public policy

Evaluation of National Policy on HBWs 2014

Contents1.Introduction.............................................................................................................................2

Previous Policies Being Issued..............................................................................................7

Rationale of Current Policy....................................................................................................9

Salient features of the policy................................................................................................10

2.Evaluation Purpose and scope...............................................................................................10

Purpose of Evaluation..........................................................................................................10

Clients..................................................................................................................................11

3.Evaluation Framework and Methodology.............................................................................12

Evaluation Criteria and Questions.......................................................................................12

Evaluation Methodology......................................................................................................15

Limitations of the Evaluation...............................................................................................17

4.Review of Implementation....................................................................................................17

Outcome-1: Presence of sustainable organizations of HBWs and their linkages at the national provisional and local levels in Pakistan.................................................................17

Outcome-II: Presence of empowering policy atmosphere for women Home Based Workers in Pakistan............................................................................................................................18

Outcome - III: Advanced reaction from government and the private sector on societal security actions and systems for HBWs...............................................................................18

5.Evaluation Findings..............................................................................................................19

1- EFFICENCY....................................................................................................................19

2-Effectiveness.....................................................................................................................21

3-Relevance..........................................................................................................................23

4-Impact...............................................................................................................................26

5-Sustainability....................................................................................................................29

6.Conclusion.............................................................................................................................33

7.Recommendations.................................................................................................................36

8.Lesson Learnt........................................................................................................................37

9.Good practices.......................................................................................................................37

References................................................................................................................................38

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1.Introduction

Brief Subject of the Policy

According to the National Policy, a home-based worker is:

a person who works within the home boundaries, or in any other premises of his/her

choice, but excluding the premises of the employer’s or contractor’s workplace;

a person who works at home for remuneration or monetary returns;

a person who is self-employed or does piece-rate, own-account, or contract work,

which results in a product or services as specified by the employer/contractor

The definition, used in national policy, is more comprehensive one than used earlier in ILO

Convention, which covers only one category of home-based workers i.e., home workers.

Who are not included as home-based workers?

According to the National Policy on Home-based workers, these persons are not included in

the definition of home-based worker;

a person with employee status who occasionally performs his/her employee work at

home, rather than at his/her usual workplace;

a home-based worker who has the degree of autonomy and of the economic

independence necessary to be considered an independent self-employed worker under

national laws, regulations or court decisions;

a domestic worker, since he/she does not work in his/her own home;

a person working, outside his/her home boundaries, in the rural or non-formal sectors

of agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, etc., since he/she is still termed as “unpaid

agricultural family helper”

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An estimated 50 thousand out of 151 thousand are currently residing below the hardship

range in Pakistan and the hardship stage is rising considerably. The capacity of the

inadequate to enhance their conditions of residing is constrained by their powerlessness

within political and public systems and is linked to inappropriate government guidelines, no

accessibility information and resources, low quality of public solutions and sex inequality.

It is also increasingly evident that females and some women in inadequate houses keep a

disproportionately high share of the pressure of hardship. Their greater deprivation is due to a

host of factors, including restricted flexibility, deficiency to train and learning and coaching,

reduced accessibility or possession of resources and assets, and restricted accessibility credit

score and public solutions. Due to this Pakistani females have restricted contribution in

decision-making in all spheres of life from family members to condition. This is however, a

vicious circle, as this circumstance persists because females have no say in decisions

affecting their economical and public position in community.

A nationwide study generating sex disaggregated hardship data is required for a systematic

sex analysis of the processes of hardship and the specific determinants of the economical

pressure on inadequate females. However scattered evidence that is available suggests that

due to imbalanced accessibility of females over effective resources and existing sex standards

within conventional houses, females keep a disproportionately higher pressure of poverty:

Gender elegance in accessibility over marketplaces, organizations and resources restriction

females from overcoming hardship. Simultaneously deficiency of autonomy with household

restrains them from improving and consuming earnings from even the existing very restricted

industry possibilities.

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Poverty has improved considerably during 90's.The percentage of inhabitants below the

hardship range improved from 26.6 % in 1992-93 to 32.2 % in 1998-99. In the same way,

reports with regards to the hardship gap and with regards to the severity of hardship both

indicate a worsening of the hardship situation during the 90's. Likewise inadequate females in

Pakistan have double burden: the hardship pressure and the pressure of sex prejudice against

them in public and economical life. This sex prejudice is reflected in nationwide earnings

statistics which fail to adequately account for the economical contribution of females.

Due to sex elegance against females in perform positions as well as public limitations on

flexibility, females have a relatively poorer accessibility over knowledge, skill coaching and

health facilities as well as over labor marketplaces. Consequently the ability of females to

accessibility effective resources, increase their earnings, enhance their health and public

position is more restricted as in comparison to men.

Women contribution in labor marketplaces is adversely affected by the prevalence of

conventional sex role standards, limitations on women’s flexibility and occupational

segregation. Consequently, women employees contribution rates in remunerative career in

Pakistan as a whole are incredibly low at 13.7 % in comparison to 70.4 % for men.

Reliable reports about the dimension this industry are not available. According to Economic

Survey of Pakistan (2000-2001) of a total working inhabitants of approximately 49.1

thousand, 80% or 39.3 thousand widely-used to in the casual industry. Of these employees,

more than 50% or over 19.7 thousand are females. At the nationwide stage of all applied

females, 77% to 83% function in the casual industry. These females are not considered

employees and do not come under any laws or public protection coverage.

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Women in Informal Sector

The casual industry has acquired great significance over the years as a source of career and

livelihoods for many people, especially females, in both non-urban and towns of the third

world. It has particularly become a key mechanism for circulating products or solutions to the

city inadequate.

According to the ILO, the casual industry is made up of very small-scale units producing and

circulating products or solutions and managed by largely independent, self applied producers

employing family members labor or a few hired employees and apprentices. Informal

industry businesses are incredibly diverse and are to be found in great figures in all the main

economical sectors, most of all in business and solutions but also in manufacturing,

construction, and transport and city agriculture. They function with very little capital or none

at all, and utilize a low stage of technology and abilities. Employment in these businesses is

incredibly unstable and incomes are generally very low and irregular.

It is worth noting also that in many creating nations, the casual industry is often equated with

'parallel' or 'black' industry actions, hence looked down upon by community. Consequently,

public policy towards the casual industry is as ambivalent as it is contradictory - usually

oscillating between benign neglect to periodic harassment. The existing attitude of officials

seems to be given sanction by the range of actions that are seen to constitute what is

popularly, and sometimes, pejoratively, referred to as casual industry activities: from home-

based petty business, commodity production or supply of solutions by inadequate females to

similarly home-based highly-paid perform by professional consultants; from 'recycling' waste

and residing off the refuse of others to hawking to trafficking in illicit products to commercial

sex perform ('entertainment industry').

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The involvement of huge variety of females in the so-called 'informal sector' is a consequence

of their low position in community and denial of possibilities in the official sphere of career.

Female’s low position is evidenced by their subordinate positions both at house and at the

workplace. Within the official industry, for example, females have fewer job possibilities,

reduced wages and less job protection than men. Moreover, females also occupy multiple

positions. Many city females, for example, perform a full day either in wage-employment or

in the casual industry and then go back house to extended hours of household labor. As well

as ladies who leave the non-urban places in search of possibilities in towns tend to secure a

job in the least compensated, least skilled jobs, which often provide little legal protection,

such as household perform (the biggest employer of females in many creating countries) or

perform in the casual industry.

Looking at the constraints they face:

lack of accessibility effective resources due to discriminations in property possession

and in employment;

lack of your energy and effort because of imbalanced sex division of labor in unpaid

effective and reproductive activities;

lack of abilities due to 'abnormal' amounts of literacy and official education;

lack of accessibility labor consequently of standards of sex hierarchy and separation;

and

lack of accessibility marketplaces due to their exclusion from the most lucrative

marketplaces.

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The deficiency of accessibility casual and official credit score by females small and little

business owners has been identified by many studies as a significant, some even say, the

significant restriction.

With casual resources of finance being relatively easily accessible, females rely on

moneylenders and pawnbrokers, rotating savings and credit score associations (ROSCAS),

and friends, relatives, suppliers and shopkeepers. While these resources are providing the

bulk of money for women business owners and provide a number of potential advantages,

such as proximity between borrower and lender, immediacy of financial payment, little

financial loan dimension, flexible repayment schedules and minimal protection

specifications, they can be costly and discriminatory.

Formal banks are even less receptive and welcoming to women business owners. Their

protection specifications, bureaucratic application for the financial loan, payment procedures,

plenty of efforts and resources necessary to visit the banks and discriminatory banking

culture virtually exclude inadequate females as clients.

The supply of sustainable accessibility economical solutions for females has therefore

become a core component of many women's small enterprise programmes, and is at the

center of the attention of governments, public partners, civil community organizations and

international donors.

Previous Policies Being IssuedSindh Province Finalizes Policy

KARACHI, September 3: The Sindh govt has ready a final set up to legalise the privileges of

the home-based employees (HBWs), announcing them a ‘special category’ of employees,

unique from household employees. Read more. On May 21, 2013, a multi-stakeholder

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Process Power, consists of associates from companies of home-based employees, trade labor

unions, employee federations, the Companies Federation, the Division of Labor and other

appropriate gov divisions, ready the set up Home-Based Workers Policy for the Sindh Region

of Pakistan.

Punjab Agrees to Home-Based Workers Policy

In year 2013, the Cabinet of the Punjab Provincial Govt in Pakistan implemented a Home-

Based Employees Plan, in accordance with the 2012 Punjab Home-Based Employees Act,

which identifies home-based workers as “workers” and expands public security to them.

Punjab is the first region in Pakistan to successfully pass a law and cover home-based

workers. The Punjab Home-Based Employees Act and Plan consist of the significant

components of the Set up Nationwide Plan for Home-Based Employees in Pakistan.Read the

plan papers.

HomeNet Pakistan, a national partnership of companies of home-based workers and

assistance companies, has proved helpful everything to suggest with government authorities

and parliamentarians, at both the provincial and government stages, for the Punjab Provincial

Act and Plan as well as the draft Nationwide Plan. The draft Nationwide Plan is under

evaluation by the Secretary of state for Individual Privileges. The confident government of

Pakistan dedicated to promoting the Nationwide Plan for Home-based Employees, providing

them the position of workers.

In its latest suggestions to the Govt of Pakistan and to the UN Panel on the Removal of

Elegance against Females (CEDAW), the CEDAW Panel in Pakistan involved a suggestions

(#30 - see below) that the Govt of Pakistan follow the Nationwide Plan on Home-Based

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Employees and ratify ILO Conferences No. 177 on home-based workers and ILO Conference

No. 189 on household workers.

Text of Recommendation #30

The Committee recommends that the State party:

Follow effective actions in the official labor market, such as short-term special actions, to

increase women contribution and remove both straight and horizontally work-related

segregation; to filter and close the salary gap between females and men; and to make sure the

application of the key of equivalent compensation for equivalent perform and perform of

equivalent value, and equivalent possibilities at perform.

Prepare a strategy for the protection of females working in other areas of the casual

industry, such as farming and household perform, in line with the Convention;

Focus on the adopting of the National Plan on House Centered Employees and make

sure its proper execution so as to assurance females access to social security benefits;

and, take actions to make sure that the reporter policy is implemented by all Regions

in the State party; and

Ratify ILO Conference No. 177 on Home-based perform, as well as ILO Conference

No. 189 on reasonable perform for household workers and change the appropriate

household regulation accordingly.

Rationale of Current PolicyHBWs were not even being openly recognized and much less discussed as a issue. The focus

on loaning higher exposure to the needs and issues of HBWs in the area as also higher

identification to the important financial participation they create in today’s international

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financial system. To give HBWs a remarkable and respected status in the country as well as

in the economy, Pakistan was in sheer need to formulate this policy.

Salient features of the policyThe national policy provides that home-based workers will have

Equal treatment in salaries and a lowest salary would be set

Skills coaching, offered by the government

Access to credit score, area possession and other assets

Freedom of organization and combined bargaining

Right to secure perform place

Social protection benefits

Right to signing up as home-based workers

2.Evaluation Purpose and scope

This chapter discusses the evaluation approach adopted for the evaluation of national policy

on Home Based Workers in Pakistan.

Purpose of EvaluationThe purpose of the evaluation was to analyze the programme’s approach, strategies and

interventions to support HBWs, both at the regional and country level. The evaluation was

conducted with the broad objective of generating comprehensive and specific evaluation

feedback in terms of the programme’s efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, impact and

sustainability. The focus of the present evaluation was to assess the programme’s progress

and achievements during phase II of the programme. The achievements as well as

shortcomings during phase I were taken as context and reference points for the present

evaluation. This report highlights the programme strengths, weaknesses and constraints and

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identifies gaps in programme design and implementation with specific recommendations for

strategic and programmatic improvements towards expansion of the programme’s reach in

future.

This is an external final evaluation conducted as an in-depth analysis of national policy

(approaches, strategies and interventions) and advocacy initiatives to support HBWs, both at

the national level. This (non-mandatory) evaluation was conducted with the broad objective

of generating comprehensive and specific evaluation feedback on the national HBW policy.

The evaluation focused on assessing the effectiveness, sustainability (and capacity),

relevance, efficiency and impact of the policy. It identifies lessons learned - highlighting

policy strengths as well as weaknesses and constraints - and generate recommendations for

strategic and programmatic improvements, and the expansion of the policy’s reach in future.

The evaluation will serve as a key document for ministry of women development and

ministry of labor and manpower’s organizational learning, at both provisional and national

level and for its partners and concerned stakeholders. The evaluation makes assessments at

the regional, national and localized community level (i.e. amongst communities of home

based workers). The evaluation is qualitative in nature and is rooted in the core principles of

gender equality and women’s human rights and empowerment. The human rights based

approach, which is premised on developing the capacities of rights-holders to claim their

rights, and of duty bearers to fulfill their obligations, was applied as a critical benchmark in

the design of this evaluation study.

Clients Stakeholders identified for the policy, apart from Government of Pakistan included Ministry

of women’s development, Ministry of Labor and Manpower, UNIFEM, which has a long

history of working with the informal sector and particularly women, National commission on

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the Status of Women NCSW, local governments. As the policy covers national and regional

both levels, the organizations like were the key partners, namely, HomeNet Pakistan (HNP)

and Aurat Foundation in Pakistan. Other stakeholders included key ministries and

government departments at the national and provincial levels, such as the ministries of Labor,

Women Development, Planning and Statistics. Another important stakeholder includes

organizations working for HBWs, and of course, the home based workers themselves.

3.Evaluation Framework and Methodology

Evaluation Criteria and QuestionsThe discussion of findings in the evaluation report is done using the standard five “The

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/Development Assistance

Committee” OECD/DAC evaluation criteria for development assistance. These are:

Efficiency

Effectiveness

Relevance

Impact

Sustainability of the programme

Efficiency

The assessment includes evaluation of the overall policy performance, the outputs in relation

to the inputs, the financial management to answer the following questions:

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How efficiently have the policy resources (financial and human) been used, and if

activities and outputs could have been delivered with fewer resources without

reducing their quality/quantity?

How vital have HNP, the national HomeNet and partner organizations been in

leveraging resources and expanding the scope of the policy and support for its overall

objectives?

Effectiveness

The evaluation assesses the extent to which the policy’s stated objectives have been achieved

to answer the following questions:

How successful has the programme been in facilitating the increased capacity of self

sustained national networks of HBWs?

How effective has the programme been in facilitating positive changes in national and

regional legal and policy frameworks?

Relevance

The assessment also outlines the degree to which the programme remains justifiable and

appropriate in relation to the national/regional/global context and priorities. It seeks an

answer to the question:

Do policy priorities and objectives adequately and accurately reflect the needs and

priorities articulated by HBWs? If not, how can next phase of the policy be better

designed to do this?

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Impact

A significant part of the assessment is about what the programme has achieved and is likely

to achieve in the future – measuring both the positive and negative, foreseen and unforeseen

changes and impacts it might have had on society. Some critical questions addressed are:

What have been the intended and unintended, positive and negative, and long-term

effects of the policy?

How well placed is the policy to ensure increased up-scaling by government,

multilateral/bilateral agencies and donors in the near and long-term future?

Is the programme likely to have a catalytic effect? How and why?

Sustainability

Particular attention has been paid to assess the sustainability of HNP. The assessment also

includes the extent to which the policy has adequately capacitated HBWs, and how much

they are likely to be further empowered to advocate for their rights. Some questions raised

under sustainability parameter are:

To what extent has the establishment of National HomeNets led to the creation of

sustainable processes and systems for bottom-up advocacy, networking and capacity

development at the national and regional levels?

Are the relevant stakeholders willing to ensure the continued strengthening of the

networks created? Are HBWs themselves willing and able to push for policy change

aimed at incorporating their needs and interests into national policy directives?

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Evaluation MethodologyInitially a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was contemplated.

However, due to the time and cost constraints, it was not feasible to undertake a quantitative

evaluation with a robust sample of HBWs. Furthermore, the very scope of the study

envisaged that Pakistan would be evaluated offsite i.e. by sharing of information and

views/opinions through e-mail or telephonic interviews. In the backdrop of these reasons, a

qualitative evaluation was considered the appropriate approach. The study period initially

was from May 2014 to June 2014, but was subsequently extended by a month as the field

work could not be completed due to non availability of respondents.

Study team comprised three researchers led by a team leader. All the team members had

adequate experience of qualitative research and previous research studies on gender-specific

concerns related to employment, livelihood and social protection. Each team member was

responsible for reviewing the secondary information as well as the information gathered

through primary research. While constituting the team it was ensured that one member of the

team understood the background and context of the study. Each team member contributed to

the evaluation right from the designing of research tools to conducting interviews and

discussions to analysis of findings and report writing.

Research techniques and tools used: Information was gathered through secondary research as

well as primary investigation, using suitable research techniques and tools.

The different methods adopted to collect and collate the necessary information included:

Desk Review of documents: Prior to designing the research tools, a review of documents

provided by government authorities and available on the Internet was carried out so as to

understand the programme and issues of concern to the HBWs.

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Telephonic and email-based interviews: In the offsite evaluation, carried out, conducted

interviews either through telephone or by e-mail. Being off site locations, FGDs were not

possible.

Selection of Respondents

A list of probable respondents representative of different stakeholders like government

officials, office bearers of member organizations and home based workers was provided by

HomeNets and UNIFEM. It was ensured that HBWs respondent group should have

representation from both rural as well as urban locations.

Most of the interviews were conducted only through telephone except with the officials of

HomeNets and UNIFEM. In the latter cases, the IDI guidelines were sent to them in advance,

which was duly filled in and sent back to the evaluation team. A brief interaction over

telephone was also conducted in case any response (s) needed clarification or elaboration. For

telephonic interviews, respective HomeNets informed the respondents in advance about the

date on which they will receive a call from the evaluation team. This was done to ensure their

availability and convenience. However, in many cases, repeated calls had to be made because

of poor connectivity or non-availability of respondents due to some unforeseen engagement.

Coverage

The assessment was done at the national and localized community levels. The evaluation was

done offsite, i.e. through email and telephonic interviews. Calls were made to Islamabad,

Lahore, Muzaffargarh and Quetta. In Pakistan, HBWs and representatives of MBOs from

villages like Hamza Ali in Muzaffargarh and Meriyabad and Ibrahimzai in Quetta were

interviewed.

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Limitations of the EvaluationOne of the constraints of the evaluation faced was the lack of relevant literature. In the past,

most of the research studies had focused on HBWs engaged in a particular activity (like

beedi-a type of cigarette- rolling, agarbatti-incense stick- making, etc.), and not on HBWs as

a whole. Consequently, not much reference material was available other than those provided

by UNIFEM and HomeNets. Another drawback was that in the case of offsite locations

reliance on telephonic interviews meant that the selection of respondents, particularly HBWs,

was dependent on the respective HomeNets. During telephonic interviews in particular, a

problem faced was poor connectivity or non-availability of the identified person (respondent)

for the interview. This led to delays in completing the interviews as per the schedule. Further,

it is pertinent to mention here that the information and data, particularly on membership of

HBWs, provided by respective HomeNets could not be cross-checked or verified with other

sources. Another important limitation was that the break-up of the fund utilization in the

activities undertaken was not available to enable analysis of pattern of utilization of funds.

4.Review of Implementation

The expected outcomes and consistent outputs from the national policy of the Home based

worker policy are as follows

Outcome-1: Presence of sustainable organizations of HBWs and their linkages at the

national provisional and local levels in Pakistan.

Forceful, representative, economically viable linkages are lawfully recognized which

are capable to effectively accomplish their instructions at the national, provisional and

local levels in Pakistan.

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HBWs develop and magnify their national membership foundations towards formal

sustainability.

National, provisional and local HBW linkages have expertise in resource utilization in

demand to complete their particular economic sustainability.

Information contributing, interacting and cross-provisional knowledge contribute to

enriched capacities of national and provisional linkages.

Outcome-II: Presence of empowering policy atmosphere for women Home Based Workers in Pakistan.

Better treaty between governments on the nature of policy and lawmaking actions

necessary for encouraging the human rights of women Home Based Workers in the

country.

HBWs and their linkages are well capable to benefactor for lawmaking reform with

regards to HBWs’ financial and societal rights in the country.

Improved public and government responsiveness of and assurance to HBWs’ rights to

societal security and healthy working conditions.

Outcome - III: Advanced reaction from government and the private sector on societal security actions and systems for HBWs.

Women HBWs and their connected groups are well educated concerning the diverse

natures of social security systems.

Value-added capability of HBWs to promoter for and contribute in different schemes

in country.

Developed understanding between governments and the private sector on the

requirement for social security for HBWs in Pakistan.

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5.Evaluation Findings

The present section discourses the results of the evaluation exercise started by our team. The

background to the argument of the results is the program purposes and strategies placed down

to meet the purpose of the program. The conversation in this section emphases on the

development of the program from 2010 onwards in relations of five evaluation criteria,

namely Efficiency, Effectiveness, Relevance, Impact and Sustainability, as stated in the

previous section. The debate on each one of the factors includes proof of identity of key holes

in program implementation which could be interpreted as lessons learnt for future phase of

the program.

It is essential to state here that the usage of the five criteria to evaluate the program is

founded on material and data made available at the respective national HomeNets . Lets have

a look at the result of the evaluation finding of our research work of national policy of home

based worker in Pakistan

1- EFFICENCYTo evaluate the efficient utilization of fund, the evaluation examined (a) range of activities

carried out during the policy period; (b) mobilization of resources from funding agencies; and

(c) growth of membership of HomeNet Pakistan.

In Pakistan, previous to the creation of HomeNet Pakistan (HNP) in 2005, the focal

organization Aurat Foundation passed out a recording exercise of HBWs in 2001. The fund

utilization information from HNP was not available for analysis but the total fund/grant

amount they received during 2010 14974046 RS. However, according to other information

provided by HNP, around 58,282 HBWs are reportedly associated with HNP. The Policy

Manager of HNP, clarified: “Till 2009, HNP didn’t charge any membership fee, but recently

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the idea has been circulated among members and member organizations have decide to

charge a memberhip fee from now on.” In 2010, information on organizations working for

HBWs was collected and 24 thousand Rs has been collected from membership fee.

Though HNP was established immediately after the Kathmandu Declaration in 2000, it could

be registered only in 2005 and currently reaches out to 86 districts. For giving visibility to

HNP, it has created its own website www.homenetpakistan.org.Further, HNP as part of its

advocacy activities went out and involved 538 member organizations, mainly at the district

level across Pakistan. Along with Sungi Foundation, one of the key member organizations,

the network of HNP has its presence in more than 60 districts of Pakistan. Like its

counterparts in other countries, HNP focused its resources on raising awareness on HBWs.

For example, it proactively facilitated exposure visits for around 100 HBWs and organized a

number of awareness meetings for 585 HBWs in five provinces of Pakistan. HNP also

organized 15 advocacy roundtables with 462 councilors, legislators, lawyers and media

persons to deliberate on the rights of HBWs. During the policy period, HNP facilitated four

two-day legal literacy workshops with 214 participants, including lawyers, media

professionals, social activists and councilors. According to the Policy Manager of HNP, the

major source of funding was HNSA. On efforts put to mobilize funds from other sources, she

added, “There was no strategy in the initial policy phase to make efforts to pitch for external

donors. However, since 2007, concerted efforts have been made to acquire more resources

from the partner organizations. There has been a conscious endeavor to avoid duplication of

work and use the expertise of one another.

Initially, the funds from FNV, IUP, SAARC and UNIFEM were channelized through HNSA.

Now, however, apart from HNSA and UNIFEM, HNP is directly getting funds from the

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International Labor Organization. HNP is also working closely with Sungi Foundation, and

expects to receive some funds in future for short-term assignments. HNP also organized a

workshop in late 2012 as part of experience sharing and learning. As regards staff, HomeNet

Pakistan comprises a national coordinator, a policy officer at the national level, and three

focal persons in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Quetta and Peshawar. Currently, HNP has

established its own office in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad are operating from these offices.

To sum up, it may be said that HNP, which received on an average 30000 USD per annum

has spent on advocacy efforts and mapping of HBWs. However, it is notable that HNP

expanded its network much more actively and successfully than the other countries. One

reason for efficient utilization of funds by the five provinces HomeNets was the support they

received from the focal organizations.

On efficiency aspect, as the HNP could not share the details of utilization of financial

resources, the study could not reflect on the optimum utilization of funds in case of

availability of fewer resources. In the present set up, the major gap noticed was absence of a

Management Information System (MIS) at the national HNP level. This acted as a constraint

in keeping records and monitoring of fund utilization.

2-Effectiveness This section discourses the effectiveness of the program from the aspect of the projected

outcomes and outputs. The registration of HNSA and national HomeNets as legal entities

could be seen as fulfilment of one of the key outputs of the policy - to have a legally

registered network at the national level. The setting up of national HNP as a result of

UNIFEM’s policy, brought HBWs together on a common platform, gave them the strength to

unite for a common cause of the nation, and also the opportunity to learn and enrich one

another with their experiences and expertise. Aurat Foundation (Pakistan), being a research

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organization, worked on the Questionnaire format for the mapping exercise and drafted a

national policy for the home based worker in 2002.This sharing of experiences among

member HomeNet Pakistan, played a pivotal role in facilitating the process of increasing

effectiveness of the program content. The interactions were also crucial in giving visibility to

the HNP in their respective provinces .The program was also effective in the sense that it

inculcated a sense of identity among HBWs. A few HBWs who attended these meetings and

conferences, spoke about how good they felt after the realization of having an identity of their

own and the prospects of having a better future. Initiatives such as holding exhibitions at

expo center (March 2012, Lahore) for knowledge and experience sharing could be seen as an

important step in effectively bringing the HBWs to the fore and giving a momentum to the

policy.

The policy’s strategy to have the network registered at national and provisional level proved

effective in mobilizing funds from other donors to promote the cause of HBWs. The policy

was effective with regard to capacity building of the staff associated with respective HNP.

With regard to another outcome of the policy towards existence of enabling policy

environment, the policy was effective in that it supported to work towards building an

enabling environment for drafting of national policy for HBWs. Third outcome of the policy

was to have improved response from government and private sector on social protection

measures and schemes for HBWs. Towards this, the respective national along with the like-

minded organizations and trade unions were able to put pressure on the national governments

for passage of social protection bills for unorganized workers which include HBWs as well.

However Pakistan, comparatively speaking, was found to be ahead of the other three

countries, as the policy was effective in getting three bills passed in the National Assembly of

Pakistan towards protecting the rights of women HBWs. In Pakistan, apart from registration

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of HNP and the mapping exercise to bring HBWs in the network, the policy was able to

sensitize the politicians and policy makers on the economic and social rights of HBWs. In

addition to drafting of a national policy on HBWs, Pakistan may be seen as a leader among

the member countries as a bill was passed in one Provincial Assembly (Balochistan) and

three bills (Working Women [Protection of Rights] Act, 2008; Home Based Workers Social

Protection Act, 2008; In-House Working Women Protection Act, 2008) were tabled in the

National Assembly of Pakistan to ensure social protection for women HBWs. One day

National Consultation on the Opportunities for HBWs in purview of Draft Policy of HBWs

and Post devaluation scenario was held on 29 October 2011 at Lahore with a the focus on

Provincial Sharing, Challenges, Opportunities and Way forward.

The discussion above brings out that the policy was effective in facilitating the increased

capacity of national and provisional level. However, some gaps were noticed which limited

the policy effectiveness. HNP lacked visibility and other gap was that the policy strategy

lacked impetus on marketing concern. While visibility for HBWs as workers is important,

one of the prime concerns of the HBWs that needed more attention is marketing of their end

products. The policy design did not allow HNP to directly work for the marketing of HBWs’

finished products which led to disenchantment among the HBWs. The policy effectiveness

was also affected due to exclusion of ‘un-associated’ HBWs. As part of the policy strategy of

organizing and networking, HBWs not associated with any of the MBOs were left out for

reasons more to do with logistics. This has led to majority of HBWs not being part of this

network, as they were not associated with any organization or group.

3-Relevance Regardless of its initial momentum, no policy or activity can succeed or sustain on its own

unless the people for whom it is meant (in this case the HBWs) see its value and relevance. In

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its endeavor to give visibility to HBWs at the policy makers’ level and to try and bring them

onto one platform, UNIFEM took the benefit of an important landmark which emerged

during the South Asia Regional Policy Seminar held in 2000 in Kathmandu . This was the

Kathmandu Declaration which clearly stated the need to promote the rights of women in the

informal sector, and facilitated the establishment of HomeNet South Asia (HNSA) by

UNIFEM and SEWA. Prior to the launch of the policy for HBWs in South Asia, UNIFEM

had lobbied with fifteen countries in the Asia-Pacific region for the adoption of the ILO

Home Work Convention No. 177, supplemented by a recommendation on Home Work at its

83rd conference. This helped to put forward for the first time the concept of treating HBWs as

‘workers.’

In spite of the presence of HBWs in large numbers within every country of the South Asian

region, HBWs have remained the ‘invisible’ workforce contributing to the national economy.

Thus, one of the biggest challenges of the policy was to give them visibility, not only in the

eyes of policy makers, but in the eyes of the HBWs themselves. As admitted by policy

makers, during the initial days, the awareness on distinction between a HBW and a domestic

help was very low, even at the highest level. People engaged in earning their livelihood by

working from home were themselves unaware that they were ‘workers’ contributing to their

families’ and nation’s economic well-being. The relevance of the policy was therefore two

fold – one, to give HBWs visibility as workers; and two, to empower them to fight for their

rights related to getting the right wage/remuneration, having better work conditions and

getting social security benefits as a worker.UNIFEM’s policy thus addressed the felt need to

facilitate advocacy for the cause of HBWs and particularly ensuring protection against

exploitation. HBWs are paid lowly for their work, have weak bargaining power, no security

for their future, and are exposed to health hazards associated with the activities they are

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engaged in. The policy was relevant because the network formed under it provided a platform

to organizations working for and with HBWs to come together and work for policy changes

to empower HBWs in the country. The mapping exercise conducted in Pakistan was

important as it helped to not only identify HBWs in different provinces, but also to

understand the issues that needed to be addressed. The policy was equally relevant in terms of

sensitizing policy makers, civil society groups, trade unions and media towards the problems

of HBWs.

In Pakistan, the concerns were also similar; HBWs were not covered under the labor laws of

the country. These workers were deprived of the social protection schemes. Post Kathmandu

Declaration (2000), the issue of HBWs gained some visibility and as such the initiation of the

policy around the same time helped in giving momentum to the cause of economic and social

empowerment of HBWs in Pakistan. The policy made a vital intervention; there was a long

felt need for capacity building of HBWs and for providing marketing facilities to them.

To conclude, it clearly emerges from the discussion above that the policy was relevant for the

country. HBWs not being considered part of the workforce and hence deprived of their rights

as a worker, absence of any national policy for HBWs, and need of skill upgradation for

HBWs were some of the core issues, which the policy aimed to address. The policy did make

progress although in varying degrees on the above-mentioned issues .An important flaw

noticed in the policy design was its insistence on using funds only for advocacy and

networking purposes. As a result, not enough efforts were made by the HNP to provide

marketing avenues to the HBWs, although it was a matter of serious concern of HBWs.

Prior to initiation of the policy, a contextual analysis of the reports and documents available

on the feminized poverty and informal sector was undertaken.28 At the beginning of the

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policy no systematic approach was adopted to gather data and information from HBWs,

which would have provided baseline information on HBWs and the importance of the need to

provide marketing avenues to the HBWs. However, in the policy period, one of the major

activities undertaken by HNP was mapping of HBWs. During mapping gathered data and

information, which helped the HNP to understand HBWs’ socio-economic status.

4-Impact UNIFEM’s policy was initiated when there was rapid globalization and trade liberalization.

More and more women had to seek various forms of employment at home or on the streets

rather than in factories, fields and offices. In the formal sector, workers were being laid off

and being compelled to take up self-employment at home, thus forcing them into the informal

sector. Further, global marketing pressures compelled firms to cut costs through

subcontracting, thus leading to an increase in the number of women employed as piece-rate

workers.

The policy during 2002 till present succeeded in making an impact. The findings of the

evaluation, to an extent, are consonant with the positive effects envisaged in the policy

documents. The findings clearly suggest that the policy has been able to give visibility to the

issues surrounding HBWs and has convinced the government to make ways of the need and

importance of addressing this issue.

At the national level, one of the key achievements was that it drew the attention of the policy

makers at the highest level. Eminent experts and representatives of line ministries attended

the conference in 2012 to Consultation to Finalize Social Protection Bill for Homebased

Workers. Another key impact of this policy in Pakistan has been the government’s decision

to organized one day official workshop in different cities of the country like Lahore

Gujranwala and Faisalabad in 2013 and also held annual general meeting in march 2013.The

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policy to some extent did help in infusing self-confidence amongst the HBWs. The

participation of HBWs in the exposure visits and trade fairs organized under the policy and

sharing of experience with their fellow HBWs back home has now generated a new kind of

competition to improve one’s skills, and enthusiasm among many HBWs. These trips were

not just pleasure trips but helped the workers to develop their existing skills and learn new

designs, e.g. as in the case of embroidery and garment stitching. In other words, HBWs could

avail of benefits, like group insurance and financial assistance at the time of an accident.”

This is a significant achievement for this section of the workforce that was just years back

deprived of any benefit from the government.

The policy, to some extent has been able to make HBWs confident. Home based women

workers now feel less hesitant to talk and deal with the buyers on business-related matters.

Apart from active participation of HNP in policy advocacy, another key effect, which could

be attributed to the policy, is the coming together of organizations at the provincial and

district levels, giving recognition to the cause of HBWs and making people aware that there

is a body called HNP, where they can take up the issue of women HBWs. The policy

resolutions for HBWs passed during March 2009 in the Balochistan Assembly is another

landmark for the policy in Pakistan. The advocacy efforts are showing desired results, as a

senior office-bearer of HNP said, “The awareness campaign and advocacy under the policy

has made government and donor agencies show concern for HBWs and take measures to

address their problems.” Women parliamentarians have shown a keenness to take up policy

issues concerning HBWs in the parliament. On the political will, a social activist and ex-

Parliamentarian in Pakistan said: “A Policy favouring HBWs was framed and put up in the

previous Parliament, but could not be taken up.” She hopes that the current Parliament will

do so. Significantly, three bills have been moved in the current National Assembly of

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Pakistan which was been passed which give a new hope to home based worker in

Pakistan.These bills are:

Working Women (Protection of Rights) Act, 2008. Home Based Workers Social Protection

Act, 2008. In House Working Women Protection Act, 2008.

They are expected to act as a stepping-stone towards framing of schemes and policys for

empowering HBWs, particularly women.On changes noticed at HBW level in Pakistan, the

activities like trade fairs and exhibitions have helped them to see the kind of products, made

by other HBWs and exposed them to marketing skills. On benefits of participating in trade

fairs and exhibitions, a representative of a MBO from Quetta said, “Participation in trade

fairs and exhibitions has helped HBWs to improve their skills as well as an opportunity to

interact and share our experiences with fellow HBWs.”Across the four countries, the MBOs’

association with their respective national HomeNets has been beneficial to them. It has given

them an opportunity to send their members (HBWs), though in limited number, for skill

development training, to trade fairs and exhibitions. The exposure visits and interaction with

fellow HBWs from different parts of the country has infused the workers with a new

confidence and zeal. Now, they are keen to be part of such trips, where they can share their

experience and expertise in the work they do.

To conclude, the policy produced positive impact in all the four provinces. It is pertinent to

add that no negative impact of the policy on HBWs (such as reluctance on the part of

employers to give work to HBWs) was reported. As far as catalytic effect of the policy is

concerned, it triggered drafting of national policy for HBWs . While in Pakistan, the policy

also led passed of three bills in the National Assembly. However, some factors hampered the

policy and impacted the final results. Political Uncertainty, lacked recognition and Non-

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Identification of genuine member based organizations: To succeed in their ‘bottom-up

advocacy’ strategy, HNP needed to identify HBWs or organizations working for or/and with

HBWs, to bring them in the network. One of the major challenges was to identify HBWs or

such organizations. The mapping exercise had both cost and time implications. Yet, it was

equally important to identify genuine organizations and groups, and to avoid involving

organizations having a vested interest and which were not concerned with the empowerment

of the home based workers. Further, financial constraints made regular interaction between

the HNP and HBWs almost negligible. This adversely impacted efforts to create leaders from

among the HBWs in most of the cases.

5-Sustainability The sustainability aspect of a policy is always an issue amongst the stakeholders. A review of

UNIFEM’s present policy revealed that the policy design, to some extent, has an inbuilt

sustainability component by virtue of facilitating the process of legally forming and

establishing a network at the country. The legal registration of HNP is a key achievement in

this regard. Another programmatic strategy was to have focal organizations in each country to

foster the emergence of HomeNets. Further, as the evaluation study found, the networks on

their own and with the support of focal organizations have been able to involve the donor

community to contribute to the cause.

Handholding by focal organizations: A strategic decision that strengthened the policy was

identification of focal organizations in the country.Focal organizations was working for the

HBWs in country prior to the launch of this policy. Their familiarity with the sector, issues

and community helped in bringing expertise and credibility to the policy. These

organizations, besides working in their own countries, also came together under HNSA,

which helped all the member countries in benefiting from each other’s experience.

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Regular flow of funds from various sources has helped in sustaining the policy. Apart from

this the national HomeNets are getting funds from differenet donors. The basic concept and

design of HNP has definitely contributed to the policy’s success. Though the outreach of

HNP is yet to encompass the length and breadth of country, it has succeeded in initiating the

process and has found favourable response from the member organizations to a large extent.

Further, the mapping exercise of HBWs and organizations working for and with HBWs, too,

has created a positive attitude among the workers with regard to their future.

To ensure sustainability of the policy, UNIFEM’s partnership with International Agencies

like the renowned Harvard Institute of International Development (HIID) and the Women in

Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WEIGO),42 as well as with private sector

organizations like the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI),43 should continue so as to strengthen

the efforts to sensitise policy makers and the public about the concerns and needs of HBWs.

Thus to conclude, on sustainability aspect of the policy, the study brings out that the policy

has registered networks functioning at national levels, focal organizations are continuing to

support the HNP and its initiatives. Further, on financial sustainability, mobilization of funds

and resources from donor community other than UNIFEM and FNV is an indication of the

policy’s progress towards achieving sustainability. However, some of the concerns for

sustainability of the policy were observed in the course of the evaluation and which should be

looked into for the policy’s sustainability in future. However, in our discussion with HBWs

and representatives of MBOs, it was observed that the degree of involvement of HBWs

varied. The evaluation found that many HBWs are not aware of their association with HNP

although they largely recognize the organizations with which they are associated. The reason

cited by HNP representatives was limited fund available under the policy. Since the policy in

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its initial phase required advocacy both at the policy makers’ and community (HBWs) levels,

the frequency of interaction at the grassroots level was limited. Opportunities and motivation

for HBWs to come forward and push for policy changes aimed at incorporating their needs

and interests into national and provisional policy directives was found wanting due to fewer

interaction between HBWs and HNP. A cautious approach in future needs to be adopted by

HNP while involving more MBOs within the network. Though it cannot be generalized, yet

an issue of concern across the member countries was that some MBO representatives were

found to be working more as a business-entrepreneur rather than an HBW heading the MBO.

This in turn led to limited participation of HBWs in the management of MBOs.

Summing up

It is important to assess the overall progress of the policy in each province vis-à-vis the key

strategies drawn up to meet the goal . The strategies included:

Advocacy and policy dialogue to support stronger implementation of commitments to

issues faced by HBWs in the informal sector;

Building sustainable knowledge and action networks to bring women HBWs, their

associated networks and groups, women’s organizations, governments, UN

organizations and other actors together to affect policies affecting the lives of HBWs;

Capacity building of women HBWS and relevant key actors to influence the

priorities, policies and policys that affect the lives of women HBWs;

Disseminating knowledge on emerging issues and innovative solutions with regard to

women HBWs through effective use of new and traditional information and

communications technologies and materials;

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Experimentation on the “how to” of improving the lives and livelihoods of women HBWs

through strategic piloting so that concrete experience can inform mainstream strategies.

Against the stated strategies, the evaluation observed that in each one of provinces, the focus

was on the first three, i.e. advocacy and policy dialogue; building sustainable knowledge and

action networks, and capacity building of women HBWs, their networks and relevant key

actors.

The first strategy was given more priority and perhaps rightly so. A lot of emphasis was

placed on participation in developing a policy framework and advocacy for HBWs. Pakistan

government had already three bills have been passed in its National Assembly. With regard

to building sustainable knowledge and action networks, the registration of national HNP and

HNSA should be seen as a key indicator of success. However, further down, in terms of

organizing HBWs from different parts of the country or engaging with like-minded member-

based organizations, success was limited due to reasons like lack of follow up activities. Not

only is regular interaction imperative, but more concerted efforts will be needed for

identifying. Similarly, with regard to capacity building of HBWs, initiative at the national

level were taken from time to time . They organized exposure visits and ensured participation

of HBWs, though in limited number at trade fairs and exhibitions organized within the

country. A few skill development training workshops were organized for HBWs. However,

these activities were not a regular feature due to resource constraints. As regards the last two

strategies – disseminating knowledge on emerging issues and innovative solutions; and

experimentation through strategic piloting – more concrete measures may be needed in the

future. Though the policy has used resources and communication materials like newsletters,

posters and pamphlets to disseminate information about their rights amongst the HBWs yet,

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in absence of a policy proper implementation, much has not been achieved. However, a good

initiative has been given visibility to the issue of HBWs.

As regards progress with respect to demonstrating pilot approaches to social protection or

promoting fair trade practices, more concrete measures are required in future. Another

challenge is to make HBWs aware about these social protection schemes and their rights.

Similarly, the efforts towards promoting fair-trade practices were found to be limited. It was

observed that HNP put in greater efforts towards advocacy for the above two strategies rather

than share concrete examples of success stories. For the next phase of the policy a major

challenge would be to develop a code of conduct for fair trade practices and advocacy

amongst the private employers and ensuring its acceptance and implementation.

6.Conclusion

It is necessary to condition here that the use of the five requirements to assess the program is

based on information created available at the specific nationwide HomeNets. Due to non-

availability of the break-up of the finance usage for different actions undertaken during the

program interval, the research of design of usage of the resources could not be done.

Moreover, in the lack of any standards being set against the actions listed in the sensible

structure designed for the program, it was challenging to do a comparative assessment.

Information provided by HNP, around 56,000 HBWs are allegedly associated with HNP. The

Programme Administrator of HNP, clarified: “Till now, HNP didn’t cost any account fee, but

recently the concept has been distributed among associates and participant companies to seek

their opinions on the same.”21 In 2004-05, information on companies working for HBWs

was collected for initially. The determine of 2003 was in accordance with the perform out

performed by Aurat Base.

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Further, HNP as part of its loyalty actions went out and engaged 538 member organizations,

mainly at the region stage across Pakistan. Along with Sungi Base, one of the key participant

companies, the program of HNP has its existence in more than 60 districts of Pakistan. Like

its alternatives in other nations, HNP targeted its resources on raising attention on HBWs. For

example, it proactively assisted visibility trips for around 100 HBWs and structured a variety

of attention conferences for 585 HBWs in five provinces of Pakistan. HNP also structured 15

loyality roundtables with 462 councillors, legislators, attorneys and press individuals to

purposeful on the privileges of HBWs. During the programme interval, HNP assisted four

two-day lawful knowledge classes with 214 participants, such as attorneys, press experts,

public activists and councillors. According to the Programme Administrator of HNP, the

significant resource of financing was HNSA. On efforts put to mobilize resources from other

resources, she included, “There was no technique in the initial program stage to create

initiatives to message for exterior contributors. However, since 2007, concerted initiatives

have been created to obtain more resources from the partner organizations. There has been a

aware effort to prevent replication of perform and use the skills of one another.

Initially, the resources from FNV, IUP, SAARC and UNIFEM were channelized through

HNSA.

Now, however, apart from HNSA and UNIFEM, HNP is straight getting resources from the

International Labor Company. HNP is also working carefully with Sungi Base, and expects to

get some resources later on for short-term projects. HNP also structured a regional perform

shop in delayed 2008 as part of encounter discussing and studying. As regards employees,

HomeNet Pakistan consists of a nationwide manager, a program official at the national level,

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and three central individuals in Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar. Currently, HNP is operating

from the property of its central organization, Aurat Base.

To sum up, it may be said that HNP, which obtained on a normal 30000 USD per annum

(Source: UNIFEM SARO), like other nationwide HomeNets has invested on loyality

initiatives and mapping of HBWs. However, it is significant that HNP extended its program

much more actively and efficiently than the other nations.

One purpose among others, for efficient usage of resources by the four nationwide HomeNets

was the assistance they obtained from the central companies. In Nepal, it was HNSA and

other HomeNets which given the necessary assistance to HNN.

On performance part, as the HomeNets could not discuss the facts of usage of financial

resources, the research could not indicate on the the best possible usage of resources in

situation of availability of less resources. In the existing set up, the significant gap observed

was lack of a Control Information System (MIS) at the nationwide HomeNets stage. This

served as a constraint in maintaining information and tracking of finance usage.

In Pakistan, apart from signing up of HNP and the applying perform out to carry HBWs in

the network, the program was able to sensitize the political figures and plan creators on the

economic and public privileges of HBWs. Moreover to creating of a nationwide plan on

HBWs,

Pakistan may be seen as a innovator among the states as a invoice was approved in one

Provincial Set up (Balochistan) and three expenses (Working Females [Protection of Rights]

Act, 2008; House Centered Employees Social Security Act, 2008; In-House Working Women

35 | P a g e


Protection Act, 2008) were tabled in the National Set up of Pakistan to create sure social

protection for ladies HBWs.

The conversation above delivers out that the program was efficient in assisting the increased

potential of local and nationwide HomeNets. However, some holes were noticed which

restricted the program performance.

7.Recommendations

Lobby with the champions of the cause for the passage of the three bills favoring

HBWs by the National Assembly.

Ensure that statistics on HBWs is collated during labor and other related surveys conducted

by Pakistan’s Federal Bureau of Statistics.

Build the capacity of HNP staff for maintaining the records on funds utilization and activities

undertaken. With expansion of membership of HNP, it becomes even more important to

monitor activities and keep track of the follow-up with the members and MBOs.

Work more effectively towards bringing more women HBWs in its fold. It ensures that

individual HBWs (who are not associated with any organization or group working with or for

HBWs) are not left out.

Set up its own office to give more visibility to the network. This will be in accordance with

the exit policy suggested for focal organizations.

Use its regional offices more effectively for advocacy both with policy makers and with

media to highlight the issues concerning HBWs, particularly women.

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Update its website and give contact details of its programme offices in different provinces so

that HBWs or any agency presently not in the network could contact them in case they need

any assistance.

8.Lesson Learnt

While evaluating this project we got to have an in depth knowledge of this area and came to

know about the things , we know not earlier and definitely these concepts their application

which we have learned will help me in future, to analyze many situational aspects of politics,

culture and sociology in Pakistan with a more deep insight .

We got to know about the Home based industries, their functioning and the problems being

faced by the workers.

We got to know that what could be the possible recommendations that needs to be practiced

for the betterment of this policy and its stakeholders

9.Good practices

The system interval also exposed some praiseworthy initiatives that led to great outcomes,

which actually are very amazing in characteristics.

Lobbying with People’s Associates in Pakistan: At the system implementation level, one of

the methods value copying is the effective participation of political figures for the passage of

plan and Functions for the power of HBWs. This was discovered extensive in the situation of

Pakistan. Lobbying with the people’s representatives has proven great outcomes with the

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release of three expenses in the Nationwide Set up towards guaranteeing better perform

circumstances and offering public security to the HBWs. The moving of a quality in

Baluchistan Region Set up of Pakistan is another popular result.

Offices at Local stage in Pakistan: An excellent programmatic strategy was taken by

HomeNet Pakistan, which could be copied by other states. They have a HomeNet office/focal

individual at three locations, namely, Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar. This ensures better

sychronisation and frequent connections with HBWs.

References

http://wiego.org/informal-economy/home-based-workers-policies-pakistan

http://www.homenetpakistan.org/revised/newsletter.php?nID=1

http://www.paycheck.pk/main/labour-laws/maternity-work/home-based-workers-in-pakistan

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http://www.paycheck.pk/main/labour-laws/maternity-work/home-based-workers-in-pakistan

http://www.homenetpakistan.org/revised/newsletter.php?nID=1

http://wiego.org/informal-economy/home-based-workers-policies-pakistan

public policy

Documents

Transcript of public policy