Public Policy

Graham [Ch 8 in Wiarda]

4 elements

processcomplexity & sectorscross-nationalcentral state

Graham’s study

role of state in “late modernizers” 15 yr study of devlpt program

adminstrationIntergovernment management

experienceMex, Portugal, Romania (+Braz & FYR)Note demands on time for interviews

311 semi-structured & exploratory

Focus

Functional field systemsIntegrated prefectural systemsUnintegrated prefectural systems

Systems

FFS: extensive decentralization FYR, Brazil, US

IPS: prefect reports to centre CommE.Eur, pre 74 Portugal

UPS: delegation to region office Mex, post 74 Portugal

Cross-culture

reliance on state in mixed & socialist FYR devolved Mex raionalized Port/Rom insured local autonomy

Thousands of programs no significant reduction of state

activity

Study

Focus on policy implementationDependent v = dev policy across time

“allocation of $ to accomplish public goals

Independent v’s 1 econ/pol structure 2 admin org 3 role expectations of bureaucrats

Indicators

1 practices in allocation/ status of individuals and groups/ infor and compliance mechanisms/ authority patterns [how to measure?]

2 pub orgs and sub-units3 ideology/ soc norms/ org. values/

reference group ID

Questions

What resources 1966-81 what determined policy who was involved what was impact feedback

[implementation focus??!]

Overcoming obstacles

Resistance to interviews“limited anticipated results”! [182]don’t be tied to interview guide

Findings

Sub-national unit more effective unit of analysis than community

unitary/federal best predictor of program implementation differences

interesting interaction regional/fed unbalanced devlptfield admin best way to get at

central/decentralized mix

Back to basics

Massive state interventionScarce talentState-socialist regimesgovt. the only sector assuming

responsibility for transformation

Analysis

Include all public servantsManagerial roles in implementationStructure-function

Power styles

Informationstructureinhibition of

democracy

pre-occupation with status

lack of senior managers in colonial

Economic development

Devlpt requires innovationCan bureaucracy modernize

economy without itself becoming modern?

May pre-empt rise of entrepreneurs Merchants harassed Tax a system of tribute

Political development

Differentiation of functions?Premature bureaucracy?Democracy requires separationModernization requires politicized

bureaucracyDecentralization one compromise