c \ aluation Hsu)} must he \\ eighed to determine if' it should beontinut (I on a re gular s\ stertiat) basis

ht latt sl \tits and t .17-11 s( 1( /11.1( 1()(1.1st (1 ark tWuri on 11r-

still( 10r, and (nurse I \ aluation. \lost c \ aluation ill the communit \toda\ foe 11s( s Upon program 1..1111,111011 SItaterl.,(a/ and N.\ cLIICT1

1(47'5 1(1('11111fri( d three basic prograni (.5 aluation approac hes I the

rnarkt t't \ aluatt) model student-time-11as (10-mc(r F s dec tslon (0

(,(,11, 2 tin ili,t1l1( (OF a(11111111',11,1(OF 1110(1(1 (Allen-CI11s en through4ci\ rc e and planning to formable -the institutions's response to c hang-gig student needs and the state" coordination \ aluation modelstate-dm( n fir ac«gintabilit \ Thes suggest an institutional data

bust s\ sit in to de tc mime the most appropriate lata based c ritelia for

progravn t \ aluation dc( isions anti to ( ()11( ( t and e 0111T1111111( art' Olt

(.1(') 1SH,n-n les ant data\ Cr% 11(11( att( 11(1()11 has been \ to formal (.\ ablation of

poll( ins, pwc «lures, se r u es and plans It sterns although one an

Iten1 Is 1)1.11111( (1 ()I a pullet establiAli(1, Tarel \ is tsaluated fur itsadreicic\ and its continued appropriateness and (Aitken\ eriess In

addition, although ptcsidents and boards of trustees regulark usedata to make dc( isirms, th\ hale Lack integrated the institutionalre sc art h fun( non into the do tual dec ision-making process \Ichitosh1977 «gitrasts the use of information-for decisionrvaking in inclustr\

\\ ith the traditional, educational apyroac h of test and measurementHer «iric lesions point out that the anal\ sis (if the problem beingiris stigated and the circ isions to be mad( should ci,trmine thi. mostappropriate c\aluation ',(Fategi, to be utilired, eti

Summar\

1)e( 1,1011 making in the c ommunitt. ollege rgarding politicsand pro( (lures still cat urs 'inwards 1)5 consensus of the administra-

tion and hoard of 1111'slcus I he ( ()11(11(10LIS that \ 1105% in the

(\te trial (11111)11111(111 1'«)1101111, 1()01(1'1g mandates, so( ial fat tors,

4

103

and ,o forth and tit( Int(r tr,441( 11% Irotint(tnt ( hanging student popula-tion, riontidalitional program, nu( ro,,,Itate a mole forrnali/ed ap-proach to (1« ',Ion making %%itti iyput horn all lel,(1, of the «illeg(-110 in,tinitional ,raicil fun( non has col% cif to the point here it

inc utporatc 11 dirtctlt into the du( Iron-making strUi tore Itt)itoul(I h( (t(1 !..)% presideTit and the ( ..ecutie achnini,trationtot tilt lit, planning and aluation of the de% clopinentarid attainment of tilt commurin r)ll(gt mi,sion and goals,Aprod( ti approdi hi to admini,trati«fe( ision making till re,ult titth1( r( %nail/anon of rho minimum% (Mew. a, an InstittAr;11 that can()If( r (Tim! WIWI( s for irt'rtt(ortal gro,th and athancemnt to inch-\ and nhanc e the qualm \ of life in lilt communal,

References

\II(t (I R I (3,( r 1 \ a,d .ghrtit 1(1 T \ (,r()%strig Rolt tor 1 rtstItututhat,Rt st dr. ' t( t(: 7( ' ,y/ 1977 2-.t) 32-14

B(d.ltit t. 1 B r .to- 1 , f-t . (, t(te, Nev. ork "1(1,rav, Hill( R I Distittw anal Rt st dr, t. Otilt t Dr.:tetl'opinerit In Eight Cotrirri;a(zutvt.( ((;10, Pap, r r.(tt dt (111,,Idt till rtve. (0 North Central States Anttrttart

d' (,(1d, dr( t \,,(,( tatlr(r( PIP It (soup for COMITIta4110,--JUIPOI--r h ( 1 1 1 1MM 1474 1 4 pp F D t)ti 459

( (, A Al Ittpro tt,g f ristItutp(nal Rit at( h we, 14.757 ns 46,47Drt P 1 /1,, ((", ((r 1 (11(1' . s, ,,n:;, Ifectr Sr wieni

P- . \1,1)tir,i.' 17. lizfrtyr I lrna/um Stanf(i11( (( l,00 fia,, '47hril , '; ( pi( al Pap( r 62 Los -'"ngt RI( rtaringhow,r for 1 ttritor Coll( gt information, 1977 49 pp ED-"--'"'"'"3(1"-V1

fidti11)(rg R I 'In.. ornmLtra-, LI,2kuto. 1 I' 111)1) I r'tidil I ;\.,, 4 Sc. attic N1dShilli Sr-cirri(

( gt 197 i 21 pp F I) 192 sititsI add( F I StIOrridtltidriortal Pt ry«11(1 ()11 In,utunnnal Rt starch in the',30 s

Pap( r tot d at (-ow( rt rt« or, 1 tiqttiatortal Rcsr dr(11111(,ommurtir% (()Hew(s

Prlit(( ((r, 11 rst I '47t, 4 pp F D 126 '462I ItirtrIt tt R 1 ',Et( itgrifriireg Illtilittinortal Qualitt I }trough Iristiltitional Rt sear( h

11. St( ,art all 1 R Han(, F,Is \te /)/rt +ed tot iir97,r1(Itt:',:ttert10, 12 Sari Fran( Is( o

Rat/ D dt,(1 Kafir, R 1 /(( ,t(- ((),,,,rt(i.:(dete, Nev.. York 1111(,, 1966Knapp \I s, Fa, tt) Olt 1)11( )(Trill II( 4l/f 1 nstituttonal Rt st trrrh

tind P1,1111,11,,( I 1,11, (OW1111(11(1 (di( Rt ',RSA of F wpm( al F (ft( rq)-PAW r pH .//r ,Ir nu f 111( Ain( To all E (111( attoridl R( an h Asst(

ial tritY rt (,}up OH I f1111/11l111111 l141 lun,ur ( (Wry( .1r(4,1 Sall1979 1's pp 1 D 1 I, 614

I ,,,,, F Rt St ( ((ming of Sgt n, III0 1971)s Plqwariz0)7t, ' 1 1 7'

\1, 11,1'(,h F F td111:ittot. if totittrrional Rt h Aids D« [sem Mal,titg,r,(1 kri(,% ti,,,, , r'7 'PO / //14//////d,

I / 1 27

I

194

Matlock, J and Hogg, R E.Apanciing the Rol( of Institutional R( st aic h Papc

pct st 1 1 1 ( 1 it., tht Southern -Assoc. tattoo tot 11..stitutional Rcscavh, 1111

1978 10 pp ED 165 51'4Pc rn., R" R Institutional Rcsc hud Fyra In Histic r Fthaaccon

i l979, 4 477-440Ridgc 6TgacctzcnKr.,T /7's'etitcochl lb( 1 Y

Tallahassvc Association for In.,0tuttunal Rc ,carch ',tat( t ttRt tstts, 197h7 pp -El) 168 384

Su's. ectscni \l R anci \Vdirerc, R Pro1,r,:,6 f q,,,f1,7, 17, "t I 1{, tr, 7 11-;,

M, I astdulioti,ii 1,rc sham Orc,g Hood*(.00700.17710. (,()11e-gc. 1474 12 pp F I) 164 014

),\ enrich:AC and 174e67-7( / ;7; ; 4 Lcr7i,t ';',1 ,1 I ,,r,. 1,,

2,,,P;o7-7 (.01001b07, 0100 \Ic Cr:11,1474

.to

tfaritha r tfehallis is dire'dor of institutional research at Brouard(ollege, Fort 10;anderdale, Florida, and immediate pay

resident of the Aational Louncil for Research and Planning

Further resource's from the ERIC sIstem canproutdeadditional information about cques regarding decisionmaking

Sources and nation:.Research and Planning

Donna Dzierlenga

This concluding chapter highlights references from the EducationalResources Information Center (ERIC) regarding the role bf Insutu-tional research in the planning and management process. Currentfiscal constraints, public dissatisfaction with the decline in basic skills,

'the increasing number of nontraditional students, and the growth ofvocational program enrollments have required institutional researchersto take on management-related tasks (Cherdack, [1979D Institutionalresearchers are studying institutional cost effectiveness, establishingmarketing strategies, using program needs assessments to determine .program cost effectiveness, conducting program evaluations, andanalvzing and proviing solutions to problems in faculty contractnegotiations

Alfred and Dens (1978) provide a conceptual.model for institu-tittional research4SEac h of the model subsyStems relates to the-planningof decision making

The relationship of institutional research' and planning andevaluation is explored in fifteen-confere,nce presentations (Communz4College Research , 1,977)

Individual community collegts are examining the position of

SS %.1 h IT! Ibtrrilonr107 (inptumh ( ollrg,sImproring IhTist,n itakin, no Seri Franc isc o osset-Bass, nibrr 1981 105

106

el -

institutional resean h in,,plannning -and- msnagement A surs eN, offaculty and admunstratist persOnnel. w as conducted VancomerCommunity College to learn what information was considered of thu,...greatest NAM' in (r(( ision making and what areas 01 existing datacollection and anal\ sis efforts needed unpros( mem I ,y), orc om-

rnrintt (,)17eVr' 1979

I 1-?e relationship of research at DelaWare Counts Communitsollge DCCC. to ( oiiege goals: program es aluanosn, outs ome mea-

smen'Unt, and onirnunies needs assessment is explored in a doconsistuig of materials used in -the DGCC planning proc ess

Spencer and others, 1978

Comprehensive Planning

Comprehensie instn'unonal\ plannmg that mmrporates 'palsetting, data collection, managmet t,,and eN, alum' is a process used

.-to assirce tile « Meg-C « ns mnued elle( useness in resp uding to societalneeds and goal; In his first monograph, Van Ausdle I 979a pros ides

---Iii:osc rICN% of the «,mprehnsise planning process for officials ofts,,,o-sear colleges and disc usses planning as an essential admunstratistfun( non for the 1980s ,Alsoancluded are a resiew and ssnthesis "f theliterature on planning theors-i«m«Tkial framework of the planning,\\ stern, a discussion of the Planning, ManageMenti and EsaluationModel., and a presentation of an open SN, SWIM view of planning

Van ,3iusdle's sec nid monograph dealing with institutionalplanning 1979h contains a step-bs-seep-approac h to dese,loping andimplementing a «miprehencise planning process, and a case studs ofthe planning, process' at Walla. Walla Corn IIIIIIIRN College

Determining the goals to be.tnet, how to accoMplish them, andhow to esaluatE their attainment are important parts' of the planningprocess The «miponent s' and ohjectis es of North Central Tec hmealCollege's Planning, Manaernent, and EN aluatRui Ss stem include, anextensive goal-setting process, the del, dormant of department-level,objecti es relater() the goal statement, and at; evaluation phasee,roff, 1980

South Oklahoma Ca\ ,Junior College developed a SN StelPatICstructure for soliciting, organi/ing, and' prior-lit/mg con( Tns anddes eloping them into goal statements [ Shirai!, [I979i Students,faculty, .staff, admuustranop, outside a« rediting agencies, and theBoard of Weg'nts were allowed input into the goals developmentprocess, mands througli qUestionnaire responses

P

1

. .., A ttso-das planning workshop was held bs Greenfield COM-

munit% College, during which facult\ an staff identified and assigned.priorities to institutional goals and obj ens es Di Carlo, 1979

Capoor 1980 presents the findings of a studs of using t heCommunits College Goals Ins enter to assess priorities assigned to

. institutional goals and to estimate pmorits changes needed to reachintended outcomes The finding. was that the instrument is coreusefun setting longterm and broad-based priorities than in making'routine decisions

Long-range master* planning is being .implemented at tl'ecollege and state les els ":\ model for des eloping master educationalplans in communits-based colleges is presented by Vernon 1978The model details sarious methodologies for gphermg data about the

illege and the community, including in htrination about collegec

osernance constraints, orgamiational structure, student character-kucs, educational programs, the resources ins en ton, communitsdemographic and.socioeconomic characteristics, labor force require-

s men ts, educational opportunities, and communIts needsCumberland Count\ College, with the aid of a team of con-

sultants, drseloped a long-range pla?1 along with a continuing planningprocess to assure the college's continued effectiveness Martoranaaradothers, 1978 Aspects of the planning process include the resie ofas ad'able reports reles ant to the college's long-range planning, .tidentification of prelimmars goals and objectis es, ,the assessment omums needs for postsecondars educational services, the review bfasailable educational programs in the counts, the assessment ofmmmun its influence on plat:ming, and the projection of fiscal andother resource needs,

A model procedure for comniunits-based, continuous, tpng-range planning implemented at Thomas Nelson Communits Collegeins ols es extensise parm ipation bs all community segmentsiMunds,1978 Th data base necessary for planning includes' information ondemographic characteristics, manpower and labor needs,. p.ublic ..s( hobl enrollments, public school graduation projections, communityedu( anonal needs, and the history, philosophy, goals: educational

,1* programs ari-ii (is( al orgamiation of the collegeThe major steps in the planning process at Caldwell Com-

F.

minim, College and Tec hill( al Instituit-were identifsmg the planningareas, des eloping a plan of ac non, reviewing the prioeong-rangeplan, res irw mg the planning model, gathering data and assessingneeds, ins ols mg students, fa( ultv, staff, trustees, «miinunit\ members,

Av ,/ (i

,..)

108

businesses., and industr representatmes, des eloping'quantified ob-ijet uses in the 'datum areas, review, mg and refinuig fir obiectisc.,

and gaming appros of the plan from the Bard of Trusttes ' Irmtztu-,ionil I orti,z-Rarti;r Plnntni;, 1977

VOn( e the plan was adopted, it was

dis !dell into annual c omponents that formed Ow framework for amanagerm-nt=bs ofilecns es ss stem .

I he maister plan for the Illinois Public Commumes CollegeSs stem 'outlines the Instors and scope of the ss stem, deals ssith Si

enrollnuct iremds and prole( trans, and disc asses e«mornic conditions.. strit;it rd tf,nt- Pity , 1979 The plan calls for int6 s'es in «raper-

.mist- e« ational arrangements, train programs fc less and c\ist-k

ing runt usti s, edili anonal seek it es to t acadertni'al chsadsantaged,and (ramming edit( anon programs for ad'ults 4.

The \tars land StateBoard for Comm onus Colleges% state planana es the ,stu ( esS of the Man, land'«unnumits colleges and chs-cussk problem\ to "bc,..f,4(1«. in the future Stair' Plan , 19,80()Inc( uses and .goals fo'r dia. Bhard and The «dleles:are en urneratectand eh( tlgee rn,dior,r3olu s direc lions for 1 are described ProfilesIfilof. each of the «. dirges are gisj.n in terms of p ()grams, fat dines, arid'

s 'attaiunwnt of Bo:tut obFet useses-^1

Budgeting

A number of 1),udgeting re( hniques are re\ iewed b aldwin1978 in relation to their applu Aran to higher ethic anon Zero-Based

Budgeting, theAPIamung ant-PrograMming BudO1ing -ss stem, theObjec rises, StrPL4oes, and --Fac tic s Ss stem, and anal s ticssotem modelsare Oist ussed As a- best alter-name for college budgeting, goal pr()-

- gramming, a linear mathetnaneal modeling tK hnique which handlesmultiple «Mill( Ting ol-net uses; is e \attuned and ( ompared to standardlinear programming 0'Hanes disc asses the «racept of lero-basecT budgetingin terms of its aprht at ran, ads an rages, chsadsantages, and unplernen=tation III a pla-nning, management, and esaluation system

:The ornmiunies «),Ileges of Washington state use computer-lied,formula-dm en budget models to define resour«e needs for legislativebudget requests and to disThbute appropriations athong the twenty-

ar Iv, (*multiunit), «dlege districts iiNdgel 41odel, 19781 This znanualoutlines the sour( es of information needed to opetatelui,model and --

the prim iples on whit h the formulas work

4

109

An institutionwide budget unit anals 515 niolcd cicscluinngfinan('ial projectionis'by trig a mbdaird sion of the Information

hange 'Prot ecitucs Maki and dens mg ilvaluation data Irons thesystem de% eloped to meet the recporements of the 1976 VocationalF dint anon Act Stevenson and NA, allen,1980 A «4ipositt. rating V461.5created hn eac h program and ser-%1«. for use 13% college decision,makers fon ed to reduce the c ollege's budget b% more than 35 percent

Prog)am Planning and Esaluation

Declining en aments and redumf financing require ensur-ing tha'r 4 pr ogra is needed arid will has ansadequ'ate enrollmentbefore th'e decision is made to Act it After the program is estab-lished, counnuous and'«nnparati%e es aluanon assures its continuedelk( tivenesi

, Tath4rRi 1978 evnnues the importance and difficulty (Ifa« maul% fore( asting enrollment To a« uratcl% monitor and maintainentollment, olleges must use esisting college and c ommumt% data toassess population trends Institutional restart hers should work closelywith per sons responsible for student recruitment and c hanges inurnula, dell% er% systems, and «Alegi services

OP A manual for assessing the c urrent and antic ipated tranutigHeeds of ha al busine'ss and industr% is presented bs Busha 1979 fortwo- % oar colleges with an o« upanonal orientation The requirements/for raw and iclamc data the kinds of information that 'can beobtained, front sulotis groups, and the planning and implementanonof emplotr needs assesSrtu are disc ussed

A twopart report esamming %manorial educanon needs withinLonnectn ut anti assessing the iegree to whit h minrciumt% collegesan meeting those needs w as de!loped bs Sssari, r1980 The studyis based on a testes. of Comic( nctut State Labor Department studies,&minium% «rIlege c'nrollinent and graduate statistics, and the StateNlasn.i Nap ft,r vu( ational Education The c hard( teristics and educa-nonal nflectises of ,students, the findings of a 1978-1979 graduatefollov,up surxt:.%, an ti;tic s «nnpar mg the d% crAgc annual em-`plonunit needs fo arket areas with the number oficlogpiTsawarded bs *run eves in programs sees mg those' s arepre sentro iii rel.eal otup16inunt trends

As morettruphash is placed upon institutional researc ft that(pro%

ides information relaungi r long-term strategic planning, as well

1;

110

to, to short -term operational cunsidraLruns, program et aluatiumt('( Imiciun that me rit anal' /1' past or ( intent budget arid enrollment'statistic s s,r11 lic«,111e teasinglt inadequate whic..iincit, 1980 Instl-(tutorial researchers should ill«nporat meastirs nut., ct 'dent IPI

nrollmnt Inuit( non formulas to pro% ide d prognosis herbt ,prugranis are loci 4,-11r the-light of insututiunal missions

I ritcm (tunlinunitt ( r.olluge's proposed method of «titcluctingperiodic, minprehe nsit u prugratu et aluattons intuit es a self -studsht (a( tilt% and achmittstraturs of the progiam, an tAtC1-11,11(et dictation and le putt, t,h ae ad( Into (Iran's rac non to the self-stud%and «ntsultant reports, a studs and report le, the Program Ret-tt%( urlitnitt, and a r% lt% and d( non report it% the fur

adm1( affairs to b rut ict%ed bt t h e Acadmn (Annie 1 1 and sub-mitt( c i to the president Proi,r,trn Ht t t , 1 9 7 9

(tinning is a stmple tuO14(o)bogrant et aluatioy based on theassumptions that rule-tam ( urric Lila %%111 attrac t and maintain student

/nth test and that (twinned pout enrollment is indicant(' of lAcakaesssf Lit vistructunt, c urric ulum, or truni-nnt Charles,),1":67-8 At De,Aria College, deysiuns t() offer or cancel classes and programs arebased cm ( 'mmHg enrollment figures fur the'pr-itrollincill 1eriu(1,-the first class to( rtng, the'first «Itsus priud, and Mi. se( rmi (ensusperiod

Student Follow-up

Student fullut% Alp sur et s are (011d11(It% institutions andstate «turdinating agent its to et aluate the utief of educationalarings an!tu sansft rep'orting requirements A

A sOfm for ass( ssing transfer progrAin out«mts (let elopedat ()aktori Communitt College %Nets ouginallt -designed to proticieuiuu infurinatrmi Lin S'14106 institutions as e\pfle11( cd 1.)N,students }Witt, 1978 st stem actuallt allotNd, more uratads iseng ctf potential thinsfer s and the generation of more Vic,( uratt'data for «Mw planning, a) and murmuring of' traitsferstudents in senior institutions

(.adsciil State Junior (tollegr designed and implemented atitudeut fullus, -up st stem that !et (tale(' set cral aciimnistratite retit-le ins In integrating student follow-up Into the planning process 'Burs,1980 the (let clupment of the st stein int ()It tailoring Fryer( Lige('follov,-up inethudulugirs to inert the college's nerds Interim studs

;"

5/result, Fe% caltid four in-aioproblems t> )nsr rate, tnappro-priateness of goal and performan« Inc i ators tti nontraditionalstudents, lack of «annutment o,n the part of (olle4ge p4r sonnel, andthe resultant small Impact of he Rrojec t on instytununal planning -

St.itev,ide student toll ) studies are ccynduf ted in a numberof states The Ithnois Conununit% Colleges «inductoki a graduate

r.-'1110%.-up tiV`be omrriunits s c olleges to respond to federal andstate incluirws regarding 04 cupational prograrys, to urn pare localresults to state norms), and as c areer plantung/data for current andfuture student~ Lac h others, 1978 ThZ, sure in( [tided -itemsinn tided to meet the needs of the (alleges, die Boa4., of Ti ustees, theDI\ ision of Adult VorAtional and Tec hnic aVEducation the Veterans'Administration, and (q>her federal dgetit Prunar\ responsibilm forthe studs \as at the I9,c al le% el, t c Board suppl% mg centralcoordination and compurt n7d *;,1,4a a ak sis

he California Commurnt\' C loges Student AccountabdikModel SAM , a set of pro( edures- fo the follov,,up of occupationalstucle its, has been adapted to four cn exemplar\ usages S9 11140 The mostimporMrt c rirer4 for selecting the excmplar\ adap-tan( %,,a, the c ffeip%e use of 11needed modifications in progiadaptation Ili( luck at hies ing%crincins in a mulneollg, d%ie\sivig cot!rsc class!fizetionand -Hine( tl% es, cf km% r,j,%

ad managed and hanciii a

operation of SA \I issileimiler wig emplornenttif mg potential drApcjit,"(17ricluctifig follm-up studies and c\ aluat-mg data olllc prat tic es, and using SAM data for c uric ulume aluanon

I he I exaz, Student Follov,ity Information S\ stem Te.X-SIS.onginall% 1v eloped b Prop.( 1,- VP to provide a state-

wde manage lier)t information s\ stern for follm,-up of Texas public, -

pnuor and ckintnuint «)Ilege students Reed and Cox, 1976I prsMits the linkage of I ex -CIS data to the suppk/

demand 4ak sts %.ork of the T eras 20 2 Commissmil as a proton pcfor stall and nationid s sterns of data «)11«N011 and anaksis ex-SISdata on adu me, and nonpursisting students, employed students' jobtult,s, and the a\ adabLiAtNof jobs for program «nn 'tors are being

-

I I I

a generated through SAM to makeis or «iurses The goals t>f the model

onsensus on codingcr, classik mg nos «wrses and re-,

cif et n%ch identik mg a student's majorilIttc wig and using.data con«rning dis-*

pea students, pro\ uling for the manualomputy tame is not a'ailable, effectkek

feCrtuanon on notireCurnnig students, uteri-

t

a.

112

used to produce it-a, occupational suppk/demand anakses of the'Texas 1202 Comm stop

Management Information Systems

NIanagement Information S stems MIS , origmalk, de eloped'to aid decision making in, business, are being applied to decisionmaking in education Rin h and Munro, .1978; Management sstemsshould Be designed to promote real-time- management, ulcorporatecomrfuter support, and aid in the decision-making process

Program Effecmcness and Related Costs PE RC is a compre-henske data mangement pkin des eloped at Empire State College toproRie information for decision Making Palola and others, 1977PE RC incorporates a arie4 of questioNarres, inteniew schedules,and rating fo-rms to collect data on outcomes, costs, programs,studepts, and factih'.

Statewide MIS programs are in use in a number of states toprmide data needed for planning In Illinois, the MIS programincludes suhsi, stems cove,ttng student enrollment, fault\ and staffimenton, room imenton, student completionand student follow-up Camp and others, 1980 The Cornanunu College InformationClassification Structure organizes data from Florida commuting col=leges- (ornmunihCollege tfariagemnt 1980, The required reportsorcosec the college operating budget, annual finance, cost studies,

stir-dent- fees and wailers, facilities 'memories, space utilization,personnel and'salaries, full -time equkalent enrollemnt, opNung fallheadcount, fall- headcount IA age groups, annual enrollment head-

mum, teacher-staff utilizatifln, placement and follow-up of graduatesand leasers, comniumo, instructional services, annual credit outputs,and staff and program d6.elopment

Computer Support

The increasing need for infoimation to fulfill reporting re-quirements and planning imperatives'has led to the growing use ofcomputers as both record-keeping and advanced research tools Apick for «nninumo, college boards facing the acquisition andimplementatiort of a data processing system breaks the decision-making process into sewn steps A Guide to Making ,(19801) Theprocess is designed to assess currentoteputing services and future

113

needs, plan the data processing sv stern, choose the needed harqw are,and determine the sstem's cost effectkeness

i Arth 1979 examines (Fit problems associated with computeruse in higher education and pro ides an (keniew of the planning andde elopment of computer usage at Cusahoga Commumt College

A task force at Amarillo College investigated the use of the, computer at the college and future data processing needs in the areas

of instructional and admmistratke support Coiiip,i(teT Support \ epti1978 The studs resealed a fairls heas-% reharne upon computersupport for adnumstratke operations, reports, and plafining .andmanagement 55 St ein 5

The San Diego Community College District conducted a two-part weft-1y to assess the impact that automating the Student Informa-tion S stem SIS had had on the cost if prosiding student services

.impact of Cr?mpilinzed , 1980 The studs determined the saingspotential sif aut7ination in the service areas most affected b the SISand established baseline indicators to assess postautomanon produc-tis its for student services

The member colleges of the Massa usetts Boafd of RegionalComm unit Colleges formed a software cooperatke to pros nie eachinstitution wiilia.cost-effecrke computer records s stem Traicoff andothers, ,1980 The report examines the planning and installationpros ess, the functional specifications Of the sN, stem, and thZ hardwarecomponents and software packages making up the sste Theimplications for institutions considering the installation of coo eratkesoftware application's are surnmarired both from the perspectieofthe colleges and that of the prisate consulting firm that worked withthem

. /References

-

The. F RIC documents 'ED numbers listed, unless otherwiseindu ated, are a-i,ailable on microfic he MF,, or in-paper cops t PCfrom the F.' RIC Docurnent Reproduction Service EDRS,, Compute)btu rofilm International Corporation, P tox 190, Arlington, VA22210 The IF price for doc inherits under 480 pages is $0 91 Pricesfor PC are V25 pages, $2 00,ktP50 pages, $3 65, 51-75 pages, $5 30,76-100 pages, $6 95 For materials having more than 100 pages, addSI 65 for ea( h 25-page mcremem tor frac tion thereof) Postage must beadded to all or Abstracts of these and Other documents in the

4*

114

junior college Acction are as ailable upon request from the ERIC,/Clearinghouse foriumop Colleges, Room 96, Pos.c111.ihrars. ins crisits of (.alifornia, Los ,Ingeles C 1)024 Bracketed i)uhlic am,n dates

are approminate

Alfred.R L and Isms. S H l ( rtThui Ir,rrrir7,ork stitAtIonat

( NI (al, College Entrance E N. am-

manyn Board 1978 24pp ED 151 865 A\ ailaide In mic ro-AR he orals

\ rth P 2: I r PY*0,2,z .(,0, r7,,il,'o' Paper presented an annual

(onsention of the Ain( ro an Association of Commumts And

Junior C6Ileges, Cho ago April 29 -Alas 2 1979 12pp ED 174)86

C 1,1 -1 1,b, -ipproa,h (otitTe, -1/110( /Mori

Paper presented t the California Association for Institutionalsearch ConferA«.. Fehruars 22, 1978 34pp ED 149 5522

Bers J /,/tL,r,.10/7,, Nti.,1,,/, :07L into rr, /r/o/t?,//0,02: Kiruanz

1 (,,/. ,Paper presented at annual meeting of theAmen( an Educ ational Researc h Assoc 'anon, Boston, April 7-111980 9Opp F I) 184 625-- As ailable mic rofiche orals

Bounds, S 1 Pqr"rt/pgru, tor 1. dri,,itionat 11a,ter Pt/1;7711oz

Paper presented at annual forum of the Assoc 'anon for Intitu-' tional Research, Hou,,ton, Alas 21-25, 1978 24pp ED 153 698

Budizet 14,4,1 Olsmpia Wa-shit)gt on State Board for CommunitsCollege F (11.1( anon, 1978 74pp ED 165814

C H the ( t -1,st,,synerit, Arrfo'flz ynpiol,,r, -1 Vanua(

ol I et hniques and Interpretdtions I 711111117-1 Sun el, Pendleton.

S C Tri-Counts T ec hnic al College, 1979 69pp ED 176 819Camp, P. , and others thoawement Information Slsterns Procedures

ifanual LY Springfield Illinois Communits CollegeBoard, 1980 171pp ED 191 519

Capoor, N.1 I se 01 the ( ommundl ((dirge Goals biz enton in AssessingInstitutional Sur ress in 111o( atinz ippropriate Prionties to Its Goals and to

1 stimate the ( Flange of Priorities \ceded to 1 chie7 e Ps Intended Out( nines

IIR lorllm I Qs() Paper Paper presented at annual forum of theAssoc iationfor I mut oral Research, Atlanta, Argil 27-k1as 1,198(1 15pp F I) 9 9il

Charles, R F hdrling as a Vlanagrment erhnnoe p,r (nurse Offerings at

let yr( forrims Sites Dc ;71Z11 /all 075 1979 Cupertino, CajifDe Ania CoIIeKe, 1978 16pp Et) 164 051

I 1

115.01

1 Cherda( k. \ N Pfrit (h,itizing \ sit/ire ol I ostitutio'nal ReTrvirt t' in the...--- ( orn7ni4ral,, Lo/leg. I upublishd }Lap( r, 1970 10pp ED 186.

058 I(.,,ttwitAroh t olie-Ze 1,11171,4!, 7,7'71t Inlot-manon Si ttti Pro( eth,rt + V,Itiloll

Tallahassee Di\ ision of Community Colleges, Florida StateDepartnicitt of Ediication, i 9S0 437 pp ED 192 844 \

4,rn?Ilitt111), (017,-'kre' R. star, h 1.1e' hool,. I r, rdc, anti Pro+Pet.1+ Provedtt,o 01 thes. ,:tional ii ;Jeer, to , ol In litational Rec,t r, t, ( r,p9m.747/2/+, /),/ege'3-1 '11rb,/,i l' + 7n Him en)n, N J E d tic anonal Testing Smite. 1977

'205pp) ED 187'363 .

( ,,,np,,,,. r Sutpirl, \e'r-'1) 'I? 1 mar1/10 Collegt' 1 Mport it r Or 1 tti9r-trz,1110,7 S')stern5 1,1kk font Amarillo, -FeV -kmarillo College, 1978 52pp ED 178

142 ,

DiCarlo, R D the Goals ,ztol Ot7er7zz , 's hr /9 F Q ;ciro Report of the16- treat Planning Sr 5 ,/t,71 tor Grvenfield (omtnuntt-+"'"(oll,v Strattontfuladdin I rrnord JI.1 I 2 I i I v79 ,uid [nit of }ear SummonRep,,rt: 1474, I (.,,i) Greenfield, Mass Greenfield CommunityCollege, 1974 SOpp ED 196 494 .

Groff, Vs, Ft I 11,,,1 1 f9ri., q/uVuutz the EN: teht lo 11 huh .,,iii itictItutIon4 ,R,'ai hes Stritt'd (,0(11) q77,1 Oluertii e Paper presented at annual

mretnig of the North Central States !Amery an Educational Re-sear( h Asso( iation/Spe( ial I merest Grot4p for CornyrumitN/Jumor

1,(ollegr Rescar( h, fink 10-11, 1980 -33pp ED 190 1794 (,iiiiie ti, .1,1kitiz Intelligent (omputinkt Derision s' Washington7 D C '

American Association orCommunm and Junior Colleges, andA'sso4ianon of Corntriunit% Col4egeTrustees, 1980'' 16pp ED :.'

-192 840Hall, T f rem Student follou up Responses In a Stale,u tile SupplliDemand

thajs,q, hf I dw,inhkul Prwraini Austin Texas Ed'uc anon AgerRA,1478 12pp ED 158 827

Hat-% t'N , L J /err,- B,z5e Budg. 1 trig Advanced institutional DevelopmentProgram Two-N car Colleges Consortium, Chicago' Central YMCAComMunit-% College, and Washington, D C N1cManigAssocjates,1w , 1'978 9'R 1 }p ED ,164 010

linty), t n/ ( ornputer: ed Student Information Silem San Diego, CalifResearc h Office, San Diego Commumts College liistric t, 198036 ipp ED 144 116

Ithlitution;il I ow-Range Planniw LetiMI, N C Caldvell,Communitl. 7(College and Tr( firm al Institute, 1977 DO pp ED 160 162Kennedy, W., R Procram I i ablation p)r ctrt tegis Planning in the TN o- } ear

( ollege Paper presented at annual meeting of th\ North. Central If

.0

0.

I

116

gion of the Alin E (ill( dtl(Mcil Rear h Assoc 'anon SpecialInter( st (,roof, for (,0intlittinn, junior College Resean h (,oltun-hu ()IiitCluIN 1 i)-11, 1931(1.1pp E D 191) 175

kir),N 1; 1. 1, ,1,0*; 1' 011) ( uteri( an F ducational Rcst arc h ssoc 'anon, 1975 27pp `,F D 156 299

I at h, I J and others I (' l(( B,t' -I hi, I t, >''' , T 0, , (il

Si)lingfit Id* nil ImnS 1,rnrnuniry cv( Board 7 `J 7 's 55pp F 1)

H, 117

N.Iartonina s c111(1 (j1CFS 1 ( 'Os '17P7/q.: y Ti,j/

Pn, ;t 2i70, I R)/),,P,

( r ,;Pa ( 1 '!"?H'i `10n(di

, Tallahassee, Fla Assotiatt d (,onsultants, inF1lucanon, 1 9 7 S 1 () 5 pp i" D'1td3 h71

F and othcrs fet ((1 / fr ,

;7416 Empire Stan (.ollegt. Rtscan 11 Series SaratogaSprings N \ 1- inpin Statt College, 1977 16'61)1) 1- 1) 175 517

r (,roN.4 Ill I mon ( .1979 311.)1) El)175 519

F , and Ccok, J I b. t /poi jopi,?,7it (-)1 p,(_st-r),,i,i)--,,

-1 f, tl ,rt a; for /.\,n Project 10 / /011-I P Riper presented at annual forum of the Assco(iation furInstitutional Rt St an I os ,\ tig.eles \ 3 h 197h 19pp F I)

11,s 1) 36.

Rite fl, S IA and Munro, R f tf(ing,Terrnta Inlor(r),((inr) S,(eItn, PIIII4/1 I lig,

ornmnrit-, ( ()(;), d npublitheci paper, 1()7S 11ppE 1) 175 1)7

.) I ti `04,1, tr. I , Alod, / I oia-t,'ert I \mplarl" I 'It qPid 14171 t'

I rl 17t ( Ohl rkrt S Sac'ramento California(.ortitnitrict\ Colleges, Offic e of dr,Chan«.IIor, and Los Angeles1 os Angeles Comm win College Dram t, 198,0 6(1pp Ed 191'337

' Shiraii,. \ /fit' 1)t7. lopInt it 1,1 (,n(/is /or /lira/ Year 1978 Oklahoma CmSouth Oklahoma ( It% J unior '1979' 72pp ED 179 259

Spell( rr R and others I Mdcounkr pro( arta Intecrattort 111117)

tiondl 1) sear(11 Media. Pa Dela\s arc Count\ (.oniniunitt College19714 91pp F 1) 156 2h6

sNi pan /or ( IM1,11,0111\ ( ()fleeee In tlarlIand /is( 1' vans /9S/ /;)1,5

Annapolis Nlarland Stair Board for Ctuntilunit (,olleges, 1980165pp 1- I) 1'37 375

I1 1 ,

11145Yr P '11 P I /we I:, 1/11,1,i1, I? I 1,1t Simi-10'1(1d I riurs c()Immotity 97974pp. El) Ibgh47A%atlalt1( .111 ruit totich(

Ste% enson, kl R., and Vs'allera. k?, ( ty, f r,i is!'Pp / PI,11

L I{ ! Pap 'r pn ,,ctirt.(1 at. 111111.1,11tull1111 ()I the Association lot histutitional Rest al( hAtlanta.\pill 27 Va \ 1 1 'ow 2-11ip F D 1-'s() 955

t/ I 1 ," is' 4'10'0;

117

\ \SA( ( 'ii ii \lf)11( gait Contnitirim Coll( 19>s0 10511p61) 191 lie)

I di ap I E 5d, //:, rs, 11(r 15' 11,:14Y11'1; PTO,

P Pa1)(1 c-,r ntrci at annual forint'of for Institutional Resr an h, Houston, \la%

H7's ?1t,1,1, 1- 1) I -0 tils71 r a n o i l a r i d w i t ( i s / 4 , 11/1/ I Y 1 , 1 , 1 1 1 ,d4, , s ' t 111 11 Paper

pH -a nu (1 at ( Al 8E Nat 1()11,i1 ()nit If 1r« Produr us its A 1.e%to 5iir11% tln 1980s Phoeni \. Atli., Di i (-tuber 7-10 198017fip 1- D numb( r not u t assign«1

art \ 8 ( li'l0l111: Pfejill,111: ill t,-1 rip ( 011cVt1' " t' %, 0,k Columbia, National Centerton R( \cal( It in \ of ational F du( anon, Ohio Stare I in% Cf`IIIN,197(),i 1(1q1,1) LI) stir,

111 1 ,1/7,;,//,,/ r /1,11':41/1//t/1/ P1s/1/i//tV in In a-) sir (

Cidumbuo, National (.('titer forReu'ar(h in of animal F du( anon Ohio Stare 1 rii%ersit, 1979b1 It)1>p E

4,t11,11th kr. g 11 1,1,k hom( t RI port

A ant triit r fi ( an( on% t ( ()liege 1979 S9p1>D

t 11U/11, ( I) 1 ( Pb17111/14,1 U(5,/tifir i/te ( W711,1101111 I-3(hr

" 1}" tin ({ 'at tin Anhu'll \letting 1)111w N'lltsiu anF (fticatitmal Rt s( at, Ii ,Assi latimi,1 (anarla, 'Oar( 1121I 1,97 191i1, 1 1) 1 "r2 5s2 AdiViif de in 1111(141(11C 071I

t

1.1 r,,l 1'1 %1,t e:f I k!,1 /1, ti ( ,11't 5

Index

A

Adarris, ( R SOAds isors «prinutte (5 use of, in desel-

opmg toaster plans Sr, ,Research,for 111asht r plans

tide rtelr ( P 54 61

Ale xander 1) L , 85 91Alfred R I. 85, 5'1.5.01, 97. 103, 105Amarillo CollegeAim Tit of Communirsand Junior Colleges 19, 34

Audi rson, R 91,Arm s 's R , 65 (Ark, \I p 39 46 113\114Alfred, R L 97 11/3

B

Baldwin, ( Vs , 8'1 91 Ire's, 114Bahnsks Vs Si 91Baratta 'A F , 2, 49 61Bassett, R SS 91

Hers, J A , Si, 56, 85, 90, 91 110, 114B 100 10;

Bounds, S 'A 107, 114Bow'er C P 50

Brossard Communits College, 6, 104But hanan, J R , 40 44, 47Budget «msideraf ions See Firianual

decision makirtg in a period of re-Irene hmnt

Burns, 1 57, 91Busha, C H /1.09, 114

C

( aldtsellConynurnts College and Tital Institute 107

California College Student I origitudi-nal Studs, 9 10

( amp, P R, 112, 114( apoor, 'A , 11)7 114( harles, R F , 110, 114( herdat IC A N , 105, II 5Chit k, R J 96, 103

Clearinghouse for Junior ( (Ale gcs, 1,117

Cohen, A 's1 , 90 103Cominumis surs es s Su. Stud( nt Clara

for dead< run planning, utilization ofCompute Is St. ilduillIal1011 resource

managente nt, Sources of further in-formation on institutional restart hand planning Student infe)rrnationss stems, utilization of

Costs c ontrolling Se. Financial decisionWaking in a period of retrem htnetit

Cox (, -WCox J , 66Cross, K P ,

22,80,

04

231 1 1 116

Cumberland Co(frits Coll( gr., 107Cunningham i L , 54, 61Cusahoga (Muniments College 113

D

Data pro( essing See S._,ornputerDc Aria College, 110I)« !sum making, elements of See Insti-

tutional re sear( It and decision makingDelaware Counts Communits College

DCCC , 106

Departmental self-studies See Researchfor master plane

Di Carlo, R D , 1 0 7 , 1 1 5

Diebold, J 35-36, 37, 47'Distributed information processing See

Information resource managementDornDrDruc

S , 47I., 45, 101, 103

P , 50Dzierleriga, D 105-117

E

F.121( S,. Etdrf( atto nal Resources Informatron Center

F astern Shore Communits College, 40Educational Resources Infmmation

Center ,F RI( 1, 105, 113-114, 117LI Paso Communits College, 88

119

r,

tit

120 4).

Lim r, J C 40 47Empire Stan ge, 112EnrollThent prufilt. Student data fur

adrina planning utilization ofEsaluanon of programs and St'f% I«'S

SIUdt III data- for acadr inn plan-ning, utilization of ,

F

Fecitral posts( «indan. polics 17-25and asailablr 1 onimunits cuilegt ItsearriT, 10-11 tot us of, IS, impros mgrr start h utilization in 11-21, thtpolies-making p(Aser,,s for, 18- 19 thepur,:makinig prtSciss ior, 19-10

F Irian( ial der ision making in a pr riodof retrem font rit, 85-95, compiling

$

data for 88-89 and eft« tn.( com-iMinication SP 90, guidelines forcfr aling ,..sitli retrr richment profIlr ins45-90 and in,.01tutional r ponses torr trent him iii 84 85 n ior issur s

VP that after 1,90-91 (mu nit t rut asure-. trir tits fur 87 88 and tlit' participawes budget pro( 55 86 ret.xami-natitj4 r >f mission and priorities in86 ,tidreNt nuts and r xpr nditim s, 87

F [mincing of «nninunits «dirges at thestate It st I St'e- Rest-au 0 state un Idefur poliot, formation at the Sidi( It \ el

F is( al supNrt for (nniiiiirim. «dirges,shift of, troll) the hi( al to the stairIr %el c,« Rr sr-art 0, states III( fur

... poll( % formation at -the' state lc sr I ,

Fist her Vi. B 85 91Folios -tip informatif,fli MI stud( WS St t

Stink III data fur a « d( mic, planningutilization of Stud< tit informationss %terns utilization 4>1

t Frerm r, 1 A 105

G

Gariscten Stan junior Coll(ge, 110(,lachrap., I F 10, 15l,oal setting S.. Rrttrart fi for master

plans(,reenfield Commumrs ollegt 11)7

(,ruf, H 11)6,115(,ross, A C 97,105

H 87 91

H

H

Hall, I ,

Hambrig, RHardin BFiarlachr, r, EHartnett, RHan'es' L

2 63 81, 1 1

1. 9S 103-'41

L 98-99T , 98,105, 85,87, SS

1 115

105

91 108, 05Hogg R 99,104Holbrook, 1 54 61Hunt( r R 14

Illinois 1 ()minium,. Coll( gr BoardICCB 10-11 11-14,15

Illumis Communits Colleges. Ill --'

Illinois Public Cominunits Collegt 5s s "-

108 Itr mIllinois statesside studir s,r-1 I

Information Rm. haFigt Procedures IFP\loci( I, 87,109

Information resour« rtieriegr meri#55-47 and distribut«I information pro« ssing' 45 44 and du informationrr source rnariagenic tit fun( non, 30-58 pl iming goals fur 41 45 and( oordi later! shalt d dc sr lopim nt ofssstr III lilt ddlIIITIISIrdIA I dpplit d-ile/11S 44-46, and planning in Mr-\ irginia (minimms College Ss stein,40-46, planning processes fur 58-40

information ssSit-ITIS sit <III Set Stu-&III Mt (Mile:010H s\ strut IIIII/dilt) I

Of

Ingram, R T 86,92Institutional rsearc 0 and decision mak

mg, 95 11)4 and administratise apph( colons, 98-99, and clanking the'sallies of thr institution, 1(11-11)1,and es aluanon, 96-97 IOW 101, andmanagement (lit !sums, 99-100, andplanning management ss su ms, 100,and prof( SSIOIldi cir % elopment oppor-tunities, 97-98, and the r< portingfun( non, 96-97

Isens, S H , 105,114

J

lac kson, (, A 84 91

KJKahn, R 1 , 99, 10 iKalamazoo \ lit. (An111111.1111R 0111 ge,

Kati, D , 99 10sKentiech, SS R. 110 115he stet, R J 54 61Kirin' F. B 110 116Islapste in, F 1 15 92Knapp Ni S 95 1 di

L

Lafti I J , 1 5 15 67 SO I I I 116Latin R F , Si, 92[Asher Sti F 95, 10ilet R 911es,1,0R 7i, 10Lightkreld.--1- , 101intn.es, R L 40 44, 47

Lou( ks, S F 61

usa, 1.NA if), 47

M

McGuire, (, 54, 92`..1(1,nrosh, N F 102, 1(13tagarrell, I, 37 17

Management of mtrimuoiti_ Lofleges,ategons of See Institut-umal researc h

and decision makingManagement of Information resources

See Information resource roanagerm:r0Mann, 57 92Manpos.e.r needs, assessment ref See

Student data for academic planning,;1/1,

N1arrorana, S k 5, 6, 14, 107, 116Master plans for minimums «Aleges

See Resrarch for Mash( r plansisfathes.s, F 1 86. 92'Matlock, J 104

NI s , 2, 3, 95- 104Meek, S S 65, 50 15, 92Ni cis. aukee Area T1 r(letti ai Coll( gc ,;

toe t:"2-1 ilSlissbon statements for eornmuttits col-

lege's See Rescanh for master plans1.1 (train( Valles ( ()minnow. Coll( ge,

12' 60Morgan I A , 8 if,

121

Mt Hood Commun.:us College 17, 55-19, 93

1 R J , 112, 116Murisinge r, G Ni , 55, 92

Nanonal (-emu r fur F ducanorial Statis-tic s 5 7

National (Ante r fur Hight r F due anon,Manage Tient S. stems NCH F63- 66, 674, 1,7

"atiotial Council for R.,esearc h andPlanning, 1, 15, 104_

Nakarro College 51Nes.losr, B, , 61North Central Tee hnical College, 106N Untie_ rri Virginia COMIT11/411r1 College,

40, 47

o

Oaktor'iC,ommunits College, 110Opae incia.0 I, 17-23

Palola, F. G , 112 116Prrn R R , 100, 104Planning for communas olleges See

Institutional research and decisionmaking, Research for master plans,Research, statewide for polies forma-tion at the state lesel, Student data foracademic planning, mill/anon of

Planning, stateside See Research, state-s.ide, for polies formation at the statelesel

Polies formulation, stateside S'ee Re-sear( h, stateside, for pars formationat the state lesel

Postsecemdars polies, federal See Fed-eral postsecondary pohcs

Puce!, D I , 67, 80 fp

Ramses, L 1 15 34Reed, F, 2, 63 81, III, 116Reid, A E. , 86, 92Renkiewie N K , 69, 80

4

122

Research, ,itorturfLnin. Lo liege See Fed

eral post_semndars polic N., Institution- .al resean h ate 1 deci.sion making,Resean h for master plans, Resean h,statewide, for poll( s fortnation at thestate les el

Resean h for master ,klans, 23-34, de-partmental self-studies fur, 28-29,and the draft for the mast( r plan, 33-34, goals and obit., tnes for 24-31,mission statements for, 23, and aJilin for the master plan 31-34, anda Iplan 'for action and Int.01N.erne tit,23-317planningand decision makingfor, 27-38, and research trends, 75-26; and the role 61 adt.isors comrnn-tees, 32-33

Resean h, stateside, for poll( N. forma-non at the state let.el, 5- 15, improN.Ing,9-1 I, int.olt.ing loc al comrnunin. col-leges in, 12-13 kes features of, 11-14, lac k of ca)operation firmeen localcolleges arienate agencies tn, 8-9,and the teed for information andresearch, 6-7 needs assessment for,13, and the nontraditional nature of«immunits c nlleges, 7- 8, planningand «mrdination for, 13, and prop=le ms with state-le-N.(1 commlIfIltA col-lege data, 7-9, statedeeil assistancefor, 13-14

Re treni hrnent, budget See E mancialdecision making in a period of retrenchment

Ridge, J W , 98, 104Rit( h. S W 112, 116Robbins, M D , 39, 47Rosenthal, S R , 22, 21Rossmeier, J , 2, 35-47Rutherford, W 1 61

S

Sampson, W L 54 61

San Diego Community College District,

Sandirt, R F , 64. 80Sheehan, B S 37 38,-47Sheldon, M S , -8, 14ShiraziA.' lop. 116Skelton, J F , 47

Snsder, F A , 67 g(I

Sources of further information on HIStl-tutional research and planning, 105-117, and budgeting. 108-10, andG)mprehensne planning, 11167108,and computer support, 112, (ridmanagement inform on st. stems,

gland12, and program planni and al-uanon, 109-110, and ge eral refer-ences, 113-117, and student followup, 110-111 .

Scoth Oklahoma ( its Junior College.106

Spencer, R L, 41,Starnes, P M , 5; 6,Starnan, E M , 40,Stauffer, At A , 85Stepp, W i E. 5,'15

92,14,

47

91

106,1 5

116

,Steenson, M R , 2, 83-93, 102. 104,149, 117

Str-dent data for academic planning,utilization of, 49-61, and anntiotistudies, 59, and the enrollment profile,60, and estimating budget alternatmes,59, and ealuation of programs, 53-56, an( esaluation of support ser-N.ices, 6, and manposser needs, 53,and the measurement of student out-comes',and goal accomplishment,56-59, lnd needs assessment, 51-53See also Student information,ss stems,utilizguon of

Student information ss stems, utilizationof. 63-81. and categories of studentssun. e-sed for follow-up, 67-71, anddetemuning infyrnation needs, 65-67, and a planned approach to stu-dent follow-up, 64-65, and promotingresearch data follow-up and unliza-non, 74-77, and suggestions for stu-de.nt information research, 71-74,and the Ss stem Charactenstic OpinionStuds, 66-67, and use of student

1 followup information, 77-79Stufflebeam, D L , 21, 22, 23Sussman, H M ,'85, 92Swartz, C , 109, 117.,System Characteristic Opinion Studs

SCOS-DELPH1,, 66-67 %.

T

Tarrant, J J , 50, h ITatham, E , 109, 117

4

Tele«anmunications See Infotniationresoun es management

Texas Student Follow -1'p infujmautmSNstern Tex-SIS , 10, 67-79, gl, I I I-112

Thomas Nelson Communits College,107 "'.

Thorogood, N C , 78, AfrToffelson, I, A ,'85, 92Trait off, G , 11i, 117

;iton Communss ollege0110cheltelin, 1 , h71 80

V

Values, clarification of See I ristitutioualresearch and decision making

Van Ausdle, S L , 10-6, 117.V.an Ryes, R M , 54, 61Vernon, C D , 107, 117 ;"

412

.16

1444,

ERIC Clearinghouse .for Junior Colleges96 Powell Library Building,University el CaliforniaLos :Ant/tiles. patifortia

123

Vinarski, F T , 67, 80/-Virginia Corrimunitc College Ss stem

uVCC.S., 35, }0-;46, 47V4ational E.duc anon Data SS stem

V6 DS , 7, 68, 69-7.1.

w

Walla Walla Communits, ollege, 106\Callen, R D , 2, 83-9i 102, 104, 109,

117

Wauentrarger, 5, I S, 86, 93Wellman, F L , 14, 67, 80Wennsh,1 W , 9, 104'Wenrich, R C , '104Willett, L H , 54, 1

W G , 67, SOWolamn, T R , 2 3

,Word processing See Information re- .

source management

1 2

Frorwthe Editor's Notes

Effective decision making is dependent upon the utilization ofaccurate and timely information Such information is best obtained

from an ongoing, systematic institutional research effort In orderfor Omit effort to be meaningful in the community college, it must

o te closely aligned with the president and the executive

administration. As illustrated in this volume of New Directionsfor Community Colleges, focus,on management, planning, a

-evaluation will provide the information necessary for admintstra

decision making to develop and monitor policies and procedures

4 JOSSEY-BASS' 12,4 4.

V

4.