Public education in Metropolitan Lima: In danger of extinction?
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Transcript of Public education in Metropolitan Lima: In danger of extinction?
Public education in Metropolitan Lima: In danger of extinction?
Ricardo CuencaIEP Institute of Peruvian Studies
SIEP Peruvian Society for Educational Research
Contents
1. Metropolitan Lima: a new city2. Research questions, hypothesis and
objectives3. Mapping of private schools in
Metropolitan Lima4. Outlook for private schools in
Metropolitan Lima5. Future of public schools in
Metropolitan Lima
Metropolitan Lima: a new city
Demographic characteristicsEconomic characteristics
Metropolitan Lima: a new city
Lima: Demographic characteristics Lima, Peru’s capital,
is the second-largest desert city in the world after Cairo
The estimated population in 2010 was 9,160,384 inhabitants (28% of total)
The area is 2,811.65 Km² (0.2% of the country)
Population density is 19.3 inhabitants per Km2
Lima: Economic characteristics Real monthly
average per-capita income in Metropolitan Lima is 58% higher than in
other urban areas 72% higher than in
rural areas2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Rural Other urbanMetropolitan Lima
Research questions, objectives and hypothesis
Research questions
What is the future of public schools in Metropolitan Lima?
Who is demanding private basic education in Lima?
What is the quality of private schools in Metropolitan Lima?
Who would be the future users of public schools in Lima?
Hypothesis
Demand for public basic education services in Metropolitan Lima could be reduced to the most excluded families, in a scenario in which the supply of private education
increases, despite the quality of the service
economic growth is sustained family size remains the same (or
decreases)
Objectives
Analyze the future situation of public schools in Metropolitan Lima in light of the economic and socio-demographic changes in the country project the enrollment rate in primary education
in private schools in Metropolitan Lima identify relationships between poverty levels in
districts and the existence of low-performing private schools
discuss the role of public schools in light of the expansion of private education
Mapping of private schools in Metropolitan Lima
Location of schoolsCharacteristics of schoolsQuality of education
Location of schools – I
Location of schools – II The majority of schools in Lima are private The higher the income, the larger the number of
private schools The lower the income, the greater the demand for
private schools
Cieneg
uilla
Pach
acamac
Lima
Lurin
Chaclaca
yoRim
ac
Barran
co
La Vict
oria
San Ju
an de M
iraflo
resCom
as
Villa M
aria D
el Tri
unfo
Villa El
Salvad
or
Magdale
na Del
Mar
San M
artin de P
orres
Magdale
na Vieja
Jesus M
aria
La Molin
a
Santia
go de S
urco
Miraflo
res0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
0510152025303540
Private Public Poverty
Characteristics of schools – I
Private schools are “smaller” (student enrollment)
San Isi
dro
Jesus M
aria
La Molin
a
Magdale
na Del
Mar
San M
iguel
Barran
coBreñ
aLim
a
Chaclaca
yo
San M
artin de P
orres
Los Olivo
s
Indep
enden
ciaCom
as
Villa El
Salvad
or AteLu
rin
Villa M
aria D
el Tri
unfo
Carabay
llo
Pach
acamac
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
Privada Pública
Characteristics of schools – II
The number of teachers is slightly higher in private schools
LimaAn
con Ate
Barra
ncoBreña
Carab
ayllo
Chacl
acayo
Chorr
illos
Ciene
guillaCo
mas
El Agu
stino
Indep
enden
cia
Jesus
Maria
La Moli
na
La Vic
toriaLin
ce
Los Oliv
os
Luriga
nchoLur
in
Magdale
na Del
Mar
Magda
lena V
ieja
Miraflor
es
Pacha
camac
Puente
PiedraRim
ac
San Borj
a
San Isi
dro
San Jua
n de L
uriga
ncho
San Jua
n de M
iraflo
res
San Lu
is
San Mart
in de
Porre
s
San Migu
el
Santa
Anita
Santia
go de
Surco
Surqui
llo
Villa
El Sal
vador
Villa
Maria D
el Triu
nfo0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Publica Privada
Quality of education – I
The quality of private education is not uniform
Chacla
cayo
Pach
acamac
Surquillo
Villa El
Salvad
or
Caraba
ylloRim
ac
San Ju
an de L
urigan
cho
Comas
Breña
San M
artin de P
orres
Los Olivo
s
Lurig
anch
o
Santa
Anita
Jesus M
aria
Magdale
na Del
Mar
Santia
go de S
urco
Miraflo
res
San Borj
a0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.5
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
index of household income % of students tested at Level 2
Quality of education – II
Private education is of higher quality in wealthier districts
Chaclaca
yo
Pach
acamac
Surquillo
Villa El
Salva
dor
Caraba
ylloRim
ac
San Ju
an de L
urigan
cho
Comas
Breña
San M
artin de P
orres
Los Olivo
s
Lurig
anch
o
Santa
Anita
Jesus M
aria
Magdale
na Del
Mar
Santia
go de S
urco
Miraflo
res
San Bo
rja0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
index of household income % of students tested at Level 2
Outlook for private schools in Metropolitan Lima
Increase in supply of private educationSustained economic growthFamily size
Increase in supply of private education Only for primary education…
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
2008
20092010
20112012
20132014
20152016
20172018
20192020
2021 -
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Private Public
Sustained economic growth
The districts with the greatest economic growth used to be the poorest … that trend continues
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
growth 04-09 population
Family size
The number of family members could drop from 4.5 to 3.5
20012002
20032004
2005200
6200
72008
20092010
20112012
20132014
20152016
20172018
20192020
20212
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
# of members projection
Future of public schools in Metropolitan Lima
Principal findingThe “dream” of private educationLack of interest in public schoolsEducation for human capitalFinal questions
Principal finding
If this scenario holds true, the analysis shows a high probability of: displacement of public education by
private education concentration of public education among
the city’s most excluded groups
The “dream” of private education Quality of teachers (associated with higher
salaries) Parental control and oversight Better infrastructure and equipment
(technology) Inefficiency of the State compared to private
institutions High levels of corruption in public
administration Profitability of investment in private
education
Lack of interest in public schools Exceptional measures take the place
of regular policies “Managing scarcity” in education
policies for public schools Poverty is not offset by high-quality
education in public schools “Free” public education?
Education for human capital
The rise of the knowledge production and information management in modern societies
The primacy of effectiveness and profitability as criteria
The educational system must allocate and redistribute resources effectively if it is to increase its educational capital (individual)
Final questions
To whom will schools belong in the future? Families? The State? Private enterprise?
What roles will the State play? What will happen to its traditional role of “taking care” of citizens?
Have we reached the end of one form of organization of the educational system?
Is the private school the future of urban education?
Lima: a city of constrasts
¡Thank you very much!
Ricardo CuencaIEP Institut of Peruvian Studies
SIEP Peruvian Society for Educational Research