Public Participation and Waste Minimization & Techniques ...joics.org/gallery/ics-2093.pdf ·...

Public Participation and Waste Minimization &

Techniques: A Case Study of Bilaspur City, Chhattisgarh

Dr.Narendranath Guria*

Mrs Tulu Mandal**

Asstt.Prof. Chaitanya College, Pamgarh Chhattisgarh.*

Mail [email protected]

Asstt. Teacher, Harek Nagar A.M. Institution HS, Beldanga, (W.B).**

Abstract

Recycling is also widely used by industry and developed to residential wastage material

to utility of waste product. It is process of removing a substance from a waste and returning it to

productive use. Source separation keeps total municipal waste from contaminating non

hazardous waste through management particles that the waste from coming into contact. Besides

reducing disposal coast, source separation reduces landing and transpiration. Manufacturing

process changes consists of either eliminating a process that produces a hazardous waste. So

there no longer produce municipal waste in Bilaspur Corporation. Substitution product of

Bilaspur city also can sometime eliminate use of a wastage material. Quantities of wastes to be

treated since batch that are too small to large cannot be economically handled or transported.

Markets for the recycled products and the fluctuations in the price that occur due to various

reasons in the city. Management of municipal waste, rather than incurring the coasts and risks

of managing waste. It has been recognized, it is better to reduce the generation of waste.

Introduction

These actions take place prior to a material becoming part of the municipal waste stream,

and at the generator level or before. One example of source reduction is a manufacturer reducing

the amount of packaging used to ship and display a product. An individual resident could achieve

source reduction by bringing bags to the grocery store to package their purchases rather than

obtaining new bags, or composting yard waste in their back yard. One reduction example, which

is applicable to business, governmental and home offices, is double-sided copying. This can save

up to 50 percent of the paper used in documents. Many source reduction decisions are beyond

the realm of municipal programs and are made by individual manufacturers, citizens and

businesses. Reuse is a waste management technique where a product is reused for its original

purpose in a new application without undergoing physical change. For example, building

Journal of Information and Computational Science

Volume 9 Issue 12 - 2019

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materials that are removed during renovation or demolition, such as a sink, can be installed in

another building.

Recycling is important for several reasons. 1) Recycling conserves natural resources.

Some of these natural resources such as oil, natural gas and minerals are non-renewable

resources. Simply put, they don’t get replaced as we pull them out of the ground. Once they’re

gone, they’re gone forever. 2) Recycling conserves landfill space. Landfill space will last

longer if we only put items that are not recyclable into them. It costs a great deal of money to

build a landfill and we need to be careful how much and how fast we fill them up. 3)

Recycling employs people. Recycling employs people who a) collect the recyclable material,

b) process the material or get it ready to sell to a manufacturer, c) transport the materials to

factories where it will be turned into new products, d) take the material and manufacture it

into new products, e) manufacture equipment and products used by the recycling industry,

and f) manage local, state and federal government recycling programs and private and non-

profit recycling programs. 4) Recycling conserves energy. Without question, recycling

conserves the energy that would be necessary to create the same product from its raw

resource. 5) Recycling reduces our dependence on overseas natural resources. This is

important in two very important ways, a) it reduces our dependence on overseas oil and gas

which has national security implications and b) it reduces our foreign trade deficit which is

important to the strength of our economy.

Disposal

Final and ultimate fate of all solid wastes:

I. Landfilling

II. Landspreading

A sanitary landfill is defined as a land disposal site employing an engineered method of

disposing of solid wastes on land in a manner that minimizes environmental hazards by:

spreading the solid wastes to the smallest practical volume, and applying and compacting cover

material as the end of each day

Source Reduction

1. Most effective way to reduce involves:

I. The quantity of waste

II. The cost associated with its handling, and

III. Its environment impact

2. Waste reduction may occur:

I. through the design, manufacture & packaging of

II. products with

III. minimum toxic content

IV. minimum volume of material, or a longer useful life



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3. Through selective buying patterns and the reuse of products & materials

Recycling

Important factors to help reduce the demand on resources, and the amount of waste requiring

disposal by landfilling involves:

1) the separation & collection of waste materials

2) the preparation of these materials for reuse, reprocessing, and manufacture; and

3) the re-use, re-processing, and re-manufacture of these materials

Waste Transformation

I. involves the physical, chemical, or biological alteration of wastes

II. purpose of application

III. to improve efficiency of solid waste management operations and systems,

IV. to recover reusable and recyclable materials

V. to recover conversion products (e.g. compost) and energy in the form of heat and

combustible biogas

MSW Management Activities

On-site handling and separation activities associated with management of wastes until they

are placed in storage containers for collection handling encompasses. the movement of loaded

containers to the point of collection separation of waste components important step in handling

and storage of solid waste at source at source best place to separate waste materials for reuse or

recycling Pappu. A , Saxena M, Shyam R.& Asolekar,(2009) . On-site storage major concern:

public health and aesthetic Considerations. On-site processing involves activities such as

compaction and yard waste composting.

Collection

Collection includes not only the gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials, but

also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the vehicle is

emptied. The collection and transporting of waste, from household to transfer station to

materials recovery facility to landfill or wherever, is an exercise in vehicle selection and route

optimization. All Bilaspur urban areas have some type of collection system, be it elementary or

sophisticated. Urban areas are continuously evolving and collection systems become more

difficult with time, except in the super cities or the developing world, where the collection or

treatment system is not keeping pace with population growth.

Composting process

Earthworms are actually a good sign of healthy soil. Vermi-composting, which is the

use of earthworms in composting, is very important in the composting process. In fact,

earthworms can greatly speed up the composting process and the castings, earthworm poop, is

high in nitrogen.



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Source Reduction

Source reduction is, in very simple terms, creating the same product with less waste or

materials, including hazardous and non-hazardous waste materials. Source reduction occurs

during the early stages of the manufacturing of a product. If source reduction is done properly

by the manufacturer, a manufactured item will be made using less waste materials

which means less materials landfilled, incinerated, or recycled by either manufacturer,

retailer or consumer. The reduction of packaging waste is one prominent example of source

reduction seen by the consumer.

What can people do to support source reduction?

Most of the time source reduction is something that industry does to create less solid or

hazardous waste in the production end of a manufactured product. The consumers can, in a

limited way, support source reduction by carefully watching what they purchase at the store.

Look for, support and buy products that have minimal packaging and products that are

refillable, reusable, and rechargeable. This helps in source reduction of solid and hazardous

waste. When consumers purchase packaging intensive products such as single-serving and

disposable products, you are effectively telling the industry that you support these resource

wasting products, and to please keep making them. Often this will cause a product that is

made of multiple uses to be eventually discontinued due to consumer choice and demand for

disposable products.

Source reduction for the environment

Source reduction is definitely good for the environment. It is actually a better

alternative than recycling, incineration and land filling Gorai B, Jana RK, Premchand.

(2003) . In the case of source reduction, if you don’t produce the waste in the first place then

there is nothing to recycle, incinerate or landfill. Source reduction means fewer resources are

used in the production of a product.

Source reduction

Industry has over the last several years made aluminum cans and plastic bottles

lighter. Industry calls this technique light weighting. There is less material going into the

construction of the container, but at the same time keeping the container strength high

enough where the container won’t break if dropped. Example 2: The process of repainting

(removal of old paint) airplanes was often done with chemical strippers that were harmful to

the environment and the workers doing the paint removal. This process often resulted in

thousands of pounds of hazardous materials being disposed of at a large cost after the

project was completed. Today planes are often repainted using small plastic beads shot at a

high velocity to efficiently remove the paint from the plane. The beads can then be reused

numerous times before being recycled into new plastic products. Example 3: Industry has

reduced the amount of packaging waste that goes into products. Some products, such as



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deodorant, use to be sold in a box, but now are sold as standalone containers of the store

shelves.

Burned in an incinerator

All incinerators are required to be permitted by the state of Mississippi. Some facilities

are permitted to burn municipal and industrial solid waste which generally includes

household garbage, corrugated, and office paper, and plastics. Other incinerators may be

permitted to burn medical wastes, hazardous wastes, and/or chipped scrap tires Hsing HJ,

Wang FK, Chiang PC, Yang WF. (2004).

Incinerator for the environment

Incinerators can be good for the environment simply because they greatly reduce the

volume of materials that go to the landfills. In some cases, incinerators are permitted to

burn hazardous wastes which would otherwise be buried in the ground in a hazardous waste

landfill.

How does an incinerator work?

Waste material is brought to the incinerator facility where it is loaded into one of

several burn chambers. The waste is burned for several hours until it is reduced to ashes and

molten metal. The remaining ash is then transported to a landfill for final disposal.

Incinerator helps to reduce pollution

Incinerators are permitted to emit certain air pollutants within a range that is not harmful

to human health and the environment. The incinerator must be designed with appropriate

pollution control equipment that removes small particles from the emissions prior to the

discharge into the atmosphere. In burning the waste, an incinerator reduces the volume of

waste material going to the landfill by 80 to 90%.

Incinerators hazardous to plants, animals, and people

When operated as permitted, incinerators should not be hazardous to plants, animals

and people.

Need to burn garbage in incinerators

Incinerators are one of several options for disposal of solid and hazardous waste. Local

planners and government leaders determine which the most economical measures for

disposing of solid is and hazardous waste. Depending on the location and amount of waste, an

incinerator could be an economical way of disposing of waste.

Household Hazardous Waste

Household hazardous wastes are wastes that can be found around the home that are 1)



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flammable – burns easily, 2) toxic – poisonous or capable of causing acute illness, 3) corrosive

– eats through other materials, and 4) reactive – capable of exploding if exposed to heat, air,

water or shock.

Why do we produce household hazardous waste?

Household hazardous waste is produced from products we use around the house such as

oven cleaners, drain openers, yard chemicals, paint/stains, and paint removers/thinners.

Household waste be disposed of safely

Household cleaners should be completely used if at all possible to reduce the amount for

disposal. Take leftover chemicals to a household hazardous waste collection event if one is

conducted in your area.

Litter and Litter Prevention

Litter is simply scattered misplaced solid waste/garbage. Littering can be someone

throwing a can, cigarette or napkin out the car window, trash blowing out the back of a pickup

truck or garbage truck, or someone throwing their household trash onto the side of the road.

Littering affect animals and environment

Yes, littering can affect plants, animals and our environment. When animals ingest litter

or cross a busy road or highway to get to litter that has the scent of food on it, they can be put

into danger by cars or trucks travelling that road. The environment can be effected by littering

because some little such as motor oil containers deposited on the side of the road or similar

automotive waste can wash into nearby streams or lakes impacting fish and wildlife.

Littering is wasteful

Littering wastes millions of tax dollars each year when government has to pay for the

cleanup and removal of litter from highways, streets and beaches across the state. If people had

put this trash in a garbage container, or a car trash bag, the trash would not have had to been

cleaned up on the sides of the roads.

Illegal Dumping/Burn Barrels

Illegal dumping and burn barrels are two illegal ways in which some people dispose of

their garbage. Dumping garbage on the side of the road or out in the rural area behind your

home is illegal. The same goes for burning your garbage in a burn barrel or 55 gallon steel

drum.

Illegal dumping and burn barrels

We have people who dump garbage illegally or who burn garbage in burn barrels

because they don’t know any better, or because they refuse to pay for garbage



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collection/disposal. This doesn’t change the fact that this is against the laws of the state if

Chhattisgarh.

Bad for the environment and community

Illegal dumping can contaminate nearby rivers, streams and lakes. It can contaminate

underground water resources which the majority of urban people use for drinking water.

Illegal dumps can also be very harmful to wildlife in the immediate area and may cause health

risks to people who live nearby. Burning your garbage in a burn barrel can cause immediate

harm to local air quality, especially to nearby homes and the playgrounds. Various toxic

pollutants are given off in the burning of various waste materials.

Are illegal dumps cleaned up in Class-I City Chhattisgarh?

Illegal dumps are cleaned up in Bilaspur, Raipur, Raigarh, Durg, Bhilai, Korba as we

learn about their location. Quite often it is left to local government to clean these sites in a

timely manner before they get out of control. County or municipal governments may receive

grant monies from the Chhattisgarh Department of Environmental Quality to assist in cleaning

an illegal dump site.

Landfills

Simply put, a landfill is a large excavation in the ground prepared specifically for the

disposal of garbage. More technically, landfills are highly engineered facilities with elaborate

pollution control systems to ensure what is placed there will not leak into underground water

resources, nor allow gases to migrate off-site Asokan P, Saxena M, Asolekar SR.

(2005). These pollution control systems include a plastic liner in the bottom of the landfill,

an underground drainage system over the liner to allow contaminants to drain to a point for

removal and treatment, and groundwater monitoring systems around the perimeter of the

landfill. Landfills are the most common way we deal with our municipal solid waste in

Bilaspur City area. If you came to a landfill facility, you would first pass by a truck scale.

This scale literally weighs the garbage truck going in while it is full of materials and again on

the way out after it has dumped its load so they know how much material was disposed on

site.

Table No1

Bilaspur City: Municipal Solid Waste Dump Yards

NO. of dump yard with plan 5

Location of the dump yard with

plan

Sarkhanda



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Area of dump yard 3.5 Ar

Life expectancy of the dump site 30

Total no. of years in use 30

Waste disposed per day 210 MT

Area available for composting Nil

Is there any open burning 28 Open burning

Is there any dedicated landfill? Nil

Source: Field Survey 2018

Table No.2

Bilaspur City: Existing Manpower available with SWM

Sanitary Zone 11 No of Sanitary Inspector 10

Total No of Wards 55 No of Supervisors 1/ward

No of Wards under

NGO/Pvt

30 No of Sweepers 250

Under Municipal 25 No of Wards door to door collected 14

Source: Field Survey, 2018

Table No. 3.0 Bilaspur City: Staff position of Municipal Corporation

Sanitation workers deployed for

collection

65 Sweeper / population ratio in

each ward

1:1050

Sanitation workers deployed for

transportation

30 Sweeper / road length in each

ward

7: 15

Sanitation workers/Wards 6 Sweeper / supervisor in each

ward

6:1




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Table No. 4

Bilaspur City: Transportation of MSW

No of vehicles 16 Quantity of waste transport

in each shift

4.1 MT

No of trips/one shift 3 Waste transported each day 160 MT

No of vehicles used in each shift 12 No of area notified each day 7

No of trips made to the disposal site 5 No of bin clear during the

day

14


Table No.5

Bilaspur City: Solid Waste Management Scenario

Management scenario Other Indicators

Total Waste Generated/day (tones) 350 Per Capita Waste Generated

(Grams/day)

480

Waste Collected (tones) 180 Collection Performance (%) 70

No. of Vehicles 28 Vehicle Capacity-(% of

Waste Generated)

40

No. of Labour engaged in conservancy 300 Road Length/Conservancy

Staff (Meter)

650

No. of Disposal Sites 3 Sanitation Labour / Ward 6

Source: Field Survey 2018

Different types of landfills

There are four basic types of landfills for disposing of various types of non-hazardous solid

waste. A) There are landfills for use in the disposal of municipal and industrial non-

hazardous solid waste (Subtitle D Landfills). These materials come from residential

garbage, non-hazardous industrial solid waste and numerous sludges. B) There are landfills

that are designed strictly for industrial wastes such as paper mill sludges, foundry wastes,

chemical manufacturing wastes and other industrial waste by-products. C) There are also



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Class I Rubbish Landfills which receive for disposal construction and demolition debris

(wood, metal, etc.), brick, mortar, concrete, stone, asphalt, corrugated boxes, natural

vegetation (tree limbs, stumps, and leaves), sawdust, wood shavings, wood chips, appliances

(other than refrigerators and air conditioners) and other similar wastes. D) There are also Class

II Rubbish Landfills which receive for disposal natural vegetation (tree limbs, stumps, and

leaves), brick, mortar, concrete, stone, asphalt, and other similar rubbish table no all show.

Table No.6. Bilaspur City: Major sources of Bio-medical waste, 2018

Units No of % of quantity

Hospitals 3 15

Clinics 30 30

Nursing homes 25 30

Dispensaries 15 15

Laboratories and Research c 1 5

Blood banks 4 2

Paramedic services 2 1

Autopsy centres 1 1

Blood donation camps 4 1

Total 100 %


Waste Minimization Techniques

Waste minimization represents those activities that prevent or minimize the amount of

waste generated. This will allow for the most efficient use of resources, minimize the impact on

health and the environment and lower disposal costs. Researchers and laboratory workers have

the most knowledge of chemical analyses and processes, and for that reason they are best suited

to make determinations on how to minimize waste. There are five main categories of activity that

can help to minimize the amount of hazardous chemical waste that is generated:



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Segregation

By following these segregation guidelines, researchers can reduce a significant amount of waste

in their laboratories.

• Hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste should always be segregated. When non-

hazardous waste is mixed with hazardous waste, it creates a mixture that is considered hazardous

waste.

• Avoid experiments that produce mixed wastes that contain both radioactive and hazardous

chemical waste. Currently there are no available disposal outlets for certain types of mixed waste.

The Radiation Safety Section must also be contacted prior to generation of a mixed waste.

• Collect halogenated solvents and non-halogenated solvents in separate containers. This

allows for some solvents generated in the laboratory to be recycled and used for other laboratory

applications.

• Keep organic wastes separate from metal containing or inorganic wastes.

• Collect highly toxic chemical waste (i.e. cyanides, osmium tetroxide) and all other

chemical waste in separate containers.

Challenges and potentials for recycling and utilisation of solid wastes

variation in physico-chemical properties of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste as

compared with sand, cement and clayey soil. It is known that, pure clay alone is not a

good material to make bricks due to its high plasticity, which develops cracks. But

reducing the plasticity by means of admixing non-plastic media will certainly improve

the quality of bricks. The engineering properties (Atterberg limits) such as liquid limit,

plastic limit and plasticity Index of clay soil are 31.78%, 18.94% and 12.84%,

respectively. As per the Indian the plasticity index (15–25%) and the clay content

indicates that the soil has a good potential for m a k i n g quality bricks.

F ig N o . 1 Bilaspur City: Solid and hazardous waste management



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Table No.7

Bilaspur City: Different recyclable waste material

Different

recyclable

waste material

collected by

waste pickers

(name and

price)No.

Waste material Colloquial name Price at which sold to

waste dealer (Rs./kg.

1. PLASTIC

Pet. bottles(mineral water

bottles)

Rain coat

2

2. Milk packets Plastic 6

3. Hard plastic like shampoo

bottles

Pack 7

4. Plastic thread, fibers, ropes

chair cane

Cane 6-7

5. Plastic cups and glasses LDPE,

PP

Fresh PP 7-8

6. PAPER

White paper used in

offices/Press cutting

Saphed (white) 3

7. Mixed shredded paper Raddi 2

8. Mixed paper 2 Nos. Raddi 0.50-0.75

9. Cartons and brown packing

papers

Box 2.50

10. Fresh newspaper Pack 4.50-5.00

11. Carton sheets Raddi 4.50-5.0

12. Tetra pack Gtta sheet 2



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13. GLASS

Broken glass

Shisha 0.50

14. Bottles (Beer) Bottle 2

15. ALUMINIUM

Beer and cold drink cans

50

16. Deodorant, perfume bottles 50

17. Electrical wires 40

18. Aluminium foil Foil 20

17. Other metals - Steel utensils Steel Bartan 20

17. Copper wire Tamba 80

Gross profit earned per day

(Rs.)


RECYCLING

Recycling is a process where resources that would become part of the waste stream for

disposal are diverted and processed for use in the production of new products. Recycling

primarily addresses materials such as ferrous metals, aluminium, other non-ferrous metals, glass,

plastic and paper fibber. These materials must be collected, separated, cleaned and aggregated

into industrial quantities before they can be utilized by industry in new products. Recycling saves

the extraction and processing of virgin materials such as iron ore, and avoids the resulting

environmental impacts.

INCINERATION

Incineration is the combustion of MSW without energy recovery. Incineration of MSW in

large fixed installations without energy recovery is essentially no longer practiced in the

Chhattisgarh state, mainly due to air emissions standards and the resultant cost of pollution

control equipment.



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Table No.8

Class-I City: Budget details of MSW

Heads Budget Expenditure

in lacs

Purchase of vehicle for cleaning purpose of solid waste

by J.C.B. Hand Trolley

2005-06 50.00

Wages & Allowance 2005-06 50.00

Purchasing of fuel for vehicle. 2005-06 70.00

Contract for cleaning by private sector. 2005-06 15.00

Repairing of vehicle and Hand Trolley. 2005-06 0.50

Special cleaning work. 2005-06 25.00

Construction of Mutton Market & Badhsala 2005-06 150.00

Management for implementation work for city solid

waste.

2005-06 10.00

Construction of waste House/purchase. 2005-06 7.00

Purchasing of sanitary items. TOTAL 476.50

Source Municipal Corporation, Bilaspur (C.G)

• Determine if there are other uses for chemicals. Establish a recycling program for the

laboratory and consult with neighboring labs, departments or areas to find a use for the chemicals.

Unopened containers are ideal for redistribution.*

• Conduct treatment, neutralization and/or detoxification of hazardous waste in laboratories

where the actual treatment procedure is part of the experiment.

• Be sure to purchase compressed gas cylinders, including lecture bottles, from suppliers

who will accept the empty cylinders. Empty gas cylinders should be returned to the supplier.



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Preventing Mixed Waste

A "mixed waste" is a waste that contains any combination of chemical, radioactive or biological

hazards. These "multi-hazardous" wastes are extremely difficult and expensive to dispose of

because the treatment method for one of the hazards is often inappropriate for the treatment of

another. For example, an infectious agent mixed with a volatile hazardous solvent cannot be

autoclaved due to the potential release of solvent into the work environment. For some multi-

hazardous wastes (radioactive/chemical) there may be no disposal outlets available today.

Researchers should review the processes that generate mixed waste and find practical methods to

eliminate or at least minimize and effectively manage the mixed waste generated. Minimization

of mixed waste can be achieved by modifying laboratory processes, improving operations, or

using substitute materials. Whenever possible a multi-hazardous waste should be reduced to a

waste with a single hazard so that it can be managed and treated accordingly.

The following guidelines describe the different types of mixed waste and provide methods to

eliminate and/or minimize the generation of mixed waste in laboratories.



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2.

Detail Source Reduction technique of waste minimisation

Reduction at Source is one of the classifications of waste minimisation (WM)

techniques. There are 4 techniques of WM under Source reduction which are

discussed below:

a) Good Housekeeping: Systems to prevent leakages & spillages

through preventive maintenance schedules and routine equipment

inspections. Also, well-written working instructions, supervision and

regular training of workforce would facilitate good housekeeping.

b) Process Change:

(i) Input Material Change - Substitution of input materials by

eco-friendly (non-toxic or less toxic than existing and

renewable) material preferably having longer service time.

(ii) Better Process Control - Modifications of the working

procedures, machine-operating instructions and process record

keeping in order to run the processes at higher efficiency and

with lower waste generation and emissions.

(iii) Equipment Modification - Modification of existing

production equipment and utilities, for instance, by the addition

of measuring and controlling devices, in order to run the

processes at higher efficiency and lower waste and emission

generation rates.

(iv) Technology Change - Replacement of the technology,

processing sequence and/or synthesis route, in order to

minimise waste and emission generation during production.

c) Recycling:

(i) On-site Recovery and Reuse - Reuse of wasted materials

in the same process or for another useful application within

the industry.

(ii) Production of Useful by-product - Modification of the waste

generation process in order to transform the wasted material into

a material that can be reused or recycled for another application

within or outside the company.



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d) Product Modification:

Characteristics of the product can be modified to minimise the environmental

impacts of its production or those of the product itself during or after its use

(disposal).

Conclusion

During different industrial, mining, agricultural and domestic activities, India

produces annually about 960 MT of solid wastes as by-products, which pose major

environmental and ecological problems besides occupying a large area of land for their

storage/disposal. Looking t o such huge quantity of wastes as minerals or resources, there is

a tremendous scope for setting up secondary industries for recycling and using such solid

wastes in construction materials. Though many lab processes, products and technologies

have been developed based on agro-industrial wastes, non-acceptability of the alternative and

newly developed products among users due to lack of awareness and confidence is to be

removed. However, environment friendly, energy efficient and cost effective alternative

materials developed from solid wastes will show good market potential to cater to

people’s needs in rural and urban areas.

Reference

Asokan P, Saxena M, Asolekar SR. (2005) Coal combustion residues- environmental

implications and recycling potentials. Resources, Conservation & Recycling;43:239–62

Gorai B, Jana RK, Premchand. (2003) Characteristics and ut i l isation o f copper slag -

/a review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling; 39:299–313.

Haque A, Mujtaba IM, Bell JNB. (2000)A simple model for complex waste recycling

scenarios i n developing e con omic s . Waste M anage men t ; 20:625–31.

Hsing HJ, Wang FK, Chiang PC, Yang WF. (2004) Hazardous wastes transboundary

movement management: a case study in Taiwan. Resources, Conservation and



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Recycling;40:329–41.

Pappu. A , Saxena M, Shyam R.& Asolekar,(2009) Solid wastes generation in India and their

recycling potential in building materials, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Habib Ganj

Naka, Bhopal

Saxena SC, Jotshi CK. (1996) Management and combustion of hazardous wastes. Progress

in Energy and Combustion Science;22:401–25

Yoshizawa S, Tanaka M, Shekdar AV (2004). Global trends in waste generation. In:

Gaballah I, Mishar B, Solozabal R, Tanaka M, editors. Recycling, wast e treatment

and clean technology. Spain: TMS Mineral, Metals and Materials publishers;. p. 1541–52

(II).



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