Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002

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Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 In an effort to further enhance federal and state efforts to prepare for and respond to the threat of bioterrorism and other public health emergencies, the 107th Congress enacted “The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Response Act of 2002” (H.R. 3448).

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Page 1: Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002

Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002

In an effort to further enhance federal and state efforts to prepare for and respond to the threat of bioterrorism and other public health emergencies, the 107th Congress enacted “The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Response Act of 2002” (H.R. 3448).

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Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002

The Act addresses national, state, and local preparedness and response planning and security issues.

It reauthorizes or amends several important grant programs established under the Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act and the Public Health Service Act, and also provides significant new grant opportunities for states and local governments.

The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act authorizes $1.6 billion to implement state plans and conduct additional preparedness activities, subject to congressional appropriation.

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Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002

The Act also addresses other related public health security issues. Some of these provisions include:

new controls on biological agents and toxins, additional safety and security measures affecting the nation’s

food and drug supply, additional safety and security measures affecting the nation’s

drinking water, measures affecting the Strategic National Stockpile and

development of priority countermeasures to bioterrorism The CDC's Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) has large

quantities of medicine and medical supplies to protect the American public if there is a public health emergency (terrorist attack, flu outbreak, earthquake) severe enough to cause local supplies to run out.  

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Bioterrorism and Healthcare Facilities

Healthcare facilities may be the initial site of recognition and response to bioterrorism events.

If a bioterrorism event is suspected, local emergency response systems should be activated.

Notification should immediately include local infection control personnel and the healthcare facility administration, and prompt communication with the local and state health departments, FBI field office, local police, CDC, and medical emergency services.

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Suspicious Packages Guidance on Initial Responses to a Suspicious Letter /

Container With a Potential Biological Threat The FBI – DHS – HHS/CDC have developed

guidelines as recommendations for local responders, based on existing procedures (including recommendations from the International Association of Fire Chiefs).

The document provides guidance on the initial response to a suspicious letter/container and other follow-up response plans.

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Suspicious Package Poster

Spearheaded by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service and Department of Homeland Security, this effort to deliver a single message from the agencies most responsible for handling a wide range of security issues was joined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

The new version of Poster 84 illustrates common characteristics of a suspicious mail piece and recommends actions to take in the event such a mail piece is identified.

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Mail Processing Safety

The United States Postal Inspection Service has developed guidelines for mail processing centers with their Mail Center Security.

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Pandemics

A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. A flu pandemic occurs when a new influenza

virus emerges for which people have little or no immunity, and for which there is no vaccine.

The disease spreads easily person-to-person, causes serious illness, and can sweep across the country and around the world in a very short time.

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Pandemics

Pandemics originating from new strains of virus occur with some regularity (roughly every 30 to 40 years). 

Pandemics are of concern because of the potential for millions of deaths.  In perhaps the worst case of an influenza A pandemic, that of 1918 - 1919, some 30 million people died worldwide.

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Black Death In the 1300’s Black Death spread throughout Europe and was responsible

for the deaths of one quarter of the population of Europe. The disease is believed to have started in China earlier in the century and

the Chinese are thought to have used infected bodies to contaminate their enemies.

This helped the disease to spread as did ships that are thought to have carried the disease to Europe and the Mediterranean.

Black death was spread by fleas that were carried by rats and other rodents. Because towns were overcrowded and unsanitary at the time, there was

little to prevent the disease from spreading. From 1349-1350, between 20 and 40 percent of the English population died.

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Spanish Flu

(1918-1919) The Spanish Flu Pandemic Influenza is hailed as being possibly the worst influenza pandemic to date.

The Spanish Flu killed more people in a single year than the Black Death caused in Europe over 4 years.

The source of Spanish Flu was not widely known, but its effects were swift and often fatal.

Shipping and trade helped spread the disease which occurred during the last year of World War I.

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Spanish Flu

Up to one quarter of America was affected, and one fifth of the worldwide population.

No one knows exactly how many people died during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic.

During the 1920s, researchers estimated that 21.5 million people died as a result of the 1918-1919 pandemic.

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Asian Flu

Early in 1957 an Asian Influenza virus was discovered.

While infections spread easily amongst younger people, the highest death rate from the Asian Influenza was in elderly people.

The Asian flu spread to the United States by June 1957 where it caused about 70,000 deaths.

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Hong Kong Flu

(1968-1972) The Hong Kong flu was responsible for a significant number of deaths, however, the flu was often treatable and controllable with antibiotics.

In early 1968 it spread to the United States later that year. where it caused about 34,000 deaths.

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SARS

(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). In 2003 Hong Kong came under siege from

the SARS virus. SARS originated in mainland China and was

spread to other countries through international travel.

In all, SARS caused more than 800 deaths, but there have been no reported cases in recent times.

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Influenza Pandemics

A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.

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Influenza Pandemics

Despite annual vaccinations, the U.S. faces a burden of influenza that results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S.

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Avian Flu (Bird Flu)(H5N1, H7N9)

Avian Influenza is a flu type virus that has been around for the last 100 years.

While the disease is found world wide, until recent times, the virus only affected birds, but the virus has been passed on to humans from infected birds.

The people who have been affected by the virus are mostly those who have handled the infected birds. The mortality rate is around 50% for humans infected with the virus.

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Avian Flu (Bird Flu)

Avian influenza is usually an unapparent or nonclinical viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of viruses known as type A influenzas.

These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes.

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Avian Flu (Bird Flu)

Information on Avian Flu and how it spreads can be found on the www.flu.gov website.

Worldwide, there are many strains of avian influenza (AI) virus that can cause varying amounts of clinical illness in poultry.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is an extremely infectious and fatal form of the disease that, once established, can spread rapidly from flock to flock.

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Avian Flu (Bird Flu)

In some instances, strains of HPAI viruses can be infectious to people. Since mid–December 2003, a growing number of Asian countries have reported outbreaks of HPAI in chickens and ducks.

The rapid spread of HPAI, with outbreaks occurring at the same time, is historically unprecedented and of growingconcern for human health as well as for animal health.

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Avian Flu (Bird Flu)

Of great concern to the World Health Organization (WHO) is the possibility that the present situation, if the virus acquires human influenza genes, can give rise to human–to–human transmission and possibly another influenza pandemic in people.

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H5N1 Avian Flu Highly pathogenic H5N1 is one of the few avian influenza viruses

to have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, and it is the most deadly of those that have crossed the barrier.

Currently, the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus is considered to have the greatest potential for mutation to a pandemic virus given how widespread the virus is and because it has already caused illness and death in people.

The virus has spread rapidly in bird populations throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa.

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 Swine Flu (H1N1) The H1N1 flu virus caused a world-wide pandemic in 2009. The number of people who died after contracting the H1NI virus in

2009 could be at least 15 times higher than previously reported. New research shows the death toll could actually be as high as 150,

000 to 575, 000 compared to the previously reported total of more than 18,000.

More than half of the deaths occurred in southeast Asia and Africa and most of those who died were people younger than 65 years old.

It is now a human seasonal flu virus that also circulates in pigs The H1N1 flu virus spreads between people in the same way that

seasonal flu viruses spread. The best way to prevent the H1N1 flu is to get the seasonal flu

vaccine.

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Pandemic Preparedness National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza

The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza , issued by President Bush November 1, 2005, guides our nation's preparedness and response to an influenza pandemic, with the intent of: (1) stopping, slowing or otherwise limiting the spread of a pandemic

to the United States; (2) limiting the domestic spread of a pandemic, and mitigating

disease, suffering and death; and (3) sustaining infrastructure and mitigating impact to the economy

and the functioning of society. (4) The Strategy charges the U.S. Department of Health & Human

Services with leading the federal pandemic preparedness.

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Business Planning for Pandemic Influenza

In the event of pandemic influenza, businesses will play a key role in protecting employees' health and safety as well as limiting the negative impact to the economy and society.

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have developed planning tools for businesses.

These tools identify important, specific activities businesses, hospitals and governments can do now to prepare for pandemic emergencies.

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Pandemic Influenza

The United States government maintains a one-stop web site for access to U.S. Government avian and pandemic flu information.

Managed by the Department of Health and Human Services.

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Pandemic Influenza

Information on planning and response to influenza pandemics can be found at http://www.pandemicflu.gov/index.html.

Planning tools for all levels are available on this web site.

OSHA’s Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for an Influenza Pandemic. OSHA 3327-02N 2007

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Pandemic Influenza

There are a series of checklists and planning tools for the workplace available on the www.flu.gov website.